Chapter XXX: Part 30

Parsee priests wear a veil over their mouth, ii. 241

Parsees ascribe sanctity to fire kindled by lightning, ii. 256;
their customs as to menstruous women, x. 85

Parsons, Harold G., on custom of king eating the heart of his predecessor,
iv. 203 _n._ 5

Parthe, the River, at Leipsic, effigy of Death thrown into the, iv. 236

_Partheniai_, offspring of unmarried women at Sparta, i. 36 _n._ 2

Parthenon, sculptures in the frieze of the, iv. 89 _n._ 5;
sculptures in the eastern gable of the, iv. 89 _n._ 5

_Parthenos_ as applied to Artemis, i. 36

Parthia, prince of, his structure at Nemi, i. 6

Parthian monarchs brothers of the Sun, i. 417 _sq._;
worshipped as deities, i. 418

Parti, name of an Elamite deity, ix. 367

Partition of spiritual and temporal power between religious and civil
kings, iii. 17 _sqq._

Partridge, C., as to the election of a king of Idah, ii. 294 _n._ 2;
as to sacred chief on the Cross River, iii. 124;
as to human souls in fish, xi. 204

Partridge, transmigration of sinner into a, viii. 299

Parvati or Isa, an Indian goddess, wife of Mahadeva, v. 241;
gardens of Adonis in her worship, v. 242

—— and Siva, marriage of the images of, iv. 265 _sq._

Paschal candle, x. 121, 122 _n._, 125

—— Mountains, in Münsterland, Easter fires on the, x. 141

Pasicyprus, king of Citium, v. 50 _n._ 2

Pasiphae identified with the moon, iv. 72

—— and the bull, iv. 71

—— and the Minotaur, vii. 31

Pasir, a district of eastern Borneo, treatment of the afterbirth in, i.
194

“Pass through the fire,” meaning of the phrase as applied to the sacrifice
of children, iv. 165 _n._ 3, 172

Passage of flocks and herds over or between fires, ii. 327, x. 157, 285
(_see further_ Cattle);
over or through fire a stringent form of purification, xi. 24;
through cleft trees as a cure, xi. 168 _sqq._;
through cleft trees to get rid of spirits or ghosts, xi. 173 _sqq._;
through a cleft stick after a funeral, xi. 175 _sq._;
through narrow openings after a death, xi. 177 _sqq._;
through an archway to escape from demons, xi. 179;
through an archway as a cure or preventive of maladies, xi. 180 _sq._;
through a cleft stick to get rid of sickness or ghosts, xi. 182 _sq._;
through a cleft stick in connexion with puberty and circumcision, xi.
183 _sq._;
through hoops or rings as a cure or preventive of disease, xi. 184
_sqq._;
through holed stones as a cure, xi. 186 _sqq._;
through narrow openings as a cure or preventive, xi. 190;
through holes in the ground as a cure, xi. 190 _sqq._;
through a yoke as a cure, xi. 192;
under a yoke or arch as a rite of initiation, xi. 193;
passage of Roman enemies under a yoke, xi. 193 _sqq._;
passage of victorious Roman army under a triumphal arch, xi. 195.
_See also_ Passing

Passes, Indian tribe of Brazil, drink the ashes of their dead as a mode of
communion, viii. 157;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the, x. 59

Passes of mountains, cairns and heaps of sticks or leaves on, ix. 9
_sqq._, 29

Passier, in Sumatra, kings of, put to death, iv. 51 _sq._

Passing between the pieces of a sacrificial victim, i. 289, 289 _n._ 4;
between two fires as a purification, iii. 114;
over fire to get rid of ghosts, xi. 17 _sq._;
through cleft trees and other narrow openings to get rid of ghosts,
etc., xi. 173 _sqq._;
under a yoke as a purification, xi. 193 _sqq._
_See also_ Passage

—— children through cleft trees, xi. 168 _sqq._;
children, sheep, and cattle through holes in the ground, xi. 190 _sq._

Passover, tradition of the origin of the, iv. 174 _sqq._;
accusations of murders at the, ix. 395 _sq._;
the crucifixion of Christ at the, ix. 414 _sqq._;
sacrifice of the first-born at, ix. 419

Paste kneaded with the blood of children in Peru, ix. 129

Pastern-bone of a hare in a popular remedy, x. 17

Pastoral peoples, their reverence for their cattle, viii. 35, 37 _sqq._

—— stage of society, the, viii. 35, 37

—— tribes, animal sacraments among, viii. 313

Pastures fumigated at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, x. 170

Patagonia, acacia-tree worshipped in, ii. 16;
funeral customs of Indians of, v. 294

Patagonian Indians, their charm to make a child a horseman, i. 152

Patagonians burn their loose hair for fear of witchcraft, iii. 281;
effeminate priests or sorcerers among the, vi. 254;
their remedy for smallpox, ix. 122

Patani Bay, in Siam, the Malays of, their belief as to absence of soul in
sleep, iii. 41;
speak respectfully of tigers, iii. 404;
Malay fishermen of, will not mention certain words at sea, iii. 408;
Malay family of, will not kill crocodiles, viii. 212

—— States, treatment of the afterbirth in the, i. 194, xi. 164

Patara, in Lycia, Apollo at, ii. 135

Pataris of Mirzapur call bears by a special title in the morning, iii.
403;
their use of scapegoats, ix. 192

Patches of unreaped corn left at harvest, vii. 233

Paternity, uncertainty of, a ground for a theological distinction, ii.
135;
of kings a matter of indifference under female kinship, ii. 274 _sqq._,
282;
primitive ignorance of, v. 106 _sq._;
unknown in certain state of savagery, v. 282

—— and maternity of the Roman deities, vi. 233 _sqq._

Pathian, a beneficent spirit, among the Lushais, ix. 94

Paths used by men forbidden to menstruous women, iii. 145;
separate, for men and women, x. 78, 80, 89

Patiala, in the Punjaub, professed incarnation of Jesus Christ at, i. 409
_sq._

Patiko, in the Uganda Protectorate, dread of lightning at, xi. 298 _n._ 2

Patiné, a Cingalese goddess, ix. 181

Patmos, the month of Cronion in, ix. 351 _n._ 2

Paton, L. B., on the origin of Purim, ix. 360 _n._ 1

Paton, W. R., on the names of Eleusinian priests, iii. 382 _n._ 4, 383
_n._ 1;
on modern Greek Feast of All Souls in May, vi. 78 _n._ 1;
on human scapegoats in ancient Greece, ix. 257 _sq._, 259, 272;
on Adam and Eve, ix. 259 _n._ 3;
on the crucifixion, ix. 413 _n._ 2;
on the Golden Bough, xi. 319

Patrae, Laphrian Artemis at, v. 126 _n._ 2;
Flowery Dionysus at, vii. 4;
sanctuary of Demeter at, vii. 89

Patriarch of Jerusalem kindles the new fire at Easter, x. 129

Patriarchal family at Rome, ii. 283

Patrician myrtle-tree at Rome, xi. 168

Patronymics not in use among the Tuaregs, iii. 353

Patschkau, precautions against witches near, xi. 20 _n._

Pâturages, processions with torches on the first Sunday in Lent at, x. 108

Pau Pi, an effigy of the Carnival, at Lerida in Catalonia, iv. 225

Paulicians of Armenia worship each other as embodiments of Christ, i. 407

Paunch of bullock tabooed as food, i. 119

Pauntley, parish of, in Gloucestershire, Eve of Twelfth Day in, ix. 318

Pausanias, Greek antiquary, on the priest of Nemi, i. 11;
on Hippolytus at Troezen, i. 26 _sq._;
on the offerings of the Hyperboreans, i. 33 _n._ 4;
his identification of Pasiphae and the moon, iv. 72;
on the necklace of Harmonia, v. 32 _n._ 2;
on bones of superhuman size, v. 157 _n._ 2;
on offerings to Etna, v. 221 _n._ 4;
on the Hanged Artemis, v. 291 _n._ 2;
on the _bouphonia_, viii. 5 _n._ 1

Pausanias, king of Sparta, funeral games in his honour, iv. 94

Pawnee story of the external soul, xi. 151

Pawnees, their notion as to whirlwinds, i. 331 _n._ 2;
ritual flight of sacrificers among the, ii. 309 _n._ 2;
their use of stone arrow-heads in sacrifices, iii. 228;
human sacrifices offered by the, at sowing their fields, vii. 238 _sq._,
ix. 296, xi. 286 _n._ 2

Paxos, Greek island, death of the Great Pan announced at, iv. 6

Payaguas of South America, fight the wind, i. 330;
of Brazil, precaution as to chief’s spittle among the, iii. 290;
of Paraguay, their voluntary deaths, iv. 12 _sq._

Payne, Bishop, on the Bodia of Sierra Leone, iii. 15 _n._ 1

Payne, E. J., on the worship of the frog in America, i. 292 _n._ 3;
on the Incas of Peru, i. 415 _n._ 2;
on the religious aspect of early calendars, iv. 69 _n._ 2;
on the origin of moon-worship, vi. 138 _n._ 2;
on Cinteotl, the Mexican goddess of maize, ix. 286 _n._ 1

Payne, J. H., on the purification festival of the Cherokees, ix. 128

Pazzi family at Florence, fire-flints brought by one of them from the Holy
Land, x. 126

Pea-mother, thought to be among the peas, vii. 132;
name given to wreath made out of the last pea-stalks, vii. 135

Pea wolf, supposed to be caught in the last peas of the crop, vii. 271

Peace, ceremony at making, among the Ba-Yaka, iii. 274

Peace-making ceremony among the Masai, ix. 139 _n._

Peach, Chinese emblem of longevity, i. 169 _n._ 1

Peach-tree, goitre transferred to a, ix. 54

—— wood, bows of, used to shoot at demons, ix. 146, 213;
staves of, used at the expulsion of demons, ix. 213

Peacock, Miss Mabel, on a Lincolnshire saying, ii. 231

Peacock, the bird of Hera, ii. 142 _n._ 2;
Earth Goddess represented in the form of a, vii. 248 _n._ 1;
a totem of the Bhils, viii. 29;
transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299

Peacock’s feather in a charm, viii. 167

_Peaiman_, sorcerer, among the Indians of Guiana, ix. 78

Peale, Titian R., as to the natives of Bowdich Island, ii. 254 _n._ 1

Pear-tree as protector of cattle, ii. 55;
as life-index of girl, xi. 165

—— -trees, torches thrown at, on first Sunday in Lent, x. 108;
rarely attacked by mistletoe, xi. 315

Pearls not to be worn by wives in the absence of their husbands, i. 122
_sq._;
in homoeopathic magic, i. 174

Peas, boiled, distributed by young married couples on first Sunday in
Lent, x. 111 _n._ 1

Peas-cow, name given to thresher of last peas, vii. 290

—— -pudding, taboo as to entering a sanctuary after eating, viii. 85

—— -pug, name given to cutter or binder of last peas, vii. 272

Pease-bear, name given to the man who gave the last stroke at threshing,
viii. 327

Peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 350 _sqq._

Pebbles in rain-making, i. 305;
thrown into Midsummer fires, x. 183

Pechuyos, the, of Bolivia, ate the powdered bones of their dead, viii. 157

Peg used to transfer disease to tree, ix. 7

Pegasus and Bellerophon, v. 302 _n._ 4

Pegging ailments into trees, ix. 58 _sqq._

Pegu, dance of hermaphrodites in, v. 271 _n._;
worship of _nats_ in, ix. 96

Peguenches, Indian tribe of South America, seclusion of girls at puberty
among the, x. 59

_Peitho_, epithet of Artemis, i. 37 _n._ 1

Peking, the High Court of, i. 298;
the Colonial Office at, i. 412 _sq._;
Ibn Batuta at, v. 289;
life-tree of the Manchu dynasty at, xi. 167 _sq._

_Peking Gazette_, i. 355, iv. 274, 275

Pélé, goddess of the volcano Kirauea in Hawaii, v. 217 _sqq._

Peleus, son of Aeacus, reigned in Phthia, ii. 278

Pelew Islanders, pray tree-spirit to leave tree which is to be felled, ii.
35;
their system of mother-kin, vi. 204 _sqq._;
predominance of goddesses over gods among the, vi. 204 _sqq._;
customs of the, vi. 253 _sqq._;
their belief in the transmigration of human souls into animals, viii.
293;
their gods, ix. 81 _sq._

—— Islands, human gods in the, i. 389;
special terms used with reference to persons of the blood-royal in the,
i. 401 _n._ 3;
removal of fire from a house after a death in the, ii. 267 _n._ 4;
seclusion and purification of man-slayers in the, iii. 179;
continence of fishermen in the, iii. 193;
taboos observed by relations of murdered man in the, iii. 240;
story of the type of Beauty and the Beast in the, iv. 130 _n._ 1;
and the ancient East, parallel between, vi. 208;
prostitution of unmarried girls in the, vi. 264 _sq._;
custom of slaying chiefs in the, vi. 266 _sqq._;
deceiving the ghost of woman who has died in childbed in the, viii. 98

Pelias and Jason, iii. 311

Pelion, Mount, sacrifices offered on the top of, at the rising of Sirius,
vi. 36 _n._

Pellene, Artemis at, i. 15 _n._ 4

Pelopidae, the, migrations of, ii. 279

Peloponnese, May Day in, ii. 143 _n._ 2;
worship of Poseidon in, v. 203

Pelops succeeded his father-in-law on the throne, ii. 279;
Olympic games founded in his honour, iv. 92;
restored to life, v. 181, viii. 263;
his ivory shoulder, viii. 263 _sq._

—— at Olympia, ii. 300, iv. 104, xi. 90 _n._ 1;
sacred precinct of, ii. 300, iv. 104, 287;
black ram sacrificed to, iv. 92, 104, viii. 85

—— and Hippodamia, at Olympia, ii. 299 _sq._, iv. 91

Peloria, a Thessalian festival resembling the Saturnalia, ix. 350

Pelorian Zeus, ix. 350

_Peltophorum africanum_, Sond., branches of the tree used at sowing corn,
ii. 46

_Pemali_, taboo, among the Dyaks, ix. 39

Pemba, island off German East Africa, xi. 263

Pembrokeshire, the last sheaf called the Hag in, vii. 142 _sqq._;
“cutting the neck” at harvest in, vii. 267;
hunting the wren in, viii. 320;
cure for warts in, ix. 53

Penance observed after building a new house, ii. 40;
for killing a boa-constrictor, iii. 222;
for the slaughter of the dragon, iv. 78;
by drawing blood from ears, ix. 292

Penates, the, Roman gods of the storeroom (_penus_), ii. 205 _sq._

Pendle, gathering of witches at Hallowe’en in the forest of, x. 245

Penelope won by Ulysses in a race, ii. 300

Peneus, the river, at Tempe, iv. 81, vi. 240

“Penitential of Theodore” on the custom of wearing cows’ hides on New
Year’s Day, viii. 323 _n._ 1

Pennant, Thomas, on knots at marriage in the Highlands of Scotland, iii.
300 _nn._ 1 and 2;
on the custom of kindling twelve fires on Twelfth Day in
Gloucestershire, ix. 321;
on weather forecasts for the year in the Highlands of Scotland, ix. 324;
on Beltane fires and cakes in Perthshire, x. 152;
on Hallowe’en fires in Perthshire, x. 230

Pennefather River in Queensland, belief as to reincarnation among the
natives of the, i. 99 _sq._;
beliefs as to the afterbirth among the natives of the, i. 183 _sq._;
belief of the natives as to the birth of children, v. 103;
treatment of girls at puberty on the, x. 38;
effigies of strangers among the natives of the, xi. 159

Pennyroyal, the communion cup in the Eleusinian mysteries flavoured with,
vii. 161 _n._ 4;
burnt in Midsummer fire, x. 213, 214;
gathered at Midsummer, xi. 51

_Pentamerone_, the, story of dragon twin in, xi. 105

Pentateuch, evidence of moral evolution in the, iii. 219

Pentheus, king of Thebes, torn to pieces by the Bacchanals, vi. 98, vii.
24, 25

Penza, Government of, in Russia, the “Funeral of Kostroma” in, iv. 262

Penzance, horn-blowing at, on the eve of May Day, ix. 163 _sq._;
Midsummer fires at, x. 199 _sq._

Peoples said to be ignorant of the art of kindling fire, ii. 253 _sqq._

—— of the Aryan stock, annual festivals of the dead among the, vi. 67
_sqq._

Peperuga, girl dressed in greenery at rain-making ceremony in Bulgaria, i.
274

Pepi the First, king of Egypt, vi. 5;
his pyramid, vi. 4 _n._ 1

Pepper rubbed into bodies of sufferers as a cure or exorcism, iii. 106;
rubbed into eyes of strangers, iii. 114

—— and salt, abstinence from, during fasts, i. 266, ii. 98

Pepys, Samuel, on Charles II. touching for scrofula, i. 369;
on the milkmaids’ dance on May Day, ii. 52;
on the coronation ceremony of Charles the Second, ii. 322

Perak, Malay superstition as to _toallong_ trees in, ii. 41;
superstition as to blood-sucking snail in, iii. 81 _sq._;
belief as to the Spectral Huntsman in, iv. 178;
periodic expulsion of evils in, ix. 198 _sqq._;
the rajah of, ix. 198 _sq._

Perasia, Artemis, at Castabala, v. 115, 167 _sqq._;
walk of her priestesses over fire, v. 115, 168

Perche, in France, homoeopathic cure for vomiting in, i. 83 _sq._;
Midsummer fires in, x. 188;
St. John’s herb gathered on Midsummer Eve in, xi. 46;
the _Chêne-Doré_ in, xi. 287 _n._ 1

—— and Beauce, treatment of the navel-string in, i. 198.
_See_ Beauce

Perchta, Frau, a mythical old woman in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland,
ix. 240 _sq._

Perchta’s Day, Twelfth Night or the Eve of Twelfth Night, ix. 240, 242,
244

_Perchten_, maskers in Salzburg and the Tyrol, ix. 240, 242 _sqq._

Percival, R., on the fear of demons in Ceylon, ix. 94 _sq._

Perdoytus, the Lithuanian wind-god (reported), i. 326 _n._ 5

Peregrinus, his death by fire at Olympia, iv. 42, v. 181

Perforating arms and legs of young men, girls, and dogs as a ceremony, x.
58

Perga in Pamphylia, Artemis at, v. 35

Pergamus, Aesculapius and Telephus at, iii. 85

Pergine, in the Tyrol, fern-seed on St. John’s Night at, xi. 288 _n._ 6

Pergrubius, a Lithuanian god of the spring, ii. 347 _sq._

Perham, Rev. J., on the blighting effect which the Dyaks ascribe to
adultery, ii. 109 _n._ 1;
on the Head-feast of the Sea Dyaks, ix. 383 _sq._

Periander, tyrant of Corinth, his burnt sacrifice to his dead wife, v. 179

Periepetam in Southern India, devil-dancer at, i. 382 _n._ 2

Perigord, rolling in dew on St. John’s Day in, v. 248;
the Yule log in, x. 250 _sq._, 253;
magic herbs gathered at Midsummer in, xi. 46;
crawling under a bramble as a cure for boils in, xi. 180

Perils of the soul, iii. 26 _sqq._

Perinthus, the month of Cronion in, ix. 351 _n._ 3

Periodic expulsion of evils in a material vehicle, ix. 198 _sqq._

Periods of licence preceding or following the annual expulsion of demons,
ix. 225 _sq._

Periphas, king of Athens, called Zeus by his people, ii. 177

Περίψημα, “offscouring,” applied to human scapegoat, ix. 255 _n._ 1

Peritius, month of, festival of “the awakening of Hercules” in the, v. 111

Perkunas or Perkuns, the Lithuanian god of thunder and lightning, ii. 365
_sqq._;
derivation of his name, ii. 367 _n._ 3;
his perpetual fire, xi. 91 _n._ 5

Permanence of simpler forms of religion, viii. 335;
of the belief in magic and witchcraft, in ghosts and demons, under the
higher forms of religion, ix. 89 _sq._

Permanent possession of human beings by deities, i. 386 _sq._

Péronne, mugwort at Midsummer near, xi. 58

Perperia, appealed to for rain by the Greeks of Thessaly and Macedonia, i.
273

Perpetual holy fire in temples of dead kings, vi. 174

—— fires worshipped, v. 191 _sqq._;
origin of the custom of maintaining, ii. 253 _sqq._;
associated with royal dignity, ii. 261 _sqq._
_See also_ Fires

Perros-Guirec, in Brittany, Renan’s home near, ix. 70

Perrot, G., on rock-hewn sculptures at Boghaz-Keui, v. 138 _n._

Persea-trees in the rites of Osiris, vi. 87 _n._ 5;
growing over the tomb of Osiris, vi. 88

Persephone, mother of Zagreus by Zeus, vii. 12;
carried off by Pluto, vii. 36, viii. 19;
a personification of the corn, vii. 39 _sq._;
in Greek art, vii. 43 _sq._, 67 _sq._, viii. 88 _sq._;
the descent of, vii. 46, viii. 17;
the Corn Maiden or Corn Daughter, vii. 53, 58 _sq._, 75, 184;
associated with the ripe ears of corn, viii. 58;
forty days of mourning for, ix. 348 _sq._

——, name applied to spring, vi. 41

—— and Aphrodite, their contest for Adonis, v. 11 _sq._

—— and Demeter, vii. 35 _sqq._;
their myth acted in the mysteries of Eleusis, vii. 39, 187 _sq._;
as a double personification of the corn, vii. 209 _sqq._

—— and Pluto, viii. 9;
temple of, v. 205;
rustic prototypes of, viii. 334

Perseus in Egypt, iii. 312 _n._ 2;
the virgin birth of, v. 302 _n._ 4

—— and Andromeda, ii. 163

—— and the Gorgon, iii. 312

Persia, temporary kings in, iv. 157 _sqq._;
cure for toothache in, ix. 59;
the feast of Purim in, ix. 393

Persian calendar, the oldest, March the first month of the year in, ix.
402

—— ceremony, “Ride of the Beardless One,” ix. 402

—— charm to make the wind blow, i. 320

—— fire-worship and priests, v. 191

—— framework of the book of Esther, ix. 362, 401

—— kings, sacred fire carried before, ii. 264;
their custom at meals, iii. 119;
their heads cleaned once a year, iii. 253;
married the wives of their predecessors, ix. 368 _n._ 1

Persians sacrifice horses to the sun, i. 315;
their reverence for fire, v. 174 _sq._;
their festival of the dead, vi. 68;
annually expel demons, ix. 145;
the Sacaea celebrated by the, ix. 402;
their marriages at the vernal equinox, ix. 406 _n._ 3;
celebrate a festival of fire at the winter solstice, x. 269

Personation of gods by priests, v. 45, 46 _sqq._;
by human victims, ix. 275 _sqq._

Personification of abstract ideas not primitive, iv. 253;
of corn as mother and daughter, vii. 130, 207 _sqq._

Person’s destiny bound up with his navel-string or afterbirth, i. 198

Persons thought to influence and to be influenced by plants
homoeopathically, i. 139 _sqq._, 144 _sqq._;
tabooed, iii. 131 _sqq._;
wrapt in corn as representatives of the corn-spirit, vii. 225 _sq._

Perthshire, custom of unloosing knots at marriage in, iii. 299 _sq._;
the harvest Maiden in, vii. 156 _sq._;
Beltane fires and cakes in, x. 152 _sq._;
traces of Midsummer fires in, x. 206;
Hallowe’en bonfires in, x. 230 _sqq._;
need-fire in, x. 296 _sq._

Peru, theocratic despotism of ancient, i. 218;
sacred new fire at the summer solstice in, ii. 243, x. 132;
earthquakes in, v. 202;
sacrifice of sons in, vi. 220 _n._ 4;
autumn festival in, ix. 262

——, the Aymara Indians of, i. 292, iii. 97, ix. 193

——, the Cholones of, i. 116

——, the Conchucos of, viii. 258 _n._ 1

——, the Conibos of, ii. 183 _n._ 2

——, the Incas of, i. 196, ii. 243 _sq._, ix. 128;
claim to be descended from the sun, i. 415.
_See also_ Incas

——, Indians of, ceremony to obtain offspring among the, i. 71;
their charm to cause sleep, i. 148;
their magical stones for the increase of maize, potatoes, and cattle, i.
162;
their belief as to the relation of twins to rain and the weather, i. 265
_sqq._;
their way of making sunshine, i. 314;
their festival to make alligator pears ripen, ii. 98;
their women pray to the moon for an easy delivery, ii. 128 _n._ 2;
their custom of marrying a girl to a sacred stone, ii. 146;
no fire in their houses after a death, ii. 268 _n._;
their belief as to washing their heads, iii. 253;
preserved their cut hair and nails against the resurrection, iii. 279
_sq._;
their custom of sprinkling blood on doorways, iv. 176 _n._ 1;
sacrifice of children among the, iv. 185;
cultivation of fields left to women among the, vii. 122;
their worship of the Pleiades, vii. 310;
worshipped whales and fish of several kinds, viii. 249 _sq._;
washed their sins away in a river, ix. 3 _sq._
_See also_ Peruvian _and_ Peruvians

Peru, the Piros Indians of, viii. 286

——, the Sencis of, i. 311

——, the Yuracares of, ii. 183 _n._ 2

Perun, the thunder-god of the Slavs, ii. 365, vii. 233;
sacrifice of first-born children to, iv. 183;
the oak sacred to, xi. 89

Peruvian Andes, i. 316

—— Indians, their use of magical images, i. 56;
their rain-charm by means of a black sheep, i. 290;
their preparation for office, iii. 159 _n._;
confession of sins among the, iii. 216 _n._ 2;
their custom as to shooting stars, iv. 63 _n._ 1;
their theory of earthquakes, v. 201;
transfer weariness to heaps of stones, ix. 9;
their offerings at cairns, ix. 27

—— Vestals, ii. 243 _sqq._

Peruvians, division of agricultural labours between the sexes among the,
vii. 120;
their customs as to Mother of Maize, the Quinoa-mother, the Coca-mother,
and the Potato-mother, vii. 171 _sqq._

Pescara River, in the Abruzzi, washing in the, on St. John’s Day, v. 246

Pescina, in the Abruzzi, Midsummer custom at, v. 246

Pessinus, priestly kings at, i. 47;
image of Cybele at, v. 35 _n._ 3;
priests called Attis at, v. 140;
local legend of Attis at, v. 264;
image of the Mother of the Gods at, v. 265;
people of, abstain from swine, v. 265;
high-priest of Cybele at, v. 285;
high-priest perhaps slain in the character of Attis at, vii. 255

Pessnitz, in the district of Dresden, thresher of last corn called the
Bull at, vii. 291

Peter of Dusburg, his _Chronicle of Prussia_, ii. 366 _n._ 2

Petrarch at Cologne on St. John’s Eve, v. 247 _sq._

Petrie, Professor W. M. Flinders, on the date of the corn-reaping in Egypt
and Palestine, v. 231 _n._ 3;
on the Sed festival, vi. 151 _n._ 3, 152 _n._ 3, 154 _sq._;
on the marriage of brothers with sisters in Egypt, vi. 216 _n._ 1

Petrified cascades of Hierapolis, v. 207

Petroff, Ivan, on a custom of the Koniags of Alaska, vi. 106

Petronius on prayers to Jupiter for rain, ii. 362;
as to the soul in the nose, iii. 33 _n._ 3;
on human scapegoats at Marseilles, ix. 253 _n._ 2;
his story of the were-wolf, x. 313 _sq._

Pett, Grace, a Suffolk witch, x. 304

Petworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at, xi.
170

_Peucedanum leiocarpum_, hog’s wort, burnt as an offering to salmon, viii.
254

Pfeiffer, Madame, her reception among the Battas, iii. 104

_Pfingstl_, a Whitsuntide mummer, iv. 206 _sq._, 211

Phaedra and Hippolytus, i. 19, 25

Phalaris, the brazen bull of, iv. 75

Phalgun, an Indian month, equivalent to February, ii. 51, xi. 2

Phamenoth, an Egyptian month, vi. 49 _n._ 1, 130

Phaophi, an Egyptian month, vi. 49 _n._ 1, 94

Pharmacus, mythical personage, said to have been stoned to death, ix. 254
_n._ 1

Pharnace, daughter of Megassares, v. 41

Phatrabot, a Cambodian month, vi. 61

Phaya Phollathep, “Lord of the Heavenly Hosts,” temporary king in Siam,
iv. 149

_Phees_ (_phi_), evil spirits, in Siam, ix. 97, 98

Pheneus, lake of, ii. 8

Pherecydes, on the marriage of Zeus and Hera, ii. 143 _n._ 1;
on the voluntary self-sacrifice of Phrixus, iv. 163 _n._ 1

_Phi_, Siamese genii, iii. 90.
_See also_ Phees

Phidias, his influence on Greek religion, v. 54 _n._ 1

Phigalia in Arcadia, sacrifice of hair at, i. 31;
the cave of Demeter at, viii. 21, 22 _n._;
horse-headed Demeter of, viii. 21, 338

Philadelphia, in Lydia, subject to earthquakes, v. 194 _sq._;
coin of, ix. 389

Philae, Egyptian relief at, vi. 50 _n._ 5;
sculptures illustrating the mystic history of Osiris in the temple of
Isis at, vi. 89, 111;
the grave of Osiris at, vi. 111;
the dead Osiris in the sculptures at, vi. 112

Philip and James, the Apostles, feast of, x. 158

Philip Augustus, king of France, and the privilege of St. Romain at Rouen,
ii. 165

Philippine Islanders believe the souls of their ancestors to be in certain
trees, ii. 29 _sq._

—— Islands, the Tagalogs of the, ii. 18 _sq._;
the Tagales of the, ii. 36;
the Bagobos of the, iii. 31, 315, vii. 240, viii. 124;
the Agutainos of the, iii. 144;
verbal taboos observed by natives of the, iii. 416;
grave of the Creator in the, iv. 3;
human sacrifices before sowing in the, vii. 240;
head-hunting in the, vii. 240 _sq._, 256;
the Efugaos of the, viii. 152;
the Italones of the, viii. 152;
the Igorrots of the, viii. 292;
the Negritos of the, ix. 82;
spirits of the dead in the, ix. 82;
the Tagbanuas of the, ix. 189

Philistines, the foreskins of the, coveted by the Israelites, i. 101 _n._
2;
their corn burnt by Samson, vii. 298 _n._;
their charm against mice, viii. 281, 283

Philo of Alexandria (Judaeus), his doctrine of the Trinity, iv. 6 _n._;
on the date of the corn-reaping, v. 231 _n._ 3;
on the mockery of King Agrippa, ix. 418

Philo of Byblus, on the sacrifice of kings’ sons among the Semites, iv.
166, 179

Philocalus, ancient Roman calendar of, v. 303 _n._ 2, 304 _n._ 3, 307
_n._, vi. 95 _n._ 1

Philochorus, Athenian antiquary, on the date of the Festival of the
Threshing-floor, vii. 62

Philosophy as a solvent of religion, ii. 377;
primitive, iii. 420 _sq._

——, school of, at Tarsus, v. 118

Philostephanus, Greek historian, on Pygmalion and Aphrodite, v. 49 _n._ 4

Philostratus, on death at low tide, i. 167;
on sacrifice to Hercules, i. 282 _n._ 1

Phlius, gilt image of goat at, vii. 17 _sq._

Phocaeans, dead, propitiated with games, iv. 95

Phocylides, the poet, on Nineveh, ix. 390

Phoenicia, song of Linus in, vii. 216

Phoenician kings in Cyprus, v. 49

—— temples in Malta, v. 35;
sacred prostitution in, v. 37

—— vintage song, vii. 216, 257

Phoenicians, their custom of human sacrifice, iv. 166 _sq._, 178, 179

—— in Cyprus, v. 31 _sq._

_Phong long_, ill luck caused by childbirth in Annam, iii. 155

Phosphorescence of the sea, superstitions as to the, ii. 154 _sq._

Photius, on Lityerses, vii. 217 _n._ 1

Photographed or painted, supposed danger of being, iii. 96 _sqq._

Phrixus and Helle, the children of King Athamas, iv. 161 _sqq._

Phrygia, Attis a deity of, v. 263;
festival of Cybele in, v. 274 _n._;
indigenous race of, v. 287;
Lityerses in, vii. 216 _sq._;
Cybele and Attis in, ix. 386

Phrygian belief that the god sleeps in winter, vi. 41

—— cap of Attis, v. 279

—— cosmogony, v. 263 _sq._

—— kings named Midas and Gordias, v. 286

—— moon-god, v. 73

—— priests named Attis, v. 285, 287

Phrygians, invaders from Europe, v. 287

_Phyllanthus emblica_ worshipped by a forest tribe in India, viii. 119

Physical basis of magic, i. 174 _sq._;
for the theory of an external soul, i. 201

Piaroas Indians of the Orinoco, their belief in the transmigration of
human souls into tapirs, viii. 285

Piazza del Limbo at Florence, church of the Holy Apostles on the, x. 126

—— Navona at Rome, Befana on the, ix. 166 _sq._

Picardy, the harvest cock in, vii. 277;
Lenten fire-customs in, x. 113;
Midsummer fires in, x. 187

Piceni, guided by a woodpecker (_picus_), iv. 106 _n._ 4;
traced their origin to a “sacred spring,” iv. 186

Picts, female descent of kingship among the, ii. 280 _sq._, 286

Pictures, supposed danger of, iii. 96 _sqq._

Pidhireanes, a Ruthenian people, custom as to knots on grave-clothes among
the, iii. 310

Piedmont, effigy of Carnival burnt on Shrove Tuesday in, iv. 224 _n._ 1;
belief as to the “oil of St. John” on St. John’s morning in, xi. 82
_sq._

Piers, Sir Henry, as to green bushes on the Eve of May Day, ii. 59;
his _Description of Westmeath_, ii. 59;
on candles on Twelfth Night in Ireland, ix. 321

_Pietà_ of Michael Angelo, v. 257

Pietro in Guarano (Calabria), Easter custom at, x. 123

Pig, grunting like a, as a charm, ii. 23;
Roman expiatory sacrifice of, ii. 122;
the word unlucky, iii. 233;
a tabooed word to fishermen, iii. 395;
Greek expiatory sacrifice of, vii. 74;
corn-spirit as, vii. 298 _sqq._;
in relation to Demeter, viii. 16 _sqq._;
not eaten in Crete, viii. 21 _n._ 1;
attitude of the Jews to the, viii. 23 _sq._;
in ancient Egypt, viii. 24 _sqq._;
used to decoy demons, ix. 113, 200, 201;
roast, at Christmas, x. 259;
sacrificed to stay disease in the herd, x. 302.
_See also_ Pigs

Pig and Attis, viii. 22

——, black, sacrificed for rain, i. 291

—— and lamb as expiatory victims in the grove of the Arval Brothers at
Rome, iii. 226

——, white or red, sacrificed for sunshine, i. 291

Pig’s blood drunk by priests and priestesses as a means of inspiration, i.
382, 382 _n._ 2;
used to purge the earth from taint of sexual crime, ii. 107, 108, 109;
used in exorcism and purification for homicide, v. 299 _n._ 2, ix. 262

—— bones inserted in the sown field or in the seed-bag among the
flax-seed, to make the flax grow tall, vii. 300

—— flesh not eaten by Zulu girls, i. 118;
forbidden to women at sowing seed, vii. 115;
sown with seed-corn, viii. 18;
not eaten by field labourers, viii. 33, 139;
reasons for not eating, viii. 139 _sq._
_See also_ Pork _and_ Swine’s flesh

—— liver, omens drawn from, vii. 97

—— milk thought to cause leprosy, viii. 24, 25

—— tail stuck in field at sowing to make the ears grow long, vii. 300

Pigeon in homoeopathic magic, i. 151;
used in a love-charm, ii. 345 _sq._;
family of Wild, in Samoa, viii. 29;
external soul of ogre in a, xi. 100;
external soul of dragon in a, xi. 112 _sq._

Pigeon’s egg, external soul of fairy being in, xi. 132 _sq._, 139

Pigeons, special language employed by Malays in snaring, iii. 407 _sq._;
souls of dead in, viii. 293;
deposit seed of mistletoe, xi. 316 _n._ 1

Pigs, magical ceremonies to catch wild pigs, i. 109;
magical stones to breed, i. 164;
sacrificed to souls of ancestors, i. 339;
sacrificed at the marriage of Sun and Earth, ii. 99;
bred by the people of the Italian pile villages, ii. 353 _n._ 3;
sacrificed once a year by the Egyptians to Osiris and the Moon, vi. 131,
viii. 25;
sacrificed by Kayans at New Year’s festival, vii. 97;
not to be eaten by enchanters of crops, vii. 100 _sq._;
the enemies of the crops, vii. 100;
thrown into “chasms of Demeter and Persephone” at the Thesmophoria,
viii. 17, 19, 34;
ancestral spirits in, viii. 123;
souls of dead in, viii. 286, 295, 296;
sacrificed at festival of wild mango tree in New Guinea, x. 9;
driven through Midsummer fire, x. 179;
driven through the need-fire, x. 272, 273, 274 _sq._, 275 _sq._, 276
_sq._, 277, 278, 279, 297;
offered to monster who swallows novices in initiation, xi. 240, 246.
_See also_ Boar, Boars, Pig, _and_ Swine

Piker or Pikere, Esthonian thunder-god, ii. 367 _n._ 4

_Pilae_, human effigies, hung up at the Compitalia, viii. 95 _n._ 1

Pilate, Pontius, crucifixion of Christ under, ix. 412 _n._ 1

—— and Christ, ix. 416 _sq._

Pilcomayo River, the Chiriguanos on the, iv. 12

Pile-villages in the valley of the Po, ii. 8;
of Europe, ii. 352 _sq._

Piles of sticks or stones. _See_ Heaps

Pilgrimages on Yule Night in Sweden, x. 20 _sq._

Pilgrims to Mecca not allowed to wear knots and rings, iii. 293 _sq._

Pillar, fever transferred to a, ix. 53;
external soul of ogre in a, xi. 100 _sq._

Pillars as a religious emblem, v. 34, 108, 108 _n._ 1;
sacred, in Crete, v. 107 _n._ 2

Pilsen, in Bohemia, Whitsuntide King at, ii. 86;
beheading the Whitsuntide King at, iv. 210 _sq._

Pima Indians, the purification of manslayers among the, iii. 182 _sqq._,
x. 21

Pindar on the rebirth of the dead, iv. 70, vii. 84;
on the music of the lyre, v. 55;
on Typhon, v. 156;
old scholiast on, as to the Eleusinian games, vii. 71, 74, 77, 78

Pine-cones, symbols of fertility, v. 278;
thrown into vaults of Demeter, v. 278;
on the monuments of Osiris, vi. 110

—— -resin burnt as a protection against witches, ix. 164

—— seeds or nutlets used as food, v. 278

—— -tree in the myth and ritual of Attis, v. 264, 265, 267, 271, 277
_sq._, 285, vi. 98 _n._ 5;
Marsyas hung on a, v. 288;
in relation to human sacrifices, vi. 98 _n._ 5;
Pentheus on the, vi. 98 _n._ 5;
in the rites of Osiris, vi. 108;
sacred to Dionysus, vii. 4

—— -trees in the peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 350, 351, 352

Pines, Scotch, struck by lightning, proportion of, xi. 298

Pinewood, fire of, at Soracte, xi. 14, 91 _n._ 1

Pinoeh, district of South-Eastern Borneo, treatment of infant’s soul among
the Dyaks of, xi. 154 _sq._

Pins stuck into saint’s image, ix. 70 _sq._

Pinsk, district of Russia, custom observed on Whit-Monday in, ii. 80

_Pinxterbloem_, a kind of iris, at Whitsuntide, ii. 80

Pinzgau district of Salzburg, the _Perchten_ maskers in, ix. 244

_Pipal_ tree (_Ficus religiosa_), sacrifices to the spirits of the, ii.
42;
sacred in India, ii. 43

Pipe, sacred, of the Blackfoot Indians, iii. 159 _n._

Pipiles of Central America practise sexual intercourse at the time of
sowing, ii. 98;
expose their seeds to moonlight, vi. 135

Pippin, king of the Franks, need-fires in the reign of, x. 270

Pips of water-melon in homoeopathic magic, i. 143

Piraeus, processions in honour of Adonis at, v. 227 _n._

Pirates, the Cilician, v. 149 _sq._

Piros Indians of Peru, their belief in the transmigration of a human soul
into a jaguar, viii. 386

_Pirua_, granary of maize, among the Indians of Peru, vii. 171 _sqq._

Pisa, in Greece, Pelops at, ii. 279

Pit, sacrifices to the dead offered in a, iv. 96.
_See also_ Pits

Pitch smeared on doors to keep out ghosts, ix. 153;
smeared on houses to keep off demons, ix. 153 _n._ 1.
_See also_ Tar

Pitchforks ridden by witches, ix. 160, 162

—— and harrows a protection against witchcraft, ii. 54

Pithoria, in India, use of scapegoats at, ix. 191

Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, Hallowe’en fires near, x. 230

_Pitr Pāk_, the Fortnight of the Manes, in Bilaspore, vi. 60

Pitrè, Giuseppe, on the personification of the Carnival, iv. 224 _n._ 1;
on Good Friday ceremonies in Sicily, v. 255 _sq._;
on St. John’s Day in Sicily, xi. 29

Pits to catch wild pigs, i. 109

Pitsligo, parish of, in Aberdeenshire, the cutting of the clyack sheaf in,
vii. 158 _sqq._

Pitt Rivers Museum at Oxford, i. 69

Pitteri Pennu, the Khond god of increase, ix. 138

Pity of rain-gods, appeal to, i. 302 _sq._

Placci, Carlo, on the new Easter fire at Florence, x. 127 _n._ 1

Place de Noailles at Marseilles, Midsummer flowers in the, xi. 46

Placenta (afterbirth) and navel-string, contagious magic of, i. 182-201;
Egyptian standard resembling a, vi. 156 _n._ 1
_See also_ Afterbirth

Placianian Mother, a form of Cybele, worshipped at Cyzicus, v. 274 _n._

Plague transferred to plantain-tree, ix. 4 _sq._;
the Baganda god of, battened down in a hole, ix. 4;
transferred to camel, ix. 33;
blocked up in holes of buildings, ix. 64;
at Rome, attempted remedies for, ix. 65;
demon of, expelled, ix. 173;
sent away in scapegoat, ix. 193.
_See also_ Disease _and_ Epidemics

Plaiting the last standing corn before cutting it, vii. 142, 144, 153,
154, 157, 158

Plane and birch, fire made by the friction of, x. 220

Plane-tree, Dionysus in, vii. 3

Planer district of Bohemia, custom at threshing in the, vii. 149

Planets, human victims sacrificed to, among the heathen of Harran, vii.
261 _sq._

Plantagenets, royal forests under the, ii. 7

Plantain-tree, the afterbirth and navel-string buried under a, i. 195,
196;
plague transferred to, ix. 4 _sq._;
creeping through a cleft, as a cure, xi. 181

—— -trees, navel-strings of Baganda buried at foot of, i. 195;
fertilized by parents of twins, ii. 102.
_See also_ Banana, Bananas

Planting, homoeopathic magic at, i. 136, 137, 143

Plants, homoeopathic magic to make plants grow, i. 136 _sqq._;
influenced homoeopathically by a person’s act or state, i. 139 _sqq._;
influence persons homoeopathically, i. 144 _sqq._;
spirits of, in shape of animals, ii. 14;
sexes of, ii. 24;
marriage of, ii. 26 _sqq._;
thought to be animated by spirits, viii. 82 _sq._;
spirits of, in the form of snakes, xi. 44 _n._;
external soul in, xi. 159 _sqq._;
and trees as life-indices, xi. 160 _sqq._

Plaques or palettes of schist in Egyptian tombs, xi. 155 _n._ 3

Plastene, Mother, on Mount Sipylus, v. 185

Plataea, ceremonial extinction of fires at, i. 33;
festival of the Daedala at, ii. 140 _sq._;
Archon of, forbidden to touch iron, iii. 227;
bull annually sacrificed to men who fell at the battle of, iii. 227;
escape of besieged from, iii. 311;
sacrifices and funeral games in honour of the slain at, iv. 95 _sq._;
Eleutherian games at, vii. 80, 85

Plates or basins, divination by three, at Hallowe’en, x. 237 _sq._, 240,
244

Plato on the magistrate called the King at Athens, i. 45;
on the pre-existence of the human soul, i. 104;
on human sacrifices, iv. 163;
on gardens of Adonis, v. 236 _n._ 1;
on the doctrine of transmigration, viii. 308;
on purification for murder, ix. 24 _sq._;
on poets, ix. 35 _n._ 3;
on sorcery, ix. 47;
on the distribution of the soul in the body, xi. 221 _n._ 1

Plautus on Mars and his wife Nerio, vi. 232

Playfair, Major A., on the ceremony of the horse at rice-harvest among the
Garos, viii. 337 _sq._;
on the use of scapegoats among the Garos of Assam, ix. 208 _sq._

Plebeian myrtle-tree at Rome, xi. 168

Plebeians, the Roman kings, ii. 289

Pleiades, the, morning rising of, time of the corn-reaping in Greece, i.
32, vii. 48 _sq._;
worshipped by the Abipones, v. 258 _n._ 2;
the setting of, the time of sowing, vi. 41;
autumnal setting of, the signal for ploughing in Greece, vii. 45;
in primitive calendars, vii. 116, 122 _n._ 1, 307 _sqq._;
associated with the rainy season, vii. 307, 309, 317, 318;
supposed to cause the rain to fall, vii. 307, 317;
worshipped, vii. 307, 308 _sq._, 310, 311, 312, 317;
legends of their origin, vii. 308 _n._, 311, 312;
the beginning of the year marked by the appearance of, vii. 309, 310,
312, 313, 314, 315, xi. 244, 245 _n._;
the time for sowing and planting determined by observation of, vii. 309,
311, 313 _sqq._;
supposed to cause the maize to grow, vii. 310;
women swear by, vii. 311;
festival of the Guaycurus at the appearance of, ix. 262;
observed by savages, ix. 326

Pliny the Elder, on electric lights, i. 49 _sq._;
on a cure for jaundice, i. 80;
on a tree-stone, i. 165 _n._ 1;
on death at ebb-tide, i. 167;
on contagious magic of wounds, i. 201;
on the sexes of trees, ii. 25 _n._;
on the sacredness of woods, ii. 123;
on the forests of Germany, ii. 353 _sq._;
on the use of acorns as food, ii. 355;
on the derivation of the name Druid, ii. 363 _n._ 2;
on lucky and unlucky trees, iii. 275 _n._ 3;
on the magical effect of clasping hands and crossing legs, iii. 298;
on knotted threads, iii. 303;
on the date of harvest in Egypt, vi. 32 _n._ 2;
on the influence of the moon, vi. 132;
on the grafting of trees, vi. 133 _n._ 3;
on the time for felling timber, vi. 136 _n._;
on the time for sowing cereals in Greece and Asia, vii. 45 _n._ 2;
on the setting of the Pleiades, vii. 318;
on cure of warts, ix. 48 _n._ 2;
on cure for a stomachic complaint, ix. 50;
on cure for gripes, ix. 50;
on cure for epilepsy, ix. 68;
on “serpents’ eggs,” x. 15;
onmedicinal plants, x. 17;
on the touch of menstruous women, x. 196;
on the fire-walk of the Hirpi Sorani, xi. 14;
on the mythical springwort, xi. 71;
on the Druidical worship of mistletoe, xi. 76 _sq._;
on the virtues of mistletoe, xi. 78;
on the birds which deposit seeds of mistletoe, xi. 316 _n._ 1;
on the different kinds of mistletoe, xi. 317

Pliny the Younger, on boar-hunting, i. 6;
as to the historical reality of Christ, ix. 412 _n._ 1;
his letter to Trajan on the spread of Christianity in Asia Minor, ix.
420 _sq._;
his government of Bithynia and Pontus, ix. 421

Ploska (in Wallachia?), rain-making at, i. 248

Plotinus, the death of, v. 87

Plough watered as a rain-charm, i. 282, 284;
sacred golden, i. 365;
in relation to Dionysus, vii. 5;
in primitive agriculture, vii. 113;
drawn round village to keep off epidemic, ix. 172 _sq._;
piece of Yule log inserted in the, x. 251, 337

Plough-horses, part of the Yule Boar eaten by the, vii. 301

—— Monday, vii. 33;
rites of, viii. 325 _sqq._, ix. 250 _sq._;
English celebration of, viii. 329 _sqq._

—— -oxen, the first, vii. 5

Ploughing, by women as a rain-charm, i. 282 _sq._;
Prussian custom at, v. 238;
in Greece, season of, vii. 45, 50;
the land thrice a year, Greek custom of, vii. 53 _n._ 1, 72 _sq._;
with oxen, vii. 129 _n._ 1;
annually inaugurated by the Chinese emperor, viii. 14 _sq._;
in spring, custom at the first, x. 18

——, ceremonies at, among the Chams of Indo-China, viii. 57;
at Calicut in India, ix. 235

——, ceremony of, performed by temporary King, iv. 149, 155 _sq._, 157;
in the rites of Osiris, vi. 87;
at Carnival, vii. 28, 29, viii. 331, 332, 334;
sacred at Athens, vii. 31

—— and sowing, rite of, at the Carnival, vii. 28

Ploughings, Sacred, in Attica, vii. 108

Ploughman worships the ploughshare, ix. 90

Ploughmen and sowers drenched with water as a rain-charm, v. 238 _sq._;
and plough-horses, part of the Yule Boar given to, to eat, vii. 301, 303

Ploughs, bronze, used by Etruscans at founding of cities, iv. 157

Ploughshare worshipped by ploughman, ix. 90;
crawling under a, as a cure, xi. 180

Plover in connexion with rain, i. 259, 261

Plugging or bunging up maladies in trees, ix. 58

Plum-tree wood used for Yule log, x. 250

Plurality of souls, doctrine of the, xi. 221 _sq._

Plutarch on Numa and Egeria, i. 18;
on hair offerings of boys at puberty, i. 28;
on the stone-curlew as a cure for jaundice, i. 80;
on Egeria, ii. 172;
on the birth of Romulus, ii. 196;
on the Roman Vestals, ii. 244 _n._ 1;
on the violent deaths of the Roman kings, ii. 320;
on the death of Tullus Hostilius, ii. 320 _n._ 3;
on the Parilia, ii. 325 _n._ 3, 329;
on the exclusion of gold from sanctuaries, iii. 226 _n._ 8;
on the abstinence from wine of the Egyptian kings, iii. 249;
on the death of the Great Pan, iv. 6;
human sacrifice at Orchomenus in the lifetime of, iv. 163;
on human sacrifices among the Carthaginians, iv. 167;
on the double-headed axe of Zeus Labrandeus, v. 182;
on the myth of Osiris, vi. 3, 5 _sqq._;
on Harpocrates, vi. 9 _n._;
on Osiris at Byblus, vi. 22 _sq._;
on the rise of the Nile, vi. 31 _n._ 1;
on the mournful character of the rites of sowing, vi. 40 _sqq._;
his use of the Alexandrian year, vi. 49, 84;
on an Egyptian ceremony at the winter solstice, vi. 50 _n._ 4;
on the date of the death of Osiris, vi. 84;
on the festival of Osiris in the month of Athyr, vi. 91 _sq._;
on the dating of Egyptian festivals, vi. 94 _sq._;
on the rites of Osiris, vi. 108;
on the grave of Osiris, vi. 111;
on the similarity between the rites of Osiris and Dionysus, vi. 127;
on the Flamen Dialis, vi. 229 _sq._;
on the Flaminica Dialis, vi. 230 _n._ 2;
on immortality, vii. 15;
on the myth of Osiris, vii. 32 _n._ 6;
on mourning festival of Demeter, vii. 46;
on sacrifice, viii. 31;
on Apis, viii. 36;
on the custom of throwing puppets into the Tiber, viii. 108;
on “the expulsion of hunger” at Chaeronea, ix. 252;
on the Cronia and the rural Dionysiac festival, ix. 352 _n._ 1;
on oak-mistletoe, xi. 318 _n._ 1

Pluto, the breath of, v. 204, 205;
places or sanctuaries of, v. 204 _sqq._;
cave and temple of, at Acharaca, v. 205;
carries off Persephone, vii. 36, viii. 19;
at Eleusis, sacrifices to, vii. 56

Pluto and Persephone, viii. 9;
rustic prototypes of, viii. 334

—— called Subterranean Zeus, vii. 66

_Plutonia_, places of Pluto, v. 204

Plutus, begotten by Iasion on Demeter in a thrice-ploughed field, vii. 208

Po, pile-villages in the valley of the, ii. 8, 353;
herds of swine in antiquity in the valley of the, ii. 354

Po Then, a great spirit, among the Thay of Indo-China, ix. 97

Po-nagar, the Cham goddess of agriculture, viii. 56, 57, 58

Pocahontas, an assumed name, iii. 318

Poelopetak, the Dyaks of, their names for soul-stuffs, vii. 182

Pogdanzig, in Prussia, witches’ Sabbath at, xi. 74

Point Barrow, Alaska, the Esquimaux of, i. 328, viii. 258 _n._ 2, ix. 124

Pointing sticks or bones in magic among the Australian aborigines, iv. 60,
x. 14

Poison, sympathetic magic of, in hunting and fishing, i. 116 _sq._, 125
_sq._;
continence observed at brewing, iii. 200

Poison ordeal in Sierra Leone, iii. 15;
fatal effects of the use of the, iv. 197;
ordeal administered by young children, vii. 115

—— tooth of a serpent a charm against snake-bite, i. 153

Poisoning the fish of a river, common words tabooed in, iii. 415

Poitou, the Fox in the last standing corn in, vii. 297;
Midsummer fires in, x. 182, 190 _sq._, 340 _sq._;
fires on All Saints’ Day in, x. 246;
the Yule log in, x. 251 _n._ 1;
mugwort at Midsummer in, xi. 59

Poix, Lenten fires at, x. 113

Pok Klai, a Chin goddess, viii. 121

Poland, objection to iron ploughshares in, iii. 232;
“Carrying out Death” in, iv. 240;
the last sheaf called the Baba (Old Woman) in, vii. 144 _sq._;
custom at threshing in, vii. 148;
Christmas custom in, vii. 275;
the harvest cock in, vii. 277;
need-fire in, x. 281 _sq._
_See also_ Poles _and_ Polish

Polar bear, taboos concerning the, iii. 209

_Polaznik_, _polazenik_, _polazaynik_, Christmas visiter, among the
Servians, x. 261, 263, 264

Pole, sacred, of the Arunta, x. 7

Pole-star, homoeopathic magic of the, i. 166

Polebrook in Northamptonshire, May carols at, ii. 61 _n._ 1

Polemarch, the, at Athens, iii. 22

Poles, passing between two poles after a death, xi. 178 _sq._;
passing between two poles in order to escape sicknessor evil spirit, xi.
179 _sqq._

Poles, the Corn-mother among the, vii. 132 _sq._

Polish custom at cutting last corn, vii. 150

—— Jews, their belief as to falling stars, iv. 66

Political evolution from democracy to despotism, i. 421

Polkwitz, in Silesia, custom of “Carrying out Death” at, iv. 237

Pollution caused by murder, ix. 25

——, ceremonial, of girl at puberty, viii. 268

—— of death, vi. 227 _sqq._, viii. 85 _n._ 3

—— and holiness not differentiated by savages, iii. 224

——, menstrual, widespread fear of, x. 76 _sqq._

—— or sanctity, their equivalence in primitive religion, iii. 145, 158,
224.
_See also_ Uncleanness

Polo, Marco, on custom of people of Camul, v. 39 _n._ 3

Polybius on the butchery of pigs in ancient Italy, ii. 354

Polyboea, sister of Hyacinth, v. 314, 316;
identified with Artemis or Persephone, v. 315

Polydorus, in Virgil, ii. 33

Polygnotus, his picture of Orpheus under the willow, xi. 294

Polyidus, a seer, restored Glaucus to life, v. 186 _n._ 4

Polynesia, sacred kings and priests not allowed to touch food with their
hands in, iii. 138;
persons who have handled the dead not allowed to touch food with their
hands in, iii. 140;
sacredness of the head in, iii. 245;
sanctity of the heads of chiefs and others in, iii. 254 _sqq._;
names of chiefs tabooed in, iii. 381;
belief as to falling stars in, iv. 67;
remarkable rule of succession in, iv. 190;
prevalence of infanticide in, iv. 191, 196;
the beginning of the year marked by the rising of the Pleiades
throughout, vii. 313;
fear of demons among the natives of, ix. 80 _sq._

Polynesian chiefs sacred, iii. 136

—— mothers, their way of infusing a divine spirit into their unborn babes,
iii. 69

—— myth of the separation of earth and sky, v. 283

Polynesians, oracular inspiration of priests among the, i. 377;
their mode of kindling fire, ii. 258;
their way of ridding themselves of sacred contagion, viii. 28

Polynices and Eteocles, their grave at Thebes, ii. 33

Polytheism evolved out of animism, ii. 45

Pomegranate, growing on the grave of fratricides, ii. 33;
causes virgin to conceive, v. 263, 269

Pomegranates forbidden to worshippers of Cybele and Attis, v. 280 _n._ 7;
sprung from blood of Dionysus, vii. 14;
seeds of, not eaten at the Thesmophoria, vii. 14;
not to be brought into the sanctuary of the Mistress at Lycosura, viii.
46

Pomerania, cut hair burnt in, iii. 282 _sq._;
treatment of passers-by at harvest in, vii. 229 _sq._;
sticks or stones piled on graves of suicides in, ix. 17;
hills called the Blocksberg in, x. 171 _n._ 3

Pometia sacked by the Romans, i. 22

Pommerol, Dr., on Granno and Grannus, x. 112

Pomona and Vertumnus, vi. 235 _n._ 6

Pomos of California, their expulsion of devils, ix. 170 _sq._

Pompeii, plan of labyrinth at, iv. 76

Pompey the Great beheads the last king Cinyras of Byblus, v. 27

Pompilia, mother of Ancus Martius, ii. 270 _n._ 4

Ponape, one of the Caroline Islands, treatment of the navel-string in, i.
184 _sq._;
special terms used with reference to persons of the blood royal in, i.
401 _n._ 3;
kings and viziers in, iii. 25;
the king of, his long hair, iii. 259;
changes of vocabulary caused by fear of naming the dead in, iii. 362

Pond, G. H., on ritual of death and resurrection among the Dacotas, xi.
269