Chapter XXVI: Conclusion

The conclusion of the Conference relaxed the tension in Europe and cleared the way for a gradual improvement in the relations of the Powers. Both sides expressed satisfaction with the results, which, according to official interpretation, left behind neither victor nor vanquished.[1222] None the less it was evident that Germany had been defeated. She had tried to obtain a material interest in Morocco; she had endeavored to break the Entente Cordiale and therewith the other French ententes; she had sought to disrupt or to modify the Dual Alliance. And she had failed in every effort. In attempting to restore her dominating position of the time before the formation of the Entente Cordiale, Germany had only driven France, Great Britain, and Russia into closer intimacy and had furthered the very alignment of the Powers which she had feared. By defending an international right which no one else valued she had permitted her isolation, except for the support of Austria, to be exposed to all the world. At the Conference she had forced Russia, Italy, and even the United States reluctantly to take the French side. Germany had entirely miscalculated the situation.[1223]

The German statesmen realized that their international position had grown more serious. Italy’s meager support at the Conference was further proof that Germany could not rely upon that ally.[1224] The increased importance of Austria to Germany was tacitly admitted when, on April 13, the Emperor William thanked Count Goluchowski for playing the “brilliant second” at the Conference and promised him: “You can also be certain of similar service from me in a similar case.”[1225] Prince Bülow, whom his master had not consulted beforehand, warned him, however, “(1) that our relations with Austria have now become more important than ever, since that state is our only reliable ally; (2) that we must let our relative political isolation be noticed by the Austrians as little as possible.”[1226] And in September the Emperor commented sarcastically: “Fine prospects! In the future we can count on the Franco-Russian Alliance, Anglo-French Entente Cordiale and Anglo-Russian Entente, with Spain, Italy, and Portugal as appendages thereto in the second line!”[1227]

To counteract this isolation the German government could do little for the time being except remain quiet.[1228] It permitted relations with Italy to continue as before.[1229] It assumed a “correct but reserved attitude toward France.”[1230] It refused to sanction German participation in the Russian loan, but otherwise remained on friendly terms with that Power.[1231] Its main desire was to reach some kind of an understanding with Great Britain so as to share in the entente movement.[1232] Anglo-German relations did improve, but the British government replied to German soundings that more time should elapse before the two governments should attempt any concerted efforts to bring their countries closer together.[1233]

German public opinion was dissatisfied with the way in which its foreign affairs were being conducted; its alarm over the international situation increased as the year progressed. When the debate in the Reichstag on that subject, delayed because of the Chancellor’s illness, was held on November 14, Herr Bassermann of the National Liberal party remarked as follows:

Today the Triple Alliance has no further practical utility. The Italian press and population lean more and more towards France. Austria has been too much praised for this rôle of “brilliant second” which she herself declined. The Franco-Russian Alliance remains intact, and the disposition of France towards us is less friendly than formerly. The explanations at Cronberg between the English and German sovereigns does not prevent England from pursuing her old policy of isolating us. We live in an era of alliances between other nations. . . . . Our policy lacks tranquillity and consistency, and we see brutal hands derange well prepared plans.[1234]

As these criticisms were widespread, Prince Bülow replied in a long and carefully prepared speech. Admitting the deep hostility of France to Germany, he expressed the hope that the two nations would live peacefully together. As to Anglo-German relations he declared: “A long period of misunderstanding lies behind us. The needle of the political barometer has happily gone from rain and wind to changing.” He denied that any deep antagonisms divided the two countries and that the German fleet was a menace to Great Britain. He suggested that time should be allowed for the two nations to approach each other. “We have no thought,” he said, “of wishing to push ourselves in between France and Russia or France and England.” He announced that “for some time negotiations between Russia and England have been under way which promise that an understanding will be reached over certain Central Asiatic regions. . . . .” He added: “We have no reason at all to disturb these negotiations or to regard their probable result with mistrustful eyes.” But he issued the following warning: “The Entente Cordiale without good relations between the Powers and Germany would be a danger to European peace. . . . . Such an encirclement is not possible without the exercise of a certain pressure. Pressure produces counter-pressure, from pressure and counter-pressure explosions may finally arise.” He denied that Germany was isolated and testified to the loyalty of her two allies; but he declared that Germany was strong enough to defend herself alone. Urging the nation not to be uneasy, he said: “More than once we have been in situations where the danger of a general grouping against us lay nearer than today. . . . . The political world is still agitated by a certain excitement which calls for carefulness and prudence, but gives no cause for pusillanimity.” He concluded with a vigorous defense of his own and the Emperor’s methods of conducting foreign affairs. His words were widely applauded, even though they did not assuage German fears or stop criticism.[1235]

The satisfaction of the French and British governments with the results of the Conference was real. Although France had had to recognize the international character of Moroccan reforms, she had practically asserted her position in that land. She had also preserved her ententes and alliance against Germany’s attacks, and had herself shown a determined spirit hitherto lacking in the Third Republic. The British government had had no direct interest in the Moroccan crisis except from the point of view of general policy, but it was well pleased that the Entente Cordiale had stood the test, that it had grown firmer than before.[1236]

Out of this crisis the Entente Cordiale emerged as a lasting dynamic combination for checking Germany. As Sir Edward Grey remarked to the French Ambassador, July 9, 1906, “If we [Great Britain] were called on to take sides [between France and Germany], we must take sides with France as at Algeciras. As long, however, as Germany kept quiet, there was no reason for trouble, and things would go on quietly.”[1237] The British Foreign Secretary did not thereby give France a blank check against Germany, nor had he done so during the crisis. He had cautioned the French that British support would in last analysis depend upon public opinion. But as the crisis at the Conference in March had shown, he could be forced to take the French side even though he disapproved of it.

The Entente Cordiale was so necessary to both Powers and yet so loose in form that it acquired a peculiar character. Dependent not upon the written word but upon feeling, it had constantly to be kept warm. It partook more of the nature of a jealous engagement than of a trustworthy and tolerant marriage. Each party was particularly mistrustful of any playing by the other with Germany. Still other causes divided them from Germany. They regarded the latter’s interference in the Moroccan affair as gratuitous and unjustified. “All that is necessary,” wrote Sir Edward Grey in May, 1906, “is for the Germans to realize that they have got nothing to complain of.”[1238] France and Great Britain feared that Germany might attempt another aggression. As the British Foreign Secretary stated in June, 1906, implying an accusation in doing so, “The Germans do not realize that England has always drifted or deliberately gone into opposition to any Power which establishes a hegemony in Europe.”[1239] The French and English believed so firmly that German diplomacy called for the arousing of discord between Powers at every opportunity that they were almost reluctant to have any dealings with the _Wilhelmstrasse_. They saw German intrigues everywhere—in Persia, in Abyssinia,[1240] in Paris, in London. When the German Ambassador in Paris spoke in July of a detente in Anglo-German relations, the French and British governments suspected therein an attempt to weaken the Entente Cordiale.[1241] Each government, therefore, was cool toward the renegade Power. “When one recovers from a year’s sickness,” stated the semiofficial _Le Temps_ with reference to Franco-German relations, “the convalescence cannot be immediate.”[1242] Sir Edward Grey appeared friendlier; in July he described Anglo-German relations as again normal. But he refused Germany’s bid for an understanding because public opinion was not prepared and especially because France would object. Count Metternich remarked to him on July 31 that M. Delcassé’s policy had been to encircle Germany and that at present the British and French press also asserted that this aim should be accomplished with the help of Russia. The Count warned Sir Edward Grey that that dangerous game might call forth a situation which would make it necessary for Germany to break the circle.

A peaceful policy on the other hand is [he said] to extend the hand to Germany and to draw her into the circle of the others. . . . . But so long as in England the German attempts at _rapprochement_ are repulsed through fear of arousing displeasure among the French, it appears to me that the policy of creating a balance of power is preferred here to that of drawing Germany into the circle of friendship.

The Foreign Secretary denied that the policy of agreement with Russia was directed in any way against Germany. But when the Ambassador asked “Are, openly avowed, friendly relations with Germany compatible with England’s friendship with France?” he replied, “That depends on German politics.” The Ambassador immediately countered, “No, it rather seems to depend on French interpretation of German politics.”[1243] The British Foreign Secretary, however, was not to be moved by German criticisms. The British as well as the French put Germany on her good behavior.

Notwithstanding Sir Edward Grey’s denial, this mistrust of the Central Power was an important inducement for Great Britain and France to complete the Entente Cordiale by an entente between Great Britain and Russia.[1244] Conditions were more favorable for success than they had ever been. The Moroccan affair no longer occupied international attention. The domestic situation in Russia was more stable with the calling of the Duma. And M. Iswolsky, who succeeded Count Lamsdorff in the Russian foreign office in 1906, brought new vigor into the Russian policy. As a partisan of an agreement with Great Britain, he took up the negotiations, and after an intermittent pursuit of them, brought them to completion in the next year.[1245] Thus the work of insuring against Germany was continued.

What the entente Powers regarded as insurance, Germany called encirclement. Both sides had been playing the game of the balance of power. France had tried to abandon this game in the previous year, but Germany’s refusal of her offers had driven her back into the play. Neither side appreciated the other’s point of view; neither heeded the other’s warnings. Each side accused the other of aiming at its defeat, of being a menace. Each scoffed at the other’s fears, but each continued to arm and to broaden and tighten the policy which each warned the other was leading to trouble. Neither side had learned anything from this episode except to be more cautious. Neither changed its method.

The motives that caused this crisis still obtained as guiding forces. Prestige and national interests were at stake on both sides. Having become deeply engaged in the Moroccan affair, Germany, France, and Great Britain could not easily back out of it, especially since the Conference of Algeciras had given a better sanction than ever to both sides. That France and Spain would give Germany opportunities for intervening was, in view of the difficulty which they would encounter in reforming Morocco, just as certain as that Germany would take advantage of those opportunities. The Moroccan problem both in its local and in its international aspects left behind plenty of raw material from which future conflicts could arise. The crisis was only the first of these episodes born of the clashings of mutual fears and ambitions, nurtured on hazardous playing with war and on diplomatic blunderings. The road to Armageddon lay open.

[Footnote 1222: On April 5 Bülow declared in the Reichstag as follows: “A time of alarm lies behind us. There were weeks when the thought of armed complications occupied our minds. . . . . We wished to show that Germany does not let herself be handled as a _quantité negligeable_. . . . . We may now look into the future with more calmness. The Conference of Algeciras has, I believe, had a result equally satisfactory to Germany and France and useful to all nations” (_Reden_, II, 303 ff.). On April 12 Bourgeois spoke in the French Chamber in a similar vein: “. . . . All the work of the conference has aimed to harmonize the three essential conditions of Moroccan reform [the sovereignty of the Sultan, the integrity of his empire, and commercial liberty] with the rights and the special interests that France has the duty of defending. . . . . That result has been obtained, thanks to the reciprocal concessions seriously weighed and loyally consented to in terms absolutely honorable for all and without the abandonment of the fruits of our country’s past efforts, of the dignity of its present situation, or of the safeguards of its future. . . . . France has been able to put to the test the solidarity of her alliance and friendships to which precious sympathies have been joined” (quoted in _L.j., 1906_, pp. 290 ff.). The act was accepted by the French Parliament and by the German Reichstag in Dec., 1906 (Schulthess, _Europäischer Geschichtskalender 1906_, pp. 219, 328 ff.; Tardieu, _La Conf. d’Algés_, pp. 415 ff.).]

[Footnote 1223: Cf. Stuart, _French Foreign Policy from Fashoda to Serajevo_, pp. 221 ff.; Tardieu, _La France et les alliances_, pp. 239 ff. Schoen reported that his French colleague, Bompard, had expressed his opinion as follows: “What has resulted . . . . from the Conference of Algeciras? First, a welding together of France and England which the former did not at all wish in this measure. Then an almost complete isolation of Germany and probably no small amount of ill-humor among all the Powers, who saw themselves compelled to take an open stand on questions in which they really had little interest. Finally, apparent discord between Russia and Germany. True, the Conference has left behind neither victor nor vanquished; Germany has achieved internationalization; France, a certain recognition of her special position. But the existing sources of friction do not appear to have been destroyed, but rather new ones to have been created. . . . . The Conference, together with its previous history, has left in the French nation a certain mistrust which may not disappear quickly and which will for years stand in the way of a genuine friendly _rapprochement_, which is desired on both sides and which was so near” (Schoen to Bülow, April 7, 1906, _G.P._, XXI, 341, No. 7144).]

[Footnote 1224: Monts was so disgusted with Italy that he wished the terms of the Triple Alliance to be radically modified at the next renewal (Monts to Tschirschky, June 8, 1906, _G.P._, XXI, 364 ff., No. 7156). The Austrian Ambassador reported that the German Emperor said that “it would give him great satisfaction for us at a suitable moment, which in view of the unreliable policy of the kingdom is not impossible, to teach the latter [Italy] a wholesome lesson, even by arms” (Pribram, _The Secret Treaties of Austria-Hungary_, II, 138).]

[Footnote 1225: Schulthess, _1906_, p. 92.]

[Footnote 1226: Bülow to William II, May 31, 1906, _G.P._, XXI, 360, No. 7154.]

[Footnote 1227: Minute by William II to a dispatch from Miquel to Bülow, Sept. 19, 1906, _ibid._, XXV, 23, No. 8518.]

[Footnote 1228: Tschirschky to William II, May 12, 1906, _ibid._, XXI, 433 f., No. 7184; Bülow to F. O., Aug. 13, 1906, _ibid._, 449, No. 7193. The resignation of Holstein from the foreign office in April was also considered as significant of a change of policy. On that episode see _ibid._, pp. 338 f., editor’s note.]

[Footnote 1229: Bülow to Monts, Nov. 16, 1906, _ibid._, 387 f., No. 7165, and others in chap. cliv.]

[Footnote 1230: Tschirschky to Metternich, July 7, 1906, _ibid._, 439, No. 7188.]

[Footnote 1231: Tschirschky to Metternich, July 7, 1906, _ibid._, 439, No. 7188.

10 Schoen to Bülow, May 14, 1906, _ibid._, XXII, 21 ff., No. 7355, and other documents in chap. clx. On the question of the loan see the report from the Belgian Minister at Berlin, April 11, 1906, _Zur europ. Politik_, II, pp. 110 ff.; Witte, _Memoirs_, pp. 304 ff.]

[Footnote 1232: “Our relations with England have for a long time been of a very delicate nature. It is the object of my serious care to bring about an improvement herein.” See Tschirschky to General von Einem, July 9, 1906, _G.P._, XXI, 440, No. 7190. See also the Emperor’s remark to a similar effect in a memorandum by him, Aug. 15, 1906, _ibid._, XXIII, 84, No. 7815.]

[Footnote 1233: The improvement in Anglo-German relations was manifested by visits of German burgomasters in May, of German journalists to England in June, by a visit of Edward VII to his nephew at Cronberg in August, and by the presence of Mr. Haldane at the German maneuvers later in the same month. See Lee, _King Edward VII_, II, 528 ff.; Haldane, _Before the War_, pp. 37 ff., 57 ff.; Metternich to Bülow, May 8, 1906, _G.P._, XXI, 427 ff., No. 7181; Mühlberg to Radolin, June 27, 1906, _ibid._, 437 f., No. 7187; Bülow to F. O., Aug. 13, 1906, _ibid._, 449, No. 7193 and following documents; memo. by William II, Aug. 15, 1906, _ibid._, XXIII, 84 ff., No. 7815; Tschirschky to Metternich, Sept. 4, 1906, _ibid._, 86 f., No. 7816. See also the documents in _B.D._, Vol. III, chap. xxii; Grey, _Twenty-five Years_, I, 110 ff. During Grey’s absence the foreign office at first opposed Haldane’s visit for fear of alienating the French (Haldane, _An Autobiography_, p. 202; Spender, _Life of Campbell-Bannerman_, II, 260).]

[Footnote 1234: _Stenogr. Berichte_, Reichtag (1906), p. 4238; Tardieu, _La France et les alliances_, pp. 243 f.]

[Footnote 1235: Bülow’s speech is given in Bülow, II, 306 ff.; see also Hammann, _Bilder aus der letzten Kaiserzeit_, pp. 45 ff.]

[Footnote 1236: Bertie to Grey, April 4, 1906, _B.D._, III, 330 f., No. 395; Grey to Bertie, April 4, 1906, _ibid._, 331, No. 396; Grey to Spring Rice, Feb. 19, 1906, Gwynn, _The Letters and Friendships of Sir Cecil Spring Rice_, II, 65.]

[Footnote 1237: Grey to Bertie, July 9, 1906, _B.D._, III, 361, No. 420.]

[Footnote 1238: Grey’s minute to a dispatch from Lascelles to Grey, May 24, 1906, _ibid._, 358, No. 416.]

[Footnote 1239: Minute by Grey, June 9, 1906, _ibid._, 359, No. 418.]

[Footnote 1240: _Ibid._, p. 356; IV, 381 f., No. 328.]

[Footnote 1241: The German instructions to Radolin used _detente_. Bourgeois used _rapprochement_ in his memorandum of the conversation with the German Ambassador. In talking to Grey, Cambon spoke of _entente_. There may have been point to this change, for Grey, who was sensitive about Anglo-French relations, immediately assured the French that Anglo-German relations were not and would not become too intimate, and that an entente did not exist. See Grey to Bertie, July 9, 1906, _ibid._, III, 361 f., No. 420; Bertie to Grey, July 12, 1906, _ibid._, 362 f., No. 421; Mühlberg to Radolin, June 27, 1906, _G.P._, XXI, 438, No. 7187; Tschirschky to Metternich, July 7, 1906, _ibid._, 438 f., No. 7188.]

[Footnote 1242: Bertie to Grey, March 31, 1906, _B.D._, III, 328, No. 387.]

[Footnote 1243: Metternich to Bülow, July 31, 1906, _G.P._, XXI, 441 ff., No. 7191; Grey to Lascelles, July 31, 1906, _B.D._, III, 363 f., No. 422.]

[Footnote 1244: On Feb. 20, 1906, Grey wrote: “The door is being kept open by us for a _rapprochement_ with Russia; there is at least a prospect that when Russia is re-established we shall find ourselves on good terms with her. An _entente_ between Russia, France and ourselves would be absolutely secure. If it is necessary to check Germany it could then be done” (_B.D._, III, 267, No. 299).]

[Footnote 1245: _Ibid._, Vol. IV, chap. xxv, Part IV; Gwynn, Vol. II, chaps. xiv ff.; William L. Langer, “Russia, the Straits Question, and the European Powers, 1904-8,” _English History Review_, Jan., 1929; and others.]

INDEX

INDEX

Abarzuza, 118 n.; refuses to sign Franco-Spanish accord, 39-40; and
Great Britain, 39

Abazzia, 144 n.

Abd-el-Aziz, 3-4, 7, 8, 11, 18, 128-29, 133-34, 184-85, 190-94, 198
and n., 199 and n., 206 and n., 208, 214, 216, 223, 249, 252-53, 274,
315, 348 n., 364, 394-96; sends Maclean to London, 17; requests of
French government, 17-18; asks German co-operation in 1904, 154;
convokes assembly of notables, 183; opposition to France in 1905, 212;
accepts Conference conclusions, 396

Abd-el-Melik, 193-94

Afghanistan, 66, 82, 96, 98, 114, 170

Aflalo, 106 n.

Agadir, 157

Alfonso XIII, King, 140, 151, 229, 316 n., 330, 348 n.

Algeciras, 348

Algeria, 2, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14, 16-18, 133; report of military aid to
Moroccan pretender, 241-42 and n.

Almodovar, Duke of, 37, 38 n., 39, 331, 350, 372, 375, 382, 393

Alsace-Lorraine, 14, 282

Alvensleben, Count, 143 n., 174 and n., 175-76

Anglo-Belgian military conversations in 1906, 341 n., 342

Anglo-French agreement in 1899, 20-21

Anglo-French agreement on April 8, 1904, 135, 140-42, 155 n., 156,
196, 199, 340; terms, 102-4; criticism of, 104; British opinion on,
104-6; French opinion on, 106-9

Anglo-French alliance, 230-31 n.

Anglo-French arbitration treaty, 87, 94

Anglo-French military and naval conversations in 1906, 335-37, 339-40

Anglo-French _rapprochement_, 84-86

Anglo-German agreements, 66, 69, 71, 150

Anglo-German alliance negotiations in 1901, 69-77

Anglo-German arbitration treaty, 150

Anglo-German conversations on Morocco, 63 n.

Anglo-German press war, 63, 77, 176 n.

Anglo-Japanese alliance, 47, 75, 78-79, 82, 83, 99, 299-300, 306-7

Anglo-Russian relations, 41, 54 and n.; Chinese difficulties, 52;
difficulties in 1903, 82-83; attempts at _rapprochement_, 94-98;
negotiations for agreement, 110; difficulty over Russian seizure of
vessels in 1904, 111; proposed Afghan agreement, 114; _rapprochement_
of 1906, 404-5; _see_ Dogger Bank Affair

Aoki, Viscount, 177, 179-80

d’Arenberg, Prince, 5

_Army and Navy Gazette_, 173

_L’Aurore_, 265

Austria-Hungary: 143, 358, 361, 373 and n.; compromise proposal in
March, 1906, 377-78; seeks to mediate again in March, 1906, 388

Austro-Italian relations in 1904-5, 181-82

Austro-Russian agreements, 23, 52, 168

Ba-Ahmed, grand vizier, 3, 11 n.

Bacheracht, 333

Bagdad Railway, 50 n., 56-57, 62, 80, 82, 218, 238, 271, 274-75

Balance of power, 56, 81 n., 181, 228 n.

Balearic Islands, 93

Balfour, Arthur J., 54 and n., 66, 84 n., 105-6, 115 n., 176 n., 208
n., 232, 309 n.

Baltic Sea, 291, 292 and n., 293 and n.

Baltic Straits, 100

Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas, 129-31

Barclay, Sir Thomas, 44 n., 85

Barnardiston, Colonel, 341 and n.

Barrère, 21-23, 25-26, 29-32, 181, 202, 230, 244 n., 332, 371;
arguments to Italy for accord in 1901-2, 25; and renewal of Triple
Alliance, 25-26; anti-German activity, 145 n.

Bassermann, 400

Bebel, 141

Becker, Jeronimo, 35

Beit, Werner, 319

Belgium, 373 n.

Benckendorff, Count, 95, 97-98, 110, 139 n., 308, 323-24

Ben Sliman, 15, 129 n., 212, 395

Bernstorff, Count, 142 n.; interview in _Daily Chronicle_, 166

Bertie, Sir Francis, 145 n., 197 n., 201 n., 210, 291, 329-30, 343-4;
on Italian policy, 33 n.; memo on Chinese situation on March 11, 1901,
67-68; _aide-mémoire_ to France, 210-11

Betzold, 219 and n., 220 and n., 221, 225, 237, 249, 254

Bezobrazov, 167

Bihourd, 137 n., 199 n., 217; warning to Delcassé in 1904, 127 n.

Billy, 199 n.

Birileff, Admiral, 285 n.

Bismarck, 33 n.; system of alliances, 19

Bizerta, 19

Björkö meeting, 281-85, 284-85 n.; alarms Europe, 291

Björkö Treaty, 263, 367-68, 391 n.; terms, 284; annulment, 303-4;
results, 305-6

Boer War, 6, 42, 44, 61, 81

Bompard, 113, 294-95, 295 n., 300, 302 and n., 360 n., 398 n.

Bou-Amama, 184, 190

Bourgeaud-Hansemann, 264 and n.

Bourgeois, 386, 388 n., 403 n.; renews instructions to Révoil in
March, 1906, 385; declaration to Radolin on March 17, 1906, 387;
speech in Chamber on April 12, 1906, 397 n.

Bowles, Gibson, 105

Boxer Rebellion, 66

Buchard, 43

Bülow, Herr von, 328

Bülow, Count (Prince after June, 1905), 11 and n., 43 n., 47, 57,
61-65, 69 n., 71-73, 78-79, 127 n., 135-44, 147 n., 160 n., 163 n.,
164 and n., 165-67, 170, 172-74, 176 n., 181-82, 188-90, 195, 203 and
n., 204 and n., 208 n., 220 n., 234, 251-52, 261-64, 269-72, 274-78,
288, 314 n., 317 n., 333, 348, 354 n., 355 and n., 368 n., 376 n.,
377; and Franco-Italian relations, 27-28; renewal of Triple Alliance
in 1902, 27-29; relieves Italy of military obligations, 29; and French
overture, 46; policy of free hand, 55-56; rejects Chamberlain’s
overture in 1898, 56; character of, 57-60; on Morocco, 63-65; on
Anglo-French agreement, 61; on Anglo-German alliance in 1901, 71-72;
on German position in 1902, 79; and Spain, 119-20, 152-55; and Morocco
in 1904, 140, 148-58; and Italy, 143-44, 146; desires Anglo-German
accord in 1904, 148; and Moroccan settlement in 1904, 151-57; on
German mistakes, 159; and Roosevelt in 1904, 160; and Russia in 1904,
161-63, 175-77; interview in _Nineteenth Century_ (1904), 173;
approaches Japan and United States, 178; proposal to Russia about
Austria in 1905, 179; and Morocco in 1905, 181-95; on Italy in 1905,
182; and Sultan in 1905, 184-85; and Roosevelt in 1905, 184-85, 237,
240; Tangier visit, 187, 202-8; instructions to William II on March
26, 1905, 190-91; policy after Tangier visit, 202 and n., 203 and n.,
216-17; on Delcassé in 1905, 213 n., 215; rejects French overtures in
1905, 215, 219-20; and Russo-Japanese peace negotiations, 221; warns
Rouvier, 223-25, 246 and n., 271; on Delcassé’s fall, 234; note to
Powers in June, 1905, 234-35; on conference, 240; and Great Britain in
1905, 240-41; concessions to France in June, 1905, 241-42; and Spain
in 1905, 247 n.; and France in June, 1905, 248-49; instructions to
Tattenbach on July 11, 1905, 261; ambitions toward Morocco in July,
1905, 262; Moroccan policy on July 31, 1905, 263-64; and Moroccan
concessions in 1905, 267; on Franco-German relations in Sept., 1905,
269-70; desires Franco-German colonial accord in Oct., 1905, 274-75;
interview in _Le Temps_ on Oct. 3, 1905, 275-76; and German press in
Oct., 1905, 277; Björkö affair, 279-81, 286-91, 299, 303, 305; offers
resignation, 289 and n.; on the Conference, 311; optimistic about
Conference, 315-16; diplomatic preparations for Conference, 315-19;
offer to Italy in Jan., 1906, 316; and Great Britain in Jan., 1906,
318, 328; on American proposal in Feb., 1906, 363-64; accepts Austrian
proposal in March, 1906, 377-78; diplomatic campaign against France in
March, 1906, 383-84; and Roosevelt in March, 1906, 384 n., 388-89; and
Russia in March, 1906, 391 n.; on the international situation in 1906,
398-99; speeches in Reichstag: Dec. 6, 1897, 56 n.; Dec. 11, 1899,
62-63; Jan. 8, 1902, 27-28, 77; April 12 and 14, 1904, 141-42; Dec. 5,
1904, 173; March 15, 1905, 186 and n.; March 29, 1905, 192; Dec. 6,
1905, 313; April 5, 1906, 397 n.; Nov. 14, 1906, 400-401

Bu-Hamara, 18

_Bulletin_, 7

Caillaux, Joseph, 312 n.

Caix, M. de, 45, 107

Cambon, Jules, 244 n.; 267, 270 n.; 317, 333

Cambon, Paul, 46-48, 50, 86 n., 87-94, 96, 98, 117 n., 202, 226-27,
231 n., 244 and n., 254, 257, 262, 333; conversations of, with Grey on
Jan. 10 and 31, 1906, 337-39, 338 n., 344-46, 346 n.

Camerun railways, 271, 274

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 322, 338-39 n., 339-40 and n., 343,
385, 387

Canevaro, Admiral, 20-21

Cartwright, 188 n.

Cassini, Count, 321 n., 358

Chamberlain, Joseph, 43, 46, 63-66, 63 n., 71, 77, 87 n., 95 n.;
speech of, at Leicester, 12, 62; foreign policy of, 53-54; proposals
of, to Germany, 54, 55 n., 61-62

“Chamberlain period,” 53

Chérisey, Count de, 194 n., 312

China, 52-53, 66-68, 82, 95-98, 160, 179

Chirol, Valentine, 73 n.

Choate, Joseph, 315 n.

Clarke, Sir George, 336

Clemenceau, 165, 265, 385-86

Combes, 8, 107

Comité de l’Afrique française, 5-7, 132

Comité du Maroc, 132

Committee of Imperial Defence, 81, 84, 336, 343

Conference of Algeciras, chap. xvii; organization of, 350; importance
of police and bank questions at, 351; crisis of, 366; sessions of, on
March 3 and 5, 1906, 375; the Act of, 393; criticism of work of,
394-96; results of, 397-98

Conference of Madrid, 1

Continental war, 53 n.

Convention of Madrid, 208, 218, 235, 353; Art. XVII of, 234-35;
interpretations of, 234-35 n.

Courcel, Baron de, 376-77 and n.

Cromer, Lord, 90, 92, 100 n.

Crowe, Eyre, 325, 346 n., 371 n., 382

Crozier, Philippe, 84 n., 186 n.

Currie, 21

Danzig interview, 45 n., 78

Dardanelles, 81, 82 n., 111, 161, 324

Delafosse, 107, 201

Delcassé, Théophile, 7, 10 n., 11, 12 n., 13 n., 17, 19, 22 n., 23,
34, 37, 45 n., 47 n., 50 and n., 51, 61, 86 n., 87-88, 97, 100 and n.,
104 n., 129, 133, 139, 144 n., 166, 171, 178 and n., 188, 190, 195,
197 n., 198 n., 200-201, 209, 220-21 n., 230-31 n., 257, 276 and n.;
career and character of, 8-9; interest of, in Morocco, 9-10; French
action in Sahara in 1900, 11; sounds Germany in 1901, 13; and Radolin
in 1901, 14; and Moroccan embassy in 1901, 14-15; instructions of, to
Saint-René Taillandier in 1901, 15-16; visit of, to Rome, 20; and
Italy, 21, 26, 30-31; and Spain, 37-38, 40; overture of, to Great
Britain, 41-42, 44-45, 47, 50-51; policy of, toward Great Britain and
Germany, 43; conversation of, with Huhn, 43-44; overture of, to
Germany, 43-46, 47, 49-50; at St. Petersburg in 1899, 44; and Morocco
in 1902, 46, 50; and Anglo-Russian conversations in 1903, 95 and n.;
on Russia’s far eastern policy in 1903, 99 n.; surprised by outbreak
of Russo-Japanese War, 100-101; anger of, at Great Britain in 1904,
101; Newfoundland question in 1904, 108 and n.; urges Anglo-Russian
_rapprochement_ in 1904, 114; policy of, in 1904, 117; and Spain in
1904, 117-25 and n.; conversation of, with Radolin on March 23, 1904,
125-26; and Germany in 1904, 126-27, 154, 187 and n.; policy of, in
March, 1905, 197-98; overtures of, to Germany in 1905, 199 and n.,
212; says Germany is “turning him out,” 210; and Moroccan question in
1905, 211-22; warns Sultan in 1905, 223 and n.; adheres to policy,
225; asks British support in May, 1905, 226; opposes conference,
228-30; defends his policy on June 6, 1905, 230-31; resignation of,
231; speeches: Senate in July, 1901, 14; Chamber on July 3, 1902, 31;
Chamber on Nov. 23, 1903, 94; Chamber and Senate in Nov.-Dec., 1904,
10 n., 108; Senate on March 31, 1905, 197

Deloncle, 107

Dennis, Alfred L. P., 245 n.

Deschanel, Paul, 5, 200

Devonshire, Duke of, 54, 63 n.

Dilke, Sir Charles, 100 n.

Dogger Bank affair, 108, 112-13, 162, 168

Donnersmarck, Prince Henckel von, 225 n.

Doumer, 178

Dual Alliance, 9-10, 19, 28, 43 n., 47, 83 n., 85, 106, 135-36, 141,
163, 166, 172, 180, 229 and n., 284 n., 286, 297 and n., 298, 300-301,
303, 391 n., 397, 399-400

Ducarne, General, 341 and n.

Dupuy, 225, 249, 254, 262

Durand, Sir Mortimer, 226 n., 243

Eckardstein, Baron, 63 n., 66, 69, 70 and n., 71-72, 136, 160 n., 207
n., 218-19 and nn., 220, 225 n., 245 n.; on British offer of alliance
to France, 251

Edward VII, King, 17, 45, 47 n., 54, 66, 75 and n., 77, 82 n., 84 and
n., 86 and n., 87 and n., 97, 100 n., 111 and n., 135, 150-51, 176 n.,
183, 196 n., 208-9, 214, 218, 231 n., 236 n., 257 n., 279, 282, 293,
299, 308-9 n., 309, 318, 324, 330 n., 376 n., 400 n.; conversation of,
with Iswolsky in April, 1904, 110

Egerton, Sir Edwin, 244 n., 331, 371

Egypt, 88-94, 102-4, 106, 148-49

Entente Cordiale, 84 n., 102, 117 n., 143, 146, 150, 162, 166, 226,
229, 233, 256-57, 279, 298, 325, 346, 355 n., 368-69, 382, 397, 399,
401-4; negotiation of, 86-94, 99-102

Esher, Lord, 84-85, 336

_L’Etat russe_, 368 and n.

Etienne, 5, 6, 88 n., 336, 386

Eulenburg, Prince, 176 n., 189

Fashoda crisis, 7, 41-42, 52

Fernando Po, 137, 152 and n.

Fez, 18; threatened by rebels, 4

_Figaro_, 13 n., 276 n.

Figuig, 16

Fisher, Admiral, 100, 115-16, 228 n., 339

Flotow, 232, 238, 311; reports British offer of alliance to France on
June 7, 1905, 236-37

France, 36-38, 40-51, 67-68, 73-74, 95-97, 99, 104, 276, 384, 390 n.;
trade of, with Morocco, 2; and Morocco, 2-18; North African empire, 5;
Parliament, 5, 6, 107-8, 128, 199-200, 229-30; Moroccan policy of,
5-6; claims of, to Morocco, 6-7; occupies oases, 11; note of, to
Sultan, 12; and Italy, 20-34; fleet of, visits Italy, 23; effort of,
to break Triple Alliance, 25; press of, 29, 85-86, 172, 198 and n.,
247, 265, 271, 354, 359-60, 375 n., 380; and Great Britain, 84-94; and
Germany, 93-94; international situation in Feb., 1904, 117; and Spain,
118-25; and Morocco in 1904, 128-34; Mission of, to Fez, 183; Tangier
visit, 196-202; and Germany in 1905, 196, 211-33, 237-38, 240-57,
261-78; and Spain in 1905, 198 n., 259-61; cabinet of, 199; public
opinion of, 199-200, 202, 276, 232; deserts Delcassé, 200, 247-48 n.;
fleet visits England in 1905, 209, 258; fear of war in 1905, 217;
cabinet meeting on June 6, 1905, 230-31 and n.; note on June 21, 1905,
244-45; and Great Britain in 1905, 256-58; and Björkö, 294-95; efforts
to bring Russia and Great Britain together in 1905, 308-9; _Livre
jaune_ (1905), 313; preliminaries to Conference, 319-22, 329-40,
343-47; military defense in 1905, 320 and n.; and Spain, 330-31, 372,
392-93; pressure on Italy in Dec., 1905, 331-32; sounds Great Britain
about agreement in Jan., 1906, 335; plan for Moroccan police and bank,
351-52, 365-66; seeks Austrian support in Feb., 1906, 373-74; and
Great Britain in March, 1906, 385; cabinet and Parliament in March,
1906, 388; opposes Roosevelt’s proposal in March, 1906, 389; satisfied
with results of Conference, 401-2; mistrusts Germany in 1906, 402-3

Francis Joseph I, Emperor, 179, 374

Franco-German agreement on July 8, 1905, 255

Franco-German agreement on Sept. 28, 1905, 272-73

Franco-German détente, 42-43

Franco-German press war in 1905, 189, 196

Franco-Italian agreements, 20, 22, 27, 31-32, 182

Franco-Italian entente, 29, 37, 143

Franco-Moroccan agreements, 11, 15-17

Franco-Spanish agreements, 37, 118-25, 188 n., 196, 259-61, 372, 392

Franco-Spanish negotiations in 1902-3, 37-40, 89

Franco-Spanish proposed accord in 1902, 38; its failure, 38-40

Franco-Spanish _rapprochement_, 40

Galliéni, Joseph, 5

Gambetta, 8

_Gaulois_, 225 n., 257

Gautsch, 18

Genthe, Dr., 147 n.

German-American _rapprochement_, 160

German-Italian military convention, 29, 144

German Navy League, 239

Germany, 3, 5, 7, 10-11 and n., 17, 25-28, 36, 47 and n., 51, 81-82,
88 n., 93, 116-17, 119, 122, 125, 171, 254-56, 258, 261, 355 n., 359,
367, 375 n., 381 n., 390-91, 400 n.; trade with Morocco, 2; reply to
France in 1901, 13-14; and Delcassé in 1902, 49-50 n.; and Great
Britain, 53-80; proposal to Chamberlain in 1900, 64-65; warning to
Delcassé in 1900, 65; efforts to maintain _status quo_ in Morocco in
1900, 65; and Japan in 1901, 69; criticism of foreign policy, 79-80;
public opinion of, 135, 400; policy of, in 1903-4, 138-39; and Morocco
in 1904, 140-42, 154, 157-58, 183 and n.; and Italy in 1904, 143-47;
anger at France, 147; contemplates intervening in Morocco in 1904,
147, 148 n.; and Great Britain in 1904, 148-51, 155-57, 173, 176 and
n.; secret articles in Anglo-French agreement, 155 and n.; and United
States in 1904, 160; and Russia in 1904, 160-80; and Russian alliance
in 1904, 166-67; fears British attack, 172-73; fears Quadruple
Alliance, 178; international situation in 1905, 181; and Morocco in
1905, 183-95; secret articles of Franco-Spanish agreements, 187 n.,
188 n., 313-14; Tangier visit, 202-8; and Roosevelt in 1905, 205-6;
Tattenbach to Fez, 206; and Turkish Sultan, 206 n.; sounds Powers
about conference, 206-7; reply of, to Delcassé’s overtures, 207-8;
rejects French offers in 1905, 218; and France in 1905, 211-25,
237-56, 261-78; suggests to Rouvier to call conference, 220;
determines to overthrow Delcassé, 221; presses the Powers for support,
221; seeks Roosevelt’s support in May, 1905, 222; and Italy in May,
1905, 224; press of, on Delcassé’s downfall, 233; forces Villa-Urrutia
from office, 236; reply to France on June 24, 1905, 248-49; criticism
of her policy in 1905, 256; presses Rouvier in July, 1905, 262; asks
Roosevelt’s aid in July, 1905, 263; Moroccan loan in 1905, 267; and
Tattenbach in Aug., 1905, 267; reply to Rouvier in Sept., 1905, 273-74
n.; anger at Great Britain in 1905, 277; international situation in
July, 1905, 279; and Russia in 1905, 279-91; and Roosevelt about
Björkö, 287 n.; press of, angry at Great Britain in 1905, 292; and
annulment of Björkö Treaty, 304 and n.; and Moroccan affair in 1905,
311; preliminaries to Conference of Algeciras, 311-19; French
overtures in Nov., 1905, 312; international situation in winter of
1905-6, 312-13; Weissbuch in 1906, 314 n.; on conference in Dec.,
1905, 314; instructions to delegates, 314-15; warnings to France in
Jan., 1906, 317; improvement in Anglo-German relations in 1906,
317-18; navy bill in 1906, 318 n.; refuses French proposals on police
and bank, 352-53; proposals on police, 353-54, 354 n., 357-58; policy
of, at Conference in Feb., 1906, 359-60; presses Rouvier in Feb.,
1906, 359; declaration of, to Powers in Feb., 1906, 359; proposal of,
on banks, 364-65; defeat of, 397; policy of, after Conference, 399-400

Gharnet, S. Feddoul, 129, 133

Giolitti, Giovanni, 144 n., 146 n.

Glasenapp, 365 n.

Goluchowski, Count, 143, 355 n., 358, 373-74, 374 n., 378 and n., 398

Gorst, Sir Eldon, 90

Gourara, 11

Great Britain, 2, 3, 5, 10, 13, 14 n., 17, 28, 39 n., 40, 50-56, 104,
209, 276; trade of, with Morocco, 2; and Italy, 19, 33; and Spain over
Morocco, 35 n.; antagonism to, 42; international situation of, at
close of nineteenth century, 52, 66; and Germany, 60-80; change of
policy of, in 1901, 68; seeks aid of Austria and Italy in 1903, 81;
policy of, in 1902, 81; and Russia, 81 n., 82 and n., 110-16, 81-102;
and France, 81-102, 225-29, 232-33; public opinion of, hostile to
Germany, 82, 151, 162, 172-73, 291-92, 309-10, 310 n.; press, 85, 228
n.; public opinion of, 135; cabinet crisis of, in 1903, 90; and
Russia’s policy in Balkans in 1903, 95-96; fear of Continental
coalition in 1904, 100; Parliament, 105-6; fear of German navy in
1904, 114-15; redistribution of naval forces of, 115, 172-73; and
Franco-Spanish agreement in 1904, 124; asks Powers to approve
Khedivial decree, 148; refuses German proposal for agreement in 1904,
148-49; and Germany, 148-51; fears German attack in 1905, 208 and n.;
Tangier visit, 208-11; fleet of, visits France in 1905, 209, 258;
prevents Germany from obtaining ports, 210; offers aid to France in
April, 1905, 210-11; rejects Roosevelt’s advice in May, 1905, 223;
naval preparations in 1905, 228; Anglo-French military and naval
conversations in 1905, 228 and n.; and Delcassé’s downfall, 232; and
Germany in 1905, 236-37, 240-41, 291-94, 309-10; not supporting
Roosevelt in 1905, 243; and Russia, 291-92, 309-10; naval maneuvers
of, in the Baltic in 1905, 292-93 and nn.; visit of fleet to German
ports in Aug.-Sept., 1905, 293; efforts of, to approach Russia in
1905, 306-10; renewal of Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1905, 306;
preliminaries to Conference, 322-47; promises support to France at the
Conference, 329-30; pressure of, on Spain in Dec., 1905, 330-31;
pressure of, on Italy in Dec., 1905, 331-32; and Belgium in 1906,
340-41 and n.; supports France in Feb., 1906, 368; pressure of, on
Spain in Feb., 1906, 372; favors Austrian proposal in March, 1906,
379; and Germany in 1906, 399-400; satisfied with results of
Conference, 401-2

Grey, Sir Edward, 105, 321 n., 322-23, 327 n., 329, 331 and n., 332,
336-37, 342-43, 343 n., 360 and n., 371 n., 379, 384, 386 and n., 387,
389, 400 n., 403 n.; and Russia, 323-24; and Germany, 324-27;
conversations of, with Cambon on Jan. 10 and 31, 1906, 337-39, 338 n.,
344-46, 346 n.; approves military and naval conversations in 1906, 340
and n.; instructions of, to Grierson in Jan., 1906, 341; summary of
policy of, 347; conversation with Metternich on Feb. 19, 1906, 368-69;
and Austria in Feb., 1906, 373 n.; and Spain in March, 1906, 376 n.;
advises France to accept Austrian proposal, 382; and Germany in 1906,
402-4; and Russia in 1906, 404 n.

Grierson, General, 54 n., 335, 339-41

Guillain, Antoine, 5

Haldane, Richard, 339-40, 342-43, 400 n.

Hamburg-American Line, 161, 174

Hammann, Otto, 74 n., 187 n., 199 n., 203 n., 348 n.; dispute with
Holstein, 204 and n.

Hanotaux, Gabriel, 5

Hansen, Jules, 45, 46 n.

Harcourt, Sir William, 54 n.

Hardinge, Sir Charles, 82 n., 96, 97, 110 n., 112-13, 306-7, 309 and
n., 325, 371 n., 386 n.

Harmsworth, 69 n.

Harris, W. B., 3

Hatzfeldt, Count, 54 and n., 63 n., 72

Hay, John, 131-32 n.

Hayashi, Count, 160 n.

Hedeman, 100 n.

Holland, 373 n.

Holstein, Herr von, 50 and n., 55 and n., 57, 60, 69, 70 n., 71, 135,
139 n., 146 n., 148, 150, 159, 163 and n., 164 and n., 166, 170, 176
n., 178, 184, 202-3, 219-20, 240-41, 264, 304, 328-29, 376; on German
position in Dec., 1901, 79; fears British attack in 1904, 173; dispute
with Hammann, 204 and n.; letter on June 28, 1905, 246 n.; on alliance
with Russia in July, 1905, 280-81 and n.; on Björkö Treaty, 286-87,
290-91; resignation in 1906, 399 n.

Hornung, 186 n.

Huguet, Major, 335-36

Huhn, Arthur von, 43-44

_L’Imparcial_, 38 n.

India, 170

Irredentism, 23, 143, 181

Iswolsky, Count, 110, 171 n., 404

Italy, 3, 10-11 and n., 19-34, 42, 50, 101; defeat of, by Abyssinia,
6; international situation of, 19; relations of, with France, 19-20;
and Anglo-French agreement in 1899, 21; Moroccan interest of, 22; and
Austria, 23; and Triple Alliance, 143-47, 182-83; and Conference, 207
and n., 247, 316, 332

Japan, 67-68; relations of, with Russia in 1903, 82-83; proposal of,
to send Aoki to Berlin, 177, 179

Jaurès, 276 n.; approves French claims to Morocco, 6

Jonnart, Governor, 133 n., 242 n.

Jusserand, 244 n., 250, 256, 361

Khedivial decree, 111, 148-49

Kiel, naval review in 1904, 150

_Kölnische Zeitung_, 43

_Kreuzzeitung_, 217

Kriege, Dr., 264, 355 n.

Krueger telegram, 56 n.

Kühlmann, 184, 186 n., 192, 196, 202 n., 267 n., 312

Laguiche, Marquis de, 319

Lamsdorff, Count, 46 n., 95-98, 101, 110, 112, 114, 135, 162, 167-72,
168 n., 174 n., 178 n., 294-95, 302 n., 369; and Germany in 1904,
162-63, 174-79; character and policy of, toward Germany, 167-68; and
Germany in 1905, 282, 300-302; reaction of, to Björkö Treaty, 296-97;
cordiality of, to Great Britain in May, 1905, 306-7; refuses British
overtures in Sept.-Oct., 1905, 307-8; and Germany in 1906, 358, 360,
367-69; co-operation of, with Great Britain, 360; urges Germany to
accept French propositions at conference, 360, 367-69, 375, 391 n.

Lanessan, M. de, 354-56

Lansdowne, Lord, 13, 21 and n., 46, 48, 50-51, 66 n., 69-78, 75 n.,
96-98, 110-14, 153, 155 and n., 209-10, 218 n., 232 n., 254 and n.,
291, 293, 337, 344; refuses Sultan’s request in 1902, 17; and Spain
over Morocco, 39-40; conversation of, with Cambon in 1902, 48-51;
character of, 65-66; policy of, toward Germany, 66; and Germany over
China, 66 n.; on possibility of Anglo-German Alliance, 75-76; on
failure of negotiations for Anglo-German alliance, 78; and France,
87-102; favors agreement with Russia in 1903, 95 and n.; appeals to
France to restrain Russia in 1903, 96-97; warns Cambon of possibility
of Russo-Japanese war, 98-99; and Russia, 110-16; Anglo-Russian
_rapprochement_, in 1904, 114; on German fear of British attack, 115;
mediates between France and Spain in 1904, 121-23; on German proposal
in 1904, 149; interprets Anglo-French accord, 156; on Anglo-German
hostility in 1904, 176 n.; opposed to Conference, 207, 236, 244; on
the visit to Tangier, 209; offers aid to France, 210; rejects
Roosevelt’s offer to mediate in May, 1905, 226; policy of, toward
France in May, 1905, 226-27 and nn.; advises United States against
conference, 228-29; offers Mediterranean accord to Spain in June,
1905, 229; denies offer of alliance to France, 230-31 n., 241, 251-52;
interpretation of Art. XVII of Convention of Madrid, 234-35 n.;
assurance to France in July, 1905, 257; on William II and Björkö, 294

Lascelles, Sir Frank, 176 n., 202 n., 241, 279; on the German Emperor,
58; on Bülow, 59; on possibility of Anglo-German alliance, 75-76 n.;
against idea of a conference, 209

Lautier, Eugène, 276 n.

Lauzanne, Stéphane, 276 n.

League of the Three Emperors, 135, 139 n., 143, 161

Lee, Arthur, 181 and n.

Léon, 263

Leon y Castillo, 13, 35 n., 37-38, 44, 49, 120 n., 123, 152 n.

Levy, Armand, 218-19 nn.

Lichnowsky, Prince, 127 n., 147

Lister, 248 n., 253

Lodge, Senator, 222

_Lokalanzeiger_, 383

London City Council, visit of, to Paris on Feb. 8, 1906, 369 n.

_London Times_, 3, 106, 186 n., 189, 276-77, 310 n., 386 n.

Loubet, President, 87, 139, 146, 182 n., 196 n., 201, 209, 230, 305;
visit of, to Italy in 1904, 144-45

Louis, Georges, 262 and n., 273-74 n., 311 n., 377 n.

Louis of Battenberg, Prince, 195

Lowther, 216 n., 228, 257 n.

Luzzati, 145, 212, 220 n.

Lyauty, General, 133 n.

Maclean, Kaid Sir Harry, 3, 17, 47

Mallet, Louis, 95, 150 n.

_Manchester Guardian_, 203

Manchuria, 69, 82, 95-96, 98

Martino, M. de, 24

_Matin_, 217, 276, 310

Maura, Gabriel, 118-19

Mediterranean ententes, 19

Mendelssohn & Co., 264 n., 265 n., 355-56 n., 365 n., 384 n.

el-Menebhi, 12, 74, 133

Metternich, Count, 71, 76-77, 136, 150, 155 and n., 207, 251, 281 n.,
315 n., 344-45; on Anglo-German relations in 1902, 78; warns
government in 1904, 156-57; on British danger, 176 and n.; explains
German policy to Grey, 326-27; warns Grey in 1906, 403-4

Mévil, 198 n., 230 n.

Michael, Grand Duke, 285 n.

Millet, René, 107-8

Miquel, Herr von, 244 and n.

Moltke, General, 281 n., 288, 292 n., 318 and n., 319 and n., 320 n.

Monson, Sir Edmund, 11, 41, 83 n.; character sketch of Delcassé, 8

Montero Rios, 259, 266, 268-69

Montferrand, Count de, 108 n.

Monts, Count, 145, 207, 222, 398 n.

Moret, 330-31, 372

_Morning Post_, 203

Morocco, 1-18, 2 n., 22-23, 28, 31, 36, 45 and n., 46, 48, 50, 62-65,
63 n., 71, 74 and n., 83, 87-94, 102-5, 107-8, 119-26, 140-42, 147,
154, 157-58, 255, 260, 272-73; loans, 12, 17-18, 264-65 and n.;
embassy in Paris, 13-16; embassy in London and Berlin, 16, 73; and
France, 128-34, 183-84, 191; offers concessions to Germany in 1905,
261; seizure of Algerian in 1905, 268 n.; criticism of results of
Conference, 395-96; results of crisis, 405

Mühlberg, Herr von, 148 n., 264

Mukden, 181, 201 n.

Mulai-el-Hassan, 3

Mytilene, 26 n.

Nelidow, 295-96, 298, 302

Newfoundland, 99, 100 n., 102, 107-8 and n.

Nicholas, Grand Duke, 301

Nicholas II, Czar, 45, 98, 138 and n., 161-72, 168 n., 296-306, 321
and n., 324, 368; proposes alliance to Germany in 1904, 164; and
Germany in 1904, 174-75, 177-78; Björkö meeting, 279-86, 284-85 n.;
and Danish question, 285 n.; repudiates Björkö Treaty, 303-4 and n.

Nicholson, Sir Arthur, 14, 74 n., 197, 324 n., 330 n., 337, 349-51,
356 and n., 358, 374-76, 375 n., 379; favors Austrian proposition,
381-82, 386-87

_Nineteenth Century_, 173

Noailles, M. de, 49, 50

Norway, throne question in 1905, 282-83 n., 291, 292 n.

_Nowoje Wremja_, 203 n.

O’Conor, Sir Nicholas, 206 n.

Ojeda, 188 n., 314 n., 356 n., 372, 373 n.

Osten-Sacken, Count, 61 n., 163 and n., 391 n.

Pacific penetration, 7, 8, 14, 18, 74 n., 117, 120, 128-34

Pallain, 46 n.

Pan-German League, 140

Pariente, Moses, 264

Percy, Earl, 105, 292-93

Perdicaris, Ion, 131 and n.

Persia, 66, 82, 98, 170, 324 and n.

Phipps, Sir Charles, 341 n.

Plymouth, visit at, of German warships in 1904, 150

Poincaré, 230-31 n.

Port Arthur, 54 n.

Portuguese colonies, 60

Pourtales, Count, 264

Pressensé, M. de, 200

Prince of Monaco, 139, 247 n., 311 n., 380 and n.

Prinetti, 22, 24-32, 182; speech in Italian Chamber on May 22, 1902,
30; negotiations with France in 1902, 30-31

Rabat, 92-94, 134

Radolin, Prince, 46 n., 125 n., 136, 139, 152 n., 155 n., 199, 213-14,
225, 238, 248-49, 254, 362, 387, 403 and n.; disapproves German policy
in 1905, 215; warning to Rouvier on May 16, 1905, 221; on public
opinion in France in Jan., 1906, 319-20

Radowitz, Herr von, 137, 153, 221, 267, 270 n., 327, 331, 349, 351,
353, 356-57, 376-78, 382-83

Raisouli, 131 and n., 132

Regnault, 351-52, 366

Repington, Colonel, 335-36, 339

Reventlow, Count, 141

Révoil, Paul, 5, 12-13, 238 n., 262-63, 270, 334, 349, 351 and n.,
353, 356-57, 372, 374, 375 n., 376, 380-83, 386, 390, 392; memo. to
Radowitz on Feb. 16, 1906, 362-63; opposes Austrian proposal, 379

Richthofen, Baron, 154, 157, 159, 161 n., 164 n., 264, 281 n., 289 n.,
319 n., 327

Ripon, Lord, 326, 339-40

Roman, 259

Romberg, Baron, 162

Rominten, 272, 299-300

Roosevelt, President, 101 n., 115, 178-80, 184-85, 188, 203, 226 and
n., 239-40, 245 and n., 248, 287 n., 301, 309, 321, 353-54, 357,
361-62, 392; draws closer to Germany in 1904-5, 160, 205 and n., 206;
tries to calm Anglo-German hostility in 1905, 205 and n., 215, 222-23;
policy of, on Moroccan conflict on April 20, 1905, 214-15; hesitates
about accepting invitation to conference in June, 1905, 237;
intervenes in Paris and London in June, 1905, 243; advises France to
accept conference in June, 1905, 249-50; beneficial result of his
intervention in June, 1905, 250-51; refuses German request in July,
1905, 263; mistrusts Germany in 1906, 361; compromise proposal in
1906, 363-64; opposes Austrian proposal in March, 1906, 384-85,
388-89; proposal in March, 1906, 389

Root, 321, 355, 357, 361, 363-64, 389

Rosebery, Lord, 54 n., 106 n., 203, 322

Rosen, Dr., 274; his proposal for Franco-German accord in Sept., 1905,
269-70 and n.; negotiations in Paris in Sept., 1905, 269-72

Rothschild, Alfred, 54 n.

Rouvier, 8, 165, 200, 202, 224, 225 n., 229-31, 243-44 and n., 246 and
n., 247 and n., 248 n., 249, 251-54, 256-57, 259-63, 267-69, 271-75,
278, 295, 314 n., 317, 328 n., 330, 332-34, 337, 367, 373, 377 and n.,
381, 382 n.; speech in Chamber on April 17, 1905, 201; foreign policy
of, 212 and n.; overtures to Germany, 212-13, 217-19 and nn., 220-21;
opposed to conference in June, 1905, 237-38; offers direct agreement
to Germany in June, 1905, 238; despair over Germany’s policy in June,
1905, 238-39 and n.; discouraged at German replies in June, 1905, 242;
asks Roosevelt’s support in June, 1905, 245; accepts conference, 254;
policy of, toward Germany on Morocco in July, 1905, 259; negotiates
with Spain in 1905, 259-60; protests to Germany about Moroccan
concessions in 1905, 265-66; offers colonial agreement to Germany in
Sept., 1905, 271; declaration to Germany in Sept., 1905, 273;
statement to Germany in Sept., 1905, 274; refuses to negotiate
colonial agreement with Germany in Oct., 1905, 275; alarm over Björkö
meeting, 294; on Continental alliance in 1905, 301-2; overtures to
Germany in Nov., 1905, 311-12, 311 n.; speech in Chamber on Dec. 16,
1905, 313; determined to uphold French interests in Morocco at the
Conference, 319; assumes Delcassé’s policy, 320; diplomatic
preparations for Conference, 320-22; instructions to Révoil, 334-35,
335 n.; clings to policy in Feb., 1906, 360; declaration to Germany on
Feb. 15, 1906, 362; downfall of, 379-80

Rudini, Marquis de, 20

Russia, 23, 36, 39 n., 41, 47 n., 54 n., 67-69, 94-102, 110-16, 117,
323-24, 361; interest of, in the Far East, 10; favors Continental
_bloc_ against Great Britain, 42; proposal to Germany in 1899, 61;
proposal to Germany in 1902, 79; far eastern aggressions in 1903, 96;
anger of, at Great Britain in 1904, 110, 168; Black Sea fleet of, 111;
draws closer to Germany in 1904, 139, 161; and Germany in 1904,
160-72; Baltic fleet of, 161-63; divided opinion about alliance with
Germany in 1904, 167-68; need of German aid in 1904, 175; negotiates
loan in Berlin in 1904-5, 175; revolution, 181; press angry at Great
Britain in 1905, 292; anger over renewal of Anglo-Japanese alliance in
1905, 307; loan in 1906, 321 and n., 323-24, 367, 391 n., 399;
publication of instructions to Cassini in March, 1906, 391 and n.

Russo-Chinese agreement, 67

Russo-German commercial treaty of 1904, 161 n.

Russo-German negotiations for alliance in 1904, 114; proposed terms,
164-65, 169-70; results of, 179-80

Russo-Japanese relations, 67-68, 82-83 and n., 96; as affecting
British interests, 67-68; and Germany, 67-68; and France, 67-68

Russo-Japanese War, 100, 110, 117, 139-40, 150, 161, 164-65, 239

Sagasta, 35 n., 37

Saint-Aulaire, Count de, 128, 129, 131 n.

Saint-René Taillandier, 15, 134, 184, 186 and n., 198 and n., 199 and
n., 238; prepares mission to Fez in 1904, 133; his instructions, 133

Salisbury, Lord, 4, 11, 21, 35, 44, 61 n., 62 n., 63 n., refuses
Delcassé’s overture, 41-42; policy of, 53; asks co-operation of United
States in 1898, 53; proposes agreement to Russia in 1898, 53-54;
opposes Anglo-German alliance, 73, 76

Samoan Islands, 60

Sanderson, Lord, 73, 108 n., 142 n., 228 n., 230 n.; on German policy,
59; on Delcassé’s anti-German policy, 187 n.

Sarrien, 385

Sattler, 141

Savinsky, 168 n., 296 n.

Schiemann, 217 n.

Schlieffen, General, 144, 148, 239 n.

Schoen, Herr von, 193, 367-68, 391 n.

Scholl, General, 192

Schulenburg, Count, 176 n.

Siam, 47-49, 87, 91, 106

Siegfried, Jules, 5

Signatory Powers, 203 and n., 234 and n.

Silvela, 35-36, 38 n., 39 and n.; article in _La Lectura_, 37

Sonnino, Baron, 355 n.

Spain, 3, 5, 10-11 and n., 45, 50, 90 n., 89-93, 118 n., 152-54, 247
and n., 266-69; trade with Morocco, 2; defeat of, by United States, 6,
35; anger at Great Britain, 35; internal and international situation,
35; and France, 35-40, 118-25, 259-61; interest in Morocco, 36-37;
endeavors to bring about Franco-German _rapprochement_, 37; Cortes,
debates in 1904, 118; support from Great Britain in 1904, 119; appeals
to Germany for aid in 1904, 119, 122; Franco-Spanish agreement in
1904, 127 and n.; public opinion, 260; anger at Germany in Aug., 1905,
266; compromise proposal in Feb., 1906, 372-73; opposes Austrian
proposal in March, 1906, 379; opposes Roosevelt’s proposal in March,
1906, 389; trouble with France in March, 1906, 392-93

Spain, Queen Mother of, 35 n., 93 n., 118, 137

“Splendid isolation,” 53

Spring Rice, Cecil, 101 n., 114 n., 115, 228 n., 291-92, 324

Sternburg, Baron, 160, 250, 251 n., 355, 384 n., 385

Straits of Gibraltar, 3

Stumm, Herr von, 373 n.

Sultan of Turkey, 28, 206 n.

Sweden, 373 n.

Switzerland, 393 n.

Sydenham, Lord, 309 n.

Tafilelt, 12

Taft, 214, 228

Tangier, 47-48, 65, 88, 120-21, 124, 130-34, 140, 153, 181-89, 186 n.,
190, 196-97, 202, 247 n., 262-63, 270 n.; visit to, 192-95

Tardieu, André, 187 n., 199 n., 206 n., 234 n., 275, 348 n., 354 n.,
372 n., 373 nn., 376 n., 381 n., 391 n.

Tattenbach, Count, 189-90, 206 n., 208, 213-15, 216 n., 223-25, 252,
257 n., 261-62 and n., 264-68, 274, 349, 352, 356 and n., 366, 376 and
n.; proposal to Bülow on April 29, 1905, 215-16; favors Austrian
proposal in 1906, 378

_Temps, Le_, 13 n., 265, 275, 387, 391 and n., 403

Teniet-Sassi, 16

Tibet, 82, 111

Tidikelt, 11

Tirpitz, Admiral, 164 n., 181

Tittoni, 145-46, 207 n., 224-25, and n.

Tores, El, 395

Touat, 11, 22, 63, 65

Tournade, 200

_Tribuna_, 26

Triple Alliance, 19-20, 22 n., 23-30, 32-34, 72-73, 75, 76 n., 106,
136, 141, 143-46, 181-83, 213 n., 279, 286, 398 n., 400

Triple entente, 138

Tripoli, 21-22, 24, 26, 143

Tschirschky, Herr von, 285 n., 286, 328, 399 n.

Tunis, 14, 19

Tweedmouth, Lord, 342

Ular, Alexandre, 276 n.

United States, 43, 50, 53, 62, 95 n., 160, 170, 178, 215

Vaffier-Pollet, 312 and n.

Van Grooten, 327 n.

_Vanity Fair_, 173

Varley, 131

Vassel, 186 n.

Venezuela affair, 82

Victor Emmanuel II, King, 23, 33 n., 145-46, 182

Victoria, Queen, 11

Vigo, 35 n., 127, 140, 151, 217

Villa-Urrutia, 198 n., 206, 236, 247, 316, 330 and n.

Visconti-Venosta, Marquis, 22, 23, 316, 332, 349, 351, 362, 377, 378
n., 381; policy of, toward France, 20

Waldeck-Rousseau, 8

Wallace, D. M., 357

Wedel, Count, 358

Welsersheimb, Count, 349, 358, 377-78, 378 n., 390

_Weltpolitik_, 10, 27-28, 52, 56-58

White, Henry, 214, 349, 351, 362 and n., 381, 392

Wiesbaden, 138

Wilhelmshöhe, 75

William II, Emperor, 17, 45, 46 n., 55-58, 56 n., 68-69, 75 and n., 93
n., 161, 165, 167, 169-74, 181-82, 186 and n., 187-88 and n., 193,
195-96, 198, 201 n., 202, 214, 222, 250, 267 n., 272, 300, 309, 317
and n., 318-19, 326; cordiality toward France, 42, 43 and n.; offers
alliance to Great Britain, 54; aversion of, to Holstein, 60; visit of,
to England in 1899, 61-62; visit of, to England in 1901, 68-69; at
Vigo, 127, 151; on Moroccan question, 140; visit to Italy in 1904,
144-45; speeches in May, 1904, 147 and n.; lack of interest in
Morocco, 151-52 and n.; opposes intervention in Morocco in 1904, 157;
letter to Czar on Oct. 27, 1904, 163; failure of alliance negotiations
in 1904, 177-78 and n., 180; and Japan in 1905, 178; speech at Bremen
in 1905, 188 n.; opposes Tangier visit, 188-89; speeches at Tangier,
193-94 and n., 195 n.; initiates Russo-Japanese negotiations for
peace, 239; opposes Bülow’s policy in June, 1905, 239 and n.; anger
of, at Delcassé and Great Britain in Oct., 1905, 277; speech on Oct.
26, 1905, 277; Björkö meeting, 279-85 and n.; advice to Czar in July,
1905, 285 n.; letter to Czar on July 27, 1905, 285-86; changes
phrasing of Björkö Treaty, 286, 288; on French and Belgian neutrality
in case of Anglo-German war, 288; letter to Bülow on Aug. 11, 1905,
289-90; on British naval maneuvers in the Baltic in 1905, 292 n.; and
Witte in 1905, 299 and n.; and Czar in Sept., 1905, 299-300; and Czar
on Björkö Treaty, 303-4, 304 n.; disappointment over annulment of
Björkö Treaty, 305; speech in Reichstag on Nov. 28, 1905, 313 n.;
offer to Spanish King in Nov., 1905, 316 n., 330; protests pacific
intentions in Dec., 1905, 318-19; “Brilliant second,” 398; on Italy in
1906, 398 n.; on international situation in 1906, 399

Windsor, 62

Witte, Count, 44, 160 n., 161 n., 271-72, 294 and n., 301 n., 321 n.,
324, 367, 384 n., 391 n.; ideas on foreign policy in 1905, 298-99;
visit to Rominten in Sept., 1905, 299-300; and annulment of Björkö
Treaty, 300-301

Wolff, Theodor, 127 n., 186 n., 199 n.

Zanardelli, 24

[ PRINTED ]
[IN U·S·A·]

Transcriber's note

pg 25, footnote 69, Changed: "military agreement of 1887 beween" to:
"between"

pg 37-38, footnote 111, Changed: "_Diario de la sesiónes de Cortes_"
to: "_las sesiones_"

pg 131-132, footnote 386, Changed: "Saint-René Taillander, May 31,
1904" to: "Taillandier"

pg 153, Changed: "to let the Spanish percieve that" to: "perceive"

pg 168, footnote 512, Changed: "_Kreigsschuldfrage_" to:
"_Kriegsschuldfrage_"

pg 187, footnote 580, Changed: "_zum Ende des Welkkrieges_" to:
"_Weltkrieges_"

pg 264, footnote 820, Changed: "Bülow to F. O., July 31, 1903" to:
"1905"

pg 410, Changed: "Bibourd" to: "Bihourd"

pg 417, [Révoil] Changed: "meno. to Radowitz" to: "memo."

Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.