Chapter XVIII: Part 18

Fasting obligatory on woman during absence of her husband at
whale-fishery, i. 121;
as a means of ensuring success in hunting, i. 121, 124;
obligatory on women during the absence of warriors, i. 131;
obligatory on all people left in camp during absence of warriors, iii.
157 _n._ 2;
rigorous, of warriors before going to war, iii. 161;
of warriors as a preparation for attacking the enemy, iii. 162;
of executioner after discharging his office, iii. 180;
of warriors after killing enemies, iii. 182, 183;
of eagle-hunters before trapping eagles, iii. 199;
of Catholics before partaking of the Eucharist, viii. 83;
of men and women at a dancing festival, x. 8 _sqq._;
of girls at puberty, x. 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66;
of women at menstruation, x. 93, 94;
as preparation for gathering magical plants, xi. 45, 55 _n._ 1, 58

—— and continence observed by parents of twins, i. 266;
by Blackfoot priest, iii. 159 _n._;
as preparation for office among the Peruvian Indians, iii. 159 _n._;
of Indian warriors as preparation for war, iii. 163;
of whalers before whaling, iii. 191;
of hunters before hunting, iii. 198;
before ploughing and sowing, viii. 14, 15

_Fastnachtsbär_, viii. 325

Fasts imposed on heirs to thrones in South America, x. 19;
rules observed by Indians of Costa Rica during, x. 20

—— observed by the worshippers of Cybele and Attis, v. 280;
of Isis and Cybele, v. 302 _n._ 4
_See also_ Fast _and_ Fasting

Fat, anointing the body with, from superstitious motives, viii. 162 _sq._,
164, 165;
of emu not allowed to touch the ground, x. 13;
of crocodiles and snakes as unguent, x. 14

Fate of the king’s life annually determined at a festival, ix. 356, 357

Father, reborn in his son, iv. 188 _sqq._, 287 (288 in Second Impression);
funeral rites performed for a, in the fifth month of his wife’s
pregnancy, iv. 189;
named after his son, v. 51 _n._ 4;
of a god, v. 51, 52;
dead, worshipped, vi. 175, 184 _sq._;
the head of the family under a system of mother-kin, vi. 211

—— and child, supposed danger of resemblance between, iii. 88 _sq._, iv.
287 (288 in Second Impression)

—— of Heaven, title of the Esthonian thunder-god, ii. 367

—— and mother, their names not to be mentioned, iii. 337, 341;
names for, v. 281;
as epithets of Roman gods and goddesses, vi. 233 _sqq._

——, Mother, and Son divinities represented at Boghaz-Keui, v. 140 _sqq._

Father-deity of the Hittites, the god of the thundering sky, v. 134 _sqq._

—— God succeeded by his divine son, iv. 5;
his emblem the bull, v. 164;
Attis as the, v. 281 _sqq._;
often less important than Mother Goddess, v. 282

—— -in-law, his name not to be pronounced by his daughter-in-law, iii. 335
_sqq._, 343, 345, 346;
by his son-in-law, iii. 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344

—— Jove and Mother Vesta, ii. 227 _sqq._

—— -kin at Rome, v. 41

—— May, leaf-clad mummer, ii. 75, 79

—— Sky fertilizes Mother Earth, v. 282

Fatherhood of God, the physical, v. 80 _sq._

Fathers named after their children, iii. 331 _sqq._, 339

Fatigue transferred to leaves, stones, or sticks, ix. 8 _sqq._;
let out with blood, ix. 12

—— of the Horse, vii. 294.
_See also_ Weariness

Fattening-house for girls in Calabar, xi. 259

Fattest men chosen kings, ii. 297

Fauna, rustic Roman goddess, her relationship to Faunus, vi. 234

Fauns, rustic Italian gods, in relation to goats, viii. 1 _sqq._

Faunus, old Roman god, consultation of, iii. 314;
his relationship to Fauna or the Good Goddess, vi. 234

Fawckner, Captain James, on the annual expulsion of demons in Benin, ix.
131 _sq._

Fazoql or Fazolglou, on the Blue Nile, kings of, put to death, iv. 16

Fear as a source of religion, ix. 93;
the source of the worship of the dead, ix. 98

—— of having a likeness taken, iii. 96 _sqq._;
of spirits, taboo on common words based on a, iii. 416 _sqq._;
of death entertained by the European races, iv. 135 _sq._, 146;
of the dead one of the most powerful factors in religious evolution,
viii. 36 _sq._

Feast. _See also_ Festival

—— of All Saints on November 1st, perhaps substituted for an old pagan
festival of the dead, vi. 82 _sq._;
instituted by Lewis the Pious, vi. 83

—— of All Souls, vi. 51 _sqq._, x. 223 _sq._, 225 _n._ 3;
the Christian, originally a pagan festival of the dead, vi. 81

—— of Fire at winter solstice, iv. 215

—— of Florus and Laurus on August 18th, x. 220

—— of the Golden Flower at Sardes, v. 187

——, the Great, in Morocco, ix. 180, 182, 265

—— of Lanterns in Japan, vi. 65, ix. 151 _sq._

—— of the Nativity of the Virgin, x. 220 _sq._

—— of Yams, iii. 123

Feathers worn by manslayers, iii. 180;
red, of a parrot worn as a protection against a ghost, iii. 186 _n._ 1;
of cock mixed with seed-corn, vii. 278;
of wren, virtue attributed to, viii. 319

February, annual expulsion of demons in, ix. 148

—— the 1st, St. Bride’s Day, ii. 94 _sq._

—— the 2nd, Candlemas, ii. 94 _n._ 2

—— the 22nd, St. Peter’s Day, vii. 300

—— the 24th, the Flight of the King of the Sacred Rites on, ii. 308 _sq._

—— and March, the season of the spring sowing in Italy, ix. 346

_Fechenots_, _fechenottes_, Valentines, x. 110

“Feeding the dead,” iv. 102;
in Ceram, viii. 123

Feet, homoeopathic charm to strengthen the, i. 151;
washed, ceremony at reception of strangers, iii. 108;
not to wet the, iii. 159;
bare in certain magical and religious ceremonies, iii. 310 _sq._
_See also_ Foot

—— of enemies eaten, viii. 151

—— first, children born, superstition as to, i. 266;
custom observed at their graves, v. 93;
sticks or grass piled on their graves, ix. 18;
curative power attributed to children so born, x. 295

Fehrle, E., as to the chastity of the Vestals, ii. 199 _n._ 5

Feilenhof, in East Prussia, wolf as corn-spirit at, vii. 272

Felkin, Dr. R. W., on the sacrament of a lamb among the Madi or Moru of
Central Africa, viii. 314 _sq._

——, Dr. R. W., and C. T. Wilson, on the worship of the dead kings of
Uganda, vi. 173 _n._ 2

Fellows, Ch., on flowers in Caria, v. 187 _n._ 6

Feloupes of Senegambia, curse their fetishes in drought, i. 297

Female descent of the kingship in Rome, ii. 270 _sqq._;
in Africa, ii. 274 _sqq._;
in Greece, ii. 277 _sq._;
in Scandinavia, ii. 279 _sq._;
in Lydia, ii. 281 _sq._;
among Danes and Saxons, ii. 282 _sq._

Female kinship or mother-kin defined, ii. 271;
rule of descent of the throne under, ii. 271, vi. 18;
indifference to paternity of kings under, ii. 274 _sqq._;
at Athens, ii. 277;
indifference to paternity in general under, ii. 282;
among the Aryans, ii. 283 _sqq._
_See also_ Mother-kin

—— slaves, licence accorded to them on the _Nonae Caprotinae_, ii. 313
_sq._

_Femgericht_ in Westphalia, ii. 321

Feminine weakness, infection of, dreaded by savages, iii. 164 _sq._, 202
_sq._

Fen-hall, Frigga weeping in, x. 102

Feng, king of Denmark, married the widow of his predecessor, ii. 281

—— and Wiglet, ii. 281, 283

Fennel, fire carried in giant, ii. 260

_Fenua_, placenta, among the Maoris, i. 182

Ferghana, a province of Turkestan, combats between champions at the New
Year in, ix. 184

_Feriae Latinae_, iv. 283

Ferintosh district, in Scotland, dancing with the fairies in, x. 227

Fern growing on a tree, in a popular remedy, x. 17;
the male (_Aspidium filix mas_), a protection against witchcraft, xi.
66;
blooms on Christmas Eve, Easter Eve, and St. John’s Day, xi. 66;
the root detects and foils sorcerers, xi. 66 _sq._

—— owl or goatsucker, sex totem of women in Victoria, xi. 217

—— -seed gathered on Midsummer Eve, magical properties ascribed to, xi. 65
_sqq._;
blooms on Midsummer Eve, xi. 287;
reveals treasures in the earth, xi. 287 _sqq._;
blooms on Christmas Night, xi. 288 _sq._;
brought by Satan on Christmas Night, xi. 289;
gathered at the solstices, Midsummer Eve and Christmas, xi. 290 _sq._;
procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, xi. 291;
blooms at Easter, xi. 292 _n._ 2

Fernando Po, taboos observed by kings of, iii. 8 _sq._, 115, 123, 291;
the cobra-capella worshipped in, viii. 174

Feronia, Italian goddess, her sanctuary at Soracte, iv. 186 _n._ 4, xi. 14

Ferrara, synod of, denounces practice of gathering fern-seed, xi. 66 _n._

Ferrers, George, a Lord of Misrule, ix. 332

Ferret, in homoeopathic magic, i. 150

Fertilization of women by a rattle, i. 347;
of women by the wild fig-tree, ii. 316;
of women by the wild banana-tree, ii. 318;
of women by mummers, ix. 249;
of barren women by striking them with stick which has been used to
separate pairing dogs, ix. 264;
of mango trees, ceremony for the, x. 10;
of fields with ashes of Midsummer fires, x. 170.
_See also_ Conception, Impregnation

Fertilization, artificial, of the date palm, ii. 24 _sq._, ix. 272 _sq._;
of fig-trees, ii. 314 _sq._, vi. 98, ix. 257, 258, 259, 272 _sq._

Fertilizing influence of the corn-spirit, vii. 168

—— power ascribed to the effigy of Death, iv. 250 _sq._

—— virtue attributed to trees, ii. 49 _sqq._, 316 _sqq._;
attributed to sticks which have separated pairing dogs, ix. 264

Fertility, Artemis the embodiment of, i. 35;
Asiatic goddesses of, i. 37;
the coco-nut regarded as an emblem of, ii. 51;
Diana as a goddess of, ii. 120 _sqq._;
the thunder-god conceived as a deity of fertility, ii. 368 _sqq._;
goddess of, served by eunuch priests, v. 269 _sq._;
Osiris as god of, vi. 112 _sq._;
supposed to be procured through masked dances, ix. 382

—— of the ground, thought to be promoted by prostitution, v. 39;
promoted by marriage of women to serpent, v. 67;
ceremonies to ensure the, viii. 332 _sqq._;
magical ceremony to promote the, ix. 177;
processions with lighted torches to ensure the, x. 233 _sq._;
supposed to depend on the number of human beings sacrificed, xi. 32, 33,
42 _sq._

—— of women, magical images designed to ensure the, i. 70 _sqq._;
magical ceremonies to ensure the, x. 23 _sq._, 31

_Ferula communis_, L., giant fennel, its stalks used to carry fire, ii.
260, 260 _n._ 1

Festival. _See also_ Feast

—— of All Souls, iv. 98

—— of the Assumption of the Virgin, August 15th, i. 14, 16

—— of “the awakening of Hercules” at Tyre, v. 111

—— of bladders among the Esquimaux, viii. 247 _sqq._

—— of the cold food in China, shifted in the calendar, x. 137

—— of the Cornstalks at Eleusis, vii. 63

—— of the Cross on 1st August, x. 220

—— of the Crowning at Delphi, iv. 78 _sq._, vi. 241

—— of the Dead, x. 223 _sq._, 225 _sq._;
among the Hurons, iii. 367;
among the Esquimaux, iii. 371;
in Java, v. 220.
_See also_ Dead

—— of Departed Spirits in Sarawak, ix. 154

“Festival of dreams” among the Iroquois, ix. 127

—— of the Flaying of Men, Mexican, ix. 296 _sqq._

—— of Flowers (_Anthesteria_), v. 234 _sq._

—— of Fools in France, ix. 334 _sqq._;
in German, Bohemia, and England, ix. 336 _n._ 1

—— of the Innocents, ix. 336 _sqq._

—— of Joy (_Hilaria_) in the rites of Attis, v. 273

—— of lamps, Hindoo, ix. 145

—— of the Laurel-bearing at Thebes, iv. 78 _sq._, 88 _sq._

—— of Mascal or the Cross in Abyssinia, ix. 133 _sq._

—— of the Matronalia, ix. 346

—— of New Fire, vii. 135

—— before Ploughing (_Proerosia_), at Eleusis, vii. 51 _sqq._, 60, 108

—— of the Sacaea, at Babylon, iv. 113 _sqq._, ix. 354 _sqq._

—— of Sais, vi. 49 _sqq._

—— of the Saturnalia, ix. 306 _sqq._

—— of the Threshing-floor (_Haloa_) at Eleusis, vii. 60 _sqq._, 75;
obscenities in the, vii. 62

—— of the winter solstice, vii. 90

Festivals explained by myths, ii. 142 _sq._;
of the Egyptian farmer, vi 32 _sqq._;
of Osiris, the official, vi. 49 _sqq._;
Egyptian readjustment of, vi. 91 _sqq._;
of new yams, vii. 58 _sqq._;
the great Christian, timed by the Church to coincide with old pagan
festivals, ix. 328;
ancient Greek resembling the Saturnalia, ix. 350 _sqq._;
popular, primitive character of, ix. 404;
of fire in Europe, xi. 106 _sqq._

Festus, on a proposed etymology of Rome and Romulus, 11. 318 _n._ 3;
on “the Sacred Spring,” iv. 186;
on the Roman custom of knocking a nail into a wall, ix. 67 _ns._ 1 and
2

“Fetching the Wild Man out of the Wood,” a Whitsuntide custom, iv. 208
_sq._

_Fête des Fous_ in France, ix. 334 _sqq._

—— _des Rois_, Twelfth Day, ix. 329

Fetish of taboo rajah in Timor, iii. 24;
the great, in West Africa, xi. 256

Fetish kings in West Africa, iii. 22 _sqq._

Fetishes cursed in drought, i. 297

Fetishism early in human history, vi. 43

Feuillet, Madame Octave, on the burning of Shrove Tuesday at Saint-Lô, iv.
228 _sq._

Fever cured by knotted thread, iii. 304;
euphemism for, iii. 400;
typhoid, transferred to tortoise, ix. 31;
transferred to bald-headed widow, ix. 38;
Roman cure for, ix. 47;
transferred to a person by a scrap of paper or a twig, ix. 49;
transferred to a dog, cat, or snipe, ix. 51;
transferred to a pillar, ix. 53;
transferred to a tree or bush, ix. 55 _sq._, 56, 57, 58, 59;
nailed into a wall, ix. 63;
driven away by firing-guns, etc., ix. 121;
leaping over the Midsummer bonfires as a preventive of, x. 166, 173,
194;
Midsummer fires a protection against, x. 190;
need-fire kindled to prevent, x. 297;
cure for, in India, by walking through a narrow passage, xi. 190

Fewkes, J. Walter, on the observation of the Pleiades among the Pueblo
Indians, vii. 312

_Fey_, devoted, x. 231

Fez, annual temporary sultan in, iv. 152 _sq._;
orgiastic rites at, vii. 21;
talisman against scorpions at, viii. 281;
Midsummer custom of throwing water on people at, x. 216, xi. 31

Fictitious burials to divert the attention of demons from the real
burials, viii. 98 _sqq._

_Fictores Vestalium_, _fictores Pontificum_, ii. 204

_Ficus Indica_ (the _bar_ tree) sacred in India, ii. 43

—— _religiosa_ (the _pipal_ tree) sacred in India, ii. 43

—— _Ruminalis_, the fig-tree under which Romulus and Remus were suckled,
ii. 318

—— _sycomorus_, used in kindling fire by friction, ii. 210

Fida. _See_ Whydah

“Field of the giants,” called so from great fossil bones, v. 158

“—— of God,” viii. 14, 15

—— of Mars at Rome, viii. 42, 43, 44

“—— of secret tillage,” viii. 57

Field-mice, burning torches as a protection against, x. 114, 115;
and moles driven away by torches, xi. 340

“—— speech,” a special jargon employed by reapers, iii. 410 _sq._, 411
_sq._

Fielding, H., on the Buddhist Lent, ix. 349 _sq._

Fields, miniature, dedicated to spirits, vii. 233 _sq._;
cultivated, menstruous women not allowed to enter, x. 79;
protected against insects by menstruous women, x. 98 _n._ 1;
processions with torches through, x. 107 _sq._, 110 _sqq._, 113 _sqq._,
179, 339 _sq._;
protected against witches, x. 121;
made fruitful by bonfires, x. 140;
fertilized by ashes of Midsummer fires, x. 170;
fertilized by burning wheel rolled over them, x. 191, 340 _sq._;
protected against hail by bonfires, x. 344

Fiends burnt in fire, ix. 320

_Fierte_ or shrine of St. Romain at Rouen, ii. 167, 168, 170 _n._ 1

Fife, custom of “dumping” at harvest in, vii. 227

Fifeshire, the harvest Maiden in, vii. 162

Fifty-two years, Aztec cycle of, vii. 310 _sq._

Fig, as an article of diet, ii. 315 _sq._;
artificial fertilization of the, at Rome in July, vi. 98;
Dionysus perhaps associated with the artificial fertilization of the,
vi. 259;
the wild, human scapegoats beaten with branches of, ix. 255.
_See also_ Figs _and_ Fig-tree

Fig Dionysus at Lacedaemon, vii. 4

—— -god perhaps personified by Roman kings, ii. 319, 322

—— -leaves, aprons of, worn by Adam and Eve, ix. 259 _n._ 3

—— -tree of Romulus (_Ficus Ruminalis_), ii. 10, 318

—— -tree, sacred, ii. 44, 99, 249, 250, ix. 61;
artificial fertilization (_caprification_) of the, ii. 314 _sq._, ix.
257 _sqq._, 272 _sq._

—— -tree, the wild, its milky juice sacrificed to Juno Caprotina, ii. 313;
a male, ii. 314 _sq._;
supposed to fertilize women, ii. 316 _sq._;
haunted by spirits of the dead, ii. 317;
sacred all over Africa and India, ii. 317 _n._ 1

—— -trees worshipped by the Akikuyu, ii. 44;
associated with Dionysus, vii. 4;
wild, held sacred as the abodes of the spirits of the dead, viii. 113;
personated by human victims, ix. 257;
charm to benefit, x. 18;
sacred among the Fans, xi. 161

Fighting the wind, i. 327 _sqq._;
the king, right of, iv. 22

Fights, sanguinary, as a ceremony to procure rain, i. 258;
annual, at the New Year, old intention of, ix. 184;
between men and women about their sex totems, xi. 215, 217

_Figo_, bonfire on the first Sunday in Lent, x. 111

Figs, soul-compelling virtue of, iii. 46;
black and white, worn by human scapegoats, ix. 253, 257, 272;
crowns of, worn at sacrifice to Saturn (Cronus), ix. 253 _n._ 3;
eaten by human scapegoat before being put to death, ix. 255.
_See also_ Fig

Fiji, treatment of the navel-string in, i. 184;
catching the sun in, i. 316;
temporary inspiration of priests in, i. 378;
special vocabularies employed with reference to divine chiefs in, i. 402
_n._;
War King and Sacred King in, iii. 21;
catching away souls in, iii. 69;
superstitions connected with eating in, iii. 117;
tabooed persons not to handle food in, iii. 134 _n._ 1;
taboo for handling dead chiefs in, iii. 141;
manslayers tabooed in, iii. 178 _sq._;
custom at cutting a chief’s hair in, iii. 264;
shorn hair hid in thatch of house in, iii. 277;
voluntary deaths in, iv.11 _sq._;
custom of grave-diggers in, iv. 156 _n._ 2;
abdication of father when his son is grown up in, iv. 191;
circumcision practised in, iv. 220;
chiefs buried secretly in, vi. 105;
sacrifice of first-fruits in, viii. 125;
leaves piled on spots where men were clubbed to death in, ix. 15;
annual ceremony at appearance of sea-slug in, ix. 141 _sq._;
brides tattooed in, x. 34 _n._ 1;
the fire-walk in, xi. 10 _sq._;
birth-trees in, xi. 163;
the drama of death and resurrection exhibited to novices at initiation
in, xi. 243 _sqq._

Fijian belief as to a whirlwind, i. 331 _n._ 2

—— chiefs claim divinity, i. 389;
supposed effect of using their dishes or clothes, iii. 131

—— custom of personal cleanliness, iii. 158 _n._ 1

—— god of fruit-trees, v. 90

—— Lent, v. 90

Fijians, gods of the, i. 389;
their conception of the soul, iii. 29 _sq._, 92;
their notion of absence of the soul in dreams, iii. 39 _sq._;
their custom of frightening away ghosts, iii. 170;
their theory of earthquakes, v. 201

Filey, in Yorkshire, the Yule log and candle at, x. 256

Financial oppression, Roman, v. 301 _n._ 2

Finchra, mountain in Rum, xi. 284

Fingan Eve (St. Thomas’s Day) in the Isle of Man, x. 266

Finger bitten off as sacrifice, iii. 166 _n._ 2

Finger-joints, custom of sacrificing, iv. 219;
mock sacrifice of, iv. 219

—— -rings as amulets, iii. 315

Fingers cut off as a sacrifice, iii. 161

Finistère, effigy of Carnival at Pontaven in, iv. 230;
the harvest Wolf in, vii. 275;
bonfires on St. John’s Day in, x. 183

Finland, sacred groves and trees in, ii. 11;
cattle protected by the woodland spirits in, ii. 124;
Midsummer fires in, x. 180 _sq._;
fir-tree as life-index in, xi. 165 _sq._

—— Gulf of, i. 325

Finlay, George, on Roman financial oppression, v. 301 _n._ 2

Finnisch-Ugrian peoples, sacred groves of the, ii. 10 _sq._

Finnish hunters do not call animals by their proper names, iii. 398

Finnish witches and wizards thought to cause winds, i. 325 _sq._

Finns, feared as sorcerers, iii. 281;
their propitiation of slain bears, viii. 223 _sq._

Finow, a Tongan chief, iii. 140

Finsch Harbour in German New Guinea, Kolem on, i. 338;
the Papuans of, iii. 329;
the Kai tribe inland from, vii. 99, viii. 296, xi. 239

Fir used to beat people with at Christmas, ix. 270, 271

—— or beech used to make the Yule log, x. 249

Fir-branches, prayers of girl at puberty to, x. 51;
at Midsummer, x. 177;
Midsummer mummers clad in, xi. 25 _sq._

—— -cones, seeds of, gathered on St. John’s Day, xi. 64

—— -tree as life-index, xi. 165 _sq._

—— -trees set up at Midsummer, ii. 65;
gout transferred to, ix. 56;
mistletoe on, xi. 315, 316

—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, x. 278, 282

Firdusi’s _Epic of Kings_, x. 104

Fire in the worship of Diana, i. 12 _sq._;
power of extinguishing, ascribed to priests, i. 231, and to chaste
women, ii. 240 _n._ 2;
used to stop rain, i. 252 _sq._;
used in rain-making ceremonies, i. 303 _sq._;
as a charm to rekindle the sun, i. 311, 313;
the King of, in Cambodia, ii. 3 _sqq._;
birth from the, ii. 195 _sqq._;
the king’s, ii. 195 _sqq._;
impregnation of women by, ii. 195 _sqq._, 230 _sqq._, 234, vi. 235;
kindled by the friction of wood, ii. 207 _sqq._, 235 _sqq._, 237 _sq._,
243, 248 _sqq._, 258 _sq._, 262, 263, 336, 366, 372, viii.
127, 136, 314, x. 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144 _sq._,
148, 155, 169 _sq._, 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, 270 _sqq._,
335 _sq._, xi. 8, 90, 295;
taken from sacred hearth to found a new village, ii. 216;
custom of extinguishing fire and rekindling it by the friction of wood,
ii. 217, 237;
kindled from ancestral tree, ii. 221, 233 _sq._;
on the hearth, souls of ancestors in the, ii. 232;
reasons for attributing a procreative virtue to, ii. 233 _sq._;
made jointly by man and woman or boy and girl, ii. 235 _sqq._;
need-fire made by married men, ii. 238;
not to be blown upon with the breath, ii. 240, 241, iii. 136, viii. 254,
x. 133;
tribes reported to be ignorant of the art of kindling, ii. 253 _sqq._;
people reported to be ignorant of the use of, ii. 254 _n._ 1;
discovery of, by mankind, ii. 255 _sqq._;
kindled by natural causes, ii. 256;
kindled by lightning, beliefs and customs concerning, ii. 256 _n._ 1,
263, xi. 297 _sq._;
art of making fire by friction, how discovered, ii. 256 _sq._;
carried about by savages, ii. 257 _sqq._;
kept burning in houses of chiefs and kings, ii. 260 _sqq._;
extinguished on the death of the king, ii. 261 _sqq._;
carried before king or chief, ii. 263 _sq._;
a symbol of life, ii. 265;
leaping over a, ii. 327, 329;
sheep driven over, as a purification, ii. 327;
rule as to removing fire from priest’s house, iii. 13;
purification by, iii. 108, 109, 111, 114, 168, 197, v. 115 _n._ 1, 179
_sqq._, xi. 19;
tabooed, iii. 178, 182, 256 _sq._;
not to be blown upon by sacred chiefs, iii. 256;
of a kiln called by a special name in the Outer Hebrides, iii. 395;
not to be called by its proper name, iii. 411;
voluntary death by, iv. 42 _sqq._;
Persian reverence for, v. 174 _sq._;
death in the, as an apotheosis, v. 179 _sq._;
not given out, vii. 249;
leaping through, as a form of purification, viii. 249;
girls at puberty forbidden to see or go near, x. 29, 45, 46;
menstruous women not allowed to touch or see, x. 84, 85;
extinguished at menstruation, x. 87;
in fire-festivals, different possible explanations of its use, x. 112
_sq._;
made by flints or by flint and steel, x. 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146,
159;
made by a burning-glass, x. 121, 127;
made by a metal mirror, x. 132, 137, 138 _n._ 5;
year called a fire, x. 137;
thought to grow weak with age, x. 137;
pretence of throwing a man into, x. 148, 186, xi. 25;
carried round houses, corn, cattle, and women after child-bearing, x.
151 _n._;
used to drive away witches and demons at Midsummer, x. 170;
as a protection against evil spirits, x. 282, 285 _sq._;
made by means of a wheel, x. 335 _sq._, xi. 91;
as a destructive and purificatory agent, x. 341;
used as a charm to produce sunshine, x. 341 _sq._;
employed as a barrier against ghosts, xi. 17 _sqq._;
used to burn or ban witches, xi. 19 _sq._;
extinguished by mistletoe, xi. 78, 84 _sq._, 293;
of oak-wood used to detect a murderer, xi. 92 _n._ 4;
life of man bound up with a, xi. 157;
conceived by savages as a property stored like sap in trees, xi. 295;
primitive ideas as to the origin of, xi. 295 _sq._
_See also_ Bonfires, Extinction, Fires, Need-fire, _and_ New Fire

Fire, Feast of, at winter solstice, among the Indians of Arizona, iv. 215

Fire, the god of, among the Huichol Indians, i. 124, viii. 93

“—— of heaven,” term applied to Midsummer bonfire, x. 334, 335

——, holy, not to be blown upon with the breath, ii. 240, 241

—— and lightning averted from houses by crossbills, i. 82

——, “living,” made by friction of wood, ii. 237, x. 220;
a charm against witchcraft, ii. 336

——, Mexican god of, ix. 300;
human sacrifices to, ix. 300 _sqq._

——, “new,” sent from Delos and Delphi, i. 32 _sq._, x. 138;
made by friction in rain-charm, i. 290;
at taking possession of new house, ii. 237 _sq._;
made at Midsummer in Peru, ii. 243, x. 132;
made at beginning of king’s reign, ii. 262, 267;
made by friction of wood, iii. 286, viii. 65, 74, 78;
at eating new fruits, among the Caffres, viii. 65;
among the Indians of Alabama, viii. 72 _n._ 2;
among the Creek Indians, viii. 74;
among the Yuchi Indians, viii. 75;
among the Natchez Indians, viii. 77, 135 _sqq._;
at New Year, ix. 209, x. 134, 135, 138;
Chinese festival of the, ix. 359, x. 136 _sq._;
kindled on Easter Saturday, x. 121 _sqq._;
at Candlemas, x. 131;
festivals of, x. 131 _sqq._;
among the Peruvians, x. 132;
among the Mexicans, x. 132;
among the Zuñi Indians, x. 132 _sq._;
among the Iroquois, x. 133 _sq._;
among the Esquimaux, x. 134;
in Wadai, x. 134;
in the Egyptian Sudan, x. 134;
among the Swahili, x. 135;
in Benametapa, x. 135;
among some tribes of British Central Africa, x. 135 _sq._;
among the Todas, x. 136;
among the Nagas, x. 136;
at Karma in Burma, x. 136;
in Japan, x. 137 _sq._;
in Lemnos, x. 138;
at Rome, x. 138;
among the Celts of Ireland, x. 139;
near Moscow, x. 139;
made by the friction of wood at Christmas, x. 264

——, perpetual, of oak wood at Novgorod, ii. 365;
in front of holy oak in Prussia, iv. 42;
in Zoroastrian religion, v. 191;
worshipped, v. 191 _sqq._;
in Cappadocia, v. 191;
at Jualamukhi, v. 192;
at Baku, v. 192;
in the temples of dead king, vi. 174;
of oak-bark, viii. 135;
of oak-wood, xi. 285 _sq._

——, sacred, annually extinguished at Rome and rekindled by friction of
wood, ii. 186 _n._ 1, 267;
in charge of a married pair, ii. 235;
new, made by friction of wood at intervals of fifty-two years, vii. 311;
new, made by striking stones together, viii. 75;
kindled by friction of wood, viii. 127, 314, ix. 391 _n._ 4;
in the sweating-house among the Karok Indians, viii. 255;
of king of Uganda, ix. 195

Fire of St. Lawrence, viii. 318

—— of Vesta at Rome fed with oak-wood, ii. 186

——, Vestal, at Alba, i. 13;
at Rome, rekindled by the friction of wood, ii. 207

—— and Water, Kings of, in Cambodia, ii. 3 _sqq._, iv. 14;
kingships of, iii. 17

Fire-bearer, the, at Delphi, i. 33;
of Spartan king, ii. 264

—— -boards, sacred, of the Chuckchees and Koryaks, ii. 225 _sq._

—— customs of the Herero or Damaras, ii. 211 _sqq._;
compared to those of the Romans, ii. 227 _sqq._

—— -drill, the, ii. 207 _sqq._, 248 _sqq._, 258 _sq._, 263;
the kindling of fire by it regarded by savages as a form of sexual
intercourse, ii. 208 _sqq._, 218, 233, 235 _sq._, 239, 249
_sq._;
of the Herero, ii. 217 _sq._;
used to kindle need-fire, x. 292

—— -festivals of Europe, x. 106 _sqq._;
interpretation of the, x. 328 _sqq._, xi. 15 _sqq._;
at the solstices, x. 331 _sq._;
solar theory of the, x. 331 _sqq._;
purificatory theory of the, x. 341 _sqq._;
regarded as a protection against witchcraft, x. 342;
the purificatory theory of the, more probable than the solar theory, xi.
346;
elsewhere than in Europe, xi. 1 _sqq._;
in India, xi. 1 _sqq._, 5 _sqq._;
in China, xi. 3 _sqq._;
in Japan, xi. 9 _sq._;
in Fiji, xi. 10 _sq._;
in Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, and Trinidad, xi. 11;
in Africa, xi. 11 _sqq._;
in classical antiquity in Cappadocia and Italy, xi. 14 _sq._;
their relation to Druidism, xi. 33 _sqq._, 45

—— -god, married to a human virgin, ii. 195 _sqq._;
the Indian (Agni), ii. 249, xi. 1, 296;
the father of Romulus, Servius Tullius, and Caeculus, vi. 235;
Armenian, x. 131 _n._ 3;
of the Iroquois, prayers to the, x. 299 _sq._

—— -priests in Roman religion, ii. 235;
(_Agnihotris_) of the Brahmans, ii. 247 _sqq._

—— -spirit, annual expulsion of the, ix. 141

—— -sticks of fire-drill regarded as male and female, ii. 208 _sqq._, 235,
238, 239, 248 _sqq._, ix. 391 _n._ 4;
called “husband and wife,” viii. 65

—— -sticks, sacred, ii. 217 _sqq._

Fire-walk, the, of king of Tyre, v. 114 _sq._;
of priestesses at Castabala, v. 168;
in India, Japan, China, Fiji, etc., xi. 1 _sqq._;
a remedy for disease, xi. 7;
the meaning of, xi. 15 _sqq._

—— -worship a form of ancestor-worship, ii. 221;
in Cappadocia, India, and on the Caspian, v. 191 _sq._

Firebrand, external soul of Meleager in a, xi. 103

Firebrands, the Sunday of the, the first Sunday in Lent, x. 110, 114

Firefly, soul in form of, iii. 67

“Fireless and Homeless,” a mythical giant, viii. 265, 266

Fires ceremonially extinguished, i. 33, viii. 73, 74, ix. 172;
kept burning at home in absence of hunters, fishers, traders, and
warriors, i. 120 _sq._, 125, 128 _sq._;
lighted to warm absent warriors by telepathy, i. 127;
leaping over, to make hemp grow tall, i. 138;
extinguished at death of kings, ii. 261 _sqq._, 267;
extinguished at any death, ii. 267 _sq._, 267 _n._ 4;
extinguished at driving herds out to pasture for the first time in
spring, ii. 341;
passing between two, as a purification, iii. 114;
to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), ix. 163, x.
159 _sq._;
to burn witches on Twelfth Night, ix. 319;
to burn fiends, ix. 320;
extinguished as preliminary to obtaining new fire, x. 5;
annually extinguished and relit, x. 132 _sqq._;
autumn, x. 220 _sqq._;
the need-fire, x. 269 _sqq._;
extinguished before the lighting of the need-fire, x. 270, 271, 272,
273, 274, 275, 276, 277 _sq._, 279, 283, 285, 288, 289
_sq._, 290, 291 _sq._, 292, 294, 297, 298 _sq._;
cattle driven between two fires to rid them of vampyres, x. 285;
of the fire-festivals explained as sun-charms, x. 329, 331 _sq._;
explained as purificatory, x. 329 _sq._, 341 _sqq._;
the burning of human beings in the, xi. 21 _sqq._;
the solstitial, perhaps sun-charms, xi. 292;
extinguished and relighted from a flame kindled by lightning, xi. 297
_sq._
_See also_ Fire, Bonfires, Need-fire

——, the Beltane, x. 146 _sqq._;
cattle driven between, x. 157

——, ceremonial, kindled by the friction of oak-wood, ii. 372

——, the Easter, x. 120 _sqq._

—— on the Eve of Twelfth Day, ix. 316 _sqq._, x. 107

——, Hallowe’en, x. 222 _sq._, 230 _sqq._

——, the Lenten, x. 106 _sqq._

——, Midsummer, x. 160 _sqq._;
a protection against witches, x. 180;
supposed to stop rain, x. 188, 336;
supposed to be a preventive of back-ache in reaping, x. 189, 344 _sq._;
a protection against fever, x. 190

Fires, Midwinter, x. 246 _sqq._

——, perpetual, of Vesta, i. 13 _sq._;
in Ireland, ii. 240 _sqq._;
in Peru and Mexico, ii. 243 _sqq._;
origin of, ii. 253 _sqq._;
associated with royal dignity, ii. 261 _sqq._;
of oak-wood, ii. 365, 366, 372, xi. 91;
fed with pine-wood, xi. 91 _n._ 7

—— of St. John in France, x. 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193

Firing guns to repel demons, viii. 99.
_See_ Guns

Firmicus Maternus on the mourning for Osiris, vi. 86;
on use of a pine-tree in the rites of Osiris, vi. 108;
on the murder of Dionysus by the Titans, vii. 13;
on Demeter and Persephone, vii. 40 _n._ 3

Firs, sacred grove of, ii. 11, 32

——, Scotch, in the peat-bogs of Europe, ii. 351, 352

First-born, sacrifice of the, among the Hebrews, iv. 171 _sqq._;
among various races, iv. 179 _sqq._;
among the Semites, v. 110; at Jerusalem, vi. 219 _sq._

—— -born killed and eaten, iv. 179 _sq._

First-born lamb, wool of, used as cure for colic, x. 17

—— -born son never called by his parents by his name, iii. 337

—— -born sons make need-fire, x. 294;
special magical virtue attributed to, x. 295

—— -fruits offered to Apollo at Delos, i. 32;
of the chase dedicated to the Huntress Artemis, ii. 125 _sq._;
offered to sacred pontiffs, iii. 5, 21;
of the corn offered at Lammas, iv. 101 _sq._;
offered to the dead, iv. 102;
of the vintage offered to Icarius and Erigone, iv. 283;
offered to the Baalim, v. 27; offered to the Mother of the Gods, v. 280
_n._ 1;
offered to dead chiefs, vi. 191;
offered to Demeter, vii. 46 _sqq._;
sent to Athens, vii. 51;
offered to Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis, vii. 53 _sqq._;
offered to gods or spirits, vii. 235;
offered to the sun, vii. 237;
primitive reluctance to taste, viii. 6;
sacrament of, viii. 48 _sqq._;
offered to goddess of agriculture, viii. 56, 58;
why savages scruple to eat the, viii. 82 _sq._;
sacrifice of, viii. 109 _sqq._;
presented to the king, viii. 109, 116, 122;
offered to the spirits or souls of the dead, viii. 109 _sq._, 111
_sqq._, 115, 116, 119, 121, 123, 124 _sqq._, xi. 243

Firstlings, Hebrew sacrifice of, iv. 172 _sq._;
Irish sacrifice of, iv. 183;
offered to the Baalim, v. 27

Fish worshipped in Egypt, i. 30;
magical ceremony for the multiplication of, i. 90;
spirits of the dead thought to lodge in, i. 105;
magical images to procure, i. 108;
magical stones to ensure a catch of, i. 163;
in rain-charm, i. 288 _sq._;
thought to cause winds, i. 320 _sq._;
souls of dead in certain, ii. 30, v. 95 _sq._, viii. 285, 291, 295;
not to be eaten, iii. 10;
offered by fisherman to his canoe, iii. 195;
descent of the Dyaks from a, iv. 126;
descent of a totem clan from a, iv. 129;
sacred, viii. 26;
the first caught, sacrificed, viii. 132;
reason for not eating, viii. 140;
treated with respect by fishing tribes, viii. 249 _sqq._;
preachers to, viii. 250 _sq._;
invited to come and be caught, viii. 250 _sq._, 312 _n._;
not to be eaten by persons who have eaten bear’s flesh, viii. 251;
compensated by fishermen, viii. 252;
first of the season, treated ceremoniously, viii. 253 _sqq._;
frightened or killed by proximity of menstruous women, x. 77, 93;
external soul in a, xi. 99 _sq._, 122 _sq._;
lives of people bound up with, xi. 200, 202, 204, 209

——, bones of, not burned, viii. 250, 251;
not to be broken, viii. 255

——, golden, external soul of girl in a, xi. 147 _sq._

Fish-traps, magic of, i. 109;
continence observed at making, iii. 196, 202

Fisheries supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, x. 77, 78, 90 _sq._,
93

Fishermen, their use of iron as a talisman, iii. 233;
names of, not mentioned, iii. 330 _sq._;
words tabooed by, iii. 394 _sq._, 396, 408 _sq._, 415;
their superstitions as to herring, viii. 251 _sq._

——, Shetland, their use of magical images, i. 69 _sq._

Fishermen’s magic in the East Indies, i. 109, 113

Fishers and hunters cursed for good luck, i. 280 _sq._;
tabooed, iii. 190 _sqq._

Fishing for a lost soul, iii. 38, 64

—— and hunting, homoeopathic magic in, i. 108 _sqq._;
telepathy in, i. 120 _sqq._

Fishing line, superstitious observances in connexion with, iii. 194 _sq._

—— nets, taboos observed by sacred man at the making of, iii. 192

Fishtown, in Guinea, monkeys sacred at, viii. 287

Fison, Rev. Lorimer, i. 389 _n._ 3, ii. 13 _n._ 1;
on Fijian treatment of navel-string, i. 184;
on Fijian way of detaining the sun, i. 316;
on Fijian belief as to whirlwinds, i. 331 _n._ 2;
on inspiration of priests in Fiji, i. 378;
on the Sacred King and the War King of Fiji, iii. 21;
on the Fijian conception of the soul as a mannikin, iii. 30 _n._ 1;
on Fijian belief as to absence of soul in dreams, iii. 40 _n._ 1;
on the Fijian conception of the soul, iii. 92 _n._ 3;
as to chief’s dishes and clothes in Fiji, iii. 131;
on Fijian custom of personal cleanliness, iii. 158 _n._ 1;
on the cutting of a chief’s hair in Fiji, iii. 264;
on custom of grave-diggers in Fiji, iv. 156 _n._ 2;
on Fijian god of earthquakes, v. 202 _n._;
on secret burial of chiefs in Fiji, vi. 105;
on offerings of first-fruits in Fiji, viii. 125;
on Fijian religion, xi. 244 _ns._ 1, 2, 3, 246 _n._ 1

Fits and convulsions set down to demons, iii. 59

Fittleworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at,
xi. 169 _sq._

Five days’ reign of mock king at the Sacaea, iv. 114, ix. 355, 357;
of Semiramis, ix. 369

—— days’ duration of mock king’s reign perhaps an intercalary period, ix.
407 _n._ 1

—— knots in magic, iii. 306

—— years, despotic power for period of, iv. 53

Flacourt, De, on dances of women during war in Madagascar, i. 131

Fladda, island of, stone of swearing in, i. 161;
the chapel of, wind-stone in the, i. 322 _sq._

Fladdahuan, one of the Hebrides, i. 322

Flaget, Mgr., on a professed incarnation of the Son of God, i. 409 _n._ 3

Flail, pretence of throttling persons with flail at threshing, vii. 149,
150, 230

—— or scourge, an emblem of Osiris, vi. 108, 153;
for collecting incense, vi. 109 _n._ 1

Flamen, derivation of the name, ii. 235, 247

Flamen Dialis, the, ii. 179, 235, 246, 247;
an embodiment of Jupiter, ii. 191 _sq._;
taboos observed by the, ii. 248, iii. 13 _sq._, 239, 248, 257, 275, 291,
293, 315 _sq._;
interpreted as a living image of Jupiter, iii. 13;
the widowed, vi. 227 _sqq._;
forbidden to touch a dead body, but allowed to attend a funeral, vi.
228;
bound to be married, vi. 229;
forbidden to divorce his wife, vi. 229;
inaugurates the vintage at Rome, viii. 133

Flamen Dialis and Flaminica, v. 45 _sq._, vi. 228;
assisted by boy and girl of living parents, vi. 236

—— Virbialis, i. 20 _n._ 3

—— of Vulcan, vi. 232

Flames of bonfires, omens drawn from, x. 159, 165, 336

Flamingoes, soul of a dead king incarnate in, vi. 163

Flaminica, the, ii. 191, 235;
rules observed by the, iii. 14;
and her husband the Flamen Dialis, v. 45 _sq._, vi. 228, 236

Flanders, Midsummer fires in, x. 194;
the Yule log in, x. 249;
wicker giants in, xi. 35

Flannan Islands off the Lewis, iii. 392 _sq._;
certain words tabooed in the, iii. 393 _sq._

Flathead Indians. _See_ Salish

Flax, homoeopathic magic at sowing, i. 136;
charms to make flax grow tall, i. 138 _sq._, ii. 86, 164, x. 165, 166,
173, 174, 176, 180;
omens from the growth of, v. 244;
pigs’ ribs used to make flax grow tall, vii. 300;
dances to make the flax thrive, viii. 326, 328;
giddiness transferred to, ix. 53;
bells rung to make flax grow, ix. 247 _sq._;
leaping over bonfires to make the flax grow tall, x. 119, 165, 166, 166
_sq._, 173, 174

Flax crop, prayers and offerings of the old Prussians for the, iv. 156;
omens of the, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, x. 165

—— -mother, near Magdeburg, vii. 133

—— -pulling, persons wrapt up in flax at, vii. 225

—— seed used to strengthen weakly children, vii. 11;
sown in direction of flames of bonfire, x. 140, 337

Flaying of Men, Mexican festival of the, ix. 296 _sqq._

Fleabane as a cure for headache, x. 17

Fleas, leaping over Midsummer fires to get rid of, x. 211, 212, 217

“Fleece of Zeus,” Διὸς κώδιον, iii. 312 _n._ 3

Flemish cure for ague by transferring it to a willow, ix. 56

Flesh, boiled, not to be eaten by tabooed persons, iii. 185;
of men eaten to acquire their qualities, viii. 148 _sqq._

—— of human victim eaten, vii. 240, 244, 251;
buried in field, vii. 248, 250

Flesh diet, restricted or forbidden, iii. 291 _sqq._;
homoeopathic magic of a, viii. 138 _sqq._

Fleuriers, in Switzerland, May-bridegroom at, ii. 91

Flies, in homoeopathic magic, i. 152;
mock burial of, by Russian girls, on the first of September, viii. 279
_sq_.;
charms against, viii. 281;
souls of dead in, viii. 290 _sq_.

Flight of the priestly king (_Regifugium_) at Rome, ii. 308 _sqq_., 311
_n._ 4, iv. 213;
in religious ritual, ii. 309 _n._ 2;
from the demons of disease, ix. 122 _sq_.

—— into Egypt, the, xi. 69 _n._

—— of the People at Rome, ii. 319 _n._ 1

Flint, holed, a protection against witches, ix. 162

Flint implements supposed to be thunder-bolts, ii. 374

Flints, not iron, cuts in manslayer or lion-slayer to be made with, iii.
176;
sharp, circumcision performed with, iii. 227;
fire kindled by, x. 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159

Flood, the great, ix. 399 _n._ 1;
early account of, ix. 356

Floor, sitting on the, at Christmas, x. 261

Floquet, A., on the privilege of St. Romain at Rouen, ii. 168, 169

Flora of Italy, change in the, i. 8

Florence, ceremony of “Sawing the Old Woman” at, iv. 240 _sq_.;
ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, x. 126 _sq_.

Flores, island, treatment of the placenta in, i. 191;
spiritual ruler in, iii. 24;
the Manggarais of, iii. 324

Florida, American State, sacrifice of first-born male children by the
Indians of, iv. 184;
the Seminoles of, iv. 199, viii. 76

Florida, one of the Solomon Islands, viii. 85, 126;
ghosts that draw out men’s shadows in, iii. 80;
magic practised on refuse of food in, iii. 127;
first-fruits of canarium nuts offered to the dead in, viii. 126;
alligator-ghost in, viii. 297;
cuscus-ghost in, viii. 297 _sq_.

Florus and Laurus, feast of, on August 18th, x. 220

Flower of the banana, women impregnated by the, v. 93

—— of plantain in fertility ceremony, ii. 102

“—— of Zeus,” v. 186, 187

Flower-bearers in the service of Hera, ii. 143 _n._ 2

Flowering plants called Mothers, vii. 130

Flowers, omens from, i. 128;
divination by, on St. George’s Day, ii. 339, 345;
the goddess of, ix. 278;
thrown on bonfire among the Badagas, xi. 8;
external souls in, xi. 117 _sq_.
_See also_ Crown _and_ Garlands

—— and herbs cast into the Midsummer bonfires, x. 162, 163, 172, 173

—— and leaves as talismans, vi. 242 _sq._, x. 183

—— at Midsummer thrown on roofs asa protection against fire and lightning,
x. 169, xi. 48;
Midsummer festivalof, in Riga, x. 177 _sq._;
magical virtue attributed to flowers that have been passed across the
Midsummer fires, x. 183, 184, 190;
crown of fresh, suspended over Midsummer fire, x. 188;
wreaths of, hung over doors and windows at Midsummer, x. 201;
garlands or crowns of, placed on mouths of wells at Midsummer, xi. 28;
divination by, at Midsummer, xi. 50 _sq._

—— on Midsummer Eve, blessed by St. John, x. 171;
garlands of, thrown into water on Midsummer Eve as an offering to the
water-spirits, xi. 28;
the magic flowers of Midsummer Eve, xi. 45 _sqq._; used in divination,
xi. 52 _sq._;
used to dream upon, xi. 52, 54

Flowery Dionysus, vii. 4

Flute, magical, made from human leg-bone, i. 148;
skill of Marsyas on the, v. 288

Flute music, its exciting influence, v. 54

—— players dressed as women at Rome, vi. 259 _n._ 3

Flutes played in the laments for Tammuz, v. 9;
for Adonis, v. 225 _n._ 3

——, sacred, played at initiation, xi. 241

Fly, soul in form of, iii. 36, 39

Fly River, in British New Guinea, xi. 232

Fly-catcher Zeus, viii. 282

Flying-fish, the first of the season offered to the dead, viii. 127

—— fox, transmigration of sinner into, viii. 299

“—— -rowan” (parasitic rowan), superstitions in regard to, xi. 281;
used to make a divining-rod, xi. 281 _sq._

—— Spirits, the, at Lhasa, ix. 197 _sq._

Fo-Kien, province of China, festival of fire in, xi. 3 _sqq._

Foam of the sea, the demon Namuci killed by the, xi. 280;
the totem of a clan in India, xi. 281

Fog, charms to disperse, i. 314

Folgareit, in the Tyrol, Midsummer custom at, xi. 47

Folk-custom, external soul in, xi. 153 _sqq._

—— -tales, of virgins sacrificed to monsters, ii. 155;
tongues of wild beasts cut out in, viii. 269;
reflect primitive customs and beliefs, viii. 269;
the external soul in, xi. 95 _sqq._

Follies of Dunkirk, xi. 34 _sq._

Foo-chow, the Chinese of, their use of a winnowing-sieve in superstitious
rites, vii. 6, 9

Food, homoeopathic magic for the supply of, i. 85 _sqq._;
eaten dry on principle of homoeopathic magic, i. 114, 144;
to be eaten dry by rain-doctor when he wishes to avert rain, i. 271;
remnants of, buried as a precaution against sorcery, iii. 118, 119, 127
_sq._, 129;
magic wrought by means of refuse of, iii. 126 _sqq._;
taboos on leaving food over, iii. 127 _sqq._;
not to be touched with hands, iii. 133, 134 _n._ 1, 138 _sqq._, 146
_sqq._, 166, 167, 168, 169, 174, 203, 265;
objection to have food over head, iii. 256, 257;
as a cause of conception in women, v. 96, 102, 103, 104, 105;
set out for ghosts, ix. 154;
girls at puberty not allowed to handle, x. 23, 28, 36, 40 _sq._, 42

——, sacred, not allowed to touch the ground, x. 13 _sq._

Foods, forbidden, x. 4, 7, 19, 36 _sq._, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47,
48, 49, 54, 56, 57, 58, 68, 77, 78, 94;
to enchanters of crops, vii. 100;
to meet in stomach of eater, viii. 83 _sqq._

—— tabooed, on homoeopathic principles, i. 117 _sqq._, 135, 155, iii. 291
_sqq._

Fool, the Carnival, burial of, iv. 231 _sq._;
one of the mummers on Plough Monday, viii. 330

Fool-hen, reason for not eating the, viii. 140

“Fool’s Stone” in ashes of Midsummer fire, x. 195

Fools, festival of, in France, ix. 334 _sqq._;
in Germany, Bohemia, and England, ix. 336 _n._ 1

—— in processions of maskers, ix. 243

Foot, custom of going with only one foot shod, iii. 311 _sqq._, viii. 11;
custom of standing on one, iv. 149, 150, 155, 156;
limping on one, vii. 232, 284.
_See also_ Feet

Foot-race at Olympia, iv. 287;
of boys at Lhasa, ix. 221 _n._ 1

—— -races at Whitsuntide in Germany, ii. 69

Football, suggested origin of, ix. 184

Footprint of Buddha, iii. 275

Footprints of absent hunter not to be looked at by his sister, i. 122;
contagious magic of, i. 207-212, iii. 74

Forbes, C. J. F. S., on the worship of demons in Burma, ix. 95 _sq._

Forbidden thing of clan, xi. 313

“Forced fire” or need-fire, ii. 238. _See_ Need-fire

Forchheim, in Bavaria, the burning of Judas at Easter at, x. 143

Fords, offerings and prayers at, ix. 27 _sq._

Forefathers expected to give rain, i. 353.
_See also_ Ancestors

Forehead, skin of, regarded as the seat of perseverance, viii. 148;
and eye-brow of enemy eaten, viii. 152

Foreigners marry princesses and receive the kingdom with them, ii. 270
_sqq._;
as kings, v. 16 _n._

Foreskins removed at circumcision, uses of, i. 92 _sq._, 95;
magical virtue attributed to, i. 95;
used in rain-making, i. 256 _sq._;
of young men offered to ancestral spirits in Fiji, xi. 243 _sq._

Forespeaking men and cattle, x. 303

Forests of ancient Europe, ii. 7 _sq._

——, demons of, abduct human souls, iii. 60 _sq._, 67

Forgetfulness, pretence of, by men who have partaken of human flesh, iii.
189;
of the past after initiation, xi. 238, 254, 256, 258, 259, 266 _sq._

Forked shape of divining-rod, xi. 67 _n._ 3

Forks used in eating by tabooed persons, iii. 148, 168, 169, 203

“Forlorn fire,” need-fire, x. 292

Formosa, demon of smallpox transferred to sow in, ix. 33

Fornication thought to blight the fruits of the earth, ii. 107

Fors, the, of Central Africa, their superstition as to nail-parings, iii.
281

Fortuna and Servius Tullius, ii. 193 _n._ 1, 272

—— Primigenia, goddess of Praeneste, daughter of Jupiter, vi. 234

Fortune of the city on coins of Tarsus, v. 164;
the guardian of cities, v. 164

——, a man’s, determined by the day or hour of his birth, i. 173

Forty days, man treated as a god during, ix. 281;
man personating god during, ix. 297;
of Lent, possible pagan origin of the, ix. 348 _sq._

—— nights of mourning for Persephone, ix. 348

Forum at Rome, temple of Vesta in the, i. 13, ii. 186, 200;
sacred fig-tree of Romulus in the, ii. 10, 318;
funeral processions in the, ii. 178;
prehistoric cemetery in the, ii. 186, 202;
funeral games and gladiatorial fights in the, iv. 96

Fossil bones in limestone caves, v. 152 _sq._;
a source of myths about giants, v. 157 _sq._

Foucart, G., on the legend of the origin of the supplementary Egyptian
days, ix. 341 _n._ 1

Foucart, P., on the Eleusinian mysteries, ii. 139 _n._ 1;
identifies Dionysus with Osiris, vi. 113 _n._ 3;
on the resurrection of Dionysus, vii. 32 _n._ 6

Foul language at festival of Demeter, vii. 58

Foulahs of Senegambia, their fear of crocodiles, viii. 214

_Foulères_, bonfires on first Sunday in Lent, x. 111 _n._ 1

Foulkes, Captain, on external souls among the Angass of Nigeria, xi. 210

Foundation sacrifices, iii. 89 _sqq._

Founding cities, Etruscan ceremony at, iv. 157

Fountains Abbey, the Boy Bishop at, ix. 338

Four Comely Ones, church of the, ii. 161

—— -handed Apollo, vi. 250 _n._ 2

—— -horse car of the sun-god, iv. 91

—— kinds of wood used to make the divining-rod, xi. 69, 291

—— -leaved clover, a counter-charm for witchcraft, x. 316;
at Midsummer useful for magic, xi. 62 _sq._

—— years, many Greek games held every, iv. 96, vii. 79 _sq._

Fourdin, E., on the procession of the giants at Ath, xi. 36 _n._ 2

Fowl in homoeopathic magic, i. 151;
sacrificed on roof of new house, ii. 39;
used in exorcism, iii. 106;
in purificatory rite, iii. 177;
used to divert evil spirits from pregnant woman, ix. 31.
_See also_ Fowls

Fowler, W. Warde, ii. 327 _n._ 2, 329 _n._ 6, ix. 67 _n._ 2;
on the derivation of June from Juno, ii. 190 _n._ 2;
on the date of the Saturnalia, ii. 311 _n._ 4;
on the death of Romulus, ii. 319 _n._ 1;
on Janus as the god of doors, ii. 383 _n._ 3;
on the celibacy of the Roman gods, vi. 230, 232 _n._ 1, 234 _n._, 236
_n._ 1;
on Mamurius Veturius, ix. 229 _n._ 1;
on a Midsummer custom, x. 206 _n._ 2;
on _sexta luna_, xi. 77 _n._ 1;
on the ceremony of passing under the yoke, xi. 195 _n._ 4;
on the oak and the thunder-god, xi. 298, 299 _n._ 2, 300

Fowlers, words tabooed by, iii. 393, 407 _sq._

Fowls, the ghosts of, dreaded by Baganda women, viii. 231 _sq._;
as scapegoats, ix. 31, 33, 36, 52 _sq._;
sacrificed, ix. 136.
_See also_ Fowl

Fowls’ nests, ashes of bonfires put in, x. 112, 338

Fox, intestines of a, in homoeopathic magic, i. 151;
imitation of, as a homoeopathic charm, i. 155 _sq._;
asked to give a new tooth, i. 180;
guardian spirit as a, i. 200;
stuffed, vii. 287, 297, viii. 258 _n._ 1;
corn-spirit as, vii. 296 _sq._;
carried from house to house in spring, vii. 297;
Koryak ceremony at killing a, viii. 223, 244;
Esquimau and Aino treatment of dead, viii. 267;
soul of dead in a, viii. 286;
prayed to spare lambs, x. 152.
_See also_ Foxes

Fox Indians, iii. 163 _n._ 2

Fox’s skin worn by mummer on Plough Monday, viii. 330

—— tail, name given to last standing corn, vii. 268

—— teeth as an amulet, i. 180

—— tongue as amulet, viii. 270

Foxes not to be mentioned by their proper names, iii. 396, 397, 398;
with burning torches tied to their tails at a festival, vii. 297 _n._ 5;
skulls of, consulted as oracles, viii. 181;
burnt in Midsummer fires, xi. 39, 41;
witches turn into, xi. 41.
_See also_ Fox

Foxwell, Ernest, on the fire-walk in Japan, xi. 10 _n._ 1

Foxy Dionysus, viii. 282