Chapter XIV: Part 14

Church, the Christian, borrows the festival of Christmas from the worship
of Mithra, v. 303 _sqq._;
its compromise with paganism, v. 308;
its treatment of witches, xi. 42.
_See also_ Catholic

Church bells a protection against witch-craft, ix. 157, 158;
on Midsummer Eve, custom as to ringing, xi. 47 _sq._;
rung to drive away witches, xi. 73

Churches used as places of divination at Hallowe’en, x. 229

_Churinga_, sacred stick and stones, resembling bull-roarers, of the
Arunta and other Central Australian tribes, i. 88, 199, 335,
xi. 218 _n._ 3, 234

_Churn_, last corn cut, vii. 151, 153, 154 _sq._

Churn wreathed with rowan on May Day, ii. 53

Churn-dashers ridden by witches, ix. 160

—— -staff made of rowan as a protection against witchcraft, ii. 53, 54

Churning, precaution against witches in, ii. 53 _n._ 1

Chuwash, their test of a sacrificial victim, i. 385

Chuzistan, rumour of the death of the King of the Jinn in, iv. 8

Chwolsohn, D., on the worship of Haman, ix. 366 _n._ 1

Ciallos, intercalary month of Gallic calendar, ix. 343

Cicero invited to meet the assassin Brutus, i. 5;
at Cybistra, v. 122 _n._ 3;
corresponds with Cilician king, v. 145 _n._ 2;
on the Attic origin of corn, vii. 58;
on transubstantiation, viii. 167;
on the custom of knocking in a nail annually, ix. 67 _n._ 2

Cieza de Leon on the Peruvian Vestals, ii. 244 _n._ 1 245 _n._

Cilicia, male deity of, assimilated to Zeus, v. 118 _sq._, 144 _sqq._,
148, 152;
kings of, their affinity to Sandan, v. 144;
names of priests in, v. 144;
pirates in, v. 149;
goddesses in, v. 161 _sqq._;
the burning of gods in, v. 170 _sq._;
the Assyrians in, v. 173;
Tarsus in, ix. 388, 389, 391

Cilicia, Western or Rugged, described, v. 148 _sqq._;
fossils of, v. 152 _sq._

Cilician Gates, pass of the, v. 120

Cimbrians, the, take arms against the tide, i. 331 _n._ 3

Ciminian forest, ii, 8

Cincius Alimentus, L., on Maia as the wife of Vulcan, vi. 232

Cinet or sinnet, iii. 69 _n._ 3

Cingalese (Cinglese), their fear of demons, ix. 95;
the tug-of-war among the, ix. 181.
_See also_ Singhalese

Cingalese remedy by means of devil-dancers, ix. 38

Cinteotl or Centeotl, Mexican goddess of maize, vii. 176, ix. 286 _n._ 1;
personated by a priest, ix. 290

Cinyrads, dynasty of the, v. 41 _sqq._

Cinyras, the father of Adonis, v. 13, 14, 49;
king of Byblus, v. 27;
founds sanctuary of Astarte, v. 28;
said to have instituted religious prostitution, v. 41, 50;
his daughters, v. 41, 50;
his riches, v. 42;
his incest, v. 43;
wooed by Aphrodite, v. 48 _sq._;
meaning of the name, v. 52;
the friend of Apollo, v. 54;
legends of his death, v. 55

Ciotat in Provence, bathing at Midsummer at, v. 248;
Midsummer rites of fire and water at, x. 194

Circassia, custom as to pear-trees in, ii. 55 _sq._;
games in honour of the dead in, iv. 98

Circe, the land of, ii. 188

Circensian games at Bovillae, ii. 180 _n._

Circumambulating fields with lighted torches, x. 233 _sq._

Circumcision, pretence of new birth at, i. 76, 96 _sq._;
among the aborigines of Australia, i. 92 _sqq._;
uses of blood shed at, i. 92, 94 _sq._, iii. 244;
among the dwarf tribes of the Gaboon, i. 95 _n._ 4;
suggested origin of, i. 96 _sq._;
in Central Australia, i. 204, 208, iii. 244, xi. 227 _sq._, 233, 234,
235;
among the Caffres, iii. 156 _sq._;
performed with flints, not iron, iii. 227;
of father as a mode of redeeming his offspring, iv. 181;
story told by Israelites to explain the origin of, iv. 181;
mimic rite of, iv. 219 _sq._;
exchange of dress between men and women at, vi. 263;
period of seclusion after, determined by the appearance of the Pleiades,
vii. 316;
ceremonies at, in South-East Africa, viii. 148;
custom at, in Celebes, viii. 153;
riddles asked at, ix. 122 _n._;
among the Washamba, xi. 183;
in New Guinea, xi. 240 _sq._;
in Fiji, xi. 243 _sq._;
in Rook, xi. 246;
on the Lower Congo, xi. 251, 255 _n._ 1

Circumcision Day, the 1st of January, Pope of Fools on, ix. 334

Circumlocutions adopted to avoid naming the dead, iii. 350, 351, 355;
caused by fear of the dead, iii. 354;
employed by reapers, iii. 412

Circus, the games of the, ii. 174

Cirta, image of Jupiter at, ii. 177

Cithaeron, Mount, bonfire on the top of, ii. 140 _sq._;
forest of oaks at, iv. 82;
Pentheus torn to pieces on, vii. 25 _n._ 3

Cities, guardian deities of, evoked by enemies, iii. 391;
Etruscan ceremony at the founding of, iv. 157

Citium (Chittim), in Cyprus, Phoenician kings at, v. 31, 50

_Citrus hystrix_, the afterbirth hung on a, i. 186

Civilization advanced by great conquering races, i. 218;
threatened by an underlying stratum of savagery, i. 236;
ancient, undermined by Oriental religions and other causes, v. 299
_sqq._

_Clach-nathrach_, serpent stone, xi. 311

Clam shell, sacred, of the Omahas, x. 11

Clan of the Cat, xi. 150 _sq._

Clangour of metal used to dispel demons, ix. 233

Clanking chains as a protection against witches, ix. 163

Clans, paternal and maternal, of the Herero, ii. 217

Clappers, used instead of church bells in Holy Week, x. 125;
wooden, used in China, x. 137

Clarian Apollo, the, iv. 80 _n._ 1

Clark, J. V. H., on the New Year festival of the Iroquois, ix. 209

Clarke, E. D., on the bride-race among the Calmucks, ii. 301 _sq._;
on image of Demeter at Eleusis, vii. 64 _n._ 2;
on the Harvest Queen, vii. 146 _sq._;
on heaps of sticks or stones on graves in Sweden, ix. 20 _sq._

Clashing of metal instruments a protection against witchcraft, ix. 158;
used to dispel demons, ix. 233

Clasping of hands forbidden, iii. 298

Classificatory system of relationship, xi. 234 _n._ 1, 314 _n._ 4

Claudianus, Lucius Minius, on the goddess of Hieropolis-Castabala, v. 168

Claudius, the Emperor, shrine of, at Nemi, i. 13;
trial for incest under, ii. 115;
his marriage with Agrippina, ii. 129 _n._ 1;
statues of, crowned with oak, ii. 177 _n._ 2;
his history of Etruria, ii. 196 _n._;
on the Etruscan origin of Servius Tullius, ii. 196 _n._;
on the foreign descent of the Roman kings, ii. 270 _n._ 6;
and the rites of Attis, v. 266;
his execution of a Gaulish knight, x. 15

Claudius Gothicus, the Emperor, v. 266 _n._ 2

_Clavie_ at Burghead, made without the use of a hammer, iii. 229 _sq._;
the burning of the, x. 266 _sq._

Clavigero, F. S., historian of Mexico, on the Mexican calendar, vi. 29
_n._;
on Cinteotl, the Mexican goddess of maize, ix. 286 _n._ 1

Claws of sea-eagle, charm made from, i. 152

Clay, people smeared with white, at festival, viii. 75;
plastered on girls at puberty, x. 31;
bodies of novices at initiation smeared with white, xi. 255 _n._ 1. 259

Clayton, A. C., on a Badaga funeral, ix. 36

Claytonia, a species of, principal vegetable food of the aborigines of
Central Australia, vii. 128

Cleanliness promoted by contagious magic, i. 175, 342;
fostered by superstition, iii. 130;
personal, observed in war, iii. 157, 158 _n._ 1

Cleansing streets from superstitious motive, beneficial effect of, ix. 205
_sq._

Clearing land for cultivation, ceremonies to appease the tree spirits at,
ii. 36, 38 _sq._

Cleary, Bridget, burnt as a witch in Tipperary, x. 323 _sq._

Cleary, Michael, burns his wife as a witch, x. 323 _sq._

Clee, in Lincolnshire, the Yule log at, x. 257

Clee Hills, in Shropshire, fear of witchcraft in the, x. 342 _n._ 4

Cleft stick, passage through a, in connexion with puberty and
circumcision, xi. 183 _sq._

Clement of Alexandria on the Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 39

Cleomenes, king of Sparta, and serpents, v. 87

Cleon of Magnesia at Gades, v. 113

Cleostratus of Tenedos, said to have introduced the Greek octennial cycle,
vii. 81

Clergyman employed to cut first corn at harvest, viii. 51

Cleveland in Yorkshire, treatment of the placentas of mares at, i. 199

_Climacteris scandens_, women’s “sister” among the Kulin, xi. 216

Climatic and geographical conditions, their effect on national character,
vi. 217

Clippings of hair, magic wrought through iii. 268 _sqq._, 275, 277, 278
_sq._
_See also_ Hair

—— of nails in popular cures, ix. 57, 58.
_See also_ Nails

Clisthenes and Hippoclides, ii. 307 _sq._

Clitus and Dryas, their contest for a bride, ii. 307

—— and Pallene, ii. 307

“Clod festival of the fourth” at Benares, i. 279

Clodd, Edward, on the external soul, xi. 97 _n._ 1

Clog, the Yule, x. 247

Clonmel, trial for witch-burning at, x. 324

Clotaire murders his nephews, iii. 259

Clothes, homoeopathic magic of, i. 157;
magic sympathy between a person and his, i. 205-207;
of sacred persons tabooed, iii. 131.
_See also_ Graveclothes

Cloths used to catch souls, iii. 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 61, 64, 67, 75 _sq._

Clotilde, Queen, the murder of her grand children, iii. 259

Cloud-dragon, myth of the, iv. 107

Clouds imitated by smoke, i. 249;
imitation of, in rain-making, i. 249, 256, 261, 262, 263, 275;
imitated by stones, i. 256;
magicians painted in imitation of, i. 323

Clove-trees in blossom treated like pregnant women, ii. 28.
_See also_ Cloves

Clover, time for sowing, i. 167;
four-leaved, a counter-charm for witchcraft, x. 316;
found at Midsummer, xi. 62 _sq._

Cloves, sexual ceremony to make cloves grow, ii. 100.
_See also_ Clove-trees

Clovis, gift of touching for the evil derived from, i. 370

Clown in spring ceremonies, ii. 82, 89;
at Whitsuntide, ii. 89;
in processions, ix. 244 _sq._

Clubhouses of men in New Guinea, i. 125, iii. 168, 169;
in the Caroline Islands, iii. 193;
in the Pelew Islands, iii. 193 _n._ 2

Clucking like a hen to recall a truant soul, iii. 34, 35, 55, 74, 75

Clucking-hen, the, at threshing, vii. 277

Clue of yarn, divination by a, at Hallowe’en, x. 235, 240, 241, 243

Cluis Dessus and Cluis-Dessous, custom of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, iv.
241 _sq._

_Clyack_ sheaf, vii. 158 _sqq._, 215 _sq._, viii. 43

_Clyack-kebback_, a cheese at the harvest supper in Aberdeenshire, vii.
160

Clymenus, king of Arcadia, his incest, v. 44 _n._ 1

Clytaemnestra, a native of Lacedaemon, ii. 279

Cnossus in Crete, sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera at, ii. 143 _n._ 1;
Minos at, iv. 70 _sqq._;
the labyrinth at, iv. 75 _sqq._;
the bull perhaps the king’s crest at, iv. 111 _sq._;
prehistoric palace at, v. 34;
marriage of the Bull-god to the Queen at, vii. 31;
octennial tenure of kingship at, vii. 82, 85

Coal, magical, that turns to gold at Midsummer, xi. 60 _sq._

Coast Murring tribe of New South Wales, the drama of resurrection
exhibited to novices at initiation in the, xi. 235 _sqq._

Cobern, effigy burnt on Shrove Tuesday at, x. 120

Coblentz, the Yule log near, x. 248

Cobra worshipped, i. 383 _n._ 4;
ceremonies after killing a, iii. 222 _sq._;
the crest of the Maharajah of Nagpur, iv. 132 _sq._

Cobra-capella, guardian-deity of Issapoo, viii. 174

Coca-mother, among the Peruvians, vii. 172, 173 _n._

_Coccus Polonica_ and St. John’s blood, xi. 56

Cochin, Cranganore in, i. 280

Cochin China, the Chams of, i. 144, ii. 28, iii. 202, 297, iv. 130 _n._ 1;
the Bahnars of, iii. 52, 58;
tigers respected in, iii. 403, viii. 217;
annual festival of the dead in, vi. 65;
mode of disposing of ghosts in, ix. 62

Cock killed in fight not to be eaten by soldiers, i. 117;
king represented with the feathers of a, iv. 85;
as emblem of a priest of Attis, v. 279;
corn-spirit as, vii. 276 _sqq._;
killed on harvest field, vii. 277 _sq._, xi. 280 _n._;
effigy of, in bonfire, x. 111;
external soul of ogre in a, xi. 100

——, black, buried on spot where epileptic patient fell down, ix. 68 _n._
2;
used as counter-charm to witchcraft, x. 321

—— and hen sacrificed by the Lithuanians at harvest, viii. 49 _sq._;
or hen, striking blindfold at a, xi. 279 _n._ 4

——, red, killed to cure person struck by lightning, xi. 298 _n._ 2

——, white, buried at boundary, iii. 109;
sacrificed, viii. 117, 118;
disease transferred to a, ix. 187;
as scapegoat, ix. 210 _n._ 4;
burnt in Midsummer bonfire, xi. 40.
_See also_ Cocks

Cock-sheaf, vii. 276

Cock’s blood poured on divining-rod, xi. 282

Cockatoos, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 89

Cockchafer, external soul in a golden, xi. 140

Cockchafers, witches as, x. 322

Cocks as scapegoats, ix. 191 _sq._

Coco-nut, soul of child deposited in a, x. 154 _sq._

—— -nuts, magical stones to produce a crop of, i. 162;
sacred and regarded as emblems of fertility in Upper India, ii. 51;
gathered by pure youths, iii. 201

Coco-nut oil made by chaste women, iii. 201;
a charm against demons, iii. 201

—— -nut palm worshipped, ii. 16;
planted over navel-string and afterbirth of child, xi. 161, 163, compare
xi. 164;
attracts lightning, xi. 299 _n._ 2

—— -nut trees revered, ii. 12, 16

_Codjour_ or _Cogiour_, a priestly king of the Nubas, iii. 132 _n._ 1,
viii. 114

Codrington, Dr. R. H., on the confusion of religion and magic in
Melanesia, i. 227 _sq._;
on the supernatural powers ascribed to chiefs in Melanesia, i. 338;
on mother-kin in Melanesia, vi. 211;
on the Melanesian conception of the external soul, xi. 197 _sq._

Codrus, king of Athens, Ionian kings descended from, i. 47

_Coel Coeth_, Hallowe’en bonfire, x. 239

Coffin, nails from a, in magic, i. 210, 211

_Cogiour._ _See_ Codjour

Cohabitation of husband and wife enjoined as a matter of ritual, viii. 69,
70 _n._ 1.
_See also_ Intercourse

Cohen, S. S., x. 128 _n._ 1

Coil, sick children passed through a, xi. 185 _sq._

Coimbatore, dancing-girls at, v. 62

Coincidence between the Christian and the heathen festivals of the divine
death and resurrection, v. 308 _sq._

Coins from the eyes of corpses, their magical virtue, i. 149;
placed on the eyes of corpses, i. 149 _n._ 5;
portraits of kings not stamped on, iii. 98 _sq._

Colchis, Phrixus in, iv. 162

Cold food, festival of the, in China, x. 137

—— weather, charm to bring on, i. 319;
ceremonies to procure, i. 329 _n._ 1

Cole, Lieut.-Colonel H. W. G., on a custom of the Lushais, xi. 185 _sq._

Colic, a Bahnar cure for, iii. 59;
popular remedies for, x. 17;
leaping over bonfires as a preventive of, x. 107, 195 _sq._, 344;
attributed to witchcraft, x. 344

Coligny calendar of Gaul, i. 17 _n._ 2, ix. 342 _sqq._

Coll, Dr. Samuel Johnson in the island of, viii. 322;
the Hole Stone in the island of, xi. 187

Collatinus, L. Tarquinius, one of the first consuls, ii. 288, 290

Colleda, an old Servian goddess, x. 259

Collobrières in Provence, rain-making at, i. 307

_Colluinn_, custom of beating a cow’s hide in the Highlands, viii. 323,
324

_Colocasia antiquorum_, charm used at gathering, ii. 23

Cologne, Petrarch at, on St. John’s Eve, v. 247 _sq._;
St. John’s fourteen Midsummer victims at, xi. 27

Colombia, the Goajiro Indians of, iii. 30 _sq._, 325, 352. x. 34 _n._ 1;
the Muysca Indians of, iii. 121;
the Aurohuaca Indians of, iii. 215;
rule as to the felling of timber in, vi. 136;
the Popayan Indians of, their belief in the transmigration of human
souls into deer, viii. 286;
Guacheta in, x. 74

Colophon, the Clarian Apollo at, iv. 80 _n._ 1

Columbia, British, the Indians of, their use of magical images to procure
fish, i. 108;
taboos imposed on the parents of twins among the, i. 262 _sqq._;
pay compliments to the first fish of the season, viii. 253

——, British, the Thompson Indians of, i. 132, 181, 197, 253, 288, 293, ii.
13, 208, iii. 37, 65, 117, 142, 181, 278, 399, viii. 81, 133,
140, 207, 226, 268, ix. 154;
the Kwakiutl Indians of, i. 197, 201, 263, 324, iii. 53, 76, 188, 386,
viii. 250;
the Tsimshian Indians of, i. 262, viii. 254;
the Nootka Indians of, i. 263, iii. 27, 146 _n._ 1, viii. 225, 251;
the Lillooet Indians of, i. 265;
the Shuswap Indians of, i. 265, 319, iii. 83, 142, 146 _n._ 1, viii.
238;
the Skungen Indians of, ii. 32;
the Bella Coola Indians of, iii. 34, x. 46, xi. 174;
the Nass River in, iii. 76;
the Carrier Indians of, iii. 197, 367;
the Tsetsaut Indians of, iii. 198, 260;
the Tinneh or Déné Indians of, iii. 240;
the Kutonaqa of, iv. 183;
the coast tribes of, their ceremonial cannibalism, vii. 18 _sqq._;
the Koskimo of, vii. 20 _n._;
the Nishga Indians of, viii. 106;
the Okanaken Indians of, viii. 134

Columbia River, the Indians of, their customs in regard to the first
salmon caught in the season, viii. 255

Columella, on chastity to be observed by those who handle food, ii. 205;
on the date for the fertilization of fig-trees, ii. 314;
on the fodder of cattle, ii. 328 _n._ 1;
on caprification, ix. 258

Comana in Cappadocia, v. 136 _n._ 1

—— in Pontus, worship of goddess Ma at, v. 39, ix. 421 _n._ 1;
swine not allowed to enter, v. 265 _n._ 1;
sacred harlots at, ix. 370 _n._ 1

Comana, the two cities, v. 168 _n._ 6

Comanches, the, their way of procuring rain or sunshine, i. 297;
changes in their language caused by fear of naming the dead, iii. 360

Combat, mortal, for the kingdom, ii. 322

Combe, in Oxfordshire, May garlands at, ii. 62 _n._ 2

Combe d’Ain, x. 114

Combing the hair forbidden, i. 157, iii. 14, 159 _n._, 181, 187, 203, 208,
264;
thought to cause storms, iii. 271

_Combretum primigenum_, the sacred tree of the Herero, ii. 213, 218

Combs not to be used by wives during absence of camphor hunters, i. 125;
in homoeopathic magic, i. 125, 157;
used by girls in their seclusion at puberty, iii. 146 _n._ 1;
of sacred persons, iii. 256

Comedies played as a rain-charm, i. 301 _n._

Comitium, dances of the Salii in the, ix. 232

Commagny, the priory of, i. 307

Commemoration of the Dead at Athens, v. 234

Comminges, Midsummer fires in, x. 192 _sq._

Commodus, the Emperor, conspiracy against, v. 273;
addicted to the worship of Isis, vi. 118

Common objects, names of, changed when they coincide more or less with
those of relations, iii. 335, 336, 337, 338, 339 _sq._, 340,
341, 345, 346;
changed when they are the names of the dead, iii. 358 _sqq._, 375;
or the names of chiefs and kings, iii. 375, 376 _sqq._

—— words tabooed, iii. 392 _sqq._

Communal rights over women, v. 40, 61 _n._

—— taboos, vii. 109 _n._ 2

Communion with demons by drinking blood, i. 383;
with deity in Eleusinian mysteries, vii. 38, 161;
with deity by eating of new fruits, viii. 83;
with the dead through food, viii. 154;
with the dead by swallowing their ashes, viii. 156 _sqq._;
with deity by eating his body and drinking his blood, viii. 325;
with saints, alive or dead, by means of stones, ix. 21 _sq._

Communion bread baked from the first corn cut, viii. 51

Communism, tradition of sexual, ii. 284

Community, welfare of, bound up with the life of the divine king, x. 1
_sq._; purified in the persons of its representatives, xi. 24

Comorin, Cape, iv. 46

Compelling rain-gods to give rain, i. 296 _sqq._

Compitalia, a Roman festival, effigies dedicated at, viii. 94, 96, 107

Complexity of social phenomena, i. 332;
of religious phenomena, viii. 36

Compromise of Christianity with paganism, parallel with Buddhism, v. 310
_sqq._

Comrie, well of St. Fillan at, ii. 161

Con or Cun, a thunder-god of the Indians of the Andes, ii. 370

Conca d’Oro at Palermo, i. 299

Concealment from superstitious motives at eating and drinking, iii. 116
_sqq._;
of the face or person from superstitious motives, iii. 120 _sqq._;
of miscarriage in childbed, supposed effects of, iii. 152 _sqq._, 211,
213;
of cut hair and nails to prevent them from falling into the hands of
sorcerers, iii. 276 _sqq._;
of personal names from fear of magic, iii. 320 _sqq._;
of graves, vi. 103 _sqq._, viii. 98 _sqq._

Conception in women, supposed causes of, i. 100, v. 96, 102, 103, 104,
105;
caused by trees, ii. 51, 56 _sq._, 316-318;
supposed, without sexual intercourse, v. 91, 93 _n._ 2, 96 _sqq._, 264,
ix. 18;
animals and plants as causes of, in women, v. 97 _sq._, 104 _sq._
_See also_ Impregnation

Conchucos, the, of Peru, esteemed foxes sacred, viii. 258 _n._ 1

Conciliating the spirits of the land, iii. 110 _sq._

Conciliation involved in religion, i. 224;
of slain enemies, iii. 182

Concord, temple of, at Rome, i. 11, 21 _n._ 2

Concordia, nurse of St. Hippolytus, i. 21 _n._ 2

Concubines, temporary king allowed to use the real king’s, iv. 114;
human, of the god Ammon, v. 72;
of a king taken by his successor, ix. 368

Condé, in Normandy, ix. 183;
bonfires on Christmas Eve near, x. 266

Conder, C. R., on “holy men” in Syria, v. 77 _n._ 4;
on turning money at the new moon, vi. 149 _n._ 2

Condor, the bird of the thunder-god, ii. 370

Conduct, standard of, shifted from natural to supernatural basis, iii. 213
_sq._

Conductivity, electric, of various kinds of wood, xi. 299 _n._ 2

Condylea in Arcadia, sacred grove of Artemis at, v. 291

Cone, image of Astarte, v. 14.

Cones as emblems of a goddess, v. 34 _sqq._, 165, 166;
votive, found in Babylonia, v. 35 _n._ 5

Confession of the dead, the Egyptian, vi. 13 _sq._

—— of sins, i. 266, iii. 114, 191, 195, 211 _sq._, 214 _sqq._, viii. 69,
ix. 31, 36, 127;
enjoined as a religious duty among the Huichol Indians, i. 124;
originally a magical ceremony, iii. 217;
the Jewish, over the scapegoat, ix. 210

Conflagrations, bonfires supposed to protect against, x. 107, 108, 140,
142, 344;
brands of Midsummer bonfires thought to be a protection against, x. 165,
174, 183, 188, 196;
the Yule log a protection against, x. 248 _sq._, 250, 255, 256, 258;
Midsummer flowers a protection against, xi. 48;
mountain arnica a protection against, xi. 58;
oak-mistletoe a protection against, xi. 85

Conflict of calendars, solar and lunar, x. 218

Conflicts, sanguinary, as rain-charms, i. 258;
annual, at the New Year, old intention of, ix. 184

Confucianism, its success due to the personal influence of its founder,
vi. 159 _sq._

Confusion between a man and his totem, i. 107

—— of magic and religion, i. 226 _sq._;
in Melanesia, i. 227 _sq._;
in ancient India, i. 228 _sq._;
in ancient Egypt, i. 230 _sq._;
in modern Europe, i. 231 _sqq._;
the confusion not primitive, i. 233 _sq._

Congo Free State, the Ba-Yaka and Ba-Yanzi of the, i. 348, iii. 186 _n._
1;
the Tofoke of the, vii. 119

Congo, the French, the Fans of the, xi. 161

——, kingdom or region of, palm-wine offered to trees in the, ii. 15;
custom observed by pregnant women in the, ii. 58;
the pontiff Chitomé in the, iii. 5, iv. 14;
conjuring spirits at meals in the, iii. 120;
food taboos in the, iii. 137;
precaution as to the spittle of the king of the, iii. 289 _sq._;
priest dressed as a woman in, vi. 254 _sq._;
images stuck with nails in the, ix. 70 _n._ 1;
birth-trees in the, xi. 161 _sq._;
theory of the external soul in the, xi. 200;
the Bushongo of the, xi. 229 _n._;
use of bull-roarers in the, xi. 229 _n._

——, the Lower, belief in the reincarnation of the dead among the natives
of, i. 103 _sq._;
superstition as to resemblance between parent and child among the tribes
of, iii. 89;
natives of, their belief as to stepping over a person, iii. 423 _sq._;
burial of infants on the, v. 91;
taboos observed by women who plant seeds among the tribes of, vii. 115
_sq._;
seclusion of girls at puberty on the, x. 31;
rites of initiation on the, xi. 251 _sqq._

Congo, the Upper, Kibanga on, iv. 34;
the Bangala of, vii. 119;
the Boloki of, xi. 161, 229 _n._

——, King of Rain at mouth of the, ii. 2

Congo negroes, their belief in the abstraction of souls by sorcerers, iii.
70

—— tribes, recall of stray souls among the, iii. 44 _sq._

Congrégation de Notre Dame at Paris, Childermas at the, ix. 337

Conibos Indians of the Ucayali River, regard thunder as the voice of the
dead, ii. 183 _n._ 2;
their theory of earthquakes, v. 198

Conical stone as divine emblem, v. 165, 166.
_See also_ Cones

Conitz, in West Prussia, saying as to wind in corn at, vii. 288

Conjunction of sun and moon, viii. 15 _n._ 1;
a time for marriage, iv. 73;
time chosen for ritual observances, viii. 15 _n._ 1

Conjuring spirits at meals, iii. 120

Connaught, taboos observed by the ancient kings of, iii. 11 _sq._;
Midsummer fires in, x. 203;
cave of Cruachan in, x. 226;
palace of the kings of, xi. 127

Connemara, Midsummer fires in, x. 203

Conquering races, great, have advanced civilization, i. 128

Conquerors sometimes leave a nominal kingship to the conquered, ii. 288
_sq._

Consecration of the sacrificer of Soma in Vedic India, iii. 159 _n._;
of the first-born among the Hebrews, iv. 172;
among the ancient Italians, iv. 187

Conservation of energy, viii. 262, 303

“Consort, the divine,” ii. 131, 135

Constance, the Council of, forbade processions with bears and other
animals, viii. 326 _n._ 3

——, the Lake of, superstition as to St. John’s Day on, xi. 26

Constantine destroys temple of Astarte, v. 28;
suppresses sacred prostitution, v. 37;
removes standard cubit from the Serapeum, vi. 216 _sq._

Constantinople, accusation of binding the winds by magic at, 325;
protected against flies and gnats, viii. 281;
column at, xi. 157

Constellations observed by the aborigines of Victoria, vii. 308;
observed by savages, vii. 313, 314 _sq._, 315, 317

_Constitution of Athens_, Aristotle’s, ii. 137 _n._ 1

Consuls, the first Roman, ii. 290

Consulship at Rome, institution of, ii. 290 _sq._

Consummation of marriage prevented by knots and locks, iii. 299 _sqq._

Consumption transferred to bird, ix. 51, xi. 187;
ashes of the Midsummer fires a cure for, x. 194 _sq._

Consumptive patients passed through holes in stones or rocks, xi. 186
_sq._

Consus and Ops, vi. 233 _n._ 6

Contact with sacred things deemed dangerous, viii. 27 _sqq._;
between certain foods in stomach of eater forbidden, viii. 83 _sqq._, 90

—— or contagion in magic, law of, i. 52, 53

Contagion of death, banishment of the, ix. 37

Contagious magic, i. 52, 53 _sq._, 174-214, iii. 246, 268, 272;
of teeth, i. 176-182;
of navel-string and afterbirth (placenta), i. 182-201;
of wound and weapon, i. 201 _sqq._;
of footprints, i. 207-212;
of other impressions, i. 213 _sq._;
of the man-god, iii. 132

—— taboos, i. 117

Contempt of death, iv. 142 _sqq._

Contest for the kingship at Whitsuntide, ii. 89 _sq._;
for the throne of Egypt, traditions of a, vi. 17 _sq._

——, Ancestral, at the Eleusinian Games, vii. 71, 74, 77

Contests for a bride, ii. 305 _sqq._;
for possession of the corn-spirit, vii. 74 _sq._, 180;
between reapers, vii. 74 _sq._, 136, 140, 141, 142, 144, 152, 153 _sq._,
155, 156, 164 _sq._, 219, 253, 273;
between binders of corn, vii. 136, 137, 138, 218 _sq._, 220, 221, 222,
253, 273;
between threshers, vii. 147 _sqq._, 218, 219 _sq._, 221 _sq._, 223
_sq._, 253

——, dramatic, between actors representing Summer and Winter, iv. 254
_sqq._

Conti, Nicolo, on religious suicide, iv. 54

Continence in magical ceremonies, i. 88;
required during the search for the sacred cactus, i. 124;
at rain-making ceremonies, i. 257, 259;
required of parents of twins, i. 266;
practised before fertility ceremonies, ii. 98;
practised in order to make the crops grow, ii. 104 _sqq._;
enjoined on people during the rounds of sacred pontiff, iii. 5;
of priests, iii. 6, 159 _n._;
on eve of period of taboo, iii. 11;
observed by those who have handled the dead, iii. 141, 142;
during war, iii. 157, 158 _n._ 1, 161, 163, 164, 165;
after victory, iii. 166 _sqq._, 175, 178, 179, 181;
by cannibals, iii. 188;
by fishers and hunters, iii. 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198,
207;
by workers in salt-pans, iii. 200;
at brewing beer, wine, and poison, iii. 200 _sq._, 201 _sq._;
at baking, iii. 201;
at making coco-nut oil, iii. 201;
at building canoes, iii. 202;
at house-building, iii. 202;
at making or repairing dams, iii. 202;
on trading voyages, iii. 203;
after festivals, iii. 204;
on journeys, iii. 204;
while cattle are at pasture, iii. 204;
by lion-killers and bear-killers, iii. 220, 221;
before handling holy relics, iii. 272;
by tabooed men, iii. 293;
at consulting an oracle, iii. 314;
at sowing and reaping, vii. 109 _n._ 2;
and fasting observed before ploughing and sowing, viii. 14, 15;
at festival of first-fruits, viii. 75;
combined with abstinence from salt, viii. 75, 93, 93 _n._;
after eating of a god, viii. 93;
at bladder festival of the Esquimaux, viii. 248;
during Lent, ix. 348;
as preparation for walking through fire, xi. 3.
_See also_ Chastity

Conty, in France, Lenten fires at, x. 113

Conway, Professor R. S., on the etymology of Virbius, ii. 379 _n._ 5;
on the etymology of Soranus, xi. 15 _n._ 1

Conybeare, F. C., on Christians worshipping each other as Christs, i. 407
_n._ 3;
on the feminine sex of the Holy Ghost, iv. 5 _n._ 3

Cook, A. B., i. 40 _n._ 3 and 4, ii. 307 _n._ 2, v. 49 _n._ 6;
on the slope of Virbius, i. 4 _n._ 5;
on circular basement at Nemi, i. 13 _n._ 5;
on Manius Egerius, i. 23 _n._;
on association of horse and wolf, i. 27 _n._ 5;
on double-headed bust at Nemi, i. 42 _n._ 1;
on the name Egeria, ii. 172 _n._ 3;
on parallelism between Rome and Aricia, ii. 173 _n._ 2;
on personification of Zeus by Greek kings, ii. 177 _n._ 6;
on the Alban kings, ii. 178 _n._ 3;
on the Alban sow, ii. 187 _n._ 4;
on substitution of poplar for oak, ii. 220 _n._ 3;
on the consulship, ii. 290 _n._ 3;
on the death of Servius Tullius, ii. 321 _n._ 1;
on gongs at Dodona, ii. 358 _n._ 4;
on the oak as the tree of Zeus, ii. 359 _n._ 3;
on connexion of the King of the Wood with the Silvii, ii. 379 _n._ 4;
on Plautus, _Casina_, ii. 379 _n._ 5;
on association of Diana with the oak, ii. 380 _n._ 4;
on Jupiter-Janus, Juno-Diana, ii. 383 _n._ 2;
on derivation of _janua_ from _Janus_, ii. 384 _n._ 2;
on Minos and Pasiphae, iv. 71 _n._ 2;
on octennial tenure of Greek kingship, iv. 78 _n._ 2;
on festival of Laurel-bearing at Thebes, iv. 79 _n._ 1, vi. 241 _n._ 3;
on sacred oak at Delphi, iv. 80;
on substitution of laurel for oak, iv. 81 _sq._;
as to a scene on the frieze of the Parthenon, iv. 89 _n._ 5;
on assimilation of Olympic victors to Zeus, iv. 90;
on name of priest of Corycian Zeus, v. 155 _n._ 1;
on death of Romulus, vi. 98 _n._ 2;
on traces of mother-kin in myth and ritual of Hercules, vi. 259 _n._ 4;
on use of bells and gongs to ban demons in antiquity, ix. 246 _n._ 2;
on the oak of Errol, xi. 284 _n._ 1

Cook, Captain James, on the Tahitian belief in spirits or gods, ix. 80
_sq._

Cook, menstruous women not allowed to, x. 80, 82, 84, 90

Cooking, taboos as to, iii. 147 _sq._, 156, 165, 169, 178, 185, 193, 194,
198, 209, 221, 256

Cooks, Roman, required to be chaste, ii. 115 _sq._, 205

Coomassie, in Ashantee, human sacrifice for earthquake at, v. 201;
the festival of the new yams at, viii. 62 _sqq._;
bones of Sir Charles M’Carthy kept as fetishes at, viii. 149

Cooper, Rev. Sydney, on the harvest “neck” in Cornwall, vii. 262 _n._ 3

Coorgs, the, of Southern India, their ceremonies at reaping and eating the
new rice, viii. 55 _sq._

Cootchie, a demon of the Dieri, expelled by medicine-men, ix. 110

Copenhagen, the museum at, ii. 352;
bathing on St. John’s Eve at, v. 248;
statue of Demeter at, vii. 43 _n._ 5

Copper, unstamped, early Italian money, i. 23

Copper needle, story of man who could only be killed by a, xi. 314

—— rings as amulets, iii. 315

—— River, Esquimaux of the, iii. 184

Coptic calendar, vi. 6 _n._ 3

—— church forbade use of iron in exorcism, iii. 235;
forbade the tying of magic knots, iii. 310 _n._ 5;
enjoins continence during Lent, ix. 348

Cor-mass, procession of wicker giants at Dunkirk, xi. 34

Cora Indians of Mexico, their magical images, i. 55 _sq._;
their dance at sowing, ix. 238;
their dramatic dances, ix. 381

Coral rings as amulets, iii. 315

Coran, the, in incantations, i. 64;
verse of, recited as a charm, ix. 62.
_See also_ Koran

Corannas of South Africa, custom as to succession among the, iv. 191
_sq._;
their children after an illness passed under an arch, xi. 192

Corc, his purification, ii. 116

_Cordia ovalis_, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 210

Cords, knotted, in magic, iii. 299, 302, 303 _sq._, 309;
tied tightly round the bodies of girls at puberty, x. 92 _n._ 1

Corea, offerings to souls of the dead in trees in, ii. 31;
the effigy of the king not struck on coins of, iii. 99;
clipped hair burned in, iii. 283;
custom of swinging in, iv. 284 _sq._;
dance of eunuchs in, v. 270 _n._ 2;
use of effigies to prolong life in, viii. 105;
first-fruits of all crops formerly offered to king of, viii. 122;
bones of tigers prized in, as means of inspiring courage, viii. 145;
cairns to which each passer-by adds a stone in, ix. 11;
offerings at cairns in, ix. 27;
traps for demons in, ix. 61 _sq._;
belief in demons in, ix. 99 _sq._;
spirit of disease expelled in, ix. 119;
annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 147;
the tug-of-war in, ix. 177 _sq._;
custom observed after childbirth by women in, x. 20;
use of torches to ensure good crops in, x. 340

——, the kings of, held responsible for rain and the crops, i. 355;
formerly confined to their palace, iii. 125;
not to be touched with iron, iii. 226;
their names not to be uttered by their subjects, iii. 376

Coreans, their belief as to absence of soul in sleep, iii. 41;
their ceremony on the fifteenth day of the moon, vi. 143;
their annual ceremonies for the riddance of evils, ix. 202 _sq._

Corfu, May songs and trees in, ii. 63 _sq._

Corinth, family supposed to control the winds at, i. 324

Corinthians make images of Dionysus out of a pine-tree, vii. 4

Cormac, on Beltane fires, x. 157

Cormac Mac Art, king of Ireland, iv. 39

Corn ground by pregnant women, i. 140;
defiled persons kept from the, ii. 112;
reaped ear of, displayed at mysteries of Eleusis, ii. 138 _sq._, vii.
38;
sheaf of, dressed up to represent Death, iv. 248;
water thrown on the last corn cut, a rain-charm, v. 237 _sq._;
sprouting from the dead body of Osiris, vi. 89;
personified as Demeter, vii. 42;
the various kinds of, called “Demeter’s fruits,” vii. 42;
first-fruits of, offered to Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis, vii. 53
_sqq._;
first bestowed on the Athenians by Demeter, vii. 54;
personified as female, vii. 130;
wreath of, made from last sheaf, vii. 134;
double personification of, as mother and daughter, vii. 207 _sqq._;
the first corn cut, customs connected with, vii. 215 _sq._;
patches of unreaped, left at harvest, vii. 233;
identification of persons with, vii. 252;
the last left standing, the corn-spirit supposed to be in, vii. 254,
268;
the new, eaten sacramentally, viii. 48 _sqq._;
the first cut, used to bake the communion bread, viii. 51;
sanctity of the, viii. 110;
the last cut, corn-spirit in, viii. 328;
charm to make the corn grow tall, x. 18;
thrown on the man who brings the Yule log, x. 260, 262, 264;
blazing besoms flung aloft to make the corn grow high, x. 340

Corn and grapes, symbols of the god of Tarsus, v. 119, 143;
of the god of Ibreez, v. 121;
figured with double-headed axe on Lydian coin, v. 183

—— and poppies as symbols of Demeter, vii. 43 _sq._

—— and vine, emblems of the gods of Tarsus and Ibreez, v. 160 _sq._

Corn Baby at harvest, vii. 150 _sq._, 152, 292

—— -bull at threshing, vii. 291

—— -cat in the corn, vii. 280

—— -cow at reaping, vii. 289

—— -dog at harvest, vii. 272

—— -ears, Queen of the, vii. 146;
crown of, vii. 163, 221, 283;
wreath of, as badge of priestly office, ix. 232

—— festivals of the Cora Indians, ix. 381

—— -flowers, the blue, supposed danger of plucking, vii. 272, 282

—— -foal, the corn-spirit as, vii. 294

—— -fool at threshing, vii. 148

—— -goat, vii. 282, 283, 286, 287

—— -god, Adonis as a, v. 230 _sqq._;
Attis as a, v. 279;
mourned at midsummer, vi. 34;
Osiris as a, vi. 89 _sqq._, 96 _sqq._

—— -harvest, the first-fruits of the, offered at Lammas, iv. 101 _sq._

—— -horse, the corn-spirit as, vii. 294

—— -maiden at harvest, vii. 150, 230;
in the Highlands of Scotland, vii. 155 _sqq._, 164 _sqq._

—— -mallet at threshing, vii. 148

—— -man at harvest, vii. 223;
the goal of a women’s race, vii. 76 _sq._

—— -mother, the, vii. 150;
at Eleusis, ii. 139;
in Northern Europe, vii. 131 _sqq._;
makes the crops to grow, vii. 133;
in last sheaf, vii. 133 _sqq._;
personated by a woman, vii. 150, 261;
primitive character of the European, vii. 170;
in America, vii. 171 _sqq._;
in many lands, vii. 171 _sqq._;
in canton of Zurich, vii. 232

—— -pug at threshing, vii. 273

—— queen made out of last sheaf, vii. 146

—— -reapers, songs of the, vii. 214 _sqq._

—— -reaping in Egypt, Palestine, and Greece, date of the, i. 32, v. 231
_n._ 3

—— -sheaf, image of Metsik made of a, ii. 55

Corn-sieve, severed limbs of Osiris placed on a, vi. 97;
new-born infant placed in, vii. 7;
beaten at ceremony of expulsion of poverty, ix. 145.
_See also_ Winnowing-fan

—— -sow at harvest, vii. 271, 298

—— -spirit called the Old Man or the Old Woman, iv. 253 _sq._;
Tammuz or Adonis as a, v. 230 _sqq._;
propitiation of the, perhaps fused with a worship of the dead, v. 233
_sqq._;
represented as a dead old man, vi. 48, 96;
represented by human victims, vi. 97, 106 _sq._;
contests for possession of the, vii. 74 _sq._, 180;
conceived as old, vii. 136 _sqq._;
in last sheaf threshed, vii. 139, 147, 168, viii. 48;
represented in duplicate, vii. 139;
lurks among the corn in the barn till driven out by the threshing-flail,
vii. 147, 274 _sq._, 286;
personal representative of, killed in mimicry, vii. 149 _sq._, 224
_sq._;
conceived as young, vii. 150 _sqq._;
as Bride and Bridegroom, vii. 162 _sqq._;
as male and female, vii. 164, viii. 9;
as female, both old and young, vii. 164 _sqq._;
represented by person who cuts, binds, or threshes the last corn, vii.
167 _sq._, 220 _sqq._, 236, 253 _sq._;
fertilizing influence of, vii. 168;
its influence on women, vii. 168;
represented by human beings, vii. 168, 204 _sqq._, viii. 333;
preserved in last sheaf, vii. 171;
conceived by the Iroquois as a woman, vii. 177;
in form of an old man, vii. 206 _sq._;
conceived either as immanent in the corn or as external to it, vii. 211;
in first corn cut, vii. 215;
personal representative of, killed in mimicry, vii. 216;
killing the, vii. 216 _sqq._, 223 _sqq._;
represented by living man, vii. 224;
represented by a puppet, vii. 224;
represented by persons wrapt in corn, vii. 225 _sq._;
represented by a stranger, vii. 225 _sqq._, 230 _sq._;
conceived as poor and robbed by the reapers, vii. 231 _sqq._;
slain in his human representatives, vii. 251 _sqq._;
in last standing corn, vii. 254, 268;
the neck of the, vii. 268;
beheaded when last corn is cut, vii. 268;
the tail of the, vii. 268, 272, 300, viii. 10, 43;
as animal, vii. 270 _sqq._, xi. 43;
as wolf or dog, vii. 271 _sqq._, viii. 327;
as cock, vii. 276 _sqq._;
killed in form of live cock, vii. 277 _sq._;
as hare, vii. 279 _sq._;
as cat, vii. 280 _sq._;
as goat, vii. 281 _sqq._;
killed as goat, vii. 284 _sq._, 287, viii. 327 _sq._;
lame, vii. 284;
as bull, cow, or ox, vii. 288 _sqq._, viii. 6 _sqq._, 8, 34;
killed in form of bull, vii. 290, 291 _sq._;
killed at threshing, vii. 291 _sq._;
in form of calf, vii. 292;
as old and young in form of cow and calf, vii. 292;
as horse or mare, vii. 292 _sqq._;
as a bird, vii. 295;
as a quail, vii. 295;
as fox, vii. 296 _sq._;
as pig (boar, sow), vii. 298 _sqq._;
in form of boar, vii. 301, viii. 328;
immanent in the last sheaf, vii. 301;
on the animal embodiments of the, vii. 303 _sqq._;
represented by an ox, viii. 9 _sqq._;
killed in animal form and eaten sacramentally, viii. 20;
reason for killing the, viii. 138;
as a bear, viii. 325 _sqq._;
represented dramatically, viii. 325;
as ram, viii. 328;
kept through the winter in the form of an animal, viii. 328;
represented by a man called the Straw-bear, viii. 329;
human representative of the, dragged over the fresh furrows, viii. 332,
333;
in last standing corn, x. 12;
human representatives of, put to death, xi. 25

Corn-spirits, male and female, a pair of, vii. 286

—— -stalks, harvesters wrapt up in, vii. 220 _sqq._

—— -steer at reaping last ears of corn, vii. 289

—— -stuffed effigies of Osiris buried with the dead as a symbol of
resurrection, vi. 90 _sq._, 114

—— -wolf in corn, vii. 272, 273, 275

—— -woman, vii. 230, 233;
at threshing, vii. 149;
among the North American Indians, vii. 177

—— -wreaths as first-fruits, v. 43;
worn by Arval Brethren, v. 44 _n._

Cornaby, Rev. W. A., iv. 273;
on reported substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 275 _sq._

Corne, near Tusculum, sacred grove of Diana at, ii. 190 _n._ 3

Cornel branches, men and beasts beaten with, for their health, ix. 266

—— -tree, sacred, in Rome, ii. 10;
in popular remedy, ix. 55;
laziness transferred to a, ix. 55;
wood used to kindle need-fire, x. 286

Corners of fields not to be reaped, vii. 234 _sq._

Cornford, F. M., on the Olympic victors as personifying the Sun and Moon,
iv. 91 _n._ 7

Cornish customs on May Day, ii. 52, 60, 67

Cornouaille, in Brittany, weather forecast for the year at, ix. 323 _sq._

Cornstalks, festival of the, at Eleusis, vii. 63

Cornutus on the poppy as a symbol of Demeter, vii. 44;
on Persephone as the seed sown, vii. 46 _n._ 2

Cornwall, May Day custom as to hawthorn in bloom in, ii. 52;
temporary king in, iv. 153 _sq._;
custom of “crying the neck” in, vii. 266 _sq._;
Snake Stones in, x. 15, 16 _n._ 1;
Midsummer fires in, x. 199 _sq._;
burnt sacrifices to stay cattle disease in, x. 300 _sq._;
holed stone through which people used to creep in, xi. 187

Coro, province of Venezuela, custom of drinking powdered body of dead
chief in, viii. 157

Coronation, human sacrifices to prolong a king’s life at his, vi. 223

Coronation ceremony in England, challenge to mortal combat at, ii. 322

_Corp chre_, magical clay image in Scotland, i. 68 _sq._

Corporal punishment, voluntary substitutes for, in China, iv. 275 _sq._

Corporeal relics of dead kings confer right to throne, iv. 202 _sq._

Corpse, priest of Earth forbidden to see a, x. 4

“Corpse-praying priest,” ix. 45

Corpses, knots not allowed about, iii. 310;
devoured by members of Secret Societies, ix. 377

Corpulence regarded as a distinction and beauty, ii. 297

Corpus Christi Day, the Slaying of the Dragon on the Sunday after, ii.
163;
the Pleiades worshipped by the Peruvian Indians on, vii. 310;
processions on, x. 165

Corrèze, district of the Auvergne, superstition as to reflections in, iii.
95

—— and Creuse, departments of, St. John’s fires in the, x. 190

Corsica, blood-revenge in, ii. 321;
Midsummer fires in, x. 209

Corsicans divine by the shoulder-blades of sheep, iii. 229 _n._ 4

Corycian cave, priests of Zeus at the, v. 145;
the god of the, v. 152 _sqq._;
described, v. 153 _sq._;
saffron at the, v. 187;
name perhaps derived from crocus, v. 187

Corycus in Cilicia, ruins of, v. 153

Cos, king of, sacrifices to Hestia, i. 45;
titular kings in, i. 46 _n._ 4;
sanctuary of Aesculapius in, ii. 10;
altar of Rainy Zeus in, ii. 360;
traces of mother-kin in, vi. 259;
Sacred Marriage in, vi. 259 _n._ 4;
bridegroom dressed as woman in, vi. 260;
harvest-home in, vii. 47;
image of Demeter in, vii. 47, 61;
Zeus Polieus in, viii. 5 _n._ 2;
custom of beating cattle in March in, ix. 266;
effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, x. 130;
Midsummer fires in, x. 212

Cosenza in Calabria, Easter custom at, v. 254

Cosmogonies, primitive, perhaps influenced by human sacrifices, ix. 409
_sqq._

Cosquin, E., on the book of Esther, ix. 367 _n._ 3;
on helpful animals and external souls in folk-tales, xi. 133 _n._ 1

_Cosse de Nau_, the Yule log, x. 251

Costa Rica, the Bribri Indians of, iii. 147, x. 86;
Indians of, their treatment of the bones of animals, viii. 259 _n._ 1;
their customs in fasts, x. 20;
ceremonial uncleanness among the, x. 65 _n._ 1;
the Guatusos of, xi. 230 _n._

Côte d’Or, the Fox at reaping in, vii. 296

Cotton, the Mother of, in the Punjaub, vii. 178;
treatment of first cotton picked, viii. 119

Cotton-bleacher, human god the son of a, i. 376

Cottonwood trees, the shades or spirits of, ii. 12

Cotys, king of Lydia, v. 187

Coudreau, H., on the custom of stinging with ants among the Indians of
French Guiana, x. 63 _sq._

Coughs transferred to animals, ix. 51, 52

Couit-gil, the spirit of a dead person, among the aborigines of Victoria,
iii. 350

Coulommiers, in France, notion as to mistletoe at, xi. 316 _n._ 1

Counter-charm for witchcraft, “scoring above the breath,” x. 316 _n._ 2

Couples married within the year obliged to dance by torchlight, x. 115,
339

Coupling ewes and rams, the time for, ii. 328, 328 _n._ 4

Couppé, Mgr., on the belief in demons in New Britain, ix. 82

Courage acquired by eating the flesh of fierce beasts, viii. 140, 141
_sqq._;
seated in gall-bladder, viii. 145 _sq._;
acquired by eating the flesh or drinking the blood of brave men, viii.
148 _sqq._

Court etiquette, iv. 39 _sq._

Courtiers required to imitate their sovereign, iv. 39 _sq._

Cousins, male and female, not allowed to mention each other’s names, iii.
344

Couteau or Knife Indians, viii. 227 _n._

Covenant formed by eating together, iii. 130;
formed by mixing the blood of the covenanting parties, iii. 130;
spittle used in making a, iii. 290

Coventry, Midsummer giants at, xi. 37

Covering up mirrors at a death, iii. 94 _sq._

Cow bewitched, iii. 93;
ceremony of rebirth from a golden, iii. 113;
as symbol of the moon, iv. 71 _sq._;
image of, in the rites of Osiris, vi. 50, 84;
Isis represented with the head of a, vi. 50;
thought to be impregnated by moonshine, vi. 130 _sq._;
in calf treated like woman in childbed, vii. 33;
corn-spirit as, vii. 288 _sqq._

Cow, black, in rain-charm, i. 290

——, white, with red ears, used in expiation, ii. 116

Cow-goddess Shenty, vi. 88

—— -headed women, statuettes of, found at Lycosura, viii. 21 _n._ 4

Cow’s hide, thresher of last corn wrapt in, vii. 291;
custom of beating the, on Hogmanay, viii. 322 _sqq._

Cowboy of the king of Unyoro, taboos observed by the, iii. 159 _n._

Cows, the afterbirths of, how treated, i. 198 _sq._;
charm to increase the milk of, i. 198 _sq._;
milked as a rain-charm, i. 284;
washed in dew on Midsummer morning, ii. 127;
pregnant, sacrificed to the Earth Goddess, ii. 229;
milked through a ring as a precaution against witchcraft, iii. 314
_sq._;
sacred to Isis, vi. 50;
milked by women, vii. 118;
the Hindoo worship of, viii. 37;
and their milk, superstitions as to, viii. 84 _ns._ 1 and 2;
bewitched on Walpurgis Night, ix. 162;
as scapegoats, ix. 193, 216;
witches steal milk from, x. 343;
mistletoe given to, xi. 86;
milked through a hole in a branch or a “witch’s nest,” xi. 185

Coyohuacan, city of Mexico, paste idol eaten by warriors in, viii. 91

Coyote not to be named by children in winter, iii. 399

Crab in rain-charm, i. 289

Crabs used to extract vicious propensity, ix. 34;
change their skin, ix. 303

Crackers ignited to expel demons, ix. 117, 146 _sq._;
burnt to frighten ghosts, xi. 17, 18

Crackling of grain in fire a sign that the dead are eating it, viii. 65

Cracow, customs as to the last sheaf in the district of, vii. 145;
Midsummer fires in the district of, x. 175

Craig, Captain Wolsey, on unlucky marriages in Barar, ii. 57 _n._ 4

Crane, emblem of longevity, i. 169 _n._ 1;
dance called the, iv. 75

Cranes, trumpeting of the, signal for ploughing, vii. 45;
their seasons of migration, vii. 45 _n._ 1

Cranganore in Cochin, shrine of the goddess Bhagavati at, i. 280

Crannogs or lake-dwellings in the British Islands, ii. 352

Crannon, in Thessaly, rain-making by means of a chariot at, i. 309;
coins of, i. 309 _n._ 6

Crassus, Publicius Licinius, funeral games in his honour, iv. 96

Crawfish in homoeopathic magic, i. 156;
worshipped by Indians of Peru, viii. 250

Crawley, E., on the external soul in the placenta and navel-string, i. 201
_n._ 1

Cream, ceremony for thickening, x. 262

Cream-bowl wreathed with hawthorn in bloom on May morning, ii. 52

Creation, myths of, iv. 106 _sqq._;
Babylonian legend of, iv. 106, 110

—— of the world thought to be annually repeated, v. 284;
legends of, influenced by human sacrifices, ix. 409 _sqq._

Creator, the grave of the, iv. 3;
beheaded, ix. 410;
sacrifices himself daily to create the world afresh, ix. 411

Creek Indians of North America, their tradition of the first fire, ii. 256
_n._ 2;
taboos imposed on lads at initiation among the, iii. 156;
their mortification of themselves in war, iii. 161 _sqq._;
the _busk_ or festival of first-fruits among the, viii. 72 _sqq._;
their belief in the homoeopathic magic of the flesh of animals, viii.
139;
their dread of menstruous women, x. 88

—— Town, in Guinea, periodic expulsion of demons at, ix. 204 _n._ 1

Creepers, homoeopathic magic of, i. 145

Creeping through an arch as a cure, ix. 55;
through a tunnel as a remedy for an epidemic, x. 283 _sq._;
through cleft trees as cure for various maladies, xi. 170 _sqq._;
through narrow openings in order to escape ghostly pursuers, xi. 177
_sqq._

Crescent-shaped chest in the rites of Osiris, vi. 85, 130

Crests of the Cilician pirates, v. 149

Cretan festival of Dionysus, vii. 14 _sq._;
of Hermes, ix. 350

—— myth of the murder of Dionysus, vii. 13

Crete, milk-stones in, i. 165;
precinct of Dictaean Zeus in, ii. 122;
sacrifices without the use of iron in, iii. 226 _sq._;
grave of Zeus in, iv. 3;
sacred trees and pillars in, v. 107 _n._ 2;
ancient seat of worship of Demeter, vii. 131;
pig not eaten in, viii. 21 _n._ 1

Creuse and Corrèze, departments of, St. John’s fires in the, x. 190

Crevaux, J., on stinging with ants as a ceremony, iii. 105

Crianlarich, in Strath Fillan, the harvest _Cailleach_ at, vii. 166

Cricket, soul in form of, iii. 39 _n._ 1

Crickets in homoeopathic magic, i. 156

Cries of reapers, vii. 263 _sqq._

Crimea, the Karaits of the, iii. 95;
the Taurians of the, v. 294

Crimes, sticks or stones piled on the scene of, ix. 13 _sqq._

Criminals shaved as a mode of purification, iii. 287;
sacrificed, iv. 195, ix. 354, 396 _sq._, 408;
shorn to make them confess, xi. 158 _sq._

Cripple or Lame Goat at harvest in Skye, vii. 284

Crnagora, divination on St. George’s morning in, ii. 345

Croatia, souls of witches said to pass into trees in, ii. 32;
Good Friday custom in, ix. 268;
Midsummer fires in, x. 178

Croats of Istria, “Sawing the Old Woman” among the, iv. 242;
their belief as to the activity of witches on Midsummer Eve, xi. 75

Crocodile not to be met or seen by people of the crocodile clan, viii. 28;
supposed to be born as the twin of a human child, viii. 212;
clay image of, as a protection against mice, viii. 279;
a Batta totem, xi. 223

Crocodile-catchers, rules observed by, viii. 209 _sq._

—— clan of the Dinka, iv. 31

—— -shaped hero, in Yam, v. 139 _n._ 1