Chapter XXIX: Part 29

Oak, statue of Artemis under an, i. 38 _n._ 1;
worshipped by the Galatians, ii. 126;
sanctuary of the, at Dodona, ii. 176;
its diffusion in Europe, ii. 349 _sqq._;
worship of the, ii. 349 _sqq._;
the British (_Quercus robur_), in France, Germany, Russia, and England,
ii. 355;
oracular, at Dodona, ii. 358;
sacred to Jupiter, ii. 361;
worshipped by the ancient Celts, ii. 362 _sq._;
worshipped by the ancient Teutons, ii. 363 _sqq._;
worshipped by the ancient Slavs, ii. 365;
worshipped by the ancient Lithuanians, ii. 365 _sqq._;
revered by the Esthonians, ii. 367 _sq._;
worshipped in modern Europe, ii. 370 _sqq._;
effigy of Death buried under an, iv. 236;
dance round, at harvest, vii. 288;
sacred, of old Prussians, ix. 391;
associated with thunder, x. 145;
the principal sacred tree of the Aryans, xi. 89 _sq._;
human representatives of the oak perhaps originally burnt at the
fire-festivals, xi. 90, 92 _sq._;
children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets,
xi. 170 _sqq._;
life of, in mistletoe, xi. 280, 292;
supposed to bloom on Midsummer Eve, xi. 292, 293;
struck by lightning oftener than any other tree of the European forest,
xi. 298 _sqq._
_See also_ Oak-tree _and_ Oaks

Oak of Errol, fate of the Hays bound up with the, xi. 283 _sq._

——, evergreen, in making fire, ii. 251;
the Golden Bough grew on an, ii. 379

—— of the Guelphs, xi. 166 _sq._

——, holy, of the old Prussians, iv. 42

—— planted by Byron, xi. 166

—— of Romove, xi. 286

“—— or rock, born of an,” i. 100 _n._ 1

——, sacred, in a Greek story, i. 158;
on the Capitol, ii. 176, 184;
at Delphi, iv. 80 _sq._

—— or terebinth, sacred at Mamre, v. 37 _n._ 2

—— and thunder, the Aryan god of the, ii. 356 _sqq._, x. 265;
oak, sky, rain, and thunder, god of the, ii. 349 _sq._

—— of the Vespasian family at Rome, xi. 168

—— and wild olive, pyre of Hercules made of, ix. 391

Oak branch in rain-charm, i. 309

—— branches, Whitsuntide mummer swathed in, iv. 207

—— crown sacred to Jupiter, ii. 176, 184, 189;
sacred to Juno, ii. 184, 189

—— -god married to the oak-goddess, ii. 142, 189 _sq._;
how he became a god of lightning, thunder, and rain, ii. 372 _sqq._

—— Grove, Chapel of the, at Rome, ii. 185;
Gate of the, at Rome, ii. 185;
Street of the, at Rome, ii. 186

—— groves in ancient Ireland, ii. 242 _sq._, 363

—— leaves, crown of, ii. 175, 176 _sq._, 184, iv. 80 _sqq._;
“oil of St. John” found on St. John’s Morning upon, xi. 82 _sq._

—— log a protection against witchcraft, xi. 92

—— -mistletoe an “all-healer” or panacea, xi. 77, 79, 82;
a remedy for epilepsy, xi. 78, 83;
to be shot down with an arrow, xi. 82;
a panacea for green wounds, xi. 83;
a protection against conflagration, xi. 85, 293

—— -nymphs at Rome, ii. 172, 185

—— -spirit, the priest of the Arician grove a personification of an, xi.
285

Oak-tree guarded by the King of the Wood at Nemi, i. 42;
worshipped in Syria, ii. 16;
pain pegged into an, ix. 58;
worshipped by the Cheremiss, x. 181

—— -trees revered by the Wends, ii. 55;
sacrifices to, ii. 366;
ague transferred to, ii. 57 _sq._;
rupture nailed into, ix. 60;
toothache nailed into, ix. 60;
planted at marriage, xi. 165

—— twigs and leaves used to keep off witches, xi. 20

—— -wood, Vesta’s fire at Rome fed with, ii. 186;
perpetual fire of, ii. 262, 365, 366, xi. 285 _sq._;
ceremonial fires kindled by the friction of, ii. 372;
used to kindle the need-fire, x. 148, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289
_sq._, xi. 90 _sq._;
used to kindle the Beltane fires, x. 148, 155;
used to kindle Midsummer fire, x. 169, 177, xi. 91 _sq._;
used for the Yule log, x. 248, 250, 251, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 264
_sq._, xi. 92;
fire of, used to detect a murderer, xi. 92 _n._ 4

—— -woods on the site of ancient Rome, ii. 184 _sqq._

—— -worship of the Druids, ii. 9, xi. 76 _sq._, 301

Oaken image dressed as a bride, ii. 140 _sq._;
leaves in medicine, ix. 58

Oaks at Troezen, i. 26;
revered by heathen Lithuanians, ii. 9;
oracular, ii. 43;
sacred among the old Prussians, ii. 43;
sacred to Jupiter, ii. 175, 176;
in peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 350 _sqq._;
in peat-bogs of Ireland, ii. 351;
in pile villages of Europe, ii. 352 _sq._;
of Ireland, ii. 363;
sick people passed through holes in, ii. 371;
often struck by lightning, ii. 373;
mistletoe growing on, in Sweden, xi. 87;
planted by Sir Walter Scott, xi. 166;
mistletoe growing on, in England and France, xi. 316

Oath by passing between the pieces of a sacrificial victim, i. 289 _n._ 4;
taken by Mexican kings at their accession, i. 356, 416;
by the Styx, iv. 70 _n._ 1;
of Egyptian kings not to correct the vague Egyptian year by
intercalation, vi. 26;
of women by the Pleiades, vii. 311;
not to hurt Balder, x. 101

Oaths on stones, i. 160 _sq._;
by the king of Egypt, i. 419;
accompanied by eating a sacred substance, viii. 313

Oats, nine grains of, in divination, x. 243

Oats-bride, vii. 162, 163, 164

—— -bridegroom, vii. 163

—— -cow, reaper of last oats, vii. 289;
thresher of last oats, vii. 290

—— -fool, vii 148

—— -goat, at harvest, vii. 270, 282, 283, 284;
at threshing, vii. 286, 287;
mummer called the, viii. 327

—— -king, in Silesia, vii. 164

—— -man, at harvest, vii. 163, 221;
at threshing, vii. 223

—— -mother, the last sheaf, vii. 135

—— -queen, in Silesia, vii. 164

—— -sow, at making last sheaf, vii. 298

—— -stallion, the last sheaf, vii. 292

—— -wolf, in the last sheaf, vii. 271, 273;
woman who binds the last sheaf called, vii. 274

—— -woman, at harvest feast, vii. 163

Oban district, Southern Nigeria, belief as to external human souls lodged
in animals in the, xi. 206 _sqq._

Obassi Nsi, earth-god of the Ekoi, ix. 28

Obelisk, image of Astarte, v. 14

Obelisks, sacred, at Gezer, v. 108

Oberinntal, in Tyrol, the last thresher called Goat at, vii. 286

Oberkrain, the Slovenes of, their customs on Shrove Tuesday, ii. 93

Oberland, in Central Germany, the Yule log in the, x. 248 _sq._

Obermedlingen, in Swabia, the Cow at threshing at, vii. 290 _sq._;
fire kindled on St. Vitus’s Day at, x. 335 _sq._

Oberpfalz, Bavaria, the Old Man at threshing in some parts of, vii. 222

Objects, souls ascribed to inanimate, ix. 90

O’Brien, Murragh, executed for treason, iii. 244

Obscene images of Osiris, vi. 112

—— language in ritual, iii. 154, 155

—— songs sung by women on special occasions, viii. 280

Obscenities in the Eleusinian mysteries, the Festival of the
Threshing-floor, and the Thesmophoria, vii. 62 _sq._

Obscenity in rain-making, i. 267 _sq._, 269, 278, 284 _n._

Observational power of savages, ix. 326

Obubura district of Southern Nigeria, human souls in fish in, xi. 204

Ocrisia, mother of Servius Tullius, conceives by the fire-god, ii. 195;
a slave-woman of Corniculum, ii. 270 _n._ 6

Octavian plunders the sanctuary at Nemi, i. 4;
his provision for knocking a nail into the temple of Mars, ix. 67 _n._ 1

Octennial cycle based on an attempt to harmonize lunar and solar time, iv.
68 _sq._;
old, in Greece, vi. 242 _n._, vii. 80 _sqq._

—— period of Greek games, vii. 80

—— tenure of the kingship, iv. 58 _sqq._ vii. 82, 85

October, horse sacrificed at Rome in, ii. 229, 326, ix. 230;
the 1st of, a great Saxon festival, vi. 81 _n._ 3;
the vintage month in modern Greece, vii. 47;
the month of ploughing and sowing in Greece, vii. 50;
the 15th, annual sacrifice of horse at Rome on, viii. 42 _sqq._;
annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 226 _n._ 1;
ceremony of the new fire in, x. 136;
the last day of (Hallowe’en), x. 139

Octopuses presented to Greek infants, i. 156

_Ocymum sanctum_, Holy Basil, worshipped in India, ii. 26 _sq._

Ode branch of Ijebu tribe in Southern Nigeria, mysterious chief of the,
iv. 112

Oder, the river, Whitsuntide custom on, ii. 84

Odessa, New Easter fire carried to, x. 130 _n._

Odilo, abbot of Clugny, institutes Feast of All Souls, vi. 82

Odin, as a magician, i. 241 _sq._;
King Olaf sacrificed to, for the crops, i. 367;
the Norse god of war, ii. 364;
thought to receive in Valhalla only the dead in war, iv. 13;
legend of the deposition of, iv. 56;
sacrifice of king’s sons to, iv. 57, 160 _sq._, vi. 220;
human sacrifices to, iv. 160 _sq._, 188;
hanged on a tree, v. 290;
human victims dedicated by hanging to, v. 290

——, Othin, or Woden, the father of Balder, x. 101, 102, 103 _n._

Ododop tribe of Southern Nigeria, chiefs of the, keep their external souls
in buffaloes, xi. 208

O’Donovan, E., on a Turcoman remedy for fever by means of knotted threads,
iii. 304

Oedipus, supposed effects of his incest with his mother, ii. 115;
his exposure, parricide, and incest, iv. 193

Oefoten, in Norway, laggards in reaping called goats at, vii. 282

Oels, in Silesia, expulsion of witches on Good Friday at, ix. 157;
Midsummer fires at, x. 170

Oeneus, king of Calydon in Aetolia, father of Tydeus, ii. 278

Oeniadae, the ancient, Prince Sunless at, x. 21

Oenomaus, king of Pisa, father of Hippodamia, ii. 300;
his chariot-race at Olympia, ii. 300, iv. 91;
his incest with his daughter, v. 44 _n._ 1

Oesel, the island of, the Esthonians of, i. 211, iii. 41 _sq._, vii. 298,
viii. 51;
contagious magic of footprints in, i. 211;
custom of reapers in, i. 329;
belief as to whirlwinds in, iii. 41 _sq._;
belief as to falling stars in, iv. 66;
the last sheaf called the Rye-boar in, vii. 298;
the Christmas Boar in, vii. 302;
custom at eating the new corn in, viii. 51;
heaps of sticks or stones in, ix. 14;
Midsummer fires in, x. 180;
St. John’s herbs in, xi. 49

Oeta, Mount, Hercules burnt on, v. 111, 116, 211

Offenburg, in the Black Forest, Midsummer fires at, x. 168

Offerings to dead kings, vi. 194;
at cairns, ix. 26 _sqq._;
to demons, ix. 96.
_See also_ Sacrifices

“Offscouring” (περίψημα), term applied to a human scapegoat, ix. 255 _n._
1

Offspring, charms to procure, i. 70 _sqq._

Ogboni, a secret society on the Slave Coast, xi. 229 _n._

Ogginn, a white ox and a holy cave in the Caucasus, viii. 313 _n._ 1

Ogom, a fetish doctor of Nigeria, not allowed to quit his house, iii. 124

Ogre whose soul was in a bird, story of the, xi. 98 _sq._

Ogres in stories of the external soul, xi. 100 _sqq._

Ogress whose life was in a spinning-wheel, xi. 100

Ogun, war-god of the Yorubas, viii. 149 _sq._

_Oho-harahi_, “Great Purification,” a Japanese ceremony performed on the
last day of the year, ix. 213, 213 _n._ 1

Oijo, the Alafin of, paramount king of Yoruba-land, iv. 203

Oil not to be touched by people at home in absence of hunters, i. 120;
poured on stones as a means of averting bullets from absent warriors, i.
130;
to be made when the tide is high, i. 167;
poured on stone as a rain-charm, i. 305, 346;
and wine poured on sacred tree, ii. 50;
made by pure youths and maidens, iii. 201;
made by chaste women, iii. 201;
to be called water at evening and night, iii. 411;
human victim anointed with, vii. 246, 247

——, holy, poured on king’s head, v. 21;
poured on sacred stones, v. 36;
as vehicle of inspiration, v. 74;
smeared on sick people, viii. 123

“—— of St. John,” found on oaks on St. John’s (Midsummer) morning, xi. 82
_sq._, 293

Oiling the body forbidden for magical reasons to wives in the absence of
their husbands, i. 120, 122;
as a protection against demons, iii. 201

—— the hair forbidden to women while their husbands are away at war, i.
127

Ointment, magical, applied to weapon instead of to wound, i. 202;
extracted from dead bodies, the fat of animals, etc., viii. 163 _sqq._

Oise, French department of, dolmen in, xi. 188

Ojebways, or Ojibways, the, magical images among, i. 55;
their contagious magic of footprints, i. 212;
their ceremony at an eclipse of the sun, i. 311;
their belief in tree-spirits, ii. 18;
custom observed by them on the war-path, iii. 160;
their reluctance to tell their names, iii. 326;
husbands and wives will not mention each other’s names among the, iii.
338;
their story of the type of Beauty and the Beast, iv. 130 _n._ 1;
their respect for rattle-snakes, viii. 219;
their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 225 _sq._;
ritual of death and resurrection among, xi. 268

Okanaken Indians of British Columbia, their first-fruit ceremonies, viii.
134

Okhotsk Sea, whales in the, viii. 232

Oklahoma, the Yuchi Indians of, viii. 75

Okunomura, Japanese village, rain-making at, i. 297

Olachen fish, ceremonies at catching the first of the season, viii. 254
_sq._

Olaf, king of Sweden, sacrificed to Odin for the crops, i. 367

Olala, secret society of the Niska Indians, xi. 271 _sq._

Olaus Magnus, on were-wolves, x. 308

Olba, priestly kings of, v. 143 _sqq._, 161;
the name of, v. 148;
the ruins of, v. 151 _sq._

Old animal, bone of, eaten to make eater old, viii. 143

—— Barley-woman, last sheaf at harvest called the, vii. 139

—— Calabar, viii. 108

—— Christmas Day (Twelfth Night), ix. 321

—— Corn-woman at threshing, vii. 147

—— Hay-man at haymaking, vii. 223

—— Man, name of the corn-spirit, iv. 253 _sq._;
name given to the last sheaf, vii. 136 _sqq._, 148 _sq._, 218 _sqq._,
289;
at threshing, vii. 148 _sq._, 224

—— men, savage communities ruled by an oligarchy of, i. 216 _sq._;
government by, in aboriginal Australia, i. 334 _sq._

—— people killed, iv. 11 _sqq._

—— Potato Woman, at digging potatoes, vii. 145

—— Rye-woman, the last sheaf called the, vii. 139;
binder of the last sheaf called the, vii. 140, 145;
killed in the last stalks cut, vii. 223;
killed in the last corn threshed, vii. 224;
last sheaf left for the, vii. 232

—— Testament, leprosy in the, viii. 27

—— Wheat-woman, vii. 139

—— Wife (_Cailleach_), name given to last corn cut, vii. 140 _sqq._, 164
_sqq._;
(“Old Woman”), effigy burnt on the first Sunday of Lent, x. 116;
effigy burnt on the last day of Carnival, x. 120

Old Witch, burning the, at harvest, vii. 224

—— Wives, the Day of the, Thursday of Mid-Lent, iv. 241

—— Woman, Sawing the, a ceremony at Mid-Lent, iv. 240 _sqq._;
name applied to the corn-spirit, iv. 253 _sq._;
of the corn, mythical being of the Cherokee Indians, vi. 46 _sq._, vii.
177;
name given to the last corn cut or threshed, vii. 136 _sq._, 147, 223;
name given to the thresher of the last corn, vii. 147

—— Woman (_Baba_), a mummer at Carnival, viii. 332, 333, 334;
perhaps a rustic prototype of Demeter, viii. 334

—— Woman who Never Dies, North American Indian personification of maize,
vii. 204 _sqq._

—— women as representatives of the Corn-goddess, vii. 205 _sq._

Oldenberg, Professor H., on the distinction between religion and magic, i.
225 _n._;
on the magical nature of ancient Indian ritual, i. 228;
on the priority of magic to religion, i. 235 _n._ 1;
on the ritual observed by a Brahman in learning the Sakvarī song, i. 269
_sq._;
on foundation-sacrifices, iii. 91 _n._;
on King Vikramaditya, iv. 122 _n._ 2;
on the belief in ghosts and demons among the Hindoos of the Vedic ages,
ix. 90 _sq._;
on the Indian drama, ix. 385 _n._ 1

Oldenburg, mirrors covered after a death in, iii. 95;
disposal of cut hair and nails in, iii. 275 _sq._;
fox’s tongue a remedy for erysipelas in, viii. 270;
popular cures in, ix. 49, 51, 52, 53, 58;
plague hammered into a wall in, ix. 64;
the immortal dame of, x. 100;
Shrove Tuesday customs in, x. 120;
Easter bonfires in, x. 140;
burning or boiling portions of animals or things to force witch to
appear in, x. 321 _sq._;
witch as toad in, x. 323;
children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, xi. 171 _sq._;
custom as to milking cows in, xi. 185;
sick children passed through a ring of yarn in, xi. 185

Oldfield, A., on the avoidance of the names of the dead among the
Australian aborigines, iii. 350

Oldfield, H. A., on the Dassera festival in Nepaul, ix. 226 _n._ 1

_Olea chrysophilla_, used as fuel for bonfire, xi. 11

Oleae, the, at Orchomenus, iv. 163, 164

“Oleander, the Sultan of the,” x. 18, xi. 51;
gathered at Midsummer, xi. 51

Oligarchy of old men, savage communities ruled by an, i. 216 _sq._;
of old men the ruling body among the Australian aborigines, i. 335

Olive of the Fair Crown at Olympia, vi. 240

——, the sacred, at Olympia, vi. 240, xi. 80 _n._ 3

——, wild, and oak, pyre of Hercules made of, ix. 391

Olive-branches carried in procession and hung over doors at Athens, vi.
238

—— crown of victor in chariot-race at Olympia, iv. 91, vi. 240;
of Zeus at Olympia, iv. 91

—— -tree of Pallas, ii. 142 _n._ 2;
nails knocked into an, as a cure, ix. 60

—— wood, sacred images carved of, i. 39

Olives planted and gathered by pure boys and virgins, ii. 107

Olmütz, district of, the last sheaf called the Beggar in, vii. 232

Olo Ngadjoe (Oloh Ngadju), the, of Borneo, their belief as to albinoes, v.
91;
their use of puppets as substitutes for living persons, viii. 100 _sq._

Olofaet, a fire-god, in Namoluk, xi. 295

Olonetz, the Government of, in Russia, collective suicide in, iv. 45 _n._
1;
festival of the dead in, vi. 75

Olori, a guardian spirit of the Yorubas, iii. 252

Oltscha (Orotchis?), their bear-feast, viii. 197 _n._ 2

Olympia, home of Xenophon near, i. 7;
Mount Cronius at, i. 46 _n._ 4;
the sacred white poplar of Zeus at, ii. 220, xi. 90 _n._ 1, 91 _n._ 7;
Endymion at, ii. 299, iv. 90;
tomb of Endymion at, ii. 299, iv. 287;
Pelops and Hippodamia at, ii. 299 _sq._, iv. 91;
races for the kingdom at, ii. 299 _sq._, iv. 90, 90 _sq._;
ram annually sacrificed to Pelops at, ii. 300, viii. 85;
sacred precinct of Pelops at, ii. 300, iv. 287;
Oenomaus at, ii. 300, iv. 91;
chariot-races at, ii. 300, iv. 90 _sq._;
worship of Thunderbolt Zeus at, ii. 361;
girls’ race at, iv. 91;
image of Zeus at, iv. 91;
victor’s wreath of olive at, iv. 91, vi. 240;
the sacred olive at, iv. 91, vi. 240, xi. 80 _n._ 3;
the quack Peregrinus burns himself at, v. 181;
rule as to cutting olive branches to form the victors’ crowns at, vi.
240, xi. 80 _n._ 3;
festival of Cronus at, ix. 352 _sq._

Olympiads based on the octennial cycle, iv. 90;
mode of calculating the, vii. 80;
beginning of reckoning by, vii. 82

Olympic cycle of four or eight years, vii. 80

—— festival, death of Peregrinus by fire at the, iv. 42;
based on the octennial cycle, iv. 89 _sq._, vi. 242 _n._ 1;
based on astronomical, not agricultural considerations, iv. 105

—— games, iv. 105, vii. 80, 86;
said to have been founded in honour of Pelops, iv. 92

—— stadium, the, iv. 287

—— victors regarded as embodiments of Zeus, iv. 90 _sq._;
or of the Sun and Moon, iv. 91, 105

Olympus, Mount, in Cyprus, iv. 81, v. 32

—— Mount, at Tempe, iv. 81, vi. 240

Olynthiac, river in Macedonia, fish in the, ix. 142 _n._ 1

Olynthus, tomb of, ix. 143 _n._

Omagua Indians of Brazil, their belief in the influence of the Pleiades on
human destiny, vii. 309

Omaha hunters cut out tongues of slain buffaloes, viii. 269

—— Indians, of North America, their rain-making, i. 249;
their charm to start a breeze, i. 320;
customs as to murderers among the, iii. 187;
names of relations by marriage tabooed among the, iii. 338;
effeminate men among the, vi. 255 _sq._;
their belief as to boils caused by eating a totem animal, viii. 25;
the Elk clan among the, viii. 29, x. 11;
the Reptile clan among the, viii. 29;
their belief in the assimilation of men to their guardian animals, viii.
207;
their mutilation of men killed by lightning, viii. 272;
their women secluded at menstruation, x. 88 _sq._

Omanos at Zela, ix. 373 _n._ 1

Omen, beasts and birds of, viii. 143

—— birds in Borneo, iii. 110;
stories of their origin, iv. 126, 127 _sq._

Omens, homoeopathic magic to annul evil omens, i. 170-174;
from chicken bones, ii. 70;
reliance on, iii. 110;
from observation of the sky, iv. 58;
drawn from pig’s liver, vii. 97;
from boiling milk, viii. 56, xi. 8;
mode of neutralizing bad, ix. 39;
from birds and beasts, x. 56;
from the smoke of bonfires, x. 116, 131, 337;
from flames of bonfires, x. 140, 142, 159, 165, 336, 337;
from cakes rolled down hill, x. 153;
from intestines of sheep, xi. 13

—— of death, xi. 54, 64

—— of marriage drawn from Midsummer bonfires, x. 168, 174, 178, 185, 189,
338 _sq._;
from flowers, xi. 52 _sq._, 61

Omnipresence of demons, ix. 72 _sqq._

Omo River, custom of strangling first-born children among tribes on the,
iv. 181, 182

Omonga, a rice-spirit who lives in the moon, vi. 139 _n._

Omphale and Hercules, ii. 281 _sq._, v. 182, vi. 258, ix. 389

_Omumborombonga_ (_Combretum primigenum_), the sacred tree of the Herero,
ii. 213 _sq._, 218, 219 _sq._, 233

_Omuongo_ tree, ceremony performed by the Ovambo before partaking of its
fruit, viii. 71

_Omuwapu_ tree (_Grevia spec._), used by the Herero as a substitute for
their sacred tree, ii. 219

On or Aun, King of Sweden, iv. 57, 160 _sq._, 188.
_See also_ Aun

Onaght, in the Aran Islands, the rag well at, ii. 161

One shoe on and one shoe off, iii. 311 _sqq._

One-eyed buffoon in New Year ceremony, ix. 402

Ongtong Java Islands, ceremony at the reception of strangers in the, iii.
107 _sq._

_Oni_, the king of Ife, in West Africa, i. 365, iv. 204 _n._

Onions used to foretell weather of the year, ix. 323

Onitsha, on the Niger, the king of, confined to his house, iii. 123;
ceremony at eating the new yams at, viii. 58;
sham funeral at, viii. 98 _sq._;
annual expulsion of evils at, ix. 133;
use of human scapegoats at, ix. 210 _sq._

Onktehi, the great spirit of the waters among the Dacotas, xi. 268, 269

Onstmettingen, in Swabia, the Sow at threshing at, vii. 299

Oodeypoor, in Rajputana, gardens of Adonis at, v. 241 _sq._

Ooloo-Ayar Dyaks observe taboos after building a new house, ii. 40

Opening, special, made to carry out the corpses of childless women, i. 142

Opening everything in house to facilitate childbirth, iii. 296 _sq._

—— the eyes and mouth of the dead, Egyptian funeral rite, vi. 15

—— of the Wine-jars, Dionysiac festival of the, ix. 352

Operations of husbandry regulated by observation of the moon, vi. 133
_sqq._

Opheltes, Nemean games celebrated in honour of, iv. 91;
his grave at Nemea, iv. 93

Ophites, the, on the Holy Ghost as feminine, iv. 5 _n._ 3

Opis, a Hyperborean maiden, i. 33;
a name of Artemis, i. 34 _n._

Opium made by the Wild Wa of Burma, vii. 242

Opossum, imitation of, as a homoeopathic charm, i. 155 _sq._

Opprobrious language levelled at goddess to please her, i. 280

Ops, the wife of Saturn, vi. 233;
in relation to Consus, vi. 233 _n._ 6

Oracles given by king as representative of the god, i. 377;
given by inspired priests, i. 377 _sqq._;
given by the spirits of dead kings, vi. 167, 171, 172;
given by men who are inspired by the spirits of crocodiles, lions,
leopards, and serpents, viii. 213

Oracular oaks in ancient Prussia, ii. 43;
oak at Dodona, ii. 358, xi. 89 _sq._

—— spring at Dodona, ii. 172

—— springs, iv. 79 _sq._

—— trees among the Lithuanians, ii. 9

Oran, bathing at Midsummer in, x. 216

Orang-glai, the, of Indo-China, use a special language in searching for
eagle-wood, iii. 404

Orange River, the Corannas of the, xi. 192

Oraons or Uraons of Bengal, their spring festival of sál flowers at the
marriage of the Sun and Earth, ii. 76 _sq._, 94, 148, v. 46
_sqq._;
gardens of Adonis among the, v. 240;
their annual festival of the dead, vi. 59;
human sacrifices for the crops among the, vii. 244 _sq._;
their offerings of first-fruits to the Sun, viii. 117;
their belief in demons, ix. 92 _sq._;
their use of a human scapegoat, ix. 196;
their belief as to the transformation of witches into cats, xi. 311
_sq._

Orbigny, A. d’, on the superstitions of the Yuracares as to the making of
pottery, ii. 204;
on division of labour between men and women among the American Indians,
vii. 120;
on the American Indian practice of bleeding themselves to relieve
fatigue, ix. 12 _sq._

Orchard, mock marriage before partaking of the fruits of a new, ii. 26,
101

Orchards, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 317, 319, 320

Orchha, the Rajah of, celebrates annually the marriage of the _Salagrama_
to the holy basil, ii. 27

Orchomenus in Arcadia, kingly government at, i. 47

—— in Boeotia, human sacrifice at, iv. 163 _sq._

Orcus, Roman god of the lower world, his marriage celebrated by the
pontiffs, vi. 231

Ordeal of battle among the Umbrians, ii. 321;
by poison, fatal effects of, iv. 197;
of chastity, v. 115 _n._ 2;
the poison, administered by young children, vii. 115;
of stinging ants undergone by girls at puberty, x. 61,
and by young men, x. 62 _sqq._;
of boiling resin, x. 311

Ordeals as an exorcism, x. 66;
undergone by novices at initiation among the Bushongo, xi. 264 _sqq._

Order of nature, different views of the, postulated by magic and science,
xi. 305 _sq._

Oregon, the Salish Indians of, recovery of lost souls among, iii. 66;
avoidance of the names of the dead among the Indians of, iii. 352

Orestes at Nemi, i. 10 _sq._, 21 _n._ 2, 24;
the matricide, cleansed of his mother’s murder at Troezen, i. 26;
cured of his madness in Laconia, i. 161;
appeases his mother’s Furies by biting off his finger, iii. 166 _n._ 2;
pursued by his mother’s Furies, iii. 188;
polled his hair, iii. 287;
flight of, iv. 213;
at Castabala, v. 115;
his purification by laurel and pig’s blood, ix. 262

Organs of generation, effigies of male, vii. 12, 26, 29;
male and female, cakes in shape of, vi. 62

——, internal, of medicine-man, replaced by a new set at initiation, xi.
237, 238 _sq._

Orgiastic rites of Cybele, v. 278

Orgies, sexual, as fertility charms, ii. 98 _sqq._

Oriental mind untrammelled by logic, v. 4 _n._ 1

—— religions in the West, v. 298 _sqq._;
their influence in undermining ancient civilization, v. 299 _sqq._;
importance attached to the salvation of the individual soul in, v. 300

Origen, on the Holy Spirit, iv. 5 _n._ 3;
on the refusal of Christians to fight, v. 301 _n._ 1;
on Jesus Barabbas, ix. 420 _n._ 1

Origin of Osiris, vi. 158 _sqq._;
of agriculture, vii. 128 _sq._;
of astronomy, vii. 307;
of death, savage tales of the, ix. 302 _sqq._;
of fire, primitive ideas as to the, xi. 295 _sq._

Orinoco, Banivas of the, x. 66

——, Caribs of the, i. 134

——, Guaraunos of the, x. 85

——, Guayquiries of the, x. 85

——, Indians of the, employ women to sow the seed, i. 141 _sq._;
their way of procuring rain by means of the dead, i. 287;
their use of frogs in a rain-charm, i. 292;
their ceremony at an eclipse of the moon, i. 311 _sq._;
blow sacred trumpets to make palm-trees bear fruit, ii. 24;
their belief in the superior fertility of seeds sown by women, vii. 124;
their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 310;
eat the hearts of their enemies to make them brave, viii. 150;
their treatment of the wild beasts which the hunters have killed, viii.
236

Orinoco, Piaroas Indians of the, viii. 285

——, Tamanachiers of the, ix. 303

——, Tamanaks of the, x. 61 _n._ 3

Orion, the constellation, the soul of Horus in, iv. 5;
appearance of, a signal for sowing, v. 290 _sq._;
observed in Bali, vii. 314 _sq._;
observed by the Battas of Sumatra, vii. 315;
observed by the Kamchatkans, vii. 315

Orion’s belt, the constellation, observed by the natives of Bougainville
Straits, vii. 313;
observed by the Kamchatkans, vii. 315, 315 _n._ 5

—— sword and belt, the constellations, observed by the Masai, vii. 317

Orissa, absence of gardens and fruit-trees on the Khurda estate in, i.
279;
Queen Victoria worshipped as a deity in, i. 404;
rice treated as a pregnant woman in, ii. 29;
well where women obtain offspring in, ii. 160;
the Chasas of, viii. 26

Orkney Islands, magic knots in the, iii. 302;
chapel of St. Tredwells in the, ix. 29;
transference of sickness by means of water in the, ix. 49

Orlagau, in Thüringen, “whipping with fresh green” in the Christmas
holidays at, ix. 271

Ornament, external soul of woman in an ivory, xi. 156

Ornaments, amulets degenerate into, xi. 156 _n._ 2

Orne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, x. 185

Oro, Polynesian war god, iii. 69

——, West African bogey, xi. 229

Orontes, Syrian women bathe in the, to procure offspring, ii. 160

_Ororo_, families of royal descent among the Shilluks, iv. 24

Orotchis, of Siberia, their theory of thunder, iii. 232;
bear-festivals of the, viii. 197

Orpheus, prophet and musician, v. 55;
the legend of his death, vi. 99

—— and the willow, xi. 294

Orpine (_Sedum telephium_) at Midsummer, x. 196;
used in divination at Midsummer, xi. 61

Orvieto, Midsummer fires at, x. 210

Orwell in Cambridgeshire, harvest custom at, v. 237 _n._ 4

Osages, their mourning for their foes, iii. 181

Oscans, the enemies of Rome, ix. 231

Oschophoria, vintage festival at Athens, vi. 258 _n._ 6

Osculati, G., on American Indian belief in transmigration, viii. 285

Osirian mysteries, the hall of the, at Abydos, vi. 108

Osiris threatened by magicians, i. 225;
threat of a magician that he will name Osiris aloud, iii. 390;
the mummy of, iv. 4;
his body broken into fourteen pieces, iv. 32, vi. 129;
identified with Adonis and Attis, v. 32, vi. 127 _n._;
myth of, vi. 3 _sqq._;
his birth, vi. 6, ix. 341;
introduces the cultivation of corn and the vine, vi. 7, 97, 112;
his violent death, vi. 7 _sq._;
at Byblus, vi. 9 _sq._, 22 _sq._, 127;
his body rent in pieces, vi. 10;
the graves of, vi. 10 _sq._;
his dead body sought and found by Isis, vi. 10, 50, 85;
tradition as to his genital organs, vi. 10, 102;
mourned by Isis and Nephthys, vi. 12;
invited to come to his house, vi. 12, 47;
restored to life by Isis, vi. 13;
king and judge of the dead, vi. 13 _sq._;
his body the first mummy, vi. 15;
the funeral rites performed over his body the model of all funeral rites
in Egypt, vi. 15;
all the Egyptian dead identified with, vi. 16;
his trial and acquittal in the court of the gods, vi. 17;
represented in art as a royal mummy, vi. 18;
specially associated with Busiris and Abydos, vi. 18;
his tomb at Abydos, vi. 18 _sq._, 197 _sq._;
his emblems the sceptre or crook and the scourge or flail, vi. 20, 108,
153;
official festivals of, vi. 49 _sqq._;
his sufferings displayed in a mystery at night, vi. 50;
his festival in the month of Athyr, vi. 84 _sqq._;
dramatic representation of his resurrection in his rites, vi. 85;
his images made of vegetable mould, vi. 85, 87, 90 _sq._, 91;
the funeral rites of, described in the inscription of Denderah, vi. 86
_sqq._;
his festival in the month of Khoiak, vi. 86 _sqq._, 108 _sq._;
his “garden,” vi. 87 _sq._;
ploughing and sowing in the rites of, vi. 87, 90, 96;
the burial of, in his rites, vi. 88;
the holy sepulchre of, under Persea-trees, vi. 88;
represented with corn sprouting from his dead body, vi. 89, vii. 263;
his resurrection depicted on the monuments, vi. 89 _sq._;
as a corn-god, vi. 89 _sqq._, 96 _sqq._;
corn-stuffed effigies of, buried with the dead as a symbol of
resurrection, vi. 90 _sq._, 114;
date of the celebration of his resurrection at Rome, vi. 95 _n._ 1;
the nature of, vi. 96 _sqq._;
his severed limbs placed on a corn-sieve, vi. 97;
human sacrifices at the grave of, vi. 97, vii. 260;
suggested explanations of his dismemberment, vi. 97, vii. 262;
sometimes explained by the ancients as a personification of the corn,
vi. 107;
as a tree-spirit, vi. 107 _sqq._;
his image made out of a pine-tree, vi. 108;
his backbone re-presented by the _ded_ pillar, vi. 108 _sq._;
interpreted as a cedar-tree god, vi. 109 _n._ 1;
his soul in a bird, vi. 110;
represented as a mummy enclosed in a tree, vi. 110, 111;
obscene images of, vi. 112;
as a god of fertility, vi. 112 _sq._;
identified with Dionysus, vi. 113, 126 _n._ 3, vii. 3, 32;
a god of the dead, vi. 113 _sq._;
universal popularity of his worship, vi. 114;
interpreted by some as the sun, vi. 120 _sqq._;
reasons for rejecting this interpretation, vi. 122 _sqq._;
his death and resurrection interpreted as the decay and growth of
vegetation, vi. 126 _sqq._;
interpreted as the moon by some of the ancients, vi. 129;
reigned twenty-eight years, vi. 129;
his soul thought to be imaged in the sacred bull Apis, vi. 130;
identified with the moon in hymns, vi. 131;
represented wearing on his head a full moon within a crescent, vi. 131;
distinction of his myth and worship from those of Adonis and Attis, vi.
158 _sq._;
his dominant position in Egyptian religion, vi. 158 _sq._;
the origin of, vi. 158 _sqq._;
his historical reality asserted in recent years, vi. 160 _n._ 1;
his temple at Abydos, vi. 198;
his title Khenti-Amenti, vi. 198 _n._ 2;
compared to Charlemagne, vi. 199;
the question of his historical reality left open, vi. 199 _sq._;
his death still mourned in the time of Athanasius, vi. 217;
his old type better preserved than those of Adonis and Attis, vi. 218;
the cults of Adonis, Attis, Dionysus, and, vii. 214;
perhaps the dead corn-spirit represented by human victims slain on the
harvest-field, vii. 259 _sqq._;
represented in the form of Harpocrates, vii. 260;
image of him perhaps annually thrown into the Nile as a rain-charm, vii.
262 _sq._;
black and green, vii. 263;
key to mysteries of, vii. 263;
and the pig, viii. 24 _sqq._;
his body mangled by Typhon, viii. 30;
perhaps originally identified with the pig, viii. 31, 33 _sq._;
in relation to sacred bulls, viii. 34 _sqq._;
false graves of, viii. 100;
one of his members eaten by a fish, viii. 264

Osiris, Adonis, Attis, their mythical similarity, v. 6, vi. 201

—— and Adonis, similarity between their rites, vi. 127

—— and Dionysus, similarity between their rites, vi. 127

Osiris and Isis perhaps personated by human couples, ix. 386

—— and Maneros, vii. 215

—— and the moon, vi. 129 _sqq._

“—— of the mysteries,” vi. 89

Osiris-Sep, title of Osiris, vi. 87

Osnabrück, in Hanover, the Harvest-mother in, vii. 135

Ossa, Mount, and Olympus, iv. 81, vi. 240

Ossidinge district of the Cameroons, the chief as fetish-priest in the, i.
349

Oster-Kappeln, in Hanover, the oak of the Guelphs at, xi. 166 _sq._

Osterode, Easter bonfires at, x. 142

Ostia, fresco at, i. 16

Ostiaks or Ostyaks, sacred groves and trees of the, ii. 11;
their ceremonies at killing bears, viii. 222 _sq._

Ostrich, ghost of, deceived, viii. 245

Ostrich-feather, king of Egypt supposed to ascend to heaven on an, vi.
154, 155

Ostroppa, a Polish village, sacrifice for horses at, ii. 336 _sq._

Ostyaks. _See_ Ostiaks

Ot Danoms of Borneo, their precautions against strangers, iii. 103;
killing demon in effigy among the, viii. 101;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 35 _sq._

Otati tribe of Queensland, their treatment of girls at puberty, x. 38

Otho, the Emperor, suicide of, iv. 140;
addicted to the worship of Isis, vi. 118 _n._ 1

Ottawa or Otawa Indians, their way of calming a tempest, i. 321;
tampering with a man’s shadow among the, iii. 78;
drive away the ghosts of the slain, iii. 171;
their totem clans, viii. 224, 225 _n._ 1;
their reason for not burning fish bones, viii. 250

—— medicine-man, his mode of catching stray souls, iii. 45

Otter in rain-charm, i. 289

Otter’s head, Aino custom as to eating, viii. 144

Otters, their bones not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, viii. 239

Otters’ tongues torn out and worn as talismans, viii. 670

Ottery St. Mary’s, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337

Oude, burial of infants in, ix. 45

Oulad Abdi, Arab tribe of Morocco, prostitution practised by their women
for the sake of the crops, v. 39 _n._ 3

Ounce, tooth of, a charm against toothache, i. 153;
ceremony at killing an, viii. 235

“Our Ancestress,” a Mexican goddess, ix. 289

“Our Mother among the Water,” Mexican goddess, ix. 278

Oura, ancient name of Olba, in Cilicia, v. 148, 152

Ourfa, in Armenia, rain-making at, i. 276, 285

Ouwira, theory of earthquakes in, v. 199

Ovaherero, ii. 212 _n._ 1, 213 _n._ 2.
_See_ Herero

Ovakuanjama, the, of South-West Africa, viii. 109.
_See_ Ovambo

Ovakumbi of Angola, their custom of placing stones in trees, i. 318 _n._ 6

_Ovakuru_ (singular _omukuru_) ancestors, among the Herero, ii. 221, 223

Ovambo or Ovakuanjama of German South-West Africa, use of magical images
among the, i. 63;
their contagious magic of footprints, i. 209 _sq._;
pass new-born children through the smoke of fire, ii. 232 _n._ 3;
fire carried before an army to battle among the, ii. 264;
purification of man-slayers among the, iii. 176;
custom as to circumcision among the, iii. 227;
their ceremony at the new moon, vi. 142;
worship of the dead among the, vi. 188, viii. 109 _sq._;
their ceremony before partaking of the fruits of a certain tree, viii.
71;
eat the hearts of foes to make them brave, viii. 149;
custom observed by young women at puberty among the, xi. 183

—— women, their custom at sowing corn, ii. 46

Ovamboland, importance of rain in, viii. 110 _sq._

Overshadowed, danger of being, iii. 82 _sq._

Ovid, on the spring at Nemi, i. 4, 17;
on the oak crown, ii. 176 _sq._;
on the Roman use of whitethorn or buckthorn, ii. 191;
on the Parilia, ii. 327 _n._ 1;
on loosening the hair, iii. 311;
on the story of Pygmalion, v. 49 _n._ 4;
on the distinction between Ceres and the Earth Goddess, vii. 89 _n._ 4;
on the Roman festival of the dead in May, ix. 155 _n._ 1

Owl in homoeopathic magic, i. 156;
bird of Pallas, ii. 142 _n._ 2;
regarded as the guardian spirit of a tree, vi. 111 _n._ 1;
eyes of, eaten, to make eater see in dark, viii. 144 _sq._;
represented dramatically as a mystery, ix. 377;
imitated by actor or dancer, ix. 381

Owls not mentioned by their proper name, iii. 401;
lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 202;
sex totem of women, xi. 217;
called women’s “sisters,” xi. 218

Ox, man-slayers anointed with gall of, iii. 172, 175;
purification by passing through the body of an, iii. 173;
substituted for human victim in sacrifice, v. 146;
embodying corn-spirit, sacrificed at Athens, v. 296 _sq._;
corn-spirit as, vii. 288 _sqq._;
killed on harvest field, vii. 290;
slaughtered at threshing, vii. 291 _sq._;
sacrificed at the _Bouphonia_, viii. 5;
as representative of the corn-spirit, viii. 9 _sqq._, 34;
effigy of, broken as a spring ceremony in China, viii. 10 _sqq._;
sacrificed to boa-constrictor, viii. 290;
disease transferred to, ix. 31 _sq._;
burnt alive to stop a murrain, x. 301

Ox, black, in rain-making, i. 291, iii. 154;
used in purificatory ceremonies after a battle, vi. 251 _sq._;
Bechuana sacrifice of a, viii. 271

——, hornless, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151

——, white, sacrament of a, viii. 313 _n._ 1

Ox blood, bath of, iv. 201

—— -horns, external soul of chief in pair of, xi. 156

—— -stall (Bucolium) at Athens, vii. 30 _sq._

—— -yoked Ploughing at Athens, vii. 31

Ox’s knee not to be eaten by soldiers, i. 117

Oxen sacrificed for rain, i. 350, 352;
sacrificed instead of human beings, iv. 166 _n._ 1;
used in ploughing, vii. 129 _n._ 1;
pledged on Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 319

Oxford. Child’s Well at, ii. 161;
Lords of Misrule at, ix. 332

Oxfordshire, May garlands in, ii. 62, 62 _n._ 2

Oyampis, the, of French Guiana, their belief as to water-snakes, ii. 156

Oyo, kings of, among the Yorubas, put to death, iv. 41

Ozieri, in Sardinia, St. John’s festival at, v. 244;
bonfires on St. John’s Eve at, x. 209

Pacasmayu, in Peru, the temple of the moon at, vi. 138

_Pachamamas_, Earth-mothers, among the Peruvian Indians, vii. 173 _n._

Pacific, oracular inspiration of priests in the Southern, i. 377 _sq._;
human gods in the, i. 386 _sqq._

Pacific Coast of North America, first salmon of the season treated with
deference by the Indians of the, viii. 253

Padams of Assam, their mode of recovering a child lost in the forest, ii.
39

Paddy (unhusked rice), the Father and Mother of the, vii. 203 _sq._

Paderborn, holy oak near, ii. 371

Padlocks as amulets, iii. 307

Padmavati, an Indian goddess, gardens of Adonis in her temple, v. 243

Padstow, in Cornwall, celebration of May Day, May-pole and Hobby Horse at,
ii. 68

Padua, story of a were-wolf in, x. 309

Paestum, the ruins of, i. 236 _n._ 1

Pagae, in ancient Greece, annual kingship at, i. 46

Pagan origin of the Midsummer festival (festival of St. John), v. 249
_sq._

Paganism and Christianity, their resemblances explained as diabolic
counterfeits, v. 302, 309 _sq._

_Pages_, medicine-men, among the Indians of Brazil, i. 358

Paha, on the Gold Coast, sacred crocodiles at, xi. 210

Pains in back at reaping, goat-skin used as cure for, vii. 285

Paint-house, in which girls are secluded at puberty, ii. 111

Painting bodies of manslayers, iii. 175, 178, 179, 180, 186 _n._ 1;
body of lion-killer, iii. 220

Paintings, prehistoric, of animals in caves, i. 87 _n._ 1

Pairing dogs, stick that has beaten, thought to make women fruitful, ix.
264

Pais, E., on Manius Egerius, i. 23 _n._

Παῖς ἀμφιθαλής, a boy whose parents are both alive, vi. 236 _n._ 2

Pakambia, a rainy district of Celebes, the word for rain not to be
mentioned in, iii. 413

Palaces, kings not allowed to leave their, iii. 122 _sqq._

Palatinate, mimic contest between Summer and Winter in the, iv. 254 _sq._

——, the Upper, trees asked for pardon on being felled in, ii. 18;
the Feast of All Souls in, vi. 72

Palatine Hill at Rome, sacred cornel-tree on the, ii. 10;
the emperor’s palace on the, ii. 176;
grove of Vesta at foot of the, ii. 185;
hut of Romulus on the, ii. 200

Palazzo degli Conservatori at Rome, ii. 142 _n._ 2.

Pale colour of negro children at birth, xi. 251 _n._ 1, 259 _n._ 2

Palenque in Central America, ruins of, i. 48

Palenques, the, of South America, spare harmless animals which are not
good for food, viii. 221

Palermo, drought at, i. 299 _sq._;
ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at Mid-Lent at, iv. 240

Pales, a pastoral Roman deity, ii. 326, 327, 328, 329, 348

Palestine, rain-making in, i. 276;
figs in, ii. 315;
religious prostitution in, v. 58;
date of the corn-reaping in, v. 232 _n._;
wild boars in, viii. 31 _sq._;
sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15

Palestinian Aphrodite, v. 304 _n._

Palestrina, the harmonies of, v. 54

Palettes or plaques of schist in Egyptian tombs, xi. 155 _n._ 3

Paley, F. A., on the fodder of cattle in Southern Europe, ii. 328 _n._ 1

Pallades, female consorts of Ammon, ii. 135

Palladius on the date of the artificial fertilization of fig-trees, ii.
314

Pallas, her olive-tree and owl, ii. 142 _n._ 2

Pallas, P. S., on the slaughter of sheep and cattle among the Kalmucks,
viii. 314 _n._ 1

Pallegoix, Mgr., on the Siamese year, ix. 149 _n._ 2

Pallene, daughter of Sithon, the wooing of, ii. 307

Palm-branches, blessed on Palm Sunday, in ceremonies to procure rain, i.
300;
waved to drive off demons, ix. 260 _n._ 3;
children beaten with, on Palm Sunday, ix. 268;
ashes of, mixed with seed at sowing, x. 121;
stuck in fields to protect them against hail, x. 144;
(twigs of boxwood) burnt to avert a thunderstorm, xi. 30, 85 _n._ 4

—— Sunday, churches swept on, i. 300;
custom in Würtemberg on, ii. 71;
the branches consecrated on, used as a protection against witches, ii.
336;
“Sawing the Old Woman” on, iv. 243;
Russian custom on, ix. 268;
palm-branches consecrated on, used to protect fields against hail, x.
144;
boxwood blessed on, x. 184, xi. 30, 47;
fern-seed used on, xi. 288

—— -tree, thought to ensure fertility to barren women, ii. 51;
ceremony at tapping a palm-tree for wine, ii. 100 _sq._;
child’s hair fastened to, iii. 276.
_See also_ Date-palm

—— -trees as life-indices, xi. 161, 163, 164

—— wine offered to trees, ii. 15;
ceremony at felling a palm for, ii. 19

Palodes, announcement of the death of the Great Pan at, iv. 6

_Palol_, sacred milkman of the Todas, i. 403 _n._ 1;
taboos observed by him, iii. 15 _sq._

_Palolo veridis_, a sea-slug, its annual appearance in the Samoan sea, ix.
142 _n._

Paloo, in Celebes, propitiation of the souls of slain enemies at, iii. 166

Paloppo, in Celebes, the regalia at, i. 363 _sq._

Palsy called the king’s disease in Loango, i. 371

Pampa del Sacramento, Peru, earthquakes in, v. 198

Pampas, bones of extinct animals in the, v. 158

Pamyles, an Egyptian, announcement of the birth of Osiris to, vi. 6

Pan, dedication of Greek hunters to, i. 6 _n._ 4;
death of the Great, iv. 6 _sq._
_See also_ Pans

Pan’s image beaten by the Arcadians, ix. 256

Panaghia Aphroditessa at Paphos, v. 36

Panama, the Guami Indians of, iii. 325

Panamara in Caria, worship of Zeus and Hera at, i. 29

Panathenaic festival, iv. 89 _n._ 5

—— games at Athens, vii. 80

Pancakes in homoeopathic magic, i. 137;
to be eaten on the eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 241;
to scald fiends on New Year’s Eve, ix. 320

Panchalas, the king of the, father of Draupadi in the _Mahabharata_, ii.
306

Panda, king of Zululand, iii. 377;
liberties taken with him by his subjects at the festival of
first-fruits, viii. 67, 68

Pandarus, tattoo marks of, in the sanctuary of Aesculapius at Epidaurus,
ix. 47 _sq._

Pandharpur, in the Bombay Presidency, gardens of Adonis in temples at, v.
243

Pandion, king of Athens, son of Cecrops, the Eleusinian games founded in
his reign, vii. 70

Panebian Libyans, their custom of cutting off the heads of their dead
kings, iv. 202

_Panes_, annual bird-feast in the Acagchemem tribe of California, viii.
170

Pangaeum, Mount, in Thrace, King Lycurgus torn to pieces at, i. 366

Pango, title signifying god, bestowed on the king of Loango, i. 396

Pani, son of Rengo, the Maori god of sweet potatoes, viii. 133

Panionian festival, temporary king appointed for the, i. 46

Pankas of South Mirzapur will not call certain animals by their proper
names, iii. 402

Panku, a being who causes earthquakes, in New Guinea, v. 198

Panoi, the land of the dead, in Melanesia, viii. 97

Panopeus, in Phocis, the ruins of, vii. 48

Pans, rustic Greek deities, in relation to goats, viii. 1 _sqq._

_Pantang_, taboo among the Jakuns and Binuas of the Malay Peninsula and
the Dyaks of Borneo, iii. 405

Panther, ceremonies at the slaughter of a, among the Kayans of Borneo,
iii. 219;
king of Benin represented with whiskers of a, iv. 86

Panua, tribe of Khonds, vii. 245

Papa Westray, one of the Orkney Islands, cairn to which people add stones
in, ix. 29

Paparuda, gipsy girl employed in rain-making ceremony, i. 273 _sq._

Papas, a name for Attis, v. 281, 282

Paphlagonian belief that the god is bound fast in winter, vi. 41

Paphos in Cyprus, v. 32 _sqq._;
sanctuary of Aphrodite at, v. 32 _sqq._;
founded by Cinyras, v. 41

Papirius Cursor, L., dedicates temple of Quirinus, ii. 182 _n._ 1

Papuan and Melanesian stocks in New Guinea, xi. 239

Papuans, the, of Tumleo, their treatment of spilt blood and rags, i. 205;
of Geelvink Bay, their belief in the abduction of souls by a forest
spirit, iii. 60 _sq._;
of New Guinea believe the soul to be in the blood, iii. 241;
of Finsch Haven unwilling to tell their names, iii. 329;
of Doreh Bay in New Guinea, their fear in regard to children who
resemble their parents, iv. 287 (288 in Second Impression);
of Ayambori in Dutch New Guinea, division of agricultural work between
men and women among the, vii. 123;
of Port Moresby and Motumotu districts, strong food to strengthen young
lads among the, viii. 145;
of the northern coast of New Guinea believe in the transmigration of
human souls into animals, viii. 295;
their belief in demons, ix. 83;
life-trees among the, xi. 163

Papyrus of Nebseni, vi. 112;
of Nekht, vi. 112

Papyrus swamps, Isis in the, vi. 8

Paracelsus, a forerunner of science, viii. 307

_Paradoxurus_, souls of dead in various species of, viii. 294

Paraguay, the Caingua Indians of, ii. 258;
the Calchaquis Indians of, iii. 31;
the Isistines Indians of, iii. 159 _n._;
the Chiquites Indians of, iii. 250 _n._ 1, viii. 241, xi. 226 _n._ 1;
the Abipones of, iii. 352, 360, vii. 308, viii. 140;
the Payagua Indians of, iv. 12 _sq._;
the Guaranis of, vii. 309;
the Lengua Indians of, vii. 309;
the Mocobis of, vii. 309;
the Canelos Indians of, viii. 285

Parahiya, a tribe of Mirzapur, sacrifice to the evil spirits of trees, ii.
42

Paraka, in India, the people of, supposed to know the language of animals,
viii. 146

Parallelism between witches and werewolves, x. 315, 321

Paramatta, island, magical powers of chief in, i. 339

Parasitic mountain-ash (rowan) used to make the divining-rod, xi. 69;
superstitions about a, xi. 281 _sq._

—— orchid growing on a tamarind, ritual at cutting, xi. 81

—— plants, superstitions as to, ii. 250, 251 _sq._

Pardon asked of tree at cutting it down, ii. 18, 19;
of animal asked before killing it, viii. 183

Paremêsvara Bhûminâtha (title of frog), prayer for rain to, i. 295, 295
_n._ 1

Parents of twins believed to possess power of fertilizing plantain-trees,
ii. 102;
named after their children, iii. 331 _sqq._, 339

Parents-in-law, their names not to be pronounced, iii. 338, 339, 340, 341,
342

Parian chronicler, on the antiquity of the Eleusinian mysteries and games,
vii. 70

Parigi, in Central Celebes, treatment of the afterbirth in, i. 188

Parilia, the, Roman festival of shepherds, ii. 123, 229, 273, 325 _sqq._;
the shepherd’s prayer at, ii. 123, 327;
flocks fumigated at, ii. 229, 327;
Numa born on the, ii. 273, 325;
shepherds leap over bonfires at, ii. 273, 327;
sheep driven over fires at, ii. 327;
offerings of milk and millet to Pales at, ii. 327;
compared to the festival of St. George, ii. 330 _sqq._, v. 308

_Parinarium_, a sacred tree in Busoga, iv. 215

Paris protected against dormice and serpents, viii. 281;
effigy of giant burnt in summer fire at, x. 38;
cats burnt alive at Midsummer in, x. 39

Parivarams of Madura, their seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 69

Parjanya, the ancient Hindoo god of thunder and rain, i. 270, ii. 368
_sq._;
derivation of the name, ii. 367 _n._ 3

Parjas, a tribe of the Central Provinces, India, their ceremonial
purification for killing a sacred animal, viii. 27 _sq._;
their offerings of first-fruits to their ancestors, viii. 119

Parker, Professor E. H., on substitutes for capital punishment in China,
iv. 146 _n._ 1

Parkinson, John, on custom of killing chief after rule of three years
among the Yorubas, iv. 112 _sq._

Parkinson, R., on contagious magic in New Britain, i. 175;
on the fear of demons in New Britain, ix. 83

Parkyns, Mansfield, on the Abyssinian festival of Mascal, ix. 133 _sq._

Parnes, Mount, in Attica, lightning over, i. 33, ii. 361;
altar of sign-giving Zeus on, ii. 360

Parr, Thomas, his great age, v. 55 _sq._

Parricide, Roman punishment of, ii. 110 _n._ 2;
of Oedipus, ii. 115

Parrot, external soul of warlock in a, xi. 97 _sq._

—— and Punchkin, story of the, xi. 97 _sq._

Parrot Island, in Guinea, human sacrifices to river at, ii. 158

Parrot’s feathers worn as a protection against a ghost, iii. 186 _n._ 1;
eggs, a signal of death, iv. 40 _sq._

Parrots, assimilation of men to, viii. 208