Chapter XL: Part 40

Wiesensteig, in Swabia, witch as horse at, x. 319

Wiesent, the valley of the, in Bavaria, the last sheaf called Goat in,
vii. 282 _sq._

Wife, the Old, name given to the last corn cut, vii. 140 _sqq._

Wife’s infidelity thought to injure her absent husband, i. 123, 124 _sq._,
128.
_See also_ Wives

—— mother, the savage’s dread of his, iii. _83_ _sqq._;
her name not to be pronounced by her son-in-law, iii. 337, 338, 343

—— name not to be pronounced by her husband, iii. 337, 338, 339

Wiglet, king of Denmark, killed his predecessor and married the widow, ii.
281, 283

Wigtownshire, water thrown on last wagon-load of corn at harvest in, v.
237 _n._ 4

Wiimbaio tribe of South-Eastern Australia, bleeding in the, i. 91;
their medicine-men, v. 75 _n._ 4

Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. von, on the Sacred Marriage of Dionysus, ii.
137 _n._ 1

Wild animals propitiated by hunters, viii. 204 _sqq._

—— beasts not called by their proper names, iii. 396 _sqq._

—— Dog clan of the Arunta, i. 107

—— fig-trees held sacred as the abodes of the spirits of the dead, viii.
113.
_See also_ Fig-Tree

“—— fire,” the need-fire, x. 272, 273, 277

—— fruits and roots, ceremonies at gathering the first of the season,
viii. 80 _sqq._

—— Huntsman, ix. 164, 241

—— Man, a Whitsuntide mummer, iv. 208 _sq._, 212

—— parsnip stalks burnt for ceremonial fumigation, viii. 248, 249

—— seeds and roots collected by women, vii. 124 _sqq._

Wild Wa, the, of Burma, vii. 241 _sqq._
_See_ Wa

Wilde, Lady, her description of Midsummer fires in Ireland, x. 204 _sq._

Wilhelmina, a Bohemian woman, worshipped, i. 409

Wilken, G. A., on the transmigration of human souls into animals as a base
of totemism, viii. 298 _n._ 2;
on the external soul, xi. 96 _n._ 1

Wilkes, Charles, on seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of
Washington State, x. 43

Wilkinson, Sir J. G., on corn-stuffed effigies of Osiris, vi. 91 _n._ 3

Wilkinson, R. J., on different dialectic names for the same animal in the
Malay language, ii. 383 _n._ 1;
on the Malay’s attitude to nature, iii. 416 _n._ 4;
on the Indonesian conception of the rice-soul, vii. 181 _sq._

Will-fire, or need-fire, x. 288, 297

Willcock, Rev. Dr. J., on Up-helly-a’ at Lerwick, ix. 169 _n._ 2

William III. refuses to touch for scrofula, i. 369 _sq._

William of Wykeham, his provisions for a Boy Bishop, ix. 338

Williams, Sir Monier, on the divinity of Brahmans, i. 403 _sq._;
on the fear of demons in modern India, ix. 91 _sq._

Willkischken, in the district of Tilsit, man who cuts the last corn called
“the killer of the Rye-woman” at, vii. 223

Willoughby, Rev. W. C., on the purification of Bechuana warriors, iii. 173

Willow used to beat people with at Easter and Christmas, ix. 269, 270;
mistletoe growing on, xi. 79, 315, 316;
children passed through a cleft willow-tree as a cure, xi. 170;
crawling under the root of a willow as a cure, xi. 181;
crawling through a hoop of willow branches as a cure, xi. 184;
Orpheus and the, xi. 294

Willow-tree at festival of Green George among the gipsies, ii. 76

—— -trees, maladies transferred to, ix. 56, 58, 59;
needles stuck into, as a cure for toothache, ix. 71

—— wands as disinfectants, iii. 143

—— -wood used against witches, ix. 160

Willstad, the Yule-goat at, viii. 328

Wilson, Colonel Henry, on a custom at hop-picking, vii. 226 _n._ 6

Wilson, C. T., and R. W. Felkin, on the worship of the dead kings of
Uganda, vi. 173 _n._ 2

Wilson, Rev. J. Leighton, on the annual expulsion of demons in Guinea, ix.
131

Wilton, near Salisbury, May garlands at, ii. 62

Wimmer, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, xi.
318

Winamwanga of East Africa, their custom as to fire kindled by lightning,
ii. 256 _n._ 1, xi. 297 _sq._;
alternate dynasties among the, ii. 293;
their offerings of first-fruits to the spirits of the dead, viii. 112;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 24 _sq._

Winchester College, Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Winckler, H., his excavations at Boghaz-Keui, v. 125 _n._, 135 _n._

Wind, magical control of the, i. 319 _sqq._;
charms to make the wind drop, i. 320;
fighting and killing the spirit of the, i. 327 _sqq._;
charm to produce a rainy or dry, ix. 176, 178 _sq._;
bull-roarers sounded to raise a, xi. 232.
_See also_ Winds

—— in the corn, sayings as to the, vii. 132, 271, 281 _sq._, 288, 292,
296, 298, 303

—— of the Cross, Finnish wizards supposed to ride on the, i. 325

Wind clan of the Omahas, their way of starting a breeze, i. 320

—— -doctor among the Caffres of South Africa, his mode of procedure, i.
321 _sq._

Windessi, in Dutch New Guinea, customs observed by head-hunters on their
return, iii. 169 _sq._

Winding thread on spindle at planting sugar-cane, viii. 119

Window, skins of slain bears brought in through the, viii. 193;
dead game brought in through the, viii. 256;
magic flowers to be passed through the, xi. 52

Winds, charms to calm the, i. 320 _sqq._;
thought to be caused by a fish, i. 320 _sq._;
sold to sailors, i. 325, 326;
tied up in knots, i. 326;
kept in jars, iii. 5.
_See also_ Wind

Wine not offered to the sun-god, i. 311;
poured on head of sacrificial victim, i. 384;
considered as a spirit, iii. 248;
the blood of the vine, iii. 248;
called milk, iii. 249 _n._ 2;
tabooed in certain Egyptian, Roman, and Greek rites, iii. 249 _n._ 2;
new, offered to Liber, viii. 133;
the sacramental use of, viii. 167;
thought to be spoiled by menstruous women, x. 96

Wine-jars, Dionysiac festival of the opening of the, ix. 352

Winenthal in Switzerland, new fire made by friction at Midsummer in the,
x. 169 _sq._

Wing-bone of vulture in homoeopathic magic, i. 151;
of eagle used to drink through, iii. 189

Winged deities in Cilicia and Phoenicia, v. 165 _sq._

—— disc as divine emblem, v. 132

Winnebagoes, ritual of death and resurrection among the, xi. 268

Winnowing done by women, vii. 117, 128

Winnowing-basket, image of snake in, viii. 316;
beaten at ceremony of expulsion of poverty, ix. 145;
divination by, x. 236

—— -fan in rain-making, i. 294;
in magic rites, iii. 55;
used to scatter ashes of human victims, vi. 97, 106, vii. 260, 262;
an emblem of Dionysus, vii. 5 _sqq._, 27, 29;
as cradle, vii. 6 _sqq._;
used at reception of “the bridal pair” at rice-harvest in Java, vii. 200

—— -fork in rain-making, i. 276

Winter, myths of gods and spirits to be told only in, iii. 385 _sq._;
effigy of, burned at Zurich, iv. 260 _sq._;
called Cronus, vi. 41;
name given to man who cuts the last sheaf, vii. 142;
name of harvest-supper, vii. 160;
mummer personating, viii. 326 _n._ 1;
ceremony at the end of, ix. 124;
general clearance of evils at the beginning or end of, ix. 224;
dances performed only in, ix. 376;
ceremony of the expulsion of, ix. 404 _sq._;
effigies of, destroyed, ix. 408 _sq._

——, Queen of, in the Isle of Man, iv. 258

—— and Summer, dramatic battle of, iv. 254 _sqq._

Winter festival of Dionysus, vii. 16 _sq._

—— sleep of the god, vi. 41

—— solstice, reckoned the Nativity of the Sun, v. 303, x. 246;
Egyptian ceremony at the, vi. 50;
Aztec festival of the, viii. 90;
corn-spirit represented dramatically in processions about the, viii.
325;
ceremony after the, ix. 126;
Persian festival of fire at the, x. 269

“Winter’s Grandmother,” burning the, x. 116

Winterbottom, Thomas, on a secret society of Sierra Leone, xi. 260

Wintun, Indian tribe of California, fear of naming the dead among the,
iii. 352;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 42 _sq._

Wiradjuri or Wirajuri tribe of South-East Australia, the headman always a
magician, i. 335 _sq._;
their belief as to sorcery, iii. 269

Wissowa, Professor G., on Manius Egerius, i. 22 _n._ 5;
on altar at Nemi, i. 23 _n._ 2;
on sacrifices to Janus, ii. 382 _n._ 1;
on Janus as the god of doors, ii. 383 _n._ 3;
on introduction of Phrygian rites at Rome, v. 267 _n._;
on Orcus, vi. 231 _n._ 5;
on Ops and Consus, vi. 233 _n._ 6;
on the marriage of the Roman gods, vi. 236 _n._ 1

Wit, Miss Augusta de, on the importance of rice for Java, vii. 200 _n._ 1

Witch, Mac Crauford, the great arch, x. 293

Witch burnt in Ireland, i. 236, x. 323 _sq._;
soul departs from her in sleep, iii. 39, 41, 42;
burned at St. Andrews, iii. 309;
name given to the last corn cut after sunset, vii. 140;
effigy of, burnt on first Sunday in Lent, x. 116, 118 _sq._;
effigy of, burnt on Walpurgis Night, x. 159;
compelled to appear by burning an animal or part of an animal which she
has bewitched, x. 303, 305, 307 _sq._, 321 _sq._;
in form of a toad, x. 323.
_See also_ Witches

——, Old, burning the, on the last day of harvest in Yorkshire, vii. 224;
on Twelfth Day in Herefordshire, ix. 319

“Witch-shot,” a sudden stiffness in the back, x. 343 _n._, 345

Witch’s herb, St. John’s wort, xi. 56 _n._ 1

“—— nest,” a tangle of birch-branches, xi. 185

Witchcraft, precautions against, on May Day, ii. 52 _sqq._;
the rowan a protection against, ii. 53, 54, ix. 267, x. 154, 327 _n._ 1,
xi. 184 _n._ 4, 185, 281;
strangers suspected of practising, iii. 102;
almost universal dread of, iii. 281;
the harvest Maiden a protection against, vii. 156;
singed sheepskin a protection against, viii. 324;
practised in cures in Scotland, ix. 38 _sq._;
on the Congo, dread of, ix. 77 _n._ 2;
the belief in, persists under the higher religions, ix. 89 _sq._;
in Moravia, precautions against, ix. 162;
bonfires a protection against, x. 108, 109;
holy water a protection against, x. 123;
cattle driven through Midsummer fire as a protection against, x. 175;
burs and mugwort a preservative against, x. 177, xi. 59 _sq._;
Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 185, 188;
a broom a protection against, x. 210;
need-fire kindled to counteract, x. 280, 292 _sq._, 293, 295;
in Devonshire, x. 302;
great dread of, in Europe, x. 340;
the fire-festivals regarded as a protection against, x. 342;
stiffness in the back attributed to, x. 343 _n._, 345;
colic and sore eyes attributed to, x. 344;
a wheel a charm against, x. 345 _n._;
thought to be the source of almost all calamities, xi. 19 _sq._;
leaping over bonfires as a protection against, xi. 40;
its treatment by the Christian Church, xi. 42;
and sorcery, Midsummer herbs and flowers a protection against, xi. 45,
46, 49, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72;
St. John’s wort a protection against, xi. 54;
dwarf-elder used to detect, xi. 64;
fern root a protection against, xi. 67;
mistletoe a protection against, xi. 85 _sq._, 282, 283, 294;
fatal to milk and butter, xi. 86;
oak log a protection against, xi. 92;
children passed through a ring of yarn as a protection against, xi. 185;
a “witch’s nest” (tangle of birch-branches) a protection against, xi.
185.
_See also_ Witch, Witches, _and_ Sorcery

Witches sink ships, i. 135;
raise the wind, i. 322, 326;
in the wind, knives thrown at, i. 329;
souls of dead, said to pass into trees, ii. 32;
buried under trees, ii. 32;
steal milk of cows on May Day or Walpurgis Night, ii. 52 _sqq._, ix.
267;
precautions against, ii. 52 _sqq._;
in the shape of hares suck the milk of cows, ii. 53;
steal butter, ii. 53;
burned out on May Day, ii. 54;
driven away by the sound of church bells, ii. 127;
steal milk from cows on Midsummer Eve, ii. 127, x. 176, xi. 74;
steal milk on Eve of St. George, ii. 334 _sqq._;
as cats and dogs, ii.334, 335;
make use of cut hair, iii. 270, 271, 279, 282;
wedding rings a protection against, iii. 314, 314 _sq._;
steal cows’ milk, iii. 314 _sq._, x. 343;
burnt alive in Africa, ix. 18, 19;
special precautions against, at certain seasons of the year, ix. 157
_sqq._;
annually expelled in Calabria, Silesia, and other parts of Europe, ix.
157 _sqq._;
active during the Twelve Days from Christmas to Twelfth Night, ix. 158
_sqq._;
the burning out of the, in the Tyrol, ix. 158 _sq._,
in Bohemia, ix. 161,
in Silesia and Saxony, ix. 163;
shooting the, ix. 164;
driving out the, ix. 164;
burnt in Scotland, ix. 165;
beaten with rods of buckthorn on Good Friday, ix. 266;
not allowed to touch the bare ground, x. 5 _sq._;
burnt and beheaded, x. 6;
effigies of, burnt in bonfires, x. 107, 116 _sq._, 118 _sq._, 342, xi.
43;
charm to protect fields against, x. 121;
Beltane fires a protection against, x. 154;
cast spells on cattle, x. 154;
steal milk from cows at Beltane, x. 154;
in the form of hares and cats, x. 157, 315 _n._ 1, 316 _sqq._, 317, 318,
319 _sq._, xi. 41, 311 _sq._;
burnt on May Day, x. 157, 159, 160;
fires to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), x.
159 _sq._, xi. 20 _n._;
abroad on Walpurgis Night, x. 159 _sq._;
kept out by crosses, x. 160 _n._ 2;
driving away the, x. 160, 170, 171;
resort to the Blocksberg, x. 171;
Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 176, 180;
steal milk and butter at Midsummer, x. 185;
active on Midsummer Eve, x. 210, xi. 19;
abroad at Hallowe’en, x. 226, 245;
burnt in Hallowe’en fires, x. 232 _sq._;
the Yule log a protection against, x. 258;
thought to cause cattle disease, x. 302 _sq._;
at Ipswich, x. 304 _sq._;
transformed into animals, x. 315 _sqq._;
as cockchafers, x. 322;
come to borrow, x. 322, 323, xi. 73;
cause hail and thunder-storms, x. 344;
brought down from the clouds by shots and smoke, x. 345 _sq._;
burning missiles hurled at, x. 345;
active on Hallowe’en and May Day, xi. 19, 73 _sqq._, 184 _n._ 4, 185;
burnt or banned by fire, xi. 19 _sq._;
gather noxious plants on Midsummer Eve, xi. 47;
gather St. John’s wort on St. John’s Eve, xi. 56;
purple loosestrife a protection against, xi. 65;
tortured in India, xi. 159;
animal familiars of, xi. 202.
_See also_ “Burning the Witches”

“Witches, Burning the,” a popular name for the fires of the festivals, xi.
43

—— and hares in Yorkshire, xi. 197

—— and were-wolves, parallelism between, x. 315, 321

—— and wizards thought to keep their strength in their hair, xi. 158
_sq._;
put to death by the Aztecs, xi. 159

—— and wolves the two great foes dreaded by herdsmen in Europe, ii. 330
_sqq._, x. 343

Witches’ Sabbath on the Eve of St. George, ii. 335, 338;
on the Eve of May Day and Midsummer Eve, x. 171 _n._ 3, 181, xi. 73, 74

Witchetty grubs, ceremony for the multiplication of, among the Arunta, i.
85

“Withershins,” against the sun, in curses and excommunication at
Hallowe’en, x. 234

Wittichenau, in Silesia, custom at end of threshing at, vii. 149

Witurna, a spirit whose voice is heard in the sound of the bull-roarer,
xi. 234

Wives, taboos observed by, in the absence of their husbands, i. 116, 119,
120, 121, 122 _sqq._, 127 _sqq._;
exchanged at the appearance of the Aurora Australis, iv. 267 _n._ 1;
of dead kings sacrificed at their tombs, vi. 168;
of a king taken by his successor, ix. 368 _n._ 1
_See also_ Wife

Wives, human, of gods, v. 61 _sqq._, vi. 207;
in Western Asia and Egypt, v. 70 _sqq._

“—— of Marduk,” at Babylon, ii. 130

Wiwa, the, of East Africa, their custom as to fire kindled by lightning,
ii. 256 _n._ 1

Wiwa chiefs reincarnated in pythons, vi. 193

Wizards in Melanesia, the variety of their functions, i. 227 _sq._;
who raise winds, i. 323 _sqq._;
Finnish, i. 325;
capture human souls, iii. 70, 73;
gather baleful herbs on the Eve of St. John, xi. 47;
gather purple loosestrife at Midsummer, xi. 65;
animal familiars of, xi. 196 _sq._, 201 _sq._
_See also_ Medicine-men _and_ Sorcerers

Woden, Odin, or Othin, the master of spells, iii. 305;
the father of Balder, x. 101, 102, 103 _n._ 1
_See also_ Odin

Wogait, Australian tribe, their belief in conception without cohabitation,
v. 103

Woguls, sacred groves of the, ii. 11

Wohlau, district of Silesia, custom of “Carrying out Death” in, iv. 237

Wolf, charm to make a wolf disgorge his prey, i. 135;
imitation of, as a homoeopathic charm, i. 155;
track of, in contagious magic, i. 211;
transformation into, iv. 83;
said to have guided the Samnites, iv. 186 _n._ 4;
corn-spirit as, vii. 271 _sqq._, viii. 327;
the last sheaf at harvest called the, vii. 273;
the woman who binds the last sheaf called the, vii. 273 _sq._;
the last sheaf shaped like a, vii. 274;
man after threshing wrapt in threshed-out straw and called the, vii. 274
_sq._;
stuffed, carried about, vii. 275;
the beast-god of Lycopolis in Egypt, viii. 172;
figure of, kept throughout the year, viii. 173 _n._ 4;
ceremonies at killing a, viii. 220 _sq._, 223;
name given to thresher of last corn, viii. 327.
_See also_ Wolves

——, Brotherhood of the Green, at Jumièges in Normandy, x. 185 _sq._, xi.
15 _n._, 25

Wolf clan among the Moquis, viii. 178;
in North-Western America, xi. 270, 271, 272 _n._ 1

—— -god, Zeus as the, iv. 83

—— masks worn by members of a Wolf secret society, xi. 270 _sq._

—— -mountain (Lycaeus) in Arcadia, iv. 83

—— society among the Nootka Indians, rite of initiation into the, xi. 270
_sq._

Wolf-worshippers, cannibal, iv. 83

Wolf’s heart eaten to make eater brave, viii. 146

—— hide, strap of, used by were-wolves, x. 310 _n._ 1

—— skin, man clad in, led about at Christmas, vii. 275

Wolfeck, in Austria, leaf-clad mummer on Midsummer Day at, xi. 25 _sq._

Wolfenbüttel, need-fire near, x. 277

Wolfish Apollo, viii. 283 _sq._;
his sanctuary at Sicyon, viii. 283

Wollaroi, the, of New South Wales, rubbed themselves with the juices of
the dead, viii. 163

Wolletz in Westphalia, the last sheaf called the Old Man at, vii. 238

Wollunqua, a mythical serpent, iii. 384

Wolofs of Senegambia, their superstition as to their names, iii. 323

Wolves in relation to horses, i. 27;
feared by shepherds, ii. 327, 329, 330 _sq._, 333, 334, 340, 341;
charms to protect cattle from, iii. 308;
not to be called by their proper names, iii. 396, 397, 398, 402;
sacrifices offered to, viii. 284;
transmigration of sinners into, viii. 308

——, the place of (Lyceum), at Athens, viii. 283 _sq._

——, Soranian, iv. 186 _n._ 4

—— and witches, the two great foes dreaded by herdsmen in Europe, ii. 330
_sqq._, x. 343

Woman representing the Moon and married to the Sun, ii. 146 _sq._;
feeding serpent in Greek art, v. 87 _sq._;
as inspired prophetess of a god, vi. 257;
burnt alive as a witch in Ireland, i. 236, x. 323 _sq._

——, Sawing the Old, a Lenten ceremony, iv. 240 _sqq._

Woman’s bracelets and earrings worn by man who has been stung by a
scorpion, iii. 95 _n._ 8

—— dress assumed by men to deceive dangerous spirits, vi. 262 _sq._

—— ornaments, scapegoat decked with, ix. 192

—— part in primitive agriculture, vii. 113 _sqq._

Women forbidden to spin under certain circumstances, i. 113 _sq._;
observe certain rules while the men are away hunting, i. 120 _sqq._;
forbidden to sew in the absence of whalers and warriors, i. 121, 128;
observe certain rules while the men are away fighting, i. 127 _sqq._;
forbidden to sleep by day in the absence of warriors, i. 127 _sq._;
forbidden to cover their faces in the absence of warriors, i. 128;
dance while the men are at war, i. 131 _sqq._;
dance to make crops grow tall, i. 139 _n._;
employed to sow the fields on the principle of homoeopathic magic, i.
141 _sq._;
who have borne many children employed to fertilize fruit-trees, i. 141;
plough as a rain-charm, i. 282 _sq._;
chief makes women fruitful, i. 347;
worshipped by the ancient Germans, i. 391;
married to gods, ii. 129 _sqq._, 143 _sq._, 146 _sq._, 149 _sqq._;
fertilized by water-spirits, ii. 159 _sqq._;
impregnated by fire, ii. 195 _sqq._, 230 _sq._, vi. 235;
alone allowed to make pottery, ii. 204 _sq._;
tabooed at menstruation, iii. 145 _sqq._, x. 76 _sqq._;
tabooed at childbirth, iii. 147 _sqq._, x. 20;
abstinence of men from, during war, iii. 157, 158 _n._ 1, 161, 163, 164;
in childbed holy, iii. 225 _n._;
dying in childbed, precautions against the return of their ghosts, iii.
236, viii. 97 _sq._;
blood of, dreaded, iii. 250 _sq._;
not allowed to see the drawing of men’s blood, iii. 252 _n._;
not allowed to mention their husband’s names, iii. 333, 335, 336, 337,
338, 339;
impregnated by dead saints, v. 78 _sq._;
impregnated by serpents, v. 80 _sqq._;
fear to be impregnated by ghosts, v. 93;
impregnated by the flower of the banana, v. 93;
excluded from sacrifices to Hercules, v. 113 _n._ 1, vi. 258 _n._ 5;
their high importance in the social system of the Pelew Islanders, vi.
205 _sqq._;
the cultivation of the staple food in the hands of women (Pelew
Islands), vi. 206 _sq._;
their social importance increased by the combined influence of
mother-kin and landed property, vi. 209;
their legal superiority to men in ancient Egypt, vi. 214;
priests dressed as, vi. 253 _sq._;
dressed as men, vi. 255 _n._ 1, 257, 262 _sqq._, 263;
milk cows, vii. 118;
influence of corn-spirit on, vii. 168;
swear by the Pleiades, vii. 311;
thought to have no soul, viii. 148;
ceremonies performed by, to rid the fields of vermin, viii. 279 _sq._;
impregnated by ghosts, ix. 18;
as exorcizers, ix. 200;
personating goddesses, ix. 238;
fertilized by effigy of a baby, ix. 245, 249;
fertilized by mummers, ix. 249;
put to death in the character of goddesses in Mexico, ix. 283 _sqq._;
in hard labour, charm to help, x. 14;
who do not menstruate supposed to make gardens barren, x. 24;
impregnated by the sun, x. 74 _sq._;
impregnated by the moon, x. 75 _sq._;
dread of menstruous, x. 76 _sqq._;
at menstruation painted red, x. 78;
leap over Midsummer bonfires to ensure an easy delivery, x. 194, 339;
fertilized by tree-spirits, xi. 22;
creep through a rifted rock to obtain an easy delivery, xi. 189;
not allowed to see bull-roarers, xi. 234, 235, 242.
_See also_ Barren, Childless, Menstruous, Pregnant, _and_ Sacred women

Women, barren, thought to sterilize gardens, i. 142;
tied to wild fig-trees to be fertilized by them, ii. 316;
passed through holed stones as cure for barrenness, v. 36, with _n._ 4,
xi. 187;
fertilized by being struck with stick which has been used to separate
pairing dogs, ix. 264;
hope to conceive through fertilizing influence of vegetables, xi. 51

——, living, regarded as the wives of dead kings, vi. 191, 192;
reputed the wives of gods, vi. 207

——, pregnant, employed to fertilize crops and fruit-trees, i. 140 _sq._;
taboos on, i. 141 _n._ 1;
wear garments made of bark of sacred tree, ii. 58;
mode of protecting them against dangerous spirits, viii. 102 _sq._

—— as prophetesses inspired by dead chiefs, vi. 192 _sq._;
inspired by gods, vi. 207

Women’s clothes, supposed effects of touching, iii. 164 _sq._

—— hair, sacrifice of, v. 38

—— race at harvest, vii. 76 _sq._

“—— speech” among the Caffres, iii. 335 _sq._

Wonghi or Wonghibon tribe of New South Wales, ritual of death and
resurrection at initiation in the, xi. 227

Wonkgongaru tribe of Central Australia, their magical ceremony for the
multiplication of fish, i. 90

Wood, fire kindled by the friction of, ii. 207 _sqq._, 235 _sqq._, 243,
248 _sqq._, 258 _sq._, 262, 263, 336, 366, 372.
_See also_ Fire

——, King of the, at Nemi, i. 1 _sqq._, ii. 1 _sq._, 378 _sqq._, iv. 28, x.
2, xi. 285, 286, 295, 302, 309;
at Aricia, ix. 409

——, Lord of the, prayed to by the Gayos before they clear the forest, ii.
36;
prayed to by the Gayos before they hunt in the woods, ii. 125

Wood-spirits in goat form, viii. 2 _sq._

—— woman, stalks of corn left on the harvest field for the, vii. 232

Woodbine as a charm to keep witches from cows on May Day, ii. 53, ix. 267;
sick children passed through a wreath of, xi. 184

Woodford, C. M., on offering of canarium nuts to ghosts, viii. 126 _sq._

Woodmen, sacrifices offered by, at felling trees, ii. 14, 15;
ask pardon of trees at felling them, ii. 18, 19;
form blood-brotherhood with the trees which they fell, ii. 19 _sq._;
ceremonies observed by, at felling trees, ii. 37 _sqq._

Woodpecker (_picus_) said to have guided the Piceni, iv. 186 _n._ 4;
sacred among the Latins, iv. 186 _n._ 4;
brings the mythical springwort, xi. 70 _sq._

Woods (forests), of ancient Europe, ii. 7 _sq._, 350 _sqq._;
of England, the old, ii. 7 _sq._;
of ancient Italy and Greece, ii. 8;
of ancient Latium, ii. 188

Woods used in house-building, homoeopathic magic of, i. 146;
species of, used in making fire by friction, ii. 248-252

Wootton-Wawen, in Warwickshire, the Yule log at, x. 257

Words tabooed, iii. 318 _sqq._;
savages take a materialistic view of words, iii. 331.
_See also_ Language _and_ Speech

——, common, changed because they are the names of the dead, iii. 358
_sqq._, 375,
or the names of chiefs and kings, iii. 375, 376 _sqq._;
tabooed, iii. 392 _sqq._

——, special, applied to the person and acts of a sacred chief or king, i.
398, 401, 401 _n._ 3;
used by Scotch fowlers, iii. 393 _sq._;
used by Scotch fishermen, iii. 393 _sqq._;
used by German huntsmen, iii. 396;
used by Nandi warriors, iii. 401;
used by elephant-hunters in Laos, iii. 404;
used by searchers for eagle-wood and _lignum aloes_ in Indo-China, iii.
404;
used by searchers for camphor in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and
Borneo, iii. 405 _sqq._;
used by Malay tin-miners, iii. 407;
used by Malay fowlers, iii. 407 _sq._;
used by Malay fishermen, iii. 408 _sq._;
used by Achinese fishermen, iii. 409;
used by gold-miners in Sumatra, iii. 409;
used by reapers in Nias, iii. 410 _sq._;
used by the Javanese at night and in gathering simples, iii. 411;
used by workers in the harvest-fields in Celebes, iii. 411 _sq._;
used by the Toradjas of Celebes in the forest, iii. 412 _sq._;
used by the Bugineese and Macassars of Celebes at sea, iii. 413;
used by the Sangi Islanders at sea, iii. 414;
used by the Kenyahs of Borneo in poisoning fish, iii. 415;
used by reapers among the Tomori of Celebes, vii. 193

Wordsworth, W., on the pre-existence of the human soul, i. 104

Work in huts of absent whalers tabooed, i. 121;
on holy days, the Flamen Dialis not allowed to see, iii. 14

“Working for need-fire,” a proverb, x. 287 _sq._

World regarded by early man as the product of conscious will and personal
agency, i. 374;
conceived as animated, ix. 90 _sq._;
daily created afresh by the self-sacrifice of the deity, ix. 411

Worm, transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299

Wormeln, holy oak of, ii. 371

Worms, charm against, i. 152;
souls of dead in, viii. 289;
popular cure for, x. 17

Wormwood (_Artemisia absinthium_), xi. 58 _n._ 3;
burnt to stupefy witches, x. 345;
superstitions concerning, xi. 61 _n._ 1

_Wororu_, man supposed to cause conception in women without sexual
intercourse, in West Australia, v. 105

Worship of trees, ii. 7 _sqq._;
of the oak, ii. 349 _sqq._, xi. 298 _sqq._;
of mephitic vapours, v. 203 _sqq._;
of hot springs, v. 206 _sqq._;
of volcanoes, v. 216 _sqq._;
of cattle, viii. 35 _sqq._;
of animals, two forms of the, viii. 311;
of snake, viii. 316 _sq._;
paid to human representatives of gods in Mexico, ix. 278, 282, 289, 293;
of ancestors in Fiji, xi. 243 _sq._

—— of ancestral spirits among the Bantu tribes of Africa, vi. 174 _sqq._;
among the Khasis of Assam, vi. 203

—— of the dead, magic blent with the, i. 164;
perhaps fused with the propitiation of the corn-spirit, v. 233 _sqq._;
founded on the theory of the soul, vii. 181;
among the Thay of Indo-China, ix. 97

—— of dead kings and chiefs, iv. 24 _sq._;
in Africa, vi. 160 _sqq._;
among the Shilluks, vi. 161 _sqq._;
among the Baganda, vi. 167 _sqq._;
among the Barotse, vi. 194 _sq._;
an important element in African religion, vi. 195 _sq._

—— of frogs by the Newars, i. 294 _sq._

Worshipful animal killed once a year, viii. 322

Worshippers of Osiris forbidden to injure fruit-trees and to stop up
wells, vi. 111

Worth, R. N., on burnt sacrifices in Devonshire, x. 302

Worthen, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, x. 257

Wotjobaluk tribe in Victoria, contagious magic of clothes among the, i.
206;
their rain-making, i. 251 _sq._;
their notion as to falling stars, iv. 64;
their sorcery by means of spittle, iii. 288;
sex totems among the, xi. 215 _sq._

Wotyaks (Votiaks), the, of Russia, sacred groves of the, ii. 43 _sq._;
their marriage of Keremet to the Earth-wife, ii. 145 _sq._;
their custom of leading a bride to the hearth, ii. 231;
their annual festivals of the dead, vi. 76 _sq._;
annual expulsion of Satan among the, ix. 155 _sq._

Wound and weapon, contagious magic of, i. 201 _sqq._

Wounded men not allowed to drink milk, iii. 174 _sq._

Wounding the dead or dying, custom of, iv. 13 _sq._

—— were-wolves in order to compel them to resume their human shape, x. 308
_sqq._

Wounds at reaping, customs and sayings as to, vii. 281, 285, 288, 296;
self-inflicted, of inspired men, ix. 117 _sq._;
St. John’s wort a balm for, xi. 55

“—— between the arms” of Hebrew prophets, v. 74 _n._ 4

“—— of the Naaman,” Arab name for the scarlet anemone, v. 226

_Wrach_ (Hag), name given to last corn cut in Wales, vii. 142 _sqq._

Wreath of woodbine, sick children passed through a, xi. 184

Wreaths of flowers thrown into water, divination from, ii. 339;
as amulets, vi. 242 _sq._;
of corn made out of last sheaf at harvest, vii. 134, 135;
of flowers thrown across the Midsummer fires, x. 174;
superstitious uses made of the singed wreaths, x. 174;
hung over doors and windows at Midsummer, x. 201

Wren, hunting the, viii. 317 _sqq._,
in the Isle of Man, viii. 318 _sq._,
in Ireland, viii. 319 _sq._,
in England, viii. 320,
in France, viii. 320 _sq._;
called the king of birds, viii. 317;
superstitions as to the, viii. 317 _sq._, 319

Wrestling-matches in honour of the dead among the Kirghiz, iv. 97;
at New Year festival among the Kayans, vii. 98;
at festival of first-fruits in Tonga, viii. 131

Wright, Dr. Joseph, on _hockey_, vii. 147 _n._ 1;
on the _mell_-sheaf, vii. 152 _n._

Wrist-bands as amulets, iii. 315

Wrists tied to prevent escape of soul, iii. 32, 43, 51

Wukari, in Nigeria, custom of king-killing at, iv. 35

Wunenberger, Ch., on kings as rain-makers in Africa, i. 348

Wünsch, R., on the _Anthesteria_, v. 235 _n._ 1;
on modern survivals of festivals of Adonis, v. 246;
on Easter ceremonies in the Greek Church, v. 254 _n._

Wünschensuhl, in Thüringen, the Harvest-cock at, vii. 276

Wurmlingen in Swabia, pretence of beheading a leaf-clad mummer at
Whitsuntide at, iv. 207 _sq._;
the Carnival Fool at, iv. 231 _sq._

——, in Thüringen, man who gives the last stroke at threshing called the
Barley-cow, Oats-cow, Peas-cow, etc., at, vii. 290

Würtemberg, bushes set up on houses on Palm Sunday in, ii. 71;
the Lazy Man on Midsummer Day at Ertingen in, ii. 83;
thresher of last corn called the He-goat at Tettnang in, vii. 286;
effigy of goat made out of last corn threshed at Ellwangen in, vii. 287;
Midsummer fires in, x. 66;
leaf-clad mummer at Midsummer in, xi. 26

Wurunjeri tribe of Victoria, recovery of lost soul in the, iii. 42 _sq._

Würzburg, Midsummer fires at, x. 165

Wuttke, A., on the superstitions connected with the Twelve Nights, ix. 327
_n._ 4

Wyingurri, tribe of Western Australia, their contagious magic of
footprints, i. 208

Wyld, E., on shrieks of tree-spirits, ii. 18

Wyse, Miss A., on May Day custom at Halford in Warwickshire, ii. 89 _n._ 1

Wyse, William, as to circumcision in the Old Testament, i. 101 _n._ 2;
as to the Greek custom of sacrificing to the dead on their birthdays, i.
105 _n._ 5;
as to edible acorns in _Don Quixote_, ii. 356 _n._ 3;
as to Cretan sacrifices without the use of iron, iii. 227 _n._ 2;
on a reported Roman custom, iv. 144;
on the causes of the downfall of ancient civilization, v. 301 _n._ 2;
as to the fixed and movable Egyptian festivals, vi. 35 _n._ 2;
as to an Egyptian festival of lights, vi. 51 _n._ 1

Wyttenbach, D., his emendation of Plutarch, ix. 341 _n._ 1

Xanthicus, a Macedonian month, vii. 259 _n._ 1

Xenophanes of Colophon, on the creation of the gods in the likeness of
men, iii. 387;
on the Egyptian rites of mourning for gods, vi. 42, 43

Xenophon, his rural home, i. 7;
on Triptolemus, vii. 54

Xeres, Fr., Spanish historian, on the sacrifice of children among the
Indians of Peru, iv. 185

Xerxes in Thessaly, iv. 161, 163;
identified with Ahasuerus, ix. 360

Xilonen, Mexican goddess of the Young Maize, ix. 285;
woman annually sacrificed in the character of, ix. 285 _sq._

Ximanas, an Indian tribe of the Amazon, kill all their first-born
children, iv. 185 _sq._

Xipe, “the Flayed One,” Mexican god, ix. 297, 298, 299;
statuette of, ix. 291 _n._ 1;
his festival of the flaying of men, ix. 296 _sqq._;
his image clad in the skin of a flayed man, ix. 297

Xixipeme, men clad in skins of human victims, in ancient Mexico, ix. 298,
299

Xnumayo tribe of Zulus, change of word to avoid the use of chief’s name in
the, iii. 377

Xochiquetzal, wife of Tlaloc, the Mexican thunder-god, human sacrifices
offered to, vii. 237

Xomanas, an Indian tribe of the Rio Negro in Brazil, drink the ashes of
their dead as a mode of communion, viii. 157

Yabim (Jabim), tribe of German New Guinea, their treatment of the
navel-string, i. 182;
their custom at childbirth, iii. 151;
drive away the ghosts of the murdered, iii. 170;
precaution against the ghost of a murdered man among the, iii. 186 _n._
1;
their use of magic knots in fishing-boats, iii. 306;
avoidance of parents-in-law among the, iii. 342;
unwilling to name the dead, iii. 354;
tell stories to promote the growth of the crops, iii. 386;
propitiate the souls of the dead for the sake of the crops, vii. 104;
tell tales to get good harvests, vii. 104 _sq._;
their offerings to the souls of the dead for the sake of the crops, vii.
228;
their way of getting rid of caterpillars and worms, viii. 275 _sq._;
their belief in the transmigration of some human souls into swine, viii.
295 _sq._;
their custom of sending disease away in a small canoe, ix. 188 _sq._;
girls at puberty secluded among the, x. 35;
use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 232;
rites of initiation among the, xi. 239 _sqq._

Yaguas, Indians of the Amazon, girls at puberty secluded among the, x. 59

Yakut shamans, their descent into the lower world to recover lost souls,
iii. 63;
keep their external souls in animals, xi. 196

Yakuts, their charm to make the wind blow, i. 319;
inspired sacrificial victims among the, i. 384;
leap over fire after a burial, xi. 18

Yakutsk, rain-making by means of bezoa stones at, i. 305

Yam, island of Torres Straits, heroes worshipped in animal forms in, v.
139 _n._ 1;
treatment of girls at puberty in, x. 41

Yam vines, continence observed at the training of, ii. 105 _sq._

Yams, magical stones to promote the growth of, in New Caledonia, i. 163;
feast of, at Onitsha on the Niger, iii. 123;
charm for the growth of, among the Kai of New Guinea, vii. 100, 101;
cultivated in Africa, vii. 119;
cultivated in South America, vii. 120, 121;
cultivated in New Britain, vii. 123;
dug by Australian aborigines, vii. 126 _sq._

——, ceremonies at eating the new, in New Caledonia, viii. 53;
in West Africa, viii. 58 _sqq._, ix. 134

——, festivals of the new, in West Africa, viii. 115 _sq._;
in Tonga, viii. 128 _sqq._

Yang-Seri, prayers for the crops offered by the Banars of Cambodia to,
viii. 33

Yaos, the, of British Central Africa, their fear of being photographed,
iii. 97 _sq._;
their offerings of first-fruits to the dead, viii. 111 _sq._

Yap (Uap), one of the Caroline Islands, precaution as to the spittle of
important people in, iii. 290;
taboos observed by men for the sake of immature girls in, iii. 293;
prostitution of unmarried girls in, vi. 265 _sq._;
seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 36.
_See also_ Uap

Yaraikanna, the, of Northern Queens land, seclusion of girls at puberty
among, x. 37 _sq._

Yarilo, the funeral of, celebrated in Russia on June 29th, iv. 261, 262
_sq._;
a personification of vegetation, v. 253

Yarn, divination by, at Hallowe’en, x. 235, 240, 241, 243;
sick children passed through a ring of, xi. 185

Yarra river in Victoria borders the Bad Country, iii. 109;
treatment of girls at puberty among the aborigines of the Upper, x. 92
_n._ 1

Yasawu Islands of Fiji, reverence for coco-nuts in the, ii. 12 _sq._

Yassin, king of Fazoql, put to death, iv. 16

Yawning, soul supposed to depart in, iii. 31

Year, beginning of, marked by appearance of Pleiades, vii. 309, 310, 312,
313, 314, 315;
divided into thirteen moons, viii. 77;
burning out the Old, ix. 165, 230 _n._ 7;
supposed representatives of the old, ix. 230;
called a fire, x. 137.
_See also_ New Year

——, the fixed Alexandrian, vi, 28, 49, 92

——, the Caffre, beginning of, marked by festival of new fruits, viii. 64
_sq._

——, the Celtic, reckoned from November 1st, vi. 81

——, the Egyptian, a vague year, not corrected by intercalation, vi. 24
_sq._

——of God, a Sothic period, in ancient Egypt, vi. 36 _n._ 2;
began with the rising of Sirius, vi. 35

——, the Great, in ancient Greece, iv. 70

——, the old Iranian, vi. 67

——, the Julian, vi. 28

——, lunar, of old Roman calendar, ix. 232;
equated to solar year by intercalation, ix. 325, 342 _sq._

——, the old Roman, began in March, ix. 229

——, the Slavonic, beginning of, ix. 228

——, solar, length of, determined by the Theban priests, vi. 26;
intercalation of the, ix. 407 _n._ 1

——, the solar and lunar, early attempts to harmonize, ix. 325 _sq._, 339,
341 _sqq._

——, the Teutonic, reckoned from October 1st, vi. 81

Year-man, the, in Japan, ix. 144

Years, cycle of eight, in ancient Greece, iv. 68 _sqq._, vii. 80 _sqq._;
mode of counting the, in Manipur, iv. 117 _n._ 1;
named after eponymous magistrates, ix. 39 _sq._

——, the King of the, in Tibet, ix. 220, 221

Yegory or Yury, Russian name for St. George, ii. 332, 333.
_See_ St. George

Yehar-baal, king of Byblus, v. 14

Yehaw-melech, king of Byblus, v. 14

Yellow the royal colour among the Malays, i. 362, ix. 187

—— and black, face of human representative of goddess painted, ix. 287

Yellow birds in magic, i. 79 _sq._

—— colour in magic, i. 79 _sqq._

—— Day of Beltane, x. 293

—— Demeter, vii. 41 _sq._

—— River, girls married to the, ii. 152

—— snow, the year of the, x. 294

—— things supposed to cure jaundice, i. 79 _sqq._

Yerkla-mining tribe of South-Eastern Australia, their belief in the
contagious magic of wounds, i. 202;
the headmen medicine-men in the, i. 336

Yerrunthally tribe of Queensland, their ideas as to falling stars, iv. 64

Yewe order, secret society in Togo, iii. 383

Yezidis, their belief as to New Year’s Day, iv. 117

Yezo or Yesso, Japanese Island, the Ainos of, viii. 180, 185

Yibai, tribal subdivision of the Coast Murring tribe, xi. 236

Yluta, in Mexico, bones of the dead preserved for the resurrection in,
viii. 259

Ynglingar family, members of the, obtain kingdoms in Norway through
marriage, ii. 279 _sq._

Ynglings, a Norse family, descended from Frey, vi. 100

Yoke, purification by passing under a, xi. 193 _sqq._;
ancient Italian practice of passing conquered enemies under a, xi. 193
_sq._

Yokuts, a tribe of Californian Indians, influence of rain-makers among
the, i. 358

Yombe, the, of Rhodesia, their sacrifice of first-fruits to the dead, vi.
191, viii. 112 _sq._

Yopaa, in southern Mexico, governed by a sacred pontiff, iii. 6

Yopico, temple in Mexico, ix. 299

York, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337, 338;
custom formerly observed at Christmas, in the cathedral at, xi. 291 _n._
2

Yorkshire, custom as to the placentas of mares at Cleveland in, i. 199;
May garlands (hoops) in, ii. 62 _sq._;
the _mell_-sheaf in, vii. 151 _sq._;
“burning the Old Witch” on the last day of harvest in, vii. 224;
first corn cut at harvest by clergyman in, viii. 51;
Plough Monday in, viii. 330 _n._ 1;
belief as to menstruous women in, x. 96 _n._ 2;
Beal-fires on Midsummer Eve in, x. 198;
the Yule log in, x. 256 _sq._;
need-fire in, x. 286 _sqq._;
witch as hare in, x. 317, xi. 197

Yoruba, West Africa, fear of strangers in, i. 103

—— -land, the paramount king of, iv. 203

—— race in the province of Lagos, iv. 112

—— -speaking negroes of the Slave Coast eat the hearts of men to make
themselves brave, viii. 149 _sq._

Yorubas of West Africa, sanctity of the king’s crown among the, i. 364
_sq._;
rule of succession to the chieftainship among the, ii. 293 _sq._;
their theory of a guardian spirit in the head, iii. 252;
rebirth of ancestors among the, iii. 369;
their custom of putting their kings to death, iv. 41;
their custom after the death of a twin, viii. 98;
their use of human scapegoats, ix. 211 _sq._;
use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 229 _n._

Young, Arthur, on “hurling” for a bride in Ireland, ii. 305 _sq._

Young, E., on the ceremony of the first ploughing in Siam, iv. 150 _n._

Young, Hugh W., on the rampart of Burghead, x. 268 _n._ 1

Young, Issobell, buries ox and cat alive, x. 325

Youngest person cuts the last corn, viii. 158, 161

—— son, his name changed after his mother’s death in order to deceive her
ghost, iii. 358

Younghusband, Sir Francis, in the desert of Gobi, ix. 13

Yourouks of Asia Minor, their sacred trees, ii. 43

Youth restored by the witch Medea, v. 180 _sq._;
supposed to be renewed by sloughing of skin, ix. 302 _sqq._

Youths and maidens, tribute of, sent to Minos, iv. 74 _sqq._

Ypres, wicker giants at, xi. 35

_Yu-ă_, spirits of the elements believed in by the Esquimaux, ix. 379, 380

Yucatan, Indians of, their way of detaining the sun, i. 318;
Vestals in, ii. 245 _sq._;
fire-worship among the Indians of, ii. 246 _n._ 1;
calendar of the Indians of, vi. 29 _n._;
the Mayas of, ix. 171, 340;
human blood smeared on face of idol at sacrifices in, ix. 256 _n._ 3;
fire-walk among the Indians of, xi. 13 _sq._, 16

Yuchi Indians of Oklahoma, their festival of new fruits, viii. 75;
their respect for their totems, viii. 311 _n._ 1

Yuin tribe of South-East Australia, political power of medicine-men in
the, i. 336;
avoidance of wife’s mother among the, iii. 84;
totem names among the, iii. 320;
their sex totems, xi. 216;
totem names kept secret among the, xi. 225 _n._

Yuki Indians of California, dances of their women while the men were away
fighting, i. 133

Yukon River, the Lower, in Alaska, the Esquimaux of, their fear of being
photographed, iii. 96;
their festivals of the dead, vi. 51 _sq._;
their double-faced masks, ix. 380;
seclusion of girls at puberty among them, x. 55

—— territory, Indians of the, place their cut hair and nails in crotches
of trees, iii. 276

Yule, Colonel Henry, on modes of executing royal criminals in the East,
iii. 242

Yule Boar, a loaf baked in the form of a boar-pig in Sweden and Denmark,
vii. 300 _sqq._, viii. 328;
often made out of the corn of the last sheaf, vii. 300 _sq._, viii. 328;
part of it mixed with the seed-corn, part given to the ploughmen and
plough-horses or plough-oxen to eat, vii. 301, viii. 43, 328

Yule cake, x. 257, 259, 261

—— candle, x. 255, 256, 260

—— Goat, the, personated by a man wearing goat’s horns at Christmas in
Sweden, viii. 327 _sq._

—— Island, Torres Straits, magical telepathy in, i. 121

—— log, x. 247 _sqq._;
in Germany, x. 247 _sqq._;
made of oak-wood, x. 248, 250, 251, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 264 _sq._,
xi. 92;
a protection against conflagration, x. 248 _sq._, 250, 255, 256, 258;
a protection against thunder and lightning, x. 248, 249, 250, 252, 253,
254, 258, 264;
in Switzerland, x. 249;
in Belgium, x. 249;
in France, x. 249 _sqq._;
helps cows to calve, x. 250, 338;
in England, x. 255 _sq._;
in Wales, x. 258;
among the Servians, x. 258 _sqq._;
a protection against witches, x. 258;
in Albania, x. 264;
privacy of the ceremonial of the, x. 328;
explained as a sun-charm, x. 332;
made of fir, beech, holly, yew, crab-tree, or olive, xi. 92 _n._ 2

—— Night in Sweden, customs observed on, x. 20 _sq._

—— ram, the, straw-effigy at Christmas in Dalarne, viii. 328

—— straw in Sweden, magical virtues ascribed to, vii. 301 _sq._

Yules, the, in Shetland, ix. 168

_Yumari_, a dance of the Tarahumare Indians, ix. 237 _sq._

Yung-chun, city in China, i. 170

Yungman tribe of Australia, their belief as to the birth of children, v.
101

Yuracares, the, of Bolivia, their superstitions as to the making of
pottery, ii. 204;
their propitiation of the apes which they have killed, viii. 235 _sq._;
take great care of the bones of the animals and fish which they eat,
viii. 257;
their practice of bleeding themselves to relieve fatigue, ix. 13;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 57 _sq._

—— of Peru threaten the thunder-god, ii. 183 _n._ 2

Yuruks, pastoral people of Cilicia, v. 150 _n._ 1

Zabern, in Alsace, May-trees at, ii. 64;
the goat or fox at threshing at, vii. 287, 297

_Zadrooga_, Servian house-community, x. 259

Zafimanelo, the, of Madagascar, their seclusion at eating, iii. 116

Zagreus, a form of Dionysus, murdered by the Titans, vii. 12 _sq._

Zakmuk or Zagmuk, the Babylonian festival of the New Year, iv. 110 _sq._,
113, 115 _sq._, ix. 356 _sqq._

—— and the Sacaea, iv. 113, 115 _sqq._, ix. 355 _sqq._, 399, 402

Zambesi, the River, the Angoni to the north of, i. 291, iii. 174;
short-handled hoes used by Caffres above the, vii. 116;
the Makanga of the, viii. 287;
belief in transmigration among the Caffres of the, viii. 289;
Sena-speaking people to the north of the, ix. 7;
heaps of sticks and stones to which passers-by add on the, ix. 11

——, the Lower, rain-maker at Boroma on, iii. 259

——, the Upper, the Barotse of, i. 310 _n._ 7, 392, vi. 193, x. 28;
the Maraves or Zimbas of, i. 393 _n._ 2, viii. 111;
tribes of, their belief in the homoeopathic magic of a flesh diet, viii.
141

Zanzibar, custom at sowing in, vii. 233

Zaparo Indians of Ecuador, their belief in the homoeopathic magic of
animal flesh, viii. 139

Zapotecs of Mexico, their harvest customs, vii. 174 _sq._;
their belief that their lives were bound up with those of animals, xi.
212

——, the pontiff of the, rule of continence observed by, iii. 6 _sq._;
not allowed to set foot on ground, iii. 6, x. 2;
the sun not allowed to shine on him, iii. 6, x. 19

_Zaramamas_, Maize-mothers, name given to certain maize-stalks or stones
carved in the likeness of maize-cobs among the Indians of
Peru, vii. 173 _n._

Zas, name of priest of Corycian Zeus, v. 155

Zealand, the Rye-beggar at harvest in, vii. 231;
treatment of strangers at the madder-harvest in, vii. 231

Zechariah on the mourning of or for Hadadrimmon, v. 15 _n._ 4;
on wounds of prophet, v. 74 _n._ 4

Zekar-baal, king of Byblus, v. 14

Zela in Pontus, priestly kings at, i. 47;
Anaitis and the Sacaea at, ix. 370, 372, 373, 421 _n._ 1;
Omanos and Anadates at, ix. 373 _n._ 1

Zemis of Assam, parents named after their children among the, iii. 333

Zemmur, the, of Morocco, their Midsummer custom, x. 215

Zend-Avesta, the, on cut hair and nails, iii. 277;
on the Fravashis, vi. 67 _sq._

Zengwih, in Burma, priestly king near, iii. 237

Zenjirli in Syria, Hittite sculptures at, v. 134;
statue of horned god at, v. 163

Zer, old Egyptian king, his true Horus name Khent, vi. 20 _n._ 1, 154.
_See_ Khent

Zerdusht and Isfendiyar, story of, in Firdusi’s _Epic of Kings_, x. 104

Zerka, river in Moab, the ancient Callirrhoe, v. 215 _n._ 1

Zeus, at Panamara in Caria, sacrifice of men’s hair to, i. 29;
mated with Artemis, i. 36;
Spartan kings descended from, i. 48;
Castor and Pollux the sons of, i. 49;
rids himself of his love for Hera, i. 161;
rain made by, i. 285;
the priest of, makes rain by an oak branch, i. 309;
mimicked by King Salmoneus, i. 310;
crowned with chaplet of oak leaves at Dodona, ii. 177;
Greek kings called, ii. 177, 361;
at Olympia, the sacred white poplar of, ii. 220;
priests of, at Dodona, ii. 248;
Spartan kings sacrifice to, ii. 264;
as god of the oak, the rain, the thunder, and the sky, ii. 358 _sqq._;
his oracular oak at Dodona, ii. 358;
prayed to for rain by the Greeks, ii. 359;
father of Aeacus, ii. 359;
the sign-giving, on Mount Parnes, ii. 360;
his resemblance to Donar and Thor, ii. 364;
his resemblance to Perun and Perkunas, ii. 365, 367;
as sky-god, ii. 374;
his sanctuary on Mount Lycaeus, iii. 88;
the fleece of, Διὸς κώδιον, iii. 312 _n._ 3;
the grave of, in Crete, iv. 3;
oracular cave of, on Mount Ida in Crete, iv. 70;
father of Minos, iv. 70;
festival of, on Mount Lycaeus, iv. 70 _n._ 1;
his transformations into animals, iv. 82 _sq._;
the Olympic victors regarded as embodiments of, iv. 90 _sq._;
swallows his wife Metis, iv. 192;
saved by a trick from being swallowed by his father Cronus, iv. 192;
his marriage with his sister Hera, iv. 194;
god of Tarsus assimilated to, v. 119, 143;
Cilician deity assimilated to, v. 144 _sqq._, 148, 152;
the flower of, v. 186, 187;
identified with Attis, v. 282;
castrates his father Cronus, v. 283;
the father of dew, vi. 137;
the Saviour of the City, at Magnesia on the Maeander, vi. 238;
his intrigue with Persephone, vii. 12;
father of Dionysus by Demeter, vii. 12, 14, 66;
said to have transferred the sceptre to the young Dionysus, vii. 13;
said to have swallowed the heart of Dionysus, vii. 14;
his intrigue with Demeter, vii. 66;
his temple at Olympia, viii. 85;
his appearance to Hercules in the shape of a ram, viii. 172;
cake with twelve knobs offered to, ix. 351;
an upstart at Olympia, ix. 352;
identified with the Babylonian Bel, ix. 389;
and his sacred oak at Dodona, xi. 49 _sq._;
wood of white poplar used at Olympia in sacrificing to. xi. 90 _n._ 1,
91 _n._ 7

Zeus, Corycian, priests of, v. 145, 155;
temple of, v. 155

—— and Cronus, ii. 323

—— and Danae, how he visited her in a shower of gold, x. 74

—— and Demeter, viii. 9;
their marriage perhaps dramatically celebrated in the Eleusinian
mysteries, ii. 138 _sq._, vii. 65 _sqq._

—— the Descender, places struck by lightning consecrated to, ii. 361

——, Dictaean, his sacred precinct in Crete, ii. 122

—— and Dione at Dodona, ii. 189, 381

—— and Europa, iv. 73

—— the Fly-catcher, viii. 282

——, the Fruitful One, ii. 360

——, Heavenly, at Sparta, i. 47

—— and Hecate at Stratonicea in Caria, v. 270 _n._ 2, 227

—— and Hephaestus, x. 136

—— and Hera, sacred marriage of, ii. 140 _sq._, 142 _sq._, 359, iv. 91;
sacrifices for rain to, ii. 360

—— and Hercules, viii. 172

—— the Husbandman, ii. 360

—— Labrandeus, the Carian, v. 182

—— Lacedaemon, at Sparta, i. 47

——, Laphystian, his sanctuary at Alus, iv. 161;
associated with human sacrifices, iv. 162, 163, 164, 165, vii. 25;
his sanctuary on Mount Laphystius, iv. 164

—— the Leader, Spartan king sacrifices to, ii. 264

——, Lightning, the hearth of, at Athens, i. 33, ii. 361

——, Lycaean, on Mount Lycaeus, human sacrifices to, ix. 353, 354

——, Olbian, ruins of his temple at Olba, in Cilicia, v. 151;
his cave or chasm, v. 158 _sq._;
his priest Teucer, v. 159;
a god of fertility, v. 159 _sqq._

——, Olybrian, of Anazarba in Cilicia, v. 167 _n._ 1