Chapter XXXV: Part 35

Sladen, Colonel, expulsion of fire-spirit among the Shans witnessed by,
ix. 141

Slain, fear of the ghosts of the, iii. 165 _sqq._

Slane, the hill of, Paschal fire lit by St. Patrick on the, x. 158

Slaughter of the Dragon, drama of the, at Delphi and Thebes, iv. 78
_sqq._, 89;
myth of the, iv. 105 _sqq._

—— of prisoners often a sacrifice to the gods, v. 290 _n._ 2

Slave, charm to bring back a runaway, i. 152, 317;
whipped for rain or sunshine, i. 297;
treated as the representative of heaven, i. 399 _sq._

Slave Indians will not taste blood, iii. 241;
do not pare nails of female children, iii. 263

—— priests at Nemi, i. 11

—— women, religious ceremony performed by, ii. 313, ix. 258

Slave Coast of West Africa, custom observed by the mother of stillborn
twins on the, i. 269 _n._ 1;
the Ewe negroes of the, i. 317, iii. 263;
the Ewe-speaking peoples of the, ii. 15, 149, iii. 9, 116, 119, 222,
323, v. 83 _n._ 1, ix. 74;
negroes of the, their story of a fungus which revealed a murder, ii. 33;
negroes of the, allure the tree-spirit from the tree, ii. 35;
exorcism of demons from children on the, iii. 106;
Jebu on the, iii. 121;
children protected against demons by iron on the, iii. 235;
the Yoruba-speaking negroes of the, iii. 252, viii. 149;
custom at end of mourning on the, iii. 286;
precaution as to the spittle of kings on the, iii. 289;
Porto Novo on the, iv. 117;
Whydah on the, iv. 188;
sacred men and women on the, v. 65, 68;
the Adeli of the, viii. 116;
custom of widows on the, xi. 18 _sq._;
use of bull-roarers on the, xi. 229 _n._
_See also_ Ewe negroes

Slaves succeed to kingdom in Ashantee in default of sons and sisters’
sons, ii. 275;
succeed to kingdom in the Fantee country to exclusion of sons, ii. 275;
licence granted to, at Saturnalia, ii. 312, ix. 307 _sq._, 350 _sq._,
351 _sq._;
female, licence accorded to, at the _Nonae Caprotinae_, ii. 313 _sq._;
runaway, charm for recovering, iii. 305 _sq._;
sacrificed as substitutes for their masters at the funeral of a king,
iv. 117;
sacred, in Western Asia, v. 39 _n._ 1;
feasted by their masters, ix. 308, 350 _sq._;
feasted by their mistresses, ix. 346.
_See also_ Slave

—— of the Earth Gods among the Ewe negroes, viii. 61, 62 _n._ 1

Slavonia, “Carrying out Death” in, iv. 240;
Good Friday custom in, ix. 268;
the Yule log in, x. 262 _sq._;
need-fire in, x. 282

—— (South), peasants of, threaten fruit-trees to make them bear fruit, ii.
21;
crown their cattle on St. George’s Day as a protection against
witchcraft, ii. 126 _sq._;
the measures they take to bring down witches from the clouds, x. 345.
_See also_ Slavonians _and_ Slavs

Slavonian bride led thrice round the fire of her new home, ii. 230

—— custom of throwing a knife or a hat at a whirlwind, i. 329

Slavonians, South, housebreaker’s charm to cause sleep among the, i. 148;
thief’s charm among the, i. 153;
their custom as to cast teeth, i. 178;
their belief as to trees growing on graves, ii. 32 _sq._;
their belief as to the fertilization of barren women by fruit-trees, ii.
56 _sq._, 344;
wash their cows in dew on Midsummer morning, ii. 127;
their custom of impregnating a woman by sparks of fire, ii. 231;
their belief as to stepping over a person, iii. 424;
transfer their laziness to a cornel-tree, ix. 54 _sq._
_See also_ Slavonia _and_ Slavs

Slavonic countries, the corn-spirit as a dog or wolf in, vii. 271

—— custom of “Carrying out Death,” ix. 230

—— peoples, harvest customs concerning the last sheaf among the, vii. 144
_sqq._;
“Easter Smacks” among the, ix. 268;
need-fire among the, x. 280 _sqq._, 344

Slavonic stories of the external soul, xi. 108 _sqq._

—— year, the beginning of the, ix. 228

Slavs, tree-worship among the heathen, ii. 9;
love charms and divination on St. George’s Day among the, ii. 345 _sq._;
the thunder-god Perun of the, ii. 365;
custom of regicide among the, iv. 52;
festival of the New Year among the old, iv. 221;
the old, began their year with March, iv. 221 _sq._;
“Sawing the Old Woman” among the, iv. 242;
the Corn-mother among the, vii. 132, 135;
black god and white god among the, ix. 92;
the oak a sacred tree among the, xi. 89;
oak-wood used to kindle sacred fires among the, xi. 91

—— of the Balkan Peninsula, their mode of kindling fire by friction, ii.
237;
will not blow on fire of hearth with their mouths, ii. 241;
locks and keys as amulets among the, iii. 308

—— of Carinthia, Green George on St. George’s Day among the, ii. 75, 343

——, South, their magic of footprints, i. 211;
St. George’s Day the chief festival of spring among the, ii. 339 _sq._;
divine by the shoulder-blades of sheep, iii. 229 _n._ 4;
names of relations tabooed among the, iii. 337;
practice of childless women among the, in order to obtain children, v.
96;
children of living parents at marriage among the, vi. 246;
Midsummer fires among the, x. 178;
the Yule log among the, x. 247, 258 _sqq._;
divination from flowers at Midsummer among the, xi. 50;
their belief in the activity of witches at Midsummer, xi. 74 _sq._;
need-fire sometimes kindled by the friction of oak-wood among the, xi.
91

——, the Western, religious capital of, i. 383

Slayers of leopards, rules of diet observed by, viii. 230 _sq._

Slaying of the Dragon, annual drama at Furth in Bavaria, ii. 163 _sq._;
of the king in legend, iv. 120 _sqq._;
of the Dragon by Apollo at Delphi, vi. 240 _sq._

Sleeman, General Sir William, on the use of scapegoats in India, ix. 190
_sq._

Sleep, homoeopathic magic of the dead used to produce, i. 147 _sqq._;
charms employed by burglars to cause, i. 148 _sq._;
absence of soul in, iii. 36 _sqq._;
forbidden in house after a death, iii. 37 _sq._;
sick people not allowed to, iii. 95;
on the ground forbidden, iii. 110;
in bed forbidden, iii. 194;
forbidden to unsuccessful eagle-hunter, iii. 199;
magic, at initiation, xi. 256 _sq._

Sleep of the god in winter, according to the Phrygians, vi. 41

“—— of war,” among the Blackfoot Indians, i. 147

Sleeper not to be wakened suddenly, iii. 39 _sqq._;
not to be moved nor his appearance altered, iii. 41 _sq._

Sleeping by day forbidden to women during the absence of warriors, i. 127
_sq._;
on the ground, custom observed by certain priests, ii. 248

Sligo, County, the Druids’ Hill in, x. 229

Sloe, twigs of the, burnt on May Day as a protection against witches, ix.
158 _sq._

Slope of Big Stones in Harris, x. 227

—— of Virbius on the Esquiline hill at Rome, i. 4 _n._ 5, ii. 321

Sloth, the animal, imitated by masker, ix. 381

Sloughing the skin supposed to be a mode of renewing youth, ix. 302 _sqq._

Slovenes, their custom of Green George on St. George’s Day, ii. 79, 343

—— of Overkrain burn a straw puppet on Shrove Tuesday, ii. 93

Slovenians, their belief in the activity of witches on Midsummer Eve, xi.
75

Slow-footed animals not eaten by some savage tribes lest they make the
eaters slow also, viii. 139 _sq._;
eaten by preference by the Bushmen, viii. 140 _sq._

Small Bird clan of the Dinkas, iv. 31

Smallpox not mentioned by its proper name, iii. 400, 410, 411, 416;
Chinese cure for, by means of beans and a winnowing-sieve, vii. 9 _sq._;
clay figures offered as substitutes for living persons to the spirit of,
viii. 106;
transference of, in Mirzapur, ix. 6;
demon of, transferred to a sow, ix. 33;
attempt to deceive the spirit of, ix. 112 _n._ 2;
blood of monkey used to exorcize the devil of, ix. 117;
spirit of, dismissed with tokens of respect and good-will, ix. 119;
spirit of, driven out of village by drumming and dancing, ix. 120;
flight from the evil spirit of, ix. 122 _sq._;
barricade of cutting weapons erected against the evil spirit of, ix.
122;
demon of, expelled by means of an image, ix. 172;
expelled in a proa from Buru, ix. 186;
sent away in a canoe by the Yabim of New Guinea, ix. 188 _sq._

Smearing the body as a means of imparting certain qualities, viii. 162
_sqq._

—— blood on the person as a purification, iii. 104, 115;
on persons, dogs, and weapons as a mode of pacifying their souls, iii.
219;
on worshippers as a mode of communion with the deity, viii. 316

Smearing fat on person after a long absence, iii. 112

—— gall of eagle on eyes of blear-sighted persons, i. 154

—— lampblack on forehead to avert the evil eye, vi. 261

—— porridge on the face before and after a journey, iii. 112;
on the bodies of manslayers, iii. 176

—— red paint on girls at puberty, x. 31

—— sheep’s entrails on body as mode of purification, iii. 174

—— white clay on people after festival of first-fruits, viii. 75;
on novices at initiation, xi. 255 _n._ 1, 259

Smell, evil, used to drive demons away, vi. 261, ix. 112

Smeroe, Mount, volcano in Java, idols worshipped on, v. 221

Smet, J. de, on human sacrifices among the Pawnees, vii. 239 _n._ 1

Smintheus Apollo, his worship said tohave been instituted in order to
avert mice, viii. 283;
image of mouse in histemple in the Troad, viii. 283

Smith, George Adam, on fertility of Bethlehem, v. 257 _n._ 3

Smith, Professor G. C. Moore, on theStraw-bear at Whittlesey, viii. 329

Smith, W. Robertson, on rain thought to be caused by defilement, i. 301
_n._ 2;
on the hunting of souls, iii. 77 _n._ 1;
on the Raskolniks, iii. 96 _n._ 1;
on the covenant formed by eating together, iii. 130 _n._ 1;
on the Mosaic laws compared with savage customs, iii. 219 _n._ 1;
on Arab legend of king bled to death, iii. 243 _n._ 7;
on the original sanctity of domestic animals, iii. 247 _n._ 5;
on a vintage piaculum, iv. 8 _n._ 1;
on the date of the month Tammuz, v. 10 _n._ 1;
on anointing as consecration, v. 21 _n._ 3;
on Baal as god of fertility, v. 26 _sq._;
on caves in Semitic religion, v. 169 _n._ 3;
on Tophet, v. 177 _n._ 4;
on the predominance of goddesses over gods in early Semitic religion,
vi. 213;
on the sacrifice of children to Moloch, vi. 220 _n._ 1;
on the date of the month Lous at Babylon, vii. 259 _n._ 1;
on the _bouphonia_, viii. 5 _n._ 2;
on the sacrifice of wild boars in Cyprus, viii. 23 _n._ 3;
on ceremonial purification, viii. 27 _n._ 5;
on the annual sacrifice of a sacred animal, viii. 31 _n._ 1;
on the reverence of pastoral peoples for their cattle, viii. 35 _n._ 2;
as to disrespect for herring, viii. 251 _n._ 5;
on the sinew of the thigh, viii. 266 _n._ 1;
on a Syrian remedy for caterpillars, viii. 280 _n._;
on an Arab cure for melancholy, ix. 4 _n._ 2;
on Semiramis, ix. 369 _sq._

Smith, a spectral, x. 136

Smith Sound, the Esquimaux of, iii. 32 _n._ 2

Smith’s craft regarded as uncanny, iii. 236 _n._ 5

Smiths sacred, i. 349;
viewed as inspired, iii. 237 _n._

Smoke used in rain-making, i. 249, 291;
of cedar inhaled as means of inspiration, i. 383 _sq._;
as a charm against witchcraft, ii. 330;
made in imitation of rain-clouds, x. 133;
used to stupefy witches in the clouds, x. 345;
used to fumigate sheep and cattle, xi. 12, 13

—— of bonfires, omens drawn from the, x. 116, 131, 337;
intended to drive away dragons, x. 161;
allowed to pass over corn, x. 201, 337

—— of Midsummer bonfires a preservative against ills, x. 188;
a protection against disease, x. 192;
beneficial effects of, x. 214 _sq._

—— of Midsummer herbs a protection against thunder and lightning, xi. 48;
used to fumigate cattle, xi. 53

—— of need-fire used to fumigate fruit-trees, nets, and cattle, x. 280

Smoke-hole, remains of slain bear at festival brought into the house
through the, viii. 189 _sq._, 196, 256, 256 _n._ 1

Smoking as a means of inducing prophetic trance or inspiration, iv. 201,
vi. 172;
as a means of inducing state of ecstasy, viii. 72;
to appease a rattlesnake, viii. 219;
in honour of slain bears, viii. 224, 226

Smoking first tobacco of season, ceremony at, viii. 82

Smolensk Government, St. George’s Day in the, ii. 333 _sq._

Smut in wheat, ceremony to prevent, ix. 318

Smyth, R. Brough, on fire customs of the Australian aborigines, ii. 257;
on menstruous women in Australia, x. 13

Snail supposed to suck blood of cattle, iii. 81 _sq._

Snails as scapegoats, ix. 52, 53

Snake, used in rain-making, i. 287 _sq._;
rajahs of Manipur descended from a, iv. 133;
white, eaten to acquire supernatural knowledge, viii. 146;
worshipped, viii. 316 _sq._;
said to wound a girl at puberty, x. 56;
seven-headed, external soul of witch in a, xi. 144;
external soul of medicine-man in a, xi. 199.
_See also_ Snakes _and_ Serpent

—— or lizard in annual ceremony for the riddance of evils, ix. 208

Snake-bites, homoeopathic charms against, i. 152 _sq._;
cured by snake-stones, i. 165;
rattlesnake dance to ensure immunity from, i. 358;
inoculation against, viii. 160

Snake clan exposed their infants to snakes, viii. 174 _sq._

—— -entwined goddess found at Gournia in Crete, v. 88

—— -priest, his ceremonies to appease spirit of slain serpent, viii. 219

—— skin a charm against witchcraft, ii. 336

—— -stones thought to cure snake-bites, i. 165; superstitions as to, x. 15
_sq._;
belief of the Scottish Highlanders concerning, xi. 311

—— tribe in the Punjaub, their worship of snakes, viii. 316 _sq._;
their treatment of dead snakes, viii. 317

Snake’s tongue on St. George’s Day or Eve, a charm to ensure
talkativeness, ii. 345 _n._, viii. 270

Snakes, magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 90;
human wives of, ii. 149, 150;
not called by their proper names, iii. 399, 401 _sq._, 407, 408, 411;
as fathers of human beings, v. 82;
fed with milk, v. 84 _sqq._;
respected by North American Indians, viii. 217 _sqq._;
sacred at Whydah, viii. 287;
souls of dead princes in, viii. 288;
souls of dead in, viii. 293, 294 _sq._;
dead, accorded a regular funeral, viii. 317;
fat of, used as a hair-restorer, x. 14;
thought to congregate on Midsummer Eve or the Eve of May Day, x. 15
_sq._;
rain-water used as a charm against, x. 17;
spirits of plants and trees in the form of, xi. 44 _n._;
sympathetically related to human beings, xi. 209 _sq._
_See also_ Snake, Pythons, Rattlesnakes, _and_ Serpents

Snapping the thumbs to prevent the departure of the soul, iii. 31

Snares set for souls, iii. 69

Snipe, fever transferred to a, ix. 51

Snorri Sturluson, on the dismemberment of Halfdan the Black, vi. 100

Snow, external soul of a king in, xi. 102

Snowdon, rain-making on, i. 307

“Sober” sacrifices, offered without wine by the ancient Greeks, i. 311
_n._ 1

Sobk, a crocodile-shaped Egyptian god, identified with the sun, vi. 123

_Sochit_ or _Sochet_, epithet of Isis, vi. 117

Social progress, i. 420

—— ranks, inversion of, at festivals, ix. 350, 407

—— revolution from democracy to despotism, i. 371

Societies, secret, in North-Western America, ix. 377 _sqq._;
and clans, totemic, related to each other, xi. 272 _sq._
_See also_ Secret societies

Society, uniformity of occupation in primitive, i. 245;
ancient, built on the principle of the subordination of the individual
to the community, v. 300;
stratification of religion according to types of, viii. 35 _sqq._;
three stages of, the hunting, the pastoral, and the agricultural, viii.
35, 37

Society Islanders, their observation of the Pleiades, vii. 312

—— Islands, offering of first-fruits in the, viii. 132 _sqq._

Socrates, church historian, on sacred prostitution, v. 37 _n._ 2;
on a reported murder of a Christian child by Jews, ix. 394 _sq._

Söderblom, N., on an attempted reform of the old Iranian religion, vi. 83
_n._ 2

Sodewa Bai and the golden necklace, story of, xi. 99 _sq._

Sodom and Gomorrah, the destruction of, v. 222 _n._ 1

Sods, grassy, a protection against witches, ii. 54; of turf, a protection
against witchcraft, ii. 335, 338;
freshly cut, a protection against witches, ix. 163

Sodza, a lightning goddess, among the Hos of Togoland, ii. 370

Soemara, in Celebes, were-wolf at, x. 312

Soerakarta, district of Java, conduct of natives in an earthquake, v. 202
_n._ 1

Soest, customs at flax-pulling near, vii. 225

Sofala in East Africa, the Caffres of, their objection to be struck with
anything hollow, i. 157;
king of, revered as a god by his people, i. 392;
kings of, put to death, iv. 37 _sq._;
dead kings of, consulted as oracles, iv. 201;
the Makalanga near, x. 135 _n._ 2

Sogamoso or Sogamozo, in South America, the pontiff of, supernatural
powers ascribed to, i. 416;
heir to the throne of, not allowed to see the sun, x. 19

Sogble, a lightning god, among the Hos of Togoland, ii. 370

Sogne Fiord in Norway, Balder’s Grove on the, x. 104, xi. 315

Soissons, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 337 _n._ 1

Sokari (Seker), a title of Osiris, vi. 87

Soku, West Africa, cut hair buried in cairns at, iii. 274 _sq._

_Sol invictus_, title of Mithra, v. 304 _n._ 1

_Solanum campylanthum_, burned by Nandi women in the cornfields, vi. 47

Solaparuta in Sicily, custom on Palm Sunday at, i. 300

Solar festival in spring, xi. 3

Solar and lunar years, early attempts to harmonize, iv. 68 _sq._, vii. 80
_sq._, ix. 325 _sq._, 339, 341 _sqq._

—— myth theory, i. 333

—— theory of the fires of the fire-festivals, x. 329, 331 _sqq._, xi. 15
_sq._, 72

Soldiers, foods tabooed to, in Madagascar, i. 117 _sq._;
Roman, celebration of the Saturnalia by, ii. 310, ix. 308 _sq._
_See also_ Warriors

Solms-Laubach, Graf zu, on the artificial fertilization of fig-trees, ii.
314 _n._ 2

Solok district of Sumatra, rain-making in, i. 278

Solomon, King, his name used by Malay fowlers in snaring pigeons, iii.
408, 418;
puts Adoni-jah to death, v. 51 _n._ 2

——, the Baths of, in Northern Palestine, resorted to by childless wives in
the hope of obtaining children, v. 78;
in Moab, visited by barren women in order to get children, v. 215 _sq._

Solomon Islanders, their expulsion of demons, ix. 116

—— Islands, Florida, one of the, iii. 80, viii. 85, 126, 297;
places sacred to ghosts in the, iii. 80;
pigs sacrificed to ghosts in the, iii. 247;
San Cristoval in the, iii. 247;
fear of passing under a fallen tree in the, iii. 250;
Ugi, one of the, iii. 250, 277;
cut hair buried in the, to prevent it falling into the hands of
sorcerers, iii. 277;
ghosts of gardens feared in the, viii. 85;
Guadalcanar one of the, viii. 126;
first-fruits offered to the dead in the, viii. 126 _sq._;
Saa, one of the, viii. 127, 297;
belief in the transmigration of human souls into animals in the, viii.
296 _sqq._;
Savo, one of the, viii. 297;
Ulawa, one of the, viii. 297, 298;
fatigue transferred to sticks, stones, or leaves in the, ix. 9

Solör, in Norway, harvest custom at, vii. 225

Solstice, the summer, and the Olympic festival, iv. 90;
swinging at, iv. 280;
the Nile rises at, vi. 31 _n._ 1, 33;
Basuto chiefs regulate the calendar at, vii. 117;
rain-making ceremony of the Zuni at, viii. 179;
new fire kindled by the Zuni at, x. 132, 133;
its importance for primitive man, x. 160 _sq._

——, the winter, reckoned by the ancients the Nativity of the Sun, v. 303,
x. 246;
Egyptian ceremony at, vi. 50;
Aztec festival of killing and eating a god at, viii. 90;
dramatic processions representing the corn spirit at, viii. 325;
festival of the Koryaks after, ix. 126 _sq._;
new fire kindled by the Zuni at, x. 132;
Persian festival of fire at, x. 269

Solstices observed by Californian Indians, vii. 125;
festivals of fire at the, x. 132 _sq._, 246, 247, 331 _sq._;
the old pagan festivals of the two, consecrated as the birthdays of
Christ and St. John the Baptist, x. 181 _sq._;
fern-seed gathered at the, xi. 290 _sq._;
mistletoe gathered at the, xi. 291 _sq._

Solstitial fires perhaps sun-charms, xi. 292

Soma, Hindoo deity, x. 99 _n._ 2;
sacrifice of, in Vedic India, iii. 159 _n._;
worship of the stone which presses out the juice of the, ix. 90

Somali, marriage custom of the, vi. 246, 247

Somersetshire, Midsummer fires in, x. 199

Somerville, Professor William, on the time for coupling ewes and rams, ii.
328 _n._ 4;
on the agricultural term “to stool,” vii. 193 _n._

Somme, the river, ceremony of carrying lighted torches on the first Sunday
in Lent in villages on, x. 113;
the department of, mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 58

Sommerberg, the Grass King at Whitsuntide on the, ii. 86

Somosomo, a Fijian island, sacredness of priests and chiefs in, i. 389

Son, father thought to be reborn in his, iv. 188 _sqq._, 287 (288 in
Second Impression);
abdication of father on birth of a son in Polynesia, iv. 190;
abdication of father when his son comes of age, in Fiji, iv. 191;
father fought and dispossessed by his son among the Corannas, iv. 191
_sq._

“—— of the Father,” ix. 419 _sq._

—— of God, alleged incarnation of the, in America, i. 409

—— of a god, v. 51.
_See also_ Sons

—— of the king sacrificed for his father, iv. 160 _sqq._

Son-in-law, his name not to be pronounced, iii. 338 _sq._, 344, 345

Songish or Lkungen tribe of Vancouver Island, their formal reception of
the first salmon caught in the season, viii. 254

Songs of the corn-reapers, vii. 214 _sqq._;
liturgical, revealed by gods, ix. 381

—— and dances, religious, of North-West American Indians, ix. 378 _sq._

Sonnenberg, gout transferred to fir-tree in, ix. 56

Sonnerat, French traveller, on the fire-walk in India, xi. 6 _sqq._

Sons, Roman kings not succeeded by their, ii. 270;
of king’s sister preferred to king’s own sons under female kinship, ii.
274 _sq._

Sons of God, v. 78 _sqq._

—— of gods, iv. 5

Soosoos of Senegambia, their secret society, xi. 261 _sq._

Sopater accused of binding the winds, i. 325

Sophocles, on the calamities entailed by the crimes of Oedipus, ii. 115;
on the wooing of Dejanira by the river Achelous, ii. 161 _sq._;
on the burning of Hercules, v. 111;
his play _Triptolemus_, vii. 54

Soracte, Mount, ix. 311;
sanctuary of Feronia at, iv. 186 _n._ 3;
fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani on, xi. 14 _sq._

“Soranian Wolves” (_Hirpi Sorani_), at Soracte, iv. 186 _n._ 4, xi. 14, 91
_n._ 7

Soranus, Italian god of Mount Soracte, xi. 14;
etymology of his name, xi. 15 _n._ 1, 16

Sorcerers regarded as chiefs, i. 337 _sq._, 342 _sq._;
souls extracted or detained by, iii. 69 _sqq._;
influence wielded by, iii. 107;
make use of cut hair and other bodily refuse, iii. 268 _sq._, 274 _sq._,
278, 281 _sq._;
injure men through their names, iii. 320, 322, 334;
as protectors against demons, ix. 94;
exorcize demons, ix. 113;
Midsummer herbs a protection against, xi. 45;
detected by St. John’s wort, xi. 55;
detected by fern root, xi. 67.
_See also_ Magic, Magicians, Medicine-men

—— or priests, order of effeminate, vi. 253 _sqq._

Sorcery, the dread of, iii. 268;
pointing sticks or bones in, x. 14;
bonfires a protection against, x. 156;
sprigs of mullein protect cattle against, x. 190;
mistletoe a protection against, xi. 85;
savage dread of, xi. 224 _sq._
_See also_ Magic, Witchcraft

—— and witchcraft, Midsummer plants and flowers a protection against, xi.
45, 46, 49, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72

Sorcha, the King of, in a Celtic tale, xi. 127 _sq._

Sori, a person of the Batta Trinity, ix. 88 _n._ 1

Sorrentine Peninsula, puppet representing Lent sawn in two in the, iv. 245

Sorrowful One, the vaults of the, opened by the Boeotians in the month of
sowing, vi. 41

Sorrows, the Master of, at funerals among the Chams, i. 280

Sositheus, his play _Daphnis_, vii. 217

Sothic or Siriac period in ancient Egypt, vi. 36

Sothis, Egyptian name for the star Sirius, vi. 34.
_See_ Sirius

Sotih, the, of Burma, revere a priestly king, iii. 237

Soul, belief in the pre-existence of the human, i. 104;
the perils of the, iii. 26 _sqq._;
conceived as a mannikin, iii. 26 _sqq._;
ancient Egyptian conception of the, iii. 28 _sq._;
representations of the soul in Greek art, iii. 29 _n._ 1;
as a butterfly, iii. 29 _n._ 1, 41, 51 _sq._;
absence and recall of the, iii. 30 _sqq._;
attempts to prevent the soul from escaping from the body, iii. 30
_sqq._;
sickness attributed to the absence of the, iii. 32, 42 _sqq._;
tied by thread or string to the body, iii. 32 _sq._, 43, 51;
conceived as a bird, iii. 33 _sqq._;
absent in sleep, iii. 36 _sqq._;
in form of fly, iii. 36, 39;
in form of mouse, iii. 37, 39 _n._ 2;
in form of lizard, iii. 38;
caught in a cloth, iii. 46, 47, 48, 52, 53, 64, 67, 75 _sq._;
identified with the shadow, iii. 77 _sqq._;
identified with the reflection in water or a mirror, iii. 92 _sqq._;
supposed to escape at eating and drinking, iii. 116;
in the blood, iii. 240, 241, 247, 250;
identified with the personal name, iii. 319;
of rice not to be frightened, iii. 412;
of man-god transferred to his successor, iv. 10;
of a tree in a bird, vi. 111 _n._ 1;
of the rice in the first sheaf cut, vi. 239;
of the rice captured in a basket or box, vii. 185;
of rice in a blue bird, vii. 295;
thought to be seated in the liver, viii. 147 _sq._;
the notion of, a quasi-scientific hypothesis, xi. 221;
the unity and indivisibility of the, a theological dogma, xi. 221.
_See also_ Souls

—— of chief in sacred grove, xi. 161

—— of child deposited in a coco-nut, xi. 154 _sq._;
deposited in a bag, xi. 155;
bound up with knife, xi. 157

——, external, in afterbirth (placenta) or navel-string, i. 200 _sq._;
in folk-tales, xi. 95 _sqq._;
in parrot, xi. 97 _sq._;
in bird, xi. 98 _sq._;
in necklace, xi. 99 _sq._;
in a fish, xi. 99 _sq._, 122 _sq._;
in cock, pigeon, starling, spinning-wheel, pillar, xi. 100 _sq._;
in a bee, xi. 101;
in a lemon, xi. 102;
in a tree, xi. 102;
in a barley plant, xi. 102;
in a box, xi. 102, 117, 143 _n._ 4, 149;
in a firebrand, xi. 103;
in hair, xi. 103 _sq._;
in snow, xi. 103 _sq._;
in two or three doves, xi. 104;
in a ten-headed serpent, xi. 104 _sq._;
in a pumpkin, xi. 105;
in a spear, xi. 105;
in a dragon, xi. 105;
in a gem, xi. 105 _sq._;
in an egg, xi. 107, 125, 127, 140 _sq._;
in a duck’s egg, xi. 109 _sq._, 115 _sq._, 116, 119 _sq._, 120, 126,
130, 132;
in a blue rose-tree, xi. 110;
in a bird, xi. 111, 119, 142, 150;
in a pigeon, xi. 112 _sq._;
in a light, xi. 116;
in a flower, xi. 117 _sq._;
in grain of sand, xi. 120;
in a stone, xi. 125 _n._ 1, 156;
in a thorn, xi. 129;
in a gem, xi. 130;
in a pigeon’s egg, xi. 132, 139;
in a dove’s egg, xi. 133;
in a box-tree, xi. 133;
in the flower of the acacia, xi. 135 _sq._;
in a sparrow, xi. 137;
in a beetle, xi. 138, 140;
in a bottle, xi. 138;
in a golden cockchafer, xi. 140;
in a dish, xi. 141 _sq._;
in a precious stone, xi. 142;
in a bag, xi. 142;
in a white herb, xi. 143;
in a wasp, xi. 143 _sq._;
in a twelve-headed serpent, xi. 143;
in a golden ring, xi. 143;
in seven little birds, xi. 144;
in a seven-headed snake, xi. 144;
in a quail, xi. 144 _sq._;
in a vase, xi. 145 _sq._;
in a golden sword and a golden arrow, xi. 145;
in entrails, xi. 147 _sq._;
in a golden fish, xi. 147 _sq._, 220;
in a hair as hard as copper, xi. 148;
in a cat, xi. 150 _sq._;
in a bear, xi. 151;
in a buffalo, xi. 151;
in a hemlock branch, xi. 152;
in folk-custom, xi. 153 _sqq._;
in inanimate things, xi. 153 _sqq._;
in a mountain scaur, xi. 156;
in ox-horns, xi. 156;
in roof of house, xi. 156;
in a tree, xi. 156;
in a spring of water, xi. 156;
in capital of column, xi. 156 _sq._;
in a portrait statue, xi. 157;
in plants, xi. 159 _sqq._;
in animals, xi. 196 _sqq._;
of shaman or medicine-man in animal, xi. 196, 199;
kept in totem, xi. 220 _sqq._

Soul of iron, xi. 154

“—— of Osiris,” a bird, vi. 110

—— of rice, vii. 180 _sqq._;
eating the, viii. 54

—— of ruptured person passes into cleft oak-tree, xi. 172

——, succession to the, iv. 196 _sqq._

—— of woman at childbirth deposited in a chopping-knife, xi. 153 _sq._

Soul-boxes, amulets as, xi. 155

—— -cakes eaten at the Feast of All Souls in Europe, vi. 70, 71 _sq._, 73,
78 _sqq._

—— -stones, xi. 156

—— -stuff in the East Indies, vi. 182 _sq._; of ghosts, ix. 182

_Soule_, a ball contended for in Normandy, ix. 183

“Souling,” custom of, on All Souls’ Day in England, vi. 79

“—— Day” in Shropshire, vi. 78

Soulless King, whose soul was in a duck’s egg, Lithuanian story of the,
xi. 113 _sqq._

Souls strengthened with iron, i. 159 _sq._;
ascribed to trees, ii. 12 _sqq._;
of ancestors in trees, ii. 29 _sq._, 30, 31, 32;
of ancestors supposed to be in fire on the hearth, ii. 232;
every man thought to have four, iii. 27, 80;
light and heavy, thin, and fat, iii. 29;
transference of, iii. 49, 51;
impounded in magic fence, iii. 56;
abducted by demons, iii. 58 _sqq._;
transmigrate into animals, iii. 65, viii. 285 _sqq._;
brought back in a visible form, iii. 65 _sqq._;
caught in snares or nets, iii. 69 _sqq._;
extracted or detained by sorcerers, iii. 69 _sqq._;
enclosed in tusks of ivory, iii. 70;
conjured into jars, iii. 70;
shut up in boxes, iii. 70, 76;
shut up in calabashes, iii. 72;
gathered into a basket, iii. 72;
transferred from the living to the dead, iii. 73;
wounded and bleeding, iii. 73;
supposed to be in portraits, iii. 96 _sqq._;
of slain enemies propitiated, iii. 166;
of beasts respected, iii. 223;
immortal, attributed by savages to animals, viii. 204;
of people at a house-warming collected in a bag, xi. 153;
male and female, in Chinese philosophy, xi. 221;
the plurality of, xi. 221 _sq._

Souls of the dead, trees animated by the, ii. 29 _sqq._;
in certain fish, ii. 30;
all malignant, iii. 145;
cannot go to the spirit-land till the flesh has decayed from their
bones, iii. 372 _n._ 5;
supposed to resemble their bodies, as these were at the moment of
death, iv. 10 _sq._;
associated with falling stars, iv. 64 _sqq._;
transmitted to successors, iv. 198;
reincarnation of the, v. 91 _sqq._;
brought back among the Gonds, v. 95 _sq._;
in caterpillars, viii. 275 _sq._;
received once a year by their relations, ix. 150 _sqq._;
sit round the Midsummer fire, x. 183, 184

——, feasts of All, vi. 51 _sqq._

——, human, attracted by rice, iii. 34 _sqq._, 45 _sqq._;
transmigrate into totemic animals, xi. 223

South America. _See_ America, South

—— American Indians, their insensibility to pain, iv. 138;
their indifference to death, iv. 138;
women’s agricultural work among the, vii. 120 _sqq._;
their practice of bleeding themselves to relieve fatigue, ix. 12 _sq._;
attribute fatigue to a demon, ix. 20;
their mutual scourgings at ceremonies connected with the dead, ix. 262

—— Sea Islands, human gods in the, i. 387;
continence of fishermen in the, iii. 193;
the Pleiades worshipped in the, vii. 312

—— Slavonian housebreakers, their charm to cause sleep, i. 148.
_See also_ Slavonians, South

—— Slavs, devices of women to obtain offspring among the, v. 96;
marriage customs of the, vi. 246.
_See also_ Slavs, South

Southey, R., on women’s agricultural work among the Brazilian Indians,
vii. 122;
on custom of consuming the ashes of relations among the Brazilian
Indians, viii. 157

Sovereignty, reluctance to accept the, on account of its burdens, iii. 17
_sqq._

Sovkou, ancient Egyptian deity, represented by a masker, ii. 133

Sow, the white, of Alba Longa, ii. 187 _n._ 4;
corn-spirit as a, vii. 298 _sqq._;
as scapegoat, ix. 33;
the cropped black, at Hallowe’en, x. 236, 240

Sower, the Wicked, driven away on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 107, 118

Sowerby, James, on mouse-ear hawk-weed, xi. 57;
on orpine, xi. 61 _n._ 4;
on yellow hoary mullein, xi. 64;
on the Golden Bough, xi. 284 _n._ 3;
on mistletoe, xi. 316 _n._ 5

Sowers carry locks as charm to keep off birds, iii. 308;
and ploughmen drenched with water as a rain-charm, v. 238 _sq._

Sowing, homoeopathic magic at, i. 136 _sqq._;
curses for good luck at, i. 281;
sexual intercourse before, ii. 98;
periods of abstinence observed before, ii. 98, 105;
tug-of-war before, ii. 100;
continence at, ii. 105, 106;
in Italy and Sicily, time of, ii. 311 _n._ 5;
Prussian custom at, v. 238 _sq._;
rites of, vi. 40 _sqq._;
in Greece, time for, vii. 45, 50, 318;
festival of Demeter at, vii. 46 _n._ 2;
sacrifice to Demeter at, vii. 57;
festival of the Kayans of Borneo at, vii. 93 _sqq._, 111;
masquerade of the Kayans at, vii. 186 _sq._;
time of, determined by observation of the sun, vii. 187;
goat killed at, vii. 288;
the corn-spirit as a pig at, vii. 300;
cake called Christmas Boar eaten by farm-servants and cattle at time of
barley sowing, vii. 303;
at Magnesia in the Greek month Cronion, viii. 7, 8 _n._ 1;
ceremonies at, among the Chams, viii. 57;
offerings at, in the North-Western provinces of India, viii. 117;
offerings at, among the Kachins of Burma, viii. 120 _sq._;
customs observed by Saxons of Transylvania at, viii. 274 _sq._;
prayer at, among the Khonds, ix. 138;
expulsion of demons at, ix. 225;
Saturn the god of, ix. 232, 346;
dances at, ix. 234 _sqq._;
in Italy, season of the spring, ix. 346;
fast from flesh, eggs, and grease at, ix. 347 _n._ 4

——, goddesses of, personated by old women, ix. 238

Sowing and planting, time of, determined by the observation of the
Pleiades, vii. 309, 313 _sqq._;
regulated by the phases of the moon, vi. 133 _sqq._

—— and ploughing, ceremony of, in the rites of Osiris, vi. 87, 90, 96;
rite of, at the Carnival, vii. 28

Sowing corn, Ovambo custom at, ii. 46

—— the fields, human sacrifices at, vii. 236, 238 _sq._, 240 _sq._

—— hemp seed, divination by, at Hallowe’en, x. 235

—— seed, to make children grow, vii. 11;
done by women, vii. 113 _sqq._;
done by children, vii. 115 _sq._

—— the winter corn, goat killed at, vii. 288

Sown fields, fire applied to, on Eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 316, 318, 321

Sozomenus, church historian, on sacred prostitution, v. 37

Spachendorf, in Silesia, “the Burying of Death,” effigy burnt at, iv. 250,
x. 119

Spades and hoes, human victim killed with, vii. 239, 251

Spae-wives and Gestr, Icelandic story of the, xi. 125 _sq._

Spain, belief as to death at ebb-tide in, i. 167;
acorns used as food in, ii. 355, 356;
“Sawing the Old Woman” at Mid-Lent in, iv. 240, 242;
seven-legged effigies of Lent in, iv. 244;
custom of swinging at Christmas in, iv. 284;
bathing on St. John’s Eve in, v. 248;
the Iberians of, vii. 129;
sticks or stones piled on scenes of violent death in, ix. 15;
the three mythical kings on Twelfth Day in, ix. 329;
Midsummer fires and customs in, x. 208;
bathing at Midsummer in, xi. 29;
vervain gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 62

Spanish cathedrals, the Boy Bishop in, ix. 338

Spark Sunday in Switzerland, x. 118

Sparks of fire supposed to impregnate women, ii. 197, 231;
of Yule log prognosticate chickens, lambs, foals, calves, etc., x. 251,
262, 263, 264

Sparrow, external soul of a jinnee in a, xi. 137

Sparrows, charms to keep them from the corn, viii. 274

Sparta, the two kings of, i. 46 _sq._;
their relation to Castor and Pollux, i. 48-50

——, state sacrifices offered by the kings at, i. 46;
warned by oracle against a “lame reign,” iv. 38;
funeral games in honour of Leonidas and Pausanias at, iv. 94;
destroyed by an earthquake, v. 196 _n._ 4;
octennial tenure of kingship at, vii. 82, 85

Spartan king, his fire-bearer, ii. 264

—— kings, supposed divinity of, i. 48 _sq._;
not to be touched, iii. 226

Spartans, their sacrifice of horses to the sun, i. 315 _sq._;
their kings liable to be deposed every eighth year, iv. 58 _sq._;
their attempt to stop an earthquake, v. 196;
their flute-band, v. 196;
their red uniform, v. 196;
at Thermopylae, v. 197 _n._ 1;
their regard for the full moon, vi. 141;
their brides dressed as men on the wedding night, vi. 260

Spear in magic, i. 347;
custom of wounding the dying with a, iv. 13 _sq._;
sacred, used to slay human victim, ix. 218;
used to help women in hard labour, xi. 14;
external soul in a, xi. 105

Spearing taro stalks, as a charm, vii. 102, 103

Spears, sacred, used to slaughter sacrificial victims, iv. 19, 32, v. 274;
used to expel demons, ix. 115, 116

Spectral Huntsman, iv. 178

Speech, particular forms of, used in addressing social superiors, i. 402
_n._;
special form of, used between a man and his wife’s mother, iii. 346;
special form of, used by rice-reapers to deceive the rice-spirit, vii.
184.
_See also_ Language _and_ Words

Speicher, in the Eifel, St. John’s fires at, x. 169

Speke, Captain J. H., his experience of the distrust of strangers in
Africa, iii. 108 _sq._

Spell recited at kindling need-fire, x. 290;
of witchcraft broken by suffering, x. 304

—— and prayer, vii. 105

Spells cast by strangers, iii. 112;
at hair-cutting, iii. 264 _sq._;
for growth of crops, vii. 100;
narrative, vii. 104 _sqq._;
imperative, vii. 105;
and incantations used in arts and crafts, ix. 81;
cast on cattle, x. 301, 302;
cast by witches on union of man and wife, x. 346

Spelt-goat, name given to the last sheaf threshed at harvest in Baden,
vii. 286

Spencer, Baldwin, on reincarnation of the dead, v. 100 _n._ 3

Spencer, B., and F. J. Gillen, on a ceremony for the multiplication of
white cockatoos, i. 89;
on the confusion of a man with his totem, i. 107 _n._ 4;
on infanticide among the Australian aborigines, iv. 180 _n._ 1, 187 _n._
6;
on Australian belief in conception without sexual intercourse, v. 99;
on an Australian cure for headache, ix. 2;
on initiation of Australian medicine-men, xi. 238

Spencer, Herbert, his theory of the material universe compared to that of
Empedocles, viii. 303 _sqq._

Spenser, Edmund, on an Irish custom as to blood of friends, iii. 244 _sq._

Sperchius, River, hair of Achilles devoted to the, iii. 261

Spermus, king of Lydia, marries the widow of his predecessor, ii. 281;
his wickedness, v. 183

Spices used in exorcism of demons, iii. 105 _sq._

Spider imitated by actor or dancer, ix. 381

Spiders in homoeopathic magic, i. 152;
ceremony at killing, viii. 236 _sq._;
used to extract vicious propensity, ix. 34

Spieth, J., on human gods among the Hos of Togoland, i. 397;
on the Ewe peoples, v. 70 _n._ 2;
on the ceremonies at eating the new yams among the Hos, viii. 59 _sqq._;
on the religion of the Ewe negroes, ix. 76 _n._ 1

Spindle, woman winds thread on, while sugar-cane is planted, viii. 119

Spindles not to be carried openly on the highroads, i. 113;
not to be twirled while men are in council, i. 114

Spinning forbidden to women under certain circumstances, i. 113 _sq._

—— on highroads forbidden in ancient Italy, i. 113, viii. 119 _n._ 5

—— of mummer at Carnival, viii. 333

Spinning-wheel, external soul of ogress in a, xi. 100

Spinning acorns or figs as a charm to promote the growth of the crops,
vii. 102, 103

—— tops at sowing festivals, vii. 95, 97, 187

Spirit of Beans, Iroquois, vii. 177

——, Brethren of the Free, i. 408

—— of the Corn, Iroquois, vii. 177.
_See_ Corn-spirit

—— of dead apparently supposed to decay with the body, iii. 372

—— or god of vegetation, effigies of, burnt in spring, xi. 21 _sq._;
reasons for burning, xi. 23;
leaf-clad representative of, burnt, xi. 25

——, the Great, of the American Indians, iv. 3;
his gift of corn to men, vii. 177

—— of Squashes, Iroquois, vii. 177

—— of vegetation brought to houses, ii. 74.
_See also_ Vegetation

Spirit animals supposed to enter women and be born from them, v. 97 _sq._

—— -children left by ancestors, v. 100 _sq._

—— -house shut during absence of warriors, i. 129

Spirits of dead fathers thought to attend warriors, i. 129;
of plants in shape of animals, ii. 14;
of trees threatened, ii. 20 _sqq._;
of wild beasts killed in the chase, hunting dogs protected against, ii.
128;
women married to water-spirits, ii. 150 _sqq._;
sacrifices to water-spirits, ii. 155 _sqq._;
of slain enemies conciliated, iii. 182;
of slain animals propitiated by savages, iii. 190;
averse to iron, iii. 232 _sqq._;
evil, fear of attracting the attention of, iii. 334;
of tin mines and gold mines treated with deference, iii. 407, 409 _sq._;
taboos on common words based on a fear of, iii. 416 _sqq._;
of ancestors in the form of animals, v. 83;
supposed to consort with women, v. 91;
of forefathers thought to dwell in rivers, vi. 38;
evil, averted from children, vii. 6 _sqq._;
of the dead supposed to influence the crops, vii. 104;
distinguished from gods, vii. 169;
imitation of, vii. 186;
retreat of the army of, ix. 72 _sq._;
guardian, ix. 98;
good and evil, personated by children, ix. 139;
Festival of Departed, ix. 154;
of water propitiated at Midsummer, xi. 31;
of plants and trees in the form of snakes, xi. 44 _n._ 1
_See also_ Ancestral spirits, Dead, _and_ Souls

—— of dead chiefs worshipped by the whole tribe, vi. 175, 176, 177, 179,
181 _sq._, 187;
thought to control the rain, vi. 188;
prophesy through living men and women, vi. 192 _sq._;
reincarnated in animals, vi. 193.

—— of the hills, their treasures, xi. 69

—— of land, conciliation of the, iii. 110 _sq._

Spiritual economy, mysterious law of, i. 405

—— husbands among the Akamba, ii. 316 _sq._

—— power, its divorce from temporal power, iii. 17 _sqq._

Spitting in contagious magic, i. 201;
in a purificatory rite, iii. 175;
forbidden, iii. 196;
as a protective charm, iii. 279, 286, 350, 395;
upon knots as a charm, iii. 302;
to avert evil omens, iv. 61;
at sight of falling stars, iv. 61, 63, 65;
to avert demons, iv. 63;
as a mode of transferring evil, ix. 3, 10, 11, 41 _sq._, 187;
at ceremony for expulsion of evils, ix. 208

Spittle, used in magic, i. 57, iii. 268, 269, 287 _sqq._;
divination from, i. 99;
tabooed, iii. 287 _sqq._;
effaced or concealed, iii. 288 _sqq._;
used in making a covenant, iii. 290;
magical virtue of, vii. 247, 250;
as a protection against demons, ix. 118

Spoil taken from enemy purified, iii. 177

Spoletium, sacred grove near, ii. 122

Spoons used in eating by tabooed persons, iii. 141, 148, 189

Sports, athletic, at harvest, vii. 76 _sq._
_See also_ Contests, Games

Spottiswoode, in Berwickshire, harvest customs at, vii. 153 _sq._

Sprachbrücken, in Hesse, the Harvest-goat at, vii. 283

Sprained leg, Scotch cure for, by means of nine knots in a black thread,
iii. 304 _sq._

Spree, the river, requires its human victim on Midsummer Day, xi. 26

Spreewald, the Wends of the, their wreaths at Midsummer, xi. 48

Sprenger, the inquisitor, his practice of shaving the heads of witches and
wizards, xi. 158

Sprigs, green, placed on stumps of felled trees, ii. 37 _sq._

Spring, magical ceremonies for the revival of nature in, iv. 266 _sqq._;
called Persephone, vi. 41;
ceremony at beginning of, in China, viii. 10 _sqq._;
rites to ensure the revival of life in, ix. 400

“——, the Sacred,” among the ancient Italian peoples, iv. 186 _sq._

—— and summer, myths of divinities and spirits to be told only in, iii.
384

Spring customs and harvest customs compared, vii. 167 _sqq._

—— equinox, drama of Summer and Winter at the, iv. 257;
custom of swinging at the, iv. 284;
(vernal), sacrifice to Cronus at the, ix. 352

—— festival of Dionysus, vii. 15

Spring, oracular, at Dodona, ii. 172;
sacrificial, at Upsala, ii. 364;
external soul in a, xi. 156.
_See also_ Springs

Springbok, why Bushman hunters will not eat, viii. 141

Springs troubled to procure rains, i. 301;
hot, resorted to by women in order to get offspring, ii. 161, v. 213
_sqq._;
which confer prophetic powers, ii. 172;
oracular, iv. 79 _sq._;
worship of hot, v. 206 _sqq._;
bathing in, at Midsummer, v. 246, 247, 248, 249;
underground, detected by divining-rod, xi. 67 _sq._

Springwort, mythical plant, procured at Midsummer, xi. 69 _sqq._;
reveals treasures, opens all locks, and makes the bearer invisible and
invulnerable, xi. 69 _sq._

Sprinkling with holy water, iii. 285 _sq._

Sproat, G. M., on seclusion of girls at puberty, x. 43 _sq._

Spruce trees free from mistletoe, xi. 315

Squashes, the spirit of, conceived by the Iroquois as a woman, vii. 177

Squeals of pigs necessary for fruitfulness of mangoes, x. 9

Squills used to beat human scapegoats and image of Pan, ix. 255 _sq._

Squirrels in homoeopathic magic, i. 155;
asked to give new teeth, i. 180;
souls of dead in, viii. 291 _sq._;
burnt in the Easter bonfires, x. 142, xi. 40

Squirting water as a rain-charm, i. 249 _sq._, 277 _sq._;
on people at Midsummer, v. 248, x. 193

Sri, Hindoo goddess of crops, vii. 182

Srongtsan Gampo, king of Tibet, introduced Buddhism into Tibet, iii. 20

Stabbing men’s shadows in order to injure the men, iii. 78, 79

—— reflections in water to injure the persons reflected, iii. 93

—— a transformed witch or were-wolf in order to compel him or her to
reveal himself or herself, x. 315

Stade, Hans, captive among Brazilian Indians, on their distrust of books,
iii. 231

Stadium, the Olympic, iv. 287

Staffordshire, All Souls’ Day in, vi. 79;
the Yule log in, x. 256

Stag, emblem of longevity, i. 169 _n._ 1

Stamfordham, in Northumberland, need-fire at, x. 288 _sq._

Stammering, homoeopathic charm to cure, i. 156

Standard of conduct shifted from natural to supernatural basis, iii. 213

——, Egyptian, resembling a placenta, vi. 156 _n._ 1;
Egyptian cubit, deposited in the temple of Serapis, xi. 217

Standing on one foot, custom of, iv. 149, 150, 155, 156;
on sacrificed human victim as a purificatory rite, ix. 218

Stanikas, male children of sacred prostitutes in Southern India, v. 63

Star, falling, in magic, i. 84;
falling, as totem, iv. 61

—— of Bethlehem, v. 259, ix. 330

——, the Evening, in Keats’s last sonnet, i. 166

——, the Morning, said to have enjoined human sacrifices on the Pawnees,
vii. 238;
personated by a man, ix. 238

—— of Salvation, v. 258

Star-spangled cap of Attis, v. 284

Starling, external soul of ogress in a, xi. 100

Stars, time when the stars are vanishing, i. 83 _n._ 2;
the souls of Egyptian gods in, iv. 5;
shooting, superstitions as to, iv. 58 _sqq._;
shooting, associated with the souls of the dead, iv. 64 _sqq._;
their supposed influence on human destiny, iv. 65 _sq._, 67 _sq._;
effect of agriculture in stimulating a knowledge of the, vii. 307;
their supposed influence on the weather, vii. 318

Starvation as a mode of executing royal criminals, iii. 242, 243

Statius, on the festival of Diana at Nemi, i. 12 _n._ 2;
on the grove of Egeria, i. 18 _n._ 4

Statue beheaded instead of man, iv. 158

Stebbing, E. B., on _Loranthus vestitus_ in India, xi. 317 _n._ 2

Steele, Sir Richard, on titular kings in the Temple, ix. 333

Steiermark, Marburg in, the corn-spirit as wolf and bear at, viii. 327

Steinau, in Kurhessen, the Fox in the corn at, vii. 296

Steinen, Professor K. von den, on the discovery of fire by friction, ii.
257 _n._ 1;
on the bull-roarer, xi. 233 _n._ 2

Steinn in Hringariki, barrow of Halfdan at, vi. 100

_Stelis_, a kind of mistletoe, xi. 317, 318

_Stella Maris_, an epithet of the Virgin Mary, vi. 119

Stengel, P., on sacrificial ritual of Eleusis, v. 292 _n._ 3

Stepmother, marriage with a, as a title to the throne, ii. 283, iv. 193

Stepping over persons or things forbidden, iii. 159 _sq._, 194, 423
_sqq._;
over dead panther, iii. 219;
or jumping over a woman, viii. 70 _n._ 1
_See also_ Jumping

Sterile beasts passed through Midsummer fires, x. 203, 338

Sterilizing influence ascribed to barren women, i. 142

Sternberg, Leo, on the bear-festivals of the Gilyaks, viii. 196, 199 _n._
1, 201 _sq._;
on attitude of the Gilyaks towards animals, viii. 206;
on the belief in demons among the Gilyaks, ix. 101 _sq._

Sternberg, in Mecklenburg, need-fire at, x. 274

Stettin, the Old Man at harvest in the villages near, vii. 220 _sq._

Stevens, Captain John, on a temporary substitute for a Shah of Persia, iv.
158 _sq._

Stevens, H. Vaughan, on fire-making among the Djakuns, ii. 236

Stevenson, Mrs. Matilda Coxe, on the Zuni custom of killing tortoises from
a sacred lake, viii. 179

Stewart, Balfour, on the conservation of energy, viii. 262 _n._ 1

Stewart, C. S., on Polynesian _atua_, i. 387 _n._ 1

Stewart, Jonet, a wise woman, xi. 184

Stewart, W. Grant, on witchcraft in the Highlands, x. 342 _n._ 4

Stheni, near Delphi, old chestnut trees at, xi. 317

Sticks, fertilizing virtue attributed to certain, ix. 264 _sq._
_See also_ Digging-sticks

——, charred, of bonfires, protect fields against hail, x. 144

——, charred, of Candlemas bonfires, superstitious uses of, x. 131

——, charred, of Easter fire, superstitious uses of, x. 121;
preserve wheat from blight and mildew, x. 143

——, charred, of Midsummer bonfires, planted in the fields, x. 165, 166,
173, 174;
a charm against lightning and foul weather, x. 174, 187, 188, 190;
kept to make the cattle thrive, x. 180;
thrown into wells to improve the water, x. 184;
a protection against thunder, x. 184, 192

——, sacred, representing ancestors, ii. 214, 216, 222 _sqq._
_See also_ Churinga

—— and stones, evils transferred to, ix. 8 _sqq._;
piled on the scene of crimes, ix. 13 _sqq._
_See also_ Throwing

—— whittled, in religious rites, viii. 185, 186 _n._, 192, 196, 278, ix.
261, x. 138 _n._ 1

Stiens of Cambodia propitiate the souls of the animals which they kill,
viii. 237

Stiffness of back set down to witchcraft, x. 343 _n._, 345

Stigand, Captain C. H., on the sacrifice of the first-born among tribes to
the south of Abyssinia, iv. 182

Stinging young people with ants and wasps, custom of, ix. 263, x. 61, 62
_sq._;
as a form of purification, x. 61 _sqq._

_Stipiturus malachurus_, emu-wren, men’s “brother” among the Kurnai, xi.
216

Stlatlum Indians of British Columbia respect the animals and plants which
they eat, vi. 44

Stockholm, leaf-market on the Eve of St. John at, ii. 65

Stocks, sacred, among the Semites, v. 107 _sqq._

Stolen kail, divination by, at Hallowe’en, x. 234 _sq._

Stomach of eater, certain foods forbidden to meet in, viii. 83 _sqq._

Stone used in ceremony to facilitate childbirth, i. 74;
supposed to cure jaundice, i. 80;
bitten by a dog in homoeopathic magic, i. 157;
treading on a, as a homoeopathic charm, i. 160;
magic of heavy, vii. 100;
toothache nailed into a, ix. 62;
look of a girl at puberty thought to turn things to, x. 46;
external soul in a, xi. 125 _n._ 1, 156;
precious, external soul of khan in a, xi. 142;
magical, put into body of novice at initiation, xi. 271

Stone, the Hairy, at Midsummer, x. 212

——, holed, in magic, to make sunshine, i. 313

——, sacred, used in purification of murderer, i. 26;
(_lapis manalis_), used in rain-making at Rome, i. 310, ii. 183

Stone Age in Denmark, ii. 352;
agriculture in the, vii. 79, 132

—— -curlew as a cure for jaundice, i. 80

—— knives and arrow-heads used in religious ritual, iii. 228

—— -throwing as a fertility charm, i. 39;
at Mecca, rite of, ix. 24;
in ancient Greece, ix. 24 _sq._

Stonehaven, the last sheaf called the Bride at, vii. 163