Chapter XI: Part 11

Beltana, in South Australia, first-born children destroyed among the
tribes about, iv. 180

Beltane, the Celtic May Day, x. 146 _sqq._;
popularly derived from Baal, x. 149 _n._ 1, 150 _n._ 1;
the need-fire at, x. 293;
the Yellow Day of, x. 293;
sheep passed through a hoop at, xi. 184

—— cakes, x. 148 _sq._, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155

—— carline, x. 148, 153

—— Eve (the Eve of May Day), precautions against witchcraft on, ii. 53;
a witching time, x. 295

—— fire, pretence of throwing a man into the, x. 148, xi. 25;
kindled by the friction of oak-wood, x. 148, 155, xi. 91

—— fires in Scotland, x. 146 _sqq._;
in Wales, x. 155 _sq._;
in Ireland, x. 157 _sq._;
in Nottinghamshire, x. 157

—— and Hallowe’en the two chief fire-festivals of the British Celts, xi.
40 _sq._

Belty, the parish of, sacred trees in, ii. 44

Ben Cruachan on Loch Awe, vii. 142

Ben-hadad, king of Damascus, v. 15

Benametapa, the king of, in East Africa, x. 135

Benares, the clod festival at, i. 279;
Hindoo gentleman worshipped as a god at, i. 404;
serpent in likeness of Brahman at, iv. 132

Bendall, Professor C., v. 229 _n._ 1

Beneficent powers of tree-spirits, ii. 45 _sqq._

Benefit of clergy, v. 68

Benefits conferred by magic, i. 218 _sq._

Benfey, Th., on Buddhist animism, ii. 13;
on story of Pururavas and Urvasi, iv. 131

Bengal, rain-making in, i. 278, 283, 284 _n._;
the Maghs of, ii. 38;
marriage ceremony at the digging of wells in, ii. 146;
the Oraons of, ii. 148, viii. 117;
mourners touch a coral ring in, iii. 315;
Bengalee women, their euphemisms for snakes and thieves, iii. 402;
kings of, their rule of succession, iv. 51;
the Oraons and Mundas of, v. 46, 240, xi. 311;
the Korwas of, vii. 123;
the Hos of, viii. 117;
seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 68;
stories of the external soul in, xi. 101 _sq._, 102

Bengkali, East Indian island, swinging as a religious rite in, iv. 277
_sq._

Bengweolo, Lake, in Central Africa, state governed by a queen near, ii.
277

Beni Ahsen, a tribe in Morocco, their Midsummer fires, x. 215 _sq._;
their precaution at bathing on Midsummer Day, xi. 31

—— -Chougran tribe of North Africa, their rain-charm by means of a black
cow, i. 290

—— Mgild, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their Midsummer fires, x. 215

—— Snous, the, of Morocco, their Midsummer rites, x. 216

Benin, belief as to twins in, i. 265;
rule as to the Queen-mother of, iii. 86;
ceremony at the reception of strangers in. iii. 108;
kings of, not allowed to quit their palace, iii. 123;
kings of, put their brothers to death, iii. 243;
human victims crucified at, v. 294 _n._ 3;
human sacrifices for the crops at, vii. 240;
festival of the new yams at, viii. 63 _sq._;
time of the “grand devils” in, ix. 131 _sq._

——, king of, worshipped as a god, i. 396, iii. 123;
represented with panther’s whiskers, iv. 85 _sq._;
human sacrifices at the burial of a, iv. 139 _sq._

Bennett, George, on the placenta in New Zealand, i. 182 _sq._

Bennisch district of Silesia, custom at threshing in the, vii. 148

Benomotapa, king of, his sacred fire, ii. 264

Benson, E. F., on May Day custom in Cornwall, ii. 52

Bent, J. Theodore, discovers ruins of Olba, v. 151;
identifies site of Hieropolis-Castabala, v. 168 _n._ 1;
on passing sick children through a cleft oak, xi. 172

Bentley, Richard, as to the soul on the lips, iii. 33 _n._ 3

Benue River, tributary of the Niger, the Jukos of the, iv. 34, viii. 160;
the Igbiras of the, viii. 115

Benvenuto Cellini, his alleged halo, ii. 197 _n._ 6

Benzoni, G., Italian historian, on _Viracocchie_, i. 57 _n._

Bera Pennu, Earth Goddess of the Khonds, human sacrifices to, vii. 245

Berar, sacred groves in, ii. 41 _sq._

Berawans of Sarawak, ceremony of adoption among the, i. 74 _sq._

Berber belief as to water at Midsummer, xi. 31

—— tale, milk-tie in a, xi. 138 _n._ 1

Berbers of North Africa, the Barley Bride among the, vii. 178 _sq._;
their Midsummer customs, x. 213 _sqq._, 219

Berecynthia, title of Cybele, v. 279 _n._ 4

Bérenger-Feraud, L. J. B., on the Festival of Fools, ix. 334 _sq._

Berenice and Ptolemy, annual festival in their honour, vi. 35 _n._ 1

Bergell, in the Grisons, bells rung to make the grass grow at, ix. 247

Bergen, Midsummer bonfires at, x. 171

Bergkirchen, horse-races after harvest at, vii. 76

Bergslagshärad, in Sweden, the Yule Goat at, viii. 327

Bering Strait, the Esquimaux of, i. 9, 70, iii. 96, 205, 206, 228, 328,
371, 399, viii. 150, 247

Berkhampstead, in Hertfordshire, ague transferred to oaks at, ix. 57 _sq._

Berkshire, May garlands in, ii. 60

Berleburg, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, x. 248

Berlin, fox’s teeth as an amulet in, i. 180;
treatment of the navel-string in, i. 198;
curses for good luck in, i. 281;
insignia of royal family of Hawaii at, i. 388 _n._ 3;
the Ethnological Museum at, i. 388 _n._ 3, ix. 70 _n._ 1;
the divining-rod at, xi. 68

Bern, Midsummer fires in the canton of, x. 172;
the Yule log in the canton of, x. 249;
witches put to death in the canton of, xi. 42 _n._ 2

Bernara, the harvest _Cailleach_ in, vii. 166

Berneck, in Upper Franken, custom at threshing at, vii. 148

Bernera, on the west of Lewis, customs as to the last corn cut in, vii.
140 _sq._

Bernkastel, on the Moselle, the harvest Goat at, vii. 285

Berosus, Babylonian historian, on the festival of the Sacaea, iv. 113
_sq._, vii. 258 _sq._, ix. 355, 358, 359

Berries, the first of the season, ceremonies before eating, viii. 80
_sqq._

Berry, province of France, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” in, iv. 241
_sq._;
the calf at harvest in, vii. 292;
“seeing the Horse” at harvest in, vii. 294;
Lenten fire custom in, x. 115;
Midsummer fires in, x. 189;
the Yule log in, x. 251 _sq._;
four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, xi. 63

Bertat, a people on the Blue Nile, their orgiastic annual festivals, iv.
16 _n._ 2

Berwickshire, kirn-dollies of last corn at harvest in, vii. 153 _sq._

Bes, grotesque Egyptian god, ii. 133, v. 118 _n._ 1

Besbau, near Luckau, races after harvest at, vii. 76

Besisis of the Malay Peninsula, their dread of noon, iii. 87;
their carnival at rice-harvest, ix. 226 _n._ 1

Besoms placed crosswise at doors of cattle-stalls as a protection against
witches, ii. 127

——, burning, hurled against witches, ix. 162;
flung aloft to make the corn grow high, x. 340;
used to drive away witches, xi. 74

Bessy, one of the mummers on Plough Monday, viii. 329, 331

Bethlehem, worship of Adonis at, v. 257 _sqq._;
fertility of the neighbourhood of, v. 257 _n._ 3;
the Star of, v. 259, ix. 330;
new Easter fire carried to, x. 130 _n._

Betimor, woman turned into crocodile, viii. 212

Betsileo, the, of Madagascar, attribute divine powers to their chiefs, i.
397;
lickers of blood and eaters of nail-parings among the, iii. 246;
their belief in serpents as reincarnations of the dead, v. 83;
offer the first-fruits of all crops to their king, viii. 116;
their belief in the transmigration of souls, viii. 289 _sq._

“Between the two Beltane fires,” x. 149

Beul, fire of, need-fire, x. 293

Bevan, Professor A. A., on the Arab fire-drill, ii. 210 _n._;
on magical knots, iii. 302 _n._ 4;
on the change of _m_ to _v_ in Semitic, ix. 367 _n._ 2;
on a passage of Tabari, xi. 83 _n._ 1

Beveridge, P., on the suppression of the names of the dead among the
aborigines of New South Wales, iii. 363 _sq._

Beverley, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Beverley, on the initiatory rites of the Virginian Indians, xi. 266 _sq._

Bewitched animals burnt alive, x. 300 _sqq._;
buried alive, x. 324 _sqq._

—— cow, mugwort applied to, xi. 59

—— things burnt to compel the witch to appear, x. 322

Bezoar stone in rain-charms, i. 305

Bghais, a Karen tribe of Burma, their annual festival of the dead, vi. 60
_sq._

Bhâdon, Indian month, i. 279, v. 243

Bhagats, mock human sacrifices among the, iv. 217 _sq._

Bhagavati, goddess, her shrine at Cranganore, i. 280

Bhairava, Hindoo goddess, image of, i. 65;
temple of, iv. 219

Bharbhunjas of the Central Provinces, India, marriage custom of the, vi.
262

Bharias of the Central Provinces, India, exchange of costume between men
and women at marriage among the, vi. 260 _sq._

Bhars of India, their use of a scapegoat in time of cholera, ix. 190

Bhils, the, of Central India, worship of the peacock among, viii. 29;
their torture of witches, xi. 159

Bhímsen or Bhím Deo, an Indian deity, viii. 118

Bhootan, the Dhurma Rajah in, i. 410;
heaps of stones or sticks in, ix. 12;
offerings at cairns in, ix. 26

Bhotiyas of Juhar, their use of a scapegoat, ix. 209

Bhuiyars of Mirzapur will not speak of monkeys or bears by their proper
names in the morning, iii. 403;
their dread of menstrual pollution, x. 84

Bhuiyas, the, of North-Eastern India, ceremony at the installation of a
rajah among the, iv. 56;
fire-walk among the, xi. 5 _sq._

Bhujariya, festival in the Central Provinces of India, v. 242

Bhumiya, Himalayan deity, viii. 117, 118 _n._

_Bhut_, demon, xi. 312

Bhutan, demons diverted into images of animals in, viii. 103

Biajas of Borneo, their annual expulsion of evils in a little ship, ix.
200

Biak, island of, precautions against strangers in, iii. 104

Bibili, island off New Guinea, the natives reputed to make wind, i. 322

Bidasari and the golden fish, Malay story of, xi. 147 _sq._, 220

Biddulph, J., on custom at wheat-sowing in Gilgit, ii. 50 _sq._

Biennial cycle, vii. 87

—— festivals, vii. 14, 86

Biggar, “Burning out the Old Year” at ix. 165

Bikol, in Luzon, demon exorcized by beating in, ix. 260

Bilaspur or Bilaspore, twirling spindles forbidden in, while men are in
council, i. 114;
way of stopping rain in, i. 253 _sq._;
iron as an amulet in, iii. 234 _sq._;
women’s hair unknotted at childbirth in, iii. 298;
temporary rajah in, iv. 154;
infant burial in, v. 94 _sq._;
annual festival of the dead in, vi. 60;
new-born children placed in winnowing-fans in, vii. 6 _sq._;
cairns to which passers-by add stones in, ix. 27 _n._ 4;
the Rajah of, food eaten out of his dead hand by a Brahman, ix. 44 _sq._

Bilda, in Algeria, nails knocked into olive-tree as a cure at, ix. 60

Bilqula. _See_ Bella Coola

Bima, in Celebes, sacred horse at, i. 364

——, a district of Sambawa, human foundation-sacrifices in, iii. 90 _sq._

Bin-Thuan, the Chams of, ii. 28, viii. 56

Binbinga tribe of Northern Australia, burial customs of the, i. 102 _sq._;
cannibalism among the, i. 106 _sq._;
their rites of initiation, xi. 234 _sq._;
initiation of medicine-man in the, xi. 239

Binder of last sheaf represents the Corn-mother, vii. 150, 253;
tied up in straw or corn-stalks, vii. 220, 221;
called the Beggar-man, vii. 231;
called the Wolf, vii. 273 _sq._;
called Goat, vii. 283

Binders of corn, contests between, vii. 136, 137, 138, 218 _sq._, 220,
221, 222, 253

Binding up a cleft stick or tree a mode of barricading the road against a
ghostly pursuer, xi. 176

Bingfield, the Borewell near, ii. 161

_Binsenschneider_, vii. 230 _n._ 5

Binuas of the Malay Peninsula use a special language in searching for
camphor, iii. 405

Bion, the atheist, his attempts to avert death, ii. 191

Bion, Greek poet, on the scarlet anemone, v. 226 _n._ 1

Bir, a tribal hero of the Bhuiyas, xi. 6

Birbhum district of Bengal, rain-making in the, i. 278

Birch, a protection against witches, ii. 54;
crowns of, ii. 64;
leaves of, girl clad in, ii. 80;
used to kindle need-fire, x. 291

——, branches of, on Midsummer Day, x. 177, 196;
a protection against witchcraft, xi. 185

—— and plane, fire made by the friction of, x. 220

Birch, sprigs of, a protection against witches, ix. 162;
used to beat people with at Easter and Christmas, ix. 269, 270

—— -tree dressed in woman’s clothes, ii. 64, 141

—— -trees used to keep off witches, ii. 54, 55, xi. 20 _n._;
gout transferred to, ix. 56 _sq._;
set up at Midsummer, x. 177;
mistletoe on, xi. 315

—— -wreath at Whitsuntide, girls kiss each other through a, ii. 93

Bird, Miss I. L., on the bear-festivals of the Ainos, viii. 184 _n._ 1

Bird, soul conceived as a, iii. 33 _sqq._, vii. 181, 182 _n._ 1;
soul of a tree in a, vi. 111 _n._ 1;
corn-spirit as a, vii. 295 _sq._;
disease transferred to, xi. 187;
brings first fire to earth, xi. 295

—— called “the soul of Osiris,” vi. 110

—— -chief of the Sea Dyaks, ix. 383, 384

—— -lime made from mistletoe, xi. 317

—— of prey, inoculation with a, viii. 162

——, soul of the rice as a, vii. 182 _n._ 1

—— -wife, Dyak story of the, iv. 127 _sq._;
Indian story of, iv. 131

Birds, ghosts of slain as, iii. 177 _sq._;
cause headache through clipped hair, iii. 270 _sq._, 282;
absent warriors called, iii. 330;
burnt in honour of Artemis, v. 126 _n._ 2;
ancestral spirits in, viii. 123;
tongues of, eaten, viii. 147;
souls of dead in, viii. 296;
as scapegoats, ix. 35 _sq._, 51 _sq._;
external souls in, xi. 104, 111, 119, 142, 144, 150;
carry seed of mistletoe, xi. 316

——, language of, learned by means of serpents, i. 158;
known to Indian king, iv. 123;
learned by eating serpent’s flesh, viii. 146;
learned by tasting dragon’s blood, viii. 146

——, migratory, as representatives of a divinity, vii. 204 _sq._

—— of omen, stories of their origin, iv. 126, 127 _sq._

——, white, souls of dead kings incarnate in, vi. 162

Birk, in Transylvania, the harvest Hare at, vii. 280

Birks, Rev. E. B., on harvest custom at Orwell, v. 237 _n._ 4

Birseck, Lenten fires at, x. 119

Birth of children, magical images to ensure the, i. 70 _sqq._;
pretence of, at adoption, i. 74 _sq._,
at return of supposed dead man, i. 75,
at circumcision, i. 75 _sq._;
a man’s fortune determined by the day or hour of his, i. 173;
from the fire, ii. 195 _sqq._;
new fire kindled by friction of wood after a, ii. 239;
from a golden image, iii. 113;
of child on harvest-field, vii. 150 _sq._, 209.
_See also_ Births _and_ Miscarriage

Birth, new i. 74 _sqq._;
of Brahman sacrificer, simulation of, i. 380 _sq._;
through blood in rites of Attis, v. 274 _sq._;
of Egyptian kings at the Sed festival, vi. 153, 155 _sq._;
of novices at initiation, xi. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261

——, premature, iii. 213.
_See_ Miscarriage

Birth-names of Central American Indians, xi. 214 _n._ 1

—— -trees in Africa, xi. 160 _sqq._;
in Europe, xi. 165

Birthday, Greek custom of sacrificing to a dead man on his, i. 105;
celebration in China, i. 169

—— of the Sun at the winter solstice, v. 303 _sqq._, x. 246

Birthdays of Apollo and Artemis, i. 32

“Birthplace of Rainy Zeus,” ii. 360

Births, premature, how treated by the Akikuyu, iii. 286, 286 _n._ 6

Bisa chiefs reincarnated in pythons, iv. 193

—— woman, her mode of sowing bananas, vii. 115

Bisaltae, a Thracian tribe, sanctuary of Dionysus among the, vii. 5

Bisection of the year, Celtic, x. 223

Bishnois of the Punjaub, infant burial among the, v. 94

Bishop, Mrs., on cairns in Corea, ix. 11 _n._ 5;
on the belief in demons in Corea, ix. 99 _sq._

Bishop, the Boy, on Holy Innocents’ Day, ix. 336 _sqq._

—— of Fools, ix. 312

—— of Innocents, ix. 333

Bismarck Archipelago, iv. 61;
magical powers ascribed to chiefs in the, i. 340;
magic practised on refuse of food in the, iii. 128 _sq._;
reluctance to mention personal names in the, iii. 329;
the Melanesians of the, their belief in demons, ix. 83

Bisons, the resurrection of, viii. 256

Bissagos Islands, natives of, their sacrifices to sacred trees, ii. 16

—— Archipelago, precaution as to spittle in the, iii. 289

Bistritz district of Transylvania, belief as to quail in last corn in the,
vii. 295

Bitch, the last sheaf called the, vii. 272

Bites of ants used as purificatory ceremony, iii. 105.
_See_ Ants

Bithynia, Arrian of, ii. 126;
mournful song of reapers in, vii. 216

—— and Pontus, rapid spread of Christianity in, ix. 420 _sq._

Bithynians invoke Attis, v. 282

Biting bark of tree as mode of transferring a malady, ix. 54, 55

—— a sword as a charm, i. 160

Biyârs, the, of North-Western India, their ceremony of “burning the old
year,” ix. 230 _n._ 7

Bizya (modern Viza), capital of old Thracian kings, vii. 26, 30

Black, Dr. J. Sutherland, on the burning of Winter at Zurich, iv. 260
_sq._

Black animals in rain-charms, i. 250, 290 _sqq._, ii. 367;
as scapegoats, ix. 190, 192, 193

—— bull sacrificed to the dead, iv. 95

—— cats, witches turn into, ii. 334

—— colour in magic, i. 83;
in rain-making ceremonies, i. 269 _sq._, iii. 154

—— Corrie of Ben Breck, the giant of, in an Argyleshire tale, xi. 129
_sq._

—— Demeter, vii. 263

—— drink, an emetic, viii. 76

—— Forest, Midsummer fires in the, x. 168

—— goat-skin, in relation to Dionysus, vii. 17

—— god and white god among the Slavs, ix. 92

—— hair, homoeopathic charm to restore, i. 154

—— Isle, Ross-shire, x. 301

—— Mountains, in France, ix. 166;
story of sleeping witch in the, iii. 42

—— ox in magic, iii. 154;
bath of blood of, iv. 201

—— poplars, mistletoe on, xi. 316, 318 _n._ 6

—— ram sacrificed to Pelops, ii. 300, iv. 92, 104;
in magic, iii. 154

—— -snake clan of the Warramunga, v. 100

—— spauld, a disease of cattle, cure for, x. 325

—— three-legged horse ridden by witches, xi. 74

—— victims in rain-making, iii. 154;
sacrificed to the dead, iv. 92, 95

—— and white in relation to human scapegoats, ix. 220, 253, 257, 272

Blackened faces, vii. 287, 291, 299, viii. 321, 332, ix. 247, 314, 330;
of actors, vii. 27

Blackening faces of warriors, iii. 163;
of manslayers, iii. 169, 178, 181, 186 _n._ 1;
of girls at puberty, x. 41, 60

Blackfoot Indians, taboos observed by eagle-trappers among the, i. 116;
taboos observed by the wives and children of eagle-hunters among the, i.
119;
their use of skulls as charms, i. 149 _sq._;
their way of bringing on a storm of rain, i. 288;
their marriage of the Sun and Moon, ii. 146 _sq._;
taboos observed by man who kept the sacred pipe among the, iii. 159
_n._;
unwilling to speak their names, iii. 326;
their worship of the Pleiades, vii. 311;
their propitiation of the eagles which they have killed, viii. 236

Bladders, annual festival of, among the Esquimaux, iii. 206 _sq._, 228;
of sea-beasts returned by the Esquimaux to the sea, viii. 247 _sqq._

Bland, J. O. P., on substitutes for capital punishment in China, iv. 274
_sq._

Blankenfelde, in district of Potsdam, the Old Man at harvest at, vii. 221

Blankenheim in the Eifel, the King of the Bean at, ix. 313

_Blay_, men’s clubhouse in the Pelew Islands, vi. 265

Bleeding trees, ii. 18, 20, 33

Blekinge, Swedish province, the Midsummer Bride and Bridegroom in, ii. 92,
v. 251

Blemishes, bodily, a ground for putting kings to death, iv. 36 _sqq._;
physical, transferred to witches, x. 160 _n._ 1

“Blessers” or sacred kings, iii. 125 _n._

Blessing of maize, game, and fish by medicine-men among the Bororos, viii.
71 _sq._

Blighting effect of illicit love on the fruits of the earth, ii. 107
_sqq._

Blind bull sacrificed at the foundation of a town, vi. 249;
sacrificed before an army going to war, vi. 250

—— cat in homoeopathic magic, i. 153

—— Tree, the, i. 147

Blindfolded reapers, vii. 144, 153 _sq._

Blindness, charm to cause, i. 147

—— of Hother, x. 279 _n._ 4

Block, the Yule, x. 247

Blocksberg, dance of the witches on the, ix. 163 _n._ 1;
the resort of witches, x. 171;
the Mount of the Witches, xi. 74

Blood shed at circumcision and subincision, uses of, i. 92, 94 _sq._;
drawn from virgin bride, i. 94;
the flow of, arrested by blood-stones, i. 165;
sympathetic connexion between wounded person and his shed blood, i. 205;
of contracting parties sprinkled on their footprints in making a treaty,
i. 211;
used to imitate rain, i. 256, 257 _sq._;
smeared on regalia, i. 363;
smeared on king’s throne, i. 365;
of sacrificial victim, inspiration by sucking the, i. 381 _sq._;
offered to trees, ii. 13, 16, 19, 34, 44, 47, 367;
smeared on wood-work of house to appease the tree-spirits, ii. 39;
smeared on house as an expiatory rite, ii. 109 _n._ 1;
of incestuous persons, blighting effects attributed to the, ii. 110
_sq._;
smeared on new fire-boards, ii. 225;
smeared on sacred trees, ii. 367;
put on doorposts, iii. 15;
smeared on person as a purification, iii. 104, 115, 219;
of slain, supposed effect of it on the slayer, iii. 169;
drawn from bodies of manslayers, iii. 176, 180;
tabooed, iii. 239 _sqq._;
not eaten, iii. 240 _sq._;
soul in the, iii. 240, 241, 247, 250;
of game poured out, iii. 241;
spilt on ground, covered up, iii. 241, 245, 246;
unwillingness to shed, iii. 243, 246 _sq._;
received on bodies of kinsfolk, iii. 244 _sq._;
drops of, effaced, iii. 245 _sq._;
horror of, iii. 245;
spilt, used by magicians for evil purposes, iii. 246;
of chief sacred, iii. 248;
of women, dread of, iii. 250 _sq._;
fetish priests allowed to drink fresh blood, iii. 291;
of sacrifice splashed on door-posts, house-posts, etc., iv. 97, 175, 176
_n._ 1;
remission of sins through the shedding of, v. 299;
used in expiation for homicide, v. 299 _n._ 2;
not to be shed in certain sacrifices, vi. 222 _n._ 2;
of sacrificial horse, use made of, viii. 42;
drawn from men as a religious rite, viii. 75, 91 _sq._;
of men drunk to acquire their qualities, viii. 148, 150, 151, 152;
as a means of communion with a deity, viii. 316;
fatigue let out with, ix. 12;
of children used to knead a paste, ix. 129;
drawn from ears as penance, ix. 292;
girls at puberty forbidden to see, x. 46;
drawn from women who do not menstruate, x. 81

Blood, bath of ox, iv. 35, 201;
bath of bull’s, in the rites of Attis, v. 274 _sqq._

—— of bear drunk, viii. 146

—— of beavers not allowed to fall on ground, viii. 240 _n._ 2

—— of childbirth, supposed dangerous infection of, iii. 152 _sqq._;
received on heads of friends or slaves, iii. 245

——, the Day of, in the festival of Attis, v. 268, 285

—— of dragon imparts knowledge of language of birds, viii. 146

——, human, strengthening and fertilizing virtue attributed to, i. 85
_sqq._, 90 _sqq._, 105;
offered at grave, i. 90 _sq._, 101;
given to sick people, i. 91;
used to knit men together, i. 92;
used in rain-making ceremonies, i. 256, 257 _sq._, xi. 232 _sq._;
offered to the dead, iv. 92 _sq._, 104;
libations of, poured on grave of Pelops, iv. 92;
mixed with maize and eaten as a blessed food, viii. 91 _sq._

—— of human victims in rain-making ceremonies, iv. 20;
smeared on faces of idols, iv. 185;
sprinkled on seed, vii. 239, 251;
scattered on field, vii. 244, 251

Blood of lamb sprinkled on people, viii. 315

——, menstruous, dread of, x. 76;
disastrous effect of seeing, x. 77;
deemed fatal to cattle, x. 80;
miraculous virtue attributed to, x. 82 _sq._;
medicinal application of, x. 98 _n._ 1

—— of pigs in purificatory rites, ii. 107, 108, 109, v. 299 _n._ 2, ix.
262

——, royal, reluctance to spill, ii. 228;
not to be shed on the ground, iii. 241 _sqq._

—— of St. John found on St. John’s wort and other plants at Midsummer, xi.
56, 57

—— of sheep poured on image of god as a sin-offering, x. 82

—— of slain men tasted by their slayers, viii. 154 _sqq._

Blood-brotherhood formed by woodman with the tree which he fells, ii. 19
_sq._;
between men and animals among the Fans, xi. 201, 226 _n._ 1;
between men and animals among the Indians of Honduras, xi. 214, 226 _n._
1

—— -covenant, iii. 130, viii. 154 _sqq._;
by mixture of blood between husband and wife, viii. 69.
_See also_ Blood-brotherhood

—— -lickers among the Betsileo, iii. 246

—— -stones thought to arrest the flow of blood, i. 81, 165

Bloodless altars, ix. 307

Bloomfield, Professor Maurice, on the magical nature of Vedic ritual, i.
229

—— River, Queensland, magical effigies on the, i. 62;
namesakes of the dead change their names on the, iii. 355 _sq._

Blowing on a fire, forbidden to sacred chiefs, iii. 136, 256;
upon knots, as a charm, iii. 302, 304

—— of trumpets in the festival of Attis, v. 268

Blows to drive away ghosts, ix. 260 _sqq._

Blue Spring, the, at Syracuse, v. 213 _n._ 1

Bluk, the bull-frog, i. 292

Blu-u Kayans of Borneo, iii. 104;
expiation for unchastity among the, ii. 109 _sq._

Blydeuitzigt, in Cape Colony, ix. 16

Boa-constrictor, purification of man who has killed a, iii. 221 _sq._;
need of appeasing the soul of a, viii. 296

Boa-constrictors, kings at death turn into, iv. 84, xi. 212 _n._;
souls of dead in, viii. 289 _sq._

Boanerges, “sons of thunder,” i. 266 _n._ 1

Boar, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151;
grunting like a wild, a charm against sore feet, ii. 22 _sq._;
and Adonis, v. 11, viii. 22 _sq._;
Attis killed by a, v. 264;
corn-spirit as, vii. 298 _sqq._;
the Yule, vii. 300 _sqq._, 302 _sq._
_See also_ Boars

Boar’s fat poured on novices at initiation in the Andaman Islands, viii.
164

—— head mask worn by actor at a sowing festival, vii. 95 _sq._

—— skin, shoes of, worn by a king at inauguration, x. 4

Boars, evil spirits transferred to, ix. 31;
familiar spirits of wizards in, xi. 196 _sq._;
lives of persons bound up with those of, xi. 201, 203, 205;
external human souls in, xi. 207

——, wild, hunted in Italy, i. 6;
in ancient Greece, i. 6 _n._ 6;
not to be called by their proper names, iii. 411, 415;
annually sacrificed in Cyprus, viii. 23 _n._ 3;
their ravages in the corn, viii. 31 _sqq._;
eaten to make eater brave, viii. 140.
_See also_ Swine

Boas, Dr. Franz, on the taboos observed by Esqimaux hunters, iii. 210
_sqq._;
on the confession of sins, iii. 214;
on the masked dances of the Indians of North-Western America, ix. 375
_sq._;
on seclusion of Shuswap girls at puberty, x. 53;
on customs observed by mourners among the Bella Coola Indians, xi. 174;
on initiation into the wolf society of the Nootka Indians, xi. 270
_sq._;
on the relation between clans and secret societies, xi. 273 _n._ 1

Boba or Baba, “the Old Woman,” name given to the last sheaf, vii. 144
_sq._, 223

Bocage of Normandy, rule as to the clipping of wool in the, vi. 134 _n._
3;
“catching the quail,” at harvest in the, vii. 295;
games of ball in the, ix. 183 _sq._;
Eve of Twelfth Night in the, ix. 316 _sq._;
weather of the twelve months predicted from the Twelve Days in the, ix.
323;
Midsummer fires in the, x. 185;
the Yule log in the, x. 252;
torchlight processions on Christmas Eve in the, x. 266

Bock, C., on birth-ceremonies in Laos, vii. 8;
on the fear of demons in Laos, ix. 97

Bodia or Bodio, a West African pontiff responsible for the fertility of
the earth, i. 353;
taboos observed by him, iii. 14 _sq._, 23

Bodies, souls transferred to other, iii. 49

—— of the dead, magical uses made of the, vi. 100 _sqq._;
guarded against mutilation, vi. 103;
thought to be endowed with magical powers, vi. 103, 104 _sq._

Bodmin, in Cornwall, Lord of Misrule at, ii. 319 _n._ 1

Bodos, the, of Assam, mourners shaved among the, iii. 285

Bodroum in Cilicia, ruins of, v. 167

Body-without-soul in a Ligurian story, xi. 107;
in a German story, xi. 116 _sq._;
in a Breton story, xi. 132 _sq._;
in a Basque story, xi. 139

Boedromion, an Attic month, vii. 52, 77, viii. 6 _n._

Boemus, Joannes, on the “carrying out of Death,” iv. 234;
on the King of the Bean, ix. 315 _n._

Boeotian festival of the Great Daedala, xi. 77 _n._ 1

—— sacrifice to Hercules, viii. 95 _n._ 2

Bogadjim, in German New Guinea, belief in wind-making at, i. 322;
charm to attract fish at, viii. 251

Boghaz-Keui, Hittite capital, excavations of H. Winckler at, v. 125 _n._;
situation and remains of, v. 128 _sqq._;
the gods of, v. 128 _sqq._;
rock-hewn sculptures at, v. 129 _sqq._

Bogle, George, envoy to Tibet, his account of a Tibetan New Year ceremony,
ix. 203

Bogomiles, a Russian sect, worship each other as embodiments of Christ, i.
407 _sq._

Bogos of East Africa allow no fire in a house after a death, ii. 267 _n._
4;
women of the, will not mention their husbands’ names, iii. 337

Bogota, capital of the Chibchas, i. 416;
rigorous training of the heir to the throne of, x. 19

Bohemia, customs as to children’s cast teeth in, i. 180;
contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210 _sq._;
Midsummer-tree burned in, ii. 66;
throwing Death into the water on the fourth Sunday in Lent in, ii. 73
_sq._;
Whitsuntide King in, ii. 85;
girl called Queen on fourth Sunday in Lent in, ii. 87;
the soul as a white bird in, iii. 34;
belief as to stepping over a child in, iii. 424;
belief as to falling stars in, iv. 66;
“burying the Carnival” in, iv. 209;
Whitsuntide mummers in, iv. 209 _sqq._;
“Carrying out Death” in, iv. 237 _sq._;
bringing in Summer in, iv. 246;
May-pole or Midsummer-tree in, v. 250;
Feast of All Souls in, vi. 72 _sq._;
harvest customs in, vii. 138, 145, 149, 150, 225 _sq._, 232, 286, 289;
fox’s tongue as amulet in, viii. 270;
snake’s tongue cut on St. George’s Eve confers eloquence in, viii. 270;
custom as to mice in, viii. 279, 283;
the Shrovetide or carnival Bear in, viii. 325 _sq._;
sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15;
precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ix. 161;
“Easter Smacks” in, ix. 268, 269;
the Three Kings of Twelfth Day in, ix. 330 _sq._;
the Festival of Fools in, ix. 336 _n._ 1;
water and fire consecrated at Easter in, x. 123 _sq._;
bonfires on May Day in, x. 159;
Midsummer fires in, x. 173 _sqq._;
need-fire in, x. 278 _sq._;
charm to make corn grow high in, x. 340;
offering to water-spirits on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 28;
simples gathered on St. John’s Night in, xi. 49;
divination by means of flowers on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 52 _sq._;
mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 59;
elder-flowers gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 64;
wild thyme gathered on Midsummer Day in, xi. 64;
magic bloom of fern-seed at Midsummer in, xi. 66;
“thunder besoms” in, xi. 85;
fern-seed on St. John’s Day in, xi. 287, 288

Bohemia, the Germans of Western, their phrase for man who cuts last corn,
vii. 138;
their custom at Christmas, ix. 270;
Twelfth Day among, ix. 331

Bohemian belief that serpents get their poison annually on St. George’s
Day, ii. 344 _n._ 4;
cures for fever, ix. 49, 51, 55 _sq._, 58, 59, 63;
remedy for jaundice, ix. 52

—— charm to make fruit-trees bear, i. 141

—— custom of “Shooting the Witches” on St. Sylvester’s Day, ix. 164

—— love-charms on St. George’s Day, ii. 345 _sq._

—— poachers, their use of vervain, xi. 62;
their use of seeds of fir-cones, xi. 64

—— story of the external soul, xi. 110

—— superstition as to understanding the language of animals, viii. 146

Bohemians, their precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night, ii. 55

Bohlingen, in Baden, the last sheaf called the Oats-stallion at, vii. 292;
the last sheaf called the Rye-sow or the Wheat-sow at, vii. 298

Böhmerwald Mountains, the Oats-goat at harvest in the, vii. 284;
annual expulsion of witches on Walpurgis Night in the, ix. 159 _sq._

Bohus, Midsummer fires in, x. 172

Bohuslän, in Sweden, prehistoric rock-carving at, vii. 129 _n._ 1

_Boidès_, torches or bonfires on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 _n._ 1

Boiled flesh tabooed to manslayers, iii. 185

—— meat offered to the Seasons, i. 310

Boiling bewitched animal or part of it to compel witch to appear, x. 321
_sq._, 323

—— a thief’s name, iii. 331

Boiling milk, omens drawn from, xi. 8

—— resin, ordeal of, x. 311

Boils caused by magical stones, i. 147;
thought to be caused by eating or touching a totemic animal, viii. 25,
29;
crawling under a bramble as a cure for, xi. 180

Bolang Mongondo, a district of Celebes, recall of lost soul in, iii. 53
_sq._;
disposal of child’s first hair, iii. 279;
names of relations tabooed in, iii. 341;
rajahs of, their names not to be mentioned, iii. 376;
custom as to eating the new rice in, viii. 54;
belief in demons in, ix. 85 _sq._;
riddles only asked when there is a corpse in the village in, ix. 121
_n._ 3

Bolbe in Macedonia, lake of, ix. 142 _n._ 1

Bolivia, the Moxos Indians of, i. 123;
Aymara Indians of, i. 292, iii. 97, ix. 193;
the Chiriguanos Indians of, vi. 143 _n._ 4, 145, viii. 140, 286, ix. 26,
193, x. 56;
Tarija in, vii. 173 _n._;
the Guarayos of, viii. 157;
the Pechuyos of, viii. 157;
the Retoroños of, viii. 157;
the Yuracares Indians of, viii. 235 _sq._, 257, x. 57 _sq._;
heaps of stones or sticks in, ix. 12;
sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15;
Indians of, their offerings at cairns, ix. 26 _sq._;
fires on St. John’s Eve in, x. 213;
La Paz in, xi. 50

Boloki, or Bangala, of the Upper Congo, their ceremonies at the new moon,
vi. 143;
attempt to deceive spirit of disease, vi. 262;
their fear of demons, ix. 76 _sq._;
birth-plants among the, xi. 161 _sq._;
use of bull-roarers among the, xi. 229 _n._

Bombay, belief as to absence of sleeper’s soul in, iii. 41;
the Suni Mohammedans of, their customs as to mirrors, iii. 95;
burial custom in, viii. 100

Bomma, King of the Rain at, ii. 2

Bondeis of German East Africa, rites of initiation among the, xi. 263
_sq._

Bonds, no man in bonds allowed in house of Flamen Dialis, iii. 14

Bone used to point with in sorcery, x. 14;
of bird (eagle or swan), women at menstruation obliged to drink out of,
x. 45, 48, 49, 50, 73 _n._ 3, 90, 92;
incident of, in folk-tales, x. 73 _n._ 3

—— of old animals eaten to make the eater old, viii. 143

Bones, departing souls bottled up in hollow, iii. 31;
burnt in the Easter bonfires, x. 142;
burnt in Midsummer fires, x. 203

—— of animals not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, viii. 225, 238 _sqq._,
243, 259;
preserved in order that the animals may come to life again, viii. 256
_sqq._;
burned or thrown into water, viii. 257;
not to be broken, viii. 258 _sq._;
that have been eaten as a sacrament treated with ceremonious respect,
viii. 313

Bones of the dead, in magic, i. 148, 150;
of dead shamans placed in trees, ii. 32;
their treatment after the decay of the flesh, iii. 372 _n._ 5;
disinterred and scraped, iii. 373 _n._, iv. 96;
used in rain-making ceremonies, v. 22;
of dead kings carried off or destroyed by enemies, vi. 103 _sq._;
cakes baked in the shape of, and eaten as the bones of a god, viii. 87
_sqq._;
virtues acquired by contact with the, viii. 153 _sq._;
preserved to facilitate resurrection, viii. 259;
of dead enemies destroyed to prevent their resurrection, viii. 260;
of dead husbands carried by their widows, x. 91 _n._ 4

—— of deer not given to the dogs, viii. 241, 242, 243

—— of fish not burned, viii. 250, 251;
thrown into the sea or a river, viii. 250, 254;
not to be broken, viii. 255

——, fossil, source of myths about giants, v. 157 _sq._

——, human, buried as rain-charm, i. 287;
burned as a charm against sorcery, ii. 330;
of bodies which have been eaten, special treatment of, iii. 189 _sq._

——, marrow, not to be broken in a hut, i. 115 _sq._

—— of sacrificial victim not broken, iv. 20

—— of salmon not to touch the ground, viii. 254

—— and skulls of enemies not destroyed, viii. 260

—— of white whale kept from dogs, iii. 206

Bonfire Day in County Leitrim, x. 203

Bonfires on St. John’s Day (Midsummer Day) in Esthonia, iv. 280;
leaping over, iv. 262, ix. 159;
on St. John’s Eve, dances round, v. 245;
on Walpurgis Night to keep off witches, ix. 163;
on the Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 316 _sqq._;
supposed to protect against conflagrations, x. 107, 108;
lit by the persons last married, x. 107, 109;
a protection against witchcraft, x. 108, 109, 154;
a protection against sickness, x. 108, 109;
a protection against sorcery, x. 156;
quickening and fertilizing influence of, x. 336 _sqq._;
omens of marriage drawn from, x. 338 _sq._;
protect fields against hail, x. 344;
protect houses against lightning and conflagration, x. 344;
at festivals in India, xi. 1 _sqq._
_See also_ Fires

Bonfires, Midsummer, ii. 65;
intended to drive away dragons, x. 161;
protect cattle against witchcraft, x. 188;
thought to ensure good crops, x. 188, 336

Bongo, the, of the Upper Nile, magical powers of chiefs among, i. 347

Boni, Commendatore G., on the Vestal fire, ii. 186 _n._ 1

Boni, in Celebes, etiquette at the court of the king of, iv. 40

Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz, x. 270

Bonnach stone in a Celtic story, xi. 126

Bonnets, special, worn by women at menstruation, iii. 146

Bonny River, human sacrifices at mouth of the, ii. 157 _sq._

Bontoc, in Luzon, sacred trees of the natives of, ii. 30;
human sacrifices at planting and reaping rice in, vii. 240

Booandik tribe of South Australia, their fear of women’s blood, iii. 251;
special form of speech used between relations by marriage in the, iii.
346 _sq._

Boobies, the aborigines of Fernando Po, their sacred king, iii. 8 _sq._

Booginese. _See_ Buginese

_Book of Acaill_, ancient Irish work, iv. 39

—— _of the Dead_, the ancient Egyptian, vi. 13, vii. 215, ix. 103

—— _of Rewards and Penalties_, Chinese work, i. 61

—— _of Rights_, ancient Irish work, iii. 12 _n._ 2

Booth of Orestes, i. 26

Bor, the ancient Tyana, Hittite monument at, v. 122 _n._ 1

Bor tribe of Dinka, their rain-maker, iv. 32

Borâna Gallas, custom observed by manslayers among the, iii. 186 _n._ 1

Borans, their custom of sacrificing their children to a sky-spirit, iv.
181

Bordeaux, May-poles at, ii. 69;
magical use of knotted cords at, iii. 299;
“killing the Bull” at threshing near, vii. 291

_Bordes_, torches carried on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 _n._ 1

Borewell, the, in Northumberland, resorted to by barren women, ii. 161

Borlase, William, on the Cornish custom of the Maypole, ii. 67;
on Midsummer fires in Cornwall, x. 199

Bormus, mournful song of Mariandynian reapers, vii. 216, 264;
compared to Lityerses, vii. 257

Born again, pretence of being, i. 74 _sqq._, iii. 113.
_See also_ Birth, new

—— “of an oak or a rock,” i. 100 _n._ 1

—— thrice, said of Brahmans, i. 381

Borneo, use of magical images in, i. 59 _sq._;
the Dyaks of, i. 73, iii. 52, ix. 14, 383, x. 5, xi. 222;
rules observed by camphor hunters in, i. 115;
telepathy in war in, i. 127;
the Mahakam Dyaks of, i. 159;
treatment of the afterbirth and navel-string in, i. 194;
gongs beaten in storms in, i. 328;
beliefs as to the blighting effect of sexual crime in, ii. 108 _sqq._;
the Kenyahs of, ii. 385, iii. 110, 415;
hooks to catch souls in, iii. 30;
rice used to prevent the soul, conceived as a bird, from wandering, in,
iii. 35;
recall of lost souls in, iii. 55 _sq._;
the Ot Danoms of, iii. 103;
precautions against strangers in, iii. 103 _sq._;
the Blu-u Kayans of, iii. 104;
exorcism of spirits by means of rice in, iii. 106;
the Dusuns of, iii. 230, ix. 200;
natives of, reluctant to name the dead, iii. 353;
the Malanau tribes of, iii. 406;
the Sakarang Dyaks of, iii. 416;
the Barito of, iv. 166 _n._ 1;
custom of head-hunting in, v. 294 _sqq._;
effeminate sorcerers in, vi. 253, 256;
division of agricultural work between the sexes in, vii. 124;
use of puppets as substitutes for living persons in, viii. 100 _sq._;
custom in the search for camphor in, viii. 186 _n._;
the Kalamantans of, viii. 293 _sq._;
belief in demons in, ix. 87;
sickness expelled in a ship from, ix. 187;
the Biajas of, ix. 200;
festivals in, x. 13;
seclusion of girls at puberty in, x. 35 _sq._;
birth-custom in, xi. 154 _sq._;
trees and plants as life-indices in, xi. 164 _sq._;
the Madangs of, xi. 175;
creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral in, xi. 175 _sq._;
giving the slip to an evil spirit in, xi. 179 _sq._

Borneo, Central, the Kayans of, i. 330, ii. 17, 109, iii. 47, 99, 110,
113, 164, 239, 260, 286, 406, iv. 218, vii. 92, 184, viii. 54
_sq._, ix. 154 _n._, 236, 382 _sq._, x. 4 _sq._, xi. 175;
agricultural communities of, vii. 92

——, Eastern, Tengaroeng in, iv. 280, 281

——, Northern, the Dyaks of, vii. 188

——, South-Eastern, the Dyaks of, iii. 72 _n._ 1

——, Western, precautions against frightening the spirit of the rice in,
ii. 28

Bornu, the Sultan of, hides himself from his people, iii. 120 _sq._

Boroma, on the Zambesi, rain-maker with unshorn hair at, iii. 259 _sq._

Bororos of Brazil, best singers chosen chiefs among the, ii. 298 _sq._;
their conception of the soul as a bird, iii. 34;
their belief in dreams, iii. 36;
their belief and custom as to meteors, iv. 62 _sq._;
consecration of maize, game, and fish by medicine-men among the, viii.
71 _sq._;
their identification of themselves with parrots, viii. 207 _sq._;
their use of bull-roarers, xi. 230 _n._

Borrow, witches come to, x. 322, 323, xi. 73

Borsippa, temple of E-zida at, iv. 110

Bosanquet, Professor R. C., on the Four-handed Apollo, vi. 250 _n._ 2

Boscana, Father Geronimo, on the customs and superstitions of the
Californian Indians, vii. 125, viii. 169

_Bosco Sacro_, the grove of Egeria, i. 18 _n._ 4

Bosman, W., on serpent-worship in Guinea, v. 67

Bosnia, hawthorn used as a protection against vampyres in, ix. 153 _n._ 1;
need-fire in, x. 286;
life-trees of children in, xi. 165

Bosnian Turks, ceremony of adoption among the, i. 74

Bossuet, Bishop, on the Midsummer bonfires, x. 182

Botocudos of Brazil, their reason for eating the flesh of their enemies,
viii. 156

Bottesford, in Lincolnshire, mistletoe deemed a remedy for epilepsy at,
xi. 83

Bottle, external soul of queen in a, xi. 138

Bouche, Abbé, on West African priestesses, v. 66 _n._ 3, 69

Bougainville Straits, the natives of, their observation of the Pleiades
and Orion’s belt, vii. 313;
their expulsion of demons, ix. 116;
use of bull-roarers in, xi. 229 _n._

Bough, the Golden, xi. 279 _sqq._;
plucked by Aeneas, i. 11, ii. 379;
and the King of the Wood, i. 11, x. 1;
the plucking of it not a piece of bravado, ii. 123 _sq._;
grew on an evergreen oak, ii. 379;
a branch of mistletoe, xi. 284 _sqq._, 315 _sqq._
_See also_ Golden Bough

Boughs, green, a charm against witches, ii. 52-55, 127.
_See also_ Branches

Boulia district of Queensland, magical pointing bones in the, x. 14

_Bouphonia_, “the murder of the ox,” ritual flight at the, ii. 309 _n._ 2;
an Athenian sacrifice, viii. 4 _sqq._

_Bouphonion_, a Greek month, viii. 6 _n._

Bourail, in New Caledonia, ceremony at eating the new yams at, viii. 53

Bourbonnais, the Fox in the corn in, vii. 296;
mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, xi. 83

Bourbourg, Brasseur de, on Mexican human sacrifices in connexion with the
crops, vii. 237

_Bourdifailles_, bonfires on first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 _n._ 1

Bourges, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at Mid-Lent in, iv. 242

Bourgogne, in Ain, the Fox in the last sheaf at, vii. 297

Bourke, Captain J. G., on the Pimas, iii. 184;
on mock human sacrifices in Arizona, iv. 215;
on the totem clans of the Zuni, viii. 178;
on the bull-roarer, xi. 231

Bourlet, A., on the belief of the Thay in spirits, ix. 97 _sqq._

Bouzygai, “Ox-yokers,” priestly family at Eleusis, curses uttered by the,
vii. 108 _sq._

_Bouzygios_, epithet applied to the Sacred Ploughing at Athens, vii. 109
_n._ 1

Bovillae, King of the Sacred Rites at, i. 44 _n._ 1;
Vejovis at, ii. 179;
the Julian family at, ii. 179, 180 _n._

Bowels, novice at initiation supplied by spirits with a new set of, xi.
235 _sqq._

Bowes, in Yorkshire, need-fire at, x. 287

Box, strayed soul caught in, iii. 45, 70, 76;
external soul of king in a, xi. 102, 149;
external soul of cannibal in a, xi. 117.
_See also_ Boxes

—— -tree, external soul of giant in a, xi. 133

Boxers at funerals, iv. 97

Boxes opened in house to facilitate childbirth, iii. 296;
or arks, sacred, x. 11 _sq._
_See also_ Box

Boxing, in the pancratium, vii. 71 _n._ 5, viii. 131

Boxwood blessed on Palm Sunday, x. 184, xi. 47

Boy and girl produce need-fire by friction of wood, xi. 281

—— Bishop on Holy Innocents’ Day, ix. 336 _sqq._

Boys of living parents in ritual, vi. 236 _sqq._;
dressed as girls to avert the Evil Eye, vi. 260;
marriage customs to ensure the birth of, vi. 262;
at initiation thought to be swallowed by wizards, xi. 233;
at initiation thought to be born again, xi. 246 _sqq._

Brabant, Whitsuntide custom in, ii. 80;
Midsummer fires in, x. 194;
St. Peter’s bonfires in, x. 195;
wicker giants in, xi. 35

Bracelets as amulets, iii. 55, 315, x. 92

Bradbury, Professor J. B., on hemlock as an anaphrodisiac, ii. 139 _n._ 1

Braemar Highlanders, their Hallowe’en fires, x. 233 _sq._

Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva, the Hindoo Trinity, i. 225

Brahman, the Hindoo creator, x. 95

Brahman, priest, derivation of name, i. 229;
not to blow a fire with his mouth, ii. 241;
called “twice born,” xi. 276.
_See also_ Brahmans

Brahman boys sacrificed, vii. 244;
forbidden to see the sun, x. 68 _n._ 2

—— charms by treading on a stone, i. 160

—— fire-priests, ii. 247 _sqq._

—— householder supposed to become a deity through sacrifice, i. 380;
new birth of the, i. 380 _sq._

—— marriage ceremony, i. 160

—— marriage in Southern India, bride dressed as a boy at, vi. 260

—— student, his cut hair and nails, iii. 277;
his observances at end of his studentship, x. 20

—— teachers, taboos observed by, iii. 239

—— theology, gods at first mortal in, i. 373 _n._ 1

—— women in rain-making ceremonies, i. 283

_Brâhmanas_, the magical nature of the sacrifices prescribed in the, i.
228 _sq._

Brahmanic ritual at inauguration of a king, x. 4

Brahmanism akin to shamanism, i. 229;
vestiges of, under Mohammedanism, ix. 90 _n._ 1

Brahmans deemed superior to the gods, i. 226;
morning offerings of the, i. 314;
thrice-born, i. 381;
divinity of the, i. 403 _sq._;
their common and secret names, iii. 322;
the ceremonial swinging of, iv. 150, 156 _sq._;
on transubstantiation, viii. 89;
first-fruits of sugar-cane given to, viii. 119;
sacrificial custom of the, ix. 25;
as human scapegoats, ix. 42 _sq._, 44 _sq._;
their theory of sacrifice, ix. 410 _sq._

Brahmapootra, head-hunting tribes in the valley of the, iv. 13

Brain, drippings of, used to acquire wisdom of dead, viii. 163 _sq._

Brains of enemies eaten to acquire their qualities, viii. 152

Braller in Transylvania, the hanging of Carnival at, iv. 230 _sq._;
“Carrying out Death” at, iv. 247 _sqq._;
the Harvest-cock at, vii. 276

Bramble, crawling under a, as a cure for whooping-cough, etc., xi. 180

Bran úa Faeláin, King of Leinster, saved by the voluntary death of fifty
monks, iv. 159 _n._ 1

Branch of sacred cedar cut and brought home at wheat-sowing, ii. 50 _sq._;
of hawthorn in bloom on May Day, ii. 52;
of oak dipped in a spring as a rain-charm, ii. 359;
lost soul brought back in a, iii. 67

Branches dipped in water as a rain-charm, i. 248, 250, 309, ii. 46 _sq._;
not to be broken or cut in sacred groves, ii. 9, 10, 41 _sqq._;
stuck in fields to ensure rain or an abundant crop, ii. 46, 47, 48;
stuck in flax-fields to make the flax grow tall, ii. 86;
used in exorcism, iii. 109;
fatigue transferred to, ix. 8;
sickness transferred to, ix. 186.
_See also_ Bough, Boughs

Brand, John, on the Harvest Queen, vii. 146;
on the Yule log, x. 247, 255

Brandenburg, Mark of, fruit-trees girt with straw at Christmas in, ii. 17;
race of bride and bridegroom in, ii. 303;
race to a sheaf on harvest-field in, vii. 137;
cure for headache and giddiness in, ix. 52, 53;
cure for toothache in, ix. 60;
simples culled at Midsummer in, xi. 48

_Brandons_, the Sunday of the, first Sunday in Lent, x. 110;
torches carried about fields and streets, x. 111 _n._ 1

Brands of Midsummer fires a protection against lightning, conflagration,
and spells, x. 183;
a protection against thunder, x. 191;
lighted, carried round cattle, x. 341.
_See also_ Sticks, charred

Brandy, North American Indian theory of, viii. 147

Bras Basah, a village on the Perak river, ix. 199

Brasidas, funeral games in his honour at Amphipolis, iv. 94

Brass rings as amulets, iii. 31, 314;
instruments sounded to frighten away demons, ix. 147

Braunrode in the Harz Mountains, Easter fires at, x. 142

Braunsberg, in East Prussia, the Corn-goat at harvest at, vii. 282

Brauronia, festival of Brauronian Artemis, viii. 41 _n._ 3

Bray, Mrs., on Devonshire custom of “crying the neck,” vii. 265 _sq._

Brazen serpent, the, viii. 281

Brazier, walking through a lighted, xi. 3 _sqq._

Brazil, the Tupinambas of, i. 142, vii. 122;
contagious magic of footprints in, i. 210;
the Guayana Indians of, iv. 12;
the Apinagos of, vi. 145;
the Kaua and Kobeua Indians of, vii. 111, ix. 236, 381;
observation of the Pleiades by the Indians of, vii. 309 _sq._;
the Bororos of, viii. 71, 207 _sq._, xi. 230 _n._;
the Botocudos of, viii. 156;
the Passes of, viii. 157;
the Xomanas of, viii. 157;
the Chiambioa Indians of, viii. 208 _n._ 1;
the Tupi Indians of, viii. 272;
the Guaranis of, x. 56;
the Uaupes of, x. 61;
effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, x. 128;
fires of St. John in, x. 213;
the Caripunas of, xi. 230;
the Nahuqua of, xi. 230;
the Bakairi of, xi. 231

Brazil, Indians of, their rule as to hamstringing deer, i. 115;
their charm to strengthen a girl’s teeth, i. 153;
power of medicine-men among the, i. 358 _sq._;
their explanation of headache, iii. 40;
death from imagination among the, iii. 136;
think that wind may be caused by reading, iii. 231;
their indifference to death, iv. 138;
their belief in the noxious influence of the moon on children, vi. 148;
play various games of cat’s cradle, vii. 103 _n._ 1;
women’s agricultural labours among the, vii. 122;
their belief in the homoeopathic magic of animal flesh, viii. 139;
their apologies to the ounces which they have caught in traps, viii.
235;
at mouth of Amazon, beat themselves with an aquatic plant to increase
their generative force, ix. 264;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 56, 59 _sq._;
ordeals undergone by young men among the, x. 62 _sq._

——, Indians of North-Western, their masked dances, vii. 111 _sq._, ix.
236, 381

Bread, leavened, Flamen Dialis forbidden to touch, iii. 13;
fast from, in mourning for Attis, v. 272;
communion, baked from first corn cut, viii. 51;
eaten sacramentally as the body of a god, viii. 86 _sqq._;
unleavened, baked with new corn, viii. 136;
the sacramental use of, viii. 167;
reverence for, x. 13

Bread-fruit, magical stones to promote the growth of, i. 162 _sq._, 164;
ceremony at eating the new, viii. 52 _sq._;
tree planted over navel-string of child, xi. 163

Breadalbane, use of a scapegoat in, ix. 209;
“hill of the fires” in, x. 149;
treatment of mad cow in, x. 326

Breasted, Professor J. H., on the eye of Horus, vi. 121 _n._ 3;
on Amenophis IV., vi. 123 _n._ 1;
on the Sed festival, vi. 156 _n._ 1

Breath, holy fire not to be blown upon with the, ii. 241;
of chief sacred, iii. 136, 256;
of dying chief caught by his successor, iv. 198;
not to defile sacred flame, v. 191