Chapter CLXV (2)

[408] All the other authorities make him merely Gerontius’s “dependent.” The word παῖς may be used in the sense of “servant.”

[409] Or Arelatum (mod. Arles).

[410] According to some accounts, he took refuge in Spain.

[411] Mainz.

[412] Or Gundicar.

[413] According to Bury, New Carthage in Spain.

[414] Marseilles.

[415] Distinguished Roman general, count of Africa, rival of Aëtius, and friend of St. Augustine.

[416] In 413.

[417] Others take προόδοις to mean, “as he walked.”

[418] Euripides, _Aeolus_ (frag. 2).

[419] Reading τετάχθαι. Τετέχθαι would mean that 14,000 children were born in one day in Rome, which is absurd.

[420] Sarus (_see_ p. 138).

[421] Gregory of Nazianzus (Or. 20). Photius’s account is rather obscure.

[422] Must mean “sophists” here, not, as so often in later Greek, “lawyers.”

[423] The lexicon of Hesychius interprets the word as οἱ μείζονες (“the greater”), that is the higher classes who are entitled to wear the cloak. It is suggested that the reference is to senior _pupils_, rather than to _teachers_.

[424] The _aureus_, worth about twelve shillings.

[425] He was _primicerius notariorum_.

[426] The first important representative of the name, a West-Goth, not of course to be confounded with the famous East-Goth (Dietrich). The present Theodoric was king of the West-Goths from 418-451. He was killed fighting with the Romans against Attila at the battle of Châlons.

[427] According to some, St. Elmo’s fire.

[428] Modern Assouan.

[429] On the left bank of the Nile.

[430] An Aethiopian people, mod. Barabras.

[431] Small island in the Nile with a town of the same name, where Isis and Osiris were said to be buried.

[432] Mod. Nissa, Nisch in Serbia.

[433] Quintus Aurelius S., flourished about 400. He was prefect of Rome and consul, and the author of letters and speeches, the former of which and some fragments of the latter are extant.

[434] It was by the aid of this Aspar that Leo I obtained the empire of the East (457), and afterwards ungratefully murdered him. His father and son were both named Ardaburius.

[435] One of Honorius’s generals.

[436] He pretended to be false to Placidia.

[437] Cod. XXXVIII.

[438] They were directed against Zoroastrianism, which was making some way at the time.

[439] Zoroaster (Zarathustra).

[440] Zervan, the principle of infinite time, from which both Ormuzd and Ahriman, the good and evil spirits, were supposed to have emanated. The sect of the Zervanists thus endeavoured to avoid Zoroastrian dualism.

[441] Ormuzd.

[442] Supposed to be a reference to Gnostic supporters of Zoroastrianism.

[443] The Christian era.

[444] Publius Herennius D. (flourished 254-278), rhetorician, statesman, and historian, a native of Athens, who distinguished himself against the Goths (269) when they attacked that city. Of the fragments preserved the chief is an address to the soldiers of Athens (_see_ Gibbon, ch. 10, i. 265, 266, Bury’s edition).

[445] 268.

[446] The Goths.

[447] Or “grave” (ὄγκος), “dignified.”

[448] Commandership of the select cavalry corps called Ἑταῖροι, a sort of bodyguard.

[449] _See_ Cod. XCII.

[450] Rhetorician and historian. He came to Rome in 30 B.C. and remained there till his death (7 B.C.). He was the author of numerous rhetorical works, several of which are extant, the most important being that on the ancient Greek orators. Of the twenty books of the _History_ (_Roman Antiquities_) eleven have been preserved, going down to 441 B.C., the period of the decemvirs. It is a rhetorical production, the chief object of which is to represent the Romans as superior to the Greeks, while at the same time he soothes the vanity of the latter by insisting upon the Greek origin of the former.

[451] Dio Cassius; _see_ Cod. LXXI.

[452] Cod. LVII.

[453] Nothing seems to be known of him.

[454] Their system was dualistic, recognizing two principles, good and evil; the first the author of man’s spiritual, the second of his corporeal nature. Man had two souls, one intellectual and rational, the other evil. They held that the souls of men, animals and plants were coeternal with God; that baptism was useless; that man was not free; that Christ was the material sun enlightening the world; that all religions were indifferent.

[455] Bishop of Bostra in Arabia Auranitis (362-371).

[456] One of the three first disciples of Manes.

[457] 335-347.

[458] In Egypt. The work is still extant.

[459] Presbyter of Antioch and bishop of Tarsus. The chief “founder of the rational school of Scriptural interpretation.”

[460] “Bushel,” referring to St. Mark iv. 19.

[461] Manes (_c._ 240-274), or Mani, the founder of the sect.

[462] O. the younger (_c._ 368-before 420), deaconess of Constantinople. After Chrysostom’s final expulsion, she seems to have left the city, and to have led a wandering life, being subjected to much persecution on account of her friendship with him.

[463] Innocent I, bishop of Rome (402-417).

[464] Probably lived in the third century A.D. The complete work is extant.

[465] By Gelasius of Cyzicus, who probably flourished in the second half of the fifth century. The work, which is still extant, is considered valueless as an historical authority.

[466] Appointed about 300, died about 358. He was sent by Constantine in 324 to Alexandria, on a mission to reconcile Arius and Alexander, bishop of Alexandria. He was Constantine’s adviser on theological matters, and is supposed to have taken an important part in drawing up the symbol of faith at the synod.

[467] 314-335.

[468] Born at Side in Pamphylia and died at Philippi in Macedonia (337), formerly bishop of Beroea. He was exiled in consequence of a false charge brought against him by the Arians, of whom he was a bitter opponent.

[469] Patriarch of Alexandria (312-326). He excommunicated the Arians and caused their doctrines to be condemned at the synod.

[470] Bishop from about 311 to between 331 and 335. Helena, the mother of Constantine the Great, visited Jerusalem during his episcopate (325).

[471] Successively bishop of Berytus, Nicomedia, and Constantinople. Exiled by Constantine, he was recalled through the influence of the Arians, and became the bitter enemy of Athanasius, whose banishment he procured. He became bishop of Constantinople in 341, his advancement being due to the patronage of Constantia, the emperor’s sister. He drew up nearly all the Arian formulae.

[472] The question of the Gelasii is very obscure (_see_ also Cod. CII).

[473] Those who taught that the Son was “dissimilar” and of different substance from the Father. The leaders of the sect were Aëtius and Eunomius.

[474] Emperor 475-477.

[475] 315-386, bishop 348. He was exiled for several years by Arian intrigues, but recalled by Julian the Apostate. His extant _Catecheses_ contain the oldest and most concise abridgement of Christian doctrine.

[476] Rufinus Tyrannius or Toranus (345-410), born at Concordia, a small town in Italy. He is called “of Aquileia,” where he was baptized, and entered a monastery. He is chiefly known for his quarrel with Jerome about his translation of various works of Origen. He was condemned by pope Anastasius, and died in Sicily. He was the author of a large number of translations and other works.

[477] Famous sophist (314-393). Brought up at Athens, he was professor of rhetoric at Constantinople, where he had as pupils St. Basil and St. John Chrysostom. Much of his work is extant, consisting of purely rhetorical exercises and instructions, actual speeches on various subjects, a life of Demosthenes and arguments of his speeches, and extensive correspondence. He was a pagan.

[478] Cod. LVIII.

[479] 334 B.C.

[480] 333 B.C.

[481] 331 B.C.

[482] The earliest capital of Persia (now Meshed-i-Murghab), where Cyrus was buried.

[483] Mod. Bokhara.

[484] “Birdless,” so high that birds could not fly to the summit. The name is given by the Greeks to many high Indian rocky mountains.

[485] Mod. Behat or Jhelum.

[486] Mod. Sutlej.

[487] Alexander’s admiral and one of the chief navigators of ancient times.

[488] The Persian coast-land on the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean as far as Gedrosia, now Kerman.

[489] Large Persian province, the same as Elam, the only town of importance being Susa.

[490] _See_ p. 123, note [361]. This was their regular custom when ill (κατὰ τὰ πάτρια).

[491] Alexander’s early friend and untrustworthy treasurer. He fled from Babylon with 5000 talents before Alexander’s return to India, and went to Athens, where by gifts of corn and money he succeeded in gaining the favour of the inhabitants and protection against Antipater, who demanded his surrender. He took refuge finally in Crete, where he was killed.

[492] Consult J. P. Mahaffy, _Alexander’s Empire_ (1887) in “Story of the Nations” Series, and E. R. Bevan, _The House of Seleucus_ (1902).

[493] _See_ p. 149, note [448].

[494] Καυσία, a light, broad-brimmed felt hat, worn by the Macedonians, to keep off the burning heat (καῦσις) of the sun.

[495] Arrhidaeus and the young Alexander, the son of Roxana.

[496] The “silver-shield” division of the Macedonian army.

[497] More correctly Polyperchon.

[498] Or “well-rounded.”

[499] The first independent king of Bithynia was Nicomedes I (278 B.C.); the Nicomedes here referred to is Nicomedes IV, who bequeathed his kingdom to Rome in 74 B.C.

[500] Syrian romance-writer, probably lived about the middle of the second century A.D. The complete work is no longer extant (_see_ Cod. LXXIII).

[501] A monumental pillar or monument generally marking the site of a grave.

[502] Or, “being uncertain whether their footsteps led thither.”

[503] Deriving μυστήριον from μῦς.

[504] A.D. 164.

[505] Or Vologases III (148-190).

[506] Reading Κόρην with capital Κ. Korē or Persephonē, daughter of Demeter (Ceres), wife of Pluto, and queen of the lower world. If κόρην be read, we must translate “and bids her daughter follow him.”

[507] By Sacas (p. 174).

[508] _See_ Cod. XVII.

[509] Supposed to be Julian, patriarch of Antioch (471-476).

[510] _See_ Cod. XLII.

[511] 616-630. The work, which is extant in a complete form, is regarded as worthless (_see_ biography of Chrysostom by W. R. W. Stephens, 1872).

[512] Γραμματικοί must here mean those whose education is elementary. It more generally = philologist in the sense of a student of literature.

[513] _c._ 364-431, Bishop of Helenopolis in Bithynia, author of the _Lausiaca_, biographies of ascetics.

[514] _See_ Cod. XXVIII.

[515] About 360.

[516] Add: “would not allow such to accompany him.”

[517] He was bishop of Majuma, the port of Gaza, famous for his ascetic life and devotion to the duties of his calling.

[518] A young friend of Chrysostom who, after having led a dissipated life, entered a monastery. He was at first unable to endure the restrictions, became subject to convulsions (regarded as demoniacal attacks), but gradually attained to a more religious and meeker frame of mind. The treatises contain Chrysostom’s advice to his friend.

[519] So called from Marcion of Sinope, an heresiarch of the second century A.D. His followers believed in two Christs, one sent by an unknown God to save the whole world, the other whom the Creator would one day send to save the Jews. They denied the resurrection of the flesh, and maintained that the body of Christ was like ours only in appearance, not in reality.

[520] He succeeded Gregory of Nazianzus, and was archbishop from 381 to 397 (398).

[521] 385-412.

[522] Roman general, a Goth by birth, commander of the troops of Arcadius. He afterwards revolted, was declared an enemy of the state, and retaliated by ravaging the territory of the empire. He was killed fighting against the Huns (401), who sent his head to Constantinople.

[523] Mod. Valenza in Liguria.

[524] The Apostate.

[525] Priest and monk (fifth century A.D.). He was a great friend and champion of Athanasius.

[526] Pope 366-384; a Spaniard by birth. His secretary was St. Jerome.

[527] In the district of lower Egypt, so called from the natron lakes.

[528] Mod. Marmara (from its marble) in the Propontis (Sea of Marmora).

[529] _See_ p. 85, note [286].

[530] At the mouth of the Euxine.

[531] The modern Sofia, capital of Bulgaria. The council was held in 343 or 347.

[532] A village on the borders of Armenia and Cilicia.

[533] 312.

[534] _See_ p. 152, note [462].

[535] Literally, “a double-folded tablet” of wood, ivory, or metal. In the early Church, the tablets on which were written the names of those specially commemorated at the celebration of the Eucharist.

[536] Of Tralles in Lydia, lived till the reign of Antoninus Pius. His treatises _On Wonderful Things_ and _On Long-lived Persons_ are extant.

[537] 776 B.C.

[538] 72-69 B.C.

[539] Racing, a single course, the _diaulos_ being a double course.

[540] The “five exercises,” running, leaping, wrestling, boxing, discus-throwing.

[541] The period embraced all the games, so that “to conquer in the period” meant to be victorious in all.

[542] A contest combining both wrestling and boxing.

[543] Lucius Licinius Lucullus (_c._ 110-57), Roman general, conqueror of Mithradates. He was famous for his luxurious banquets, which have become proverbial.

[544] Mod. Samsun, on the coast of Pontus.

[545] Lucius Licinius Murena, consul 63 B.C. He was accused of bribery, defended by Cicero in a speech still extant, and acquitted.

[546] Phraates III.

[547] President of the Epicurean school at Athens, died 70 B.C. Cicero draws freely from his work _On the Gods_ (a fragment of which was discovered at Herculaneum) in his _De Natura Deorum_.

[548] Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The Capitol had been destroyed during the civil wars of Sulla’s time.

[549] Quintus Caecilius Metellus, consul 69, conqueror of Crete after a three years’ campaign. He received the title of Creticus for his services.

[550] His history, probably written between 450-501, really begins with the death of Commodus (192) and ends at 410, just before Alaric’s siege of Rome. He is an extremely bigoted heathen, fond of the old mythological legends, oracles, prodigies, and everything marvellous, ignorant of geography, and pays no attention to chronology. But the work is valuable as mainly compiled from trustworthy contemporary authorities (_see_ Cod. LXXX).

[551] Cod. LXXVII.

[552] Flourished about A.D. 238. His history embraces the period from the death of Marcus Aurelius to the death of Gordian (180-238). His geography and chronology are defective. For the history of the period _see_ Gibbon, chs. 4-7.

[553] Gaius Pescennius Niger.

[554] Lucius Septimius Severus.

[555] At Eboracum (York).

[556] More commonly known as Caracalla.

[557] Varius Avitus Bassianus (afterwards Marcus Aurelius Antoninus) more commonly known as Heliogabalus (more correctly Elagabalus).

[558] Alexander Severus.

[559] Emperor A.D. 117-138. He was a great patron of literature, and wrote several works himself, both prose and verse. His address to the soul is famous (see _Life_, by F. Gregorovius, Eng. tr. by M. E. Robinson, 1898).

[560] _See_ Cod. LXXXVIII.

[561] _c._ 20 B.C.-A.D. 40. The most important Jewish Hellenist, called the Jewish Plato, born at Alexandria of a priestly family. Hardly any particulars are known of his life. In the year 40 he was head of a deputation of his countrymen to the emperor Caligula at Rome, to protest against the persecution of the Jews in Alexandria. He was the author of numerous works, purely philosophical, exegetical (on the Pentateuch), historical, and apologetic. Amongst them are: _On the Indestructibility of the World_; _That every Good Man is Free_; _Allegories of the Sacred Law_, full of allegorizing and constant attempts to combine Judaism and Hellenism; _On the Contemplative Life_; _Against Flaccus_ (governor of Egypt); and _The Embassy to Gaius_. His philosophy is a sort of neo-Platonism--an endeavour to reconcile the teaching of Plato and of the Bible. There are two worlds, an intelligible and a sensible, the latter formed by God on the model of a world of ideas, invariable and coeternal, personified under the name of Logos (Reason), an emanation from God. “The Logos, intermediate between God and the world, dwells with God as His wisdom, and as the abiding place of the Ideas.”

[562] They were divided into _practici_ (active), who lived in common, and _theoretici_ (contemplative), who lived alone. In Egypt and Greece the latter were called _therapeutae_.

[563] Roman emperor A.D. 37-41, more commonly known as Caligula.

[564] Avillius F., governor of Egypt, and persecutor of the Jews.

[565] Flourished about the middle of the third century A.D.

[566] _See_ Cod. XLII.

[567] 1 Peter iv. 1.

[568] Isaiah ii. 1.

[569] John xii. 31.

[570] Psalm xlv. 7.

[571] John xvii. 19.

[572] John i. 14.

[573] John iii. 13.

[574] 1 Cor. x. 4.

[575] Deuter. xxviii. 66.

[576] Ezekiel xliv. 2.

[577] Acts xiii. 26.

[578] Romans viii. 32.

[579] John iii. 16.

[580] Baruch iii. 36-38.

[581] Psalm lxxxi. 8.

[582] John xiv. 9.

[583] 1 Cor. ii. 8.

[584] Who added the words “One of the Trinity was crucified” to the Trisagion. According to them, Christ had only one, and that a divine nature, and therefore the divine nature suffered at the Crucifixion.

[585] They taught that the human soul of Christ was like our own, even in its imperfect knowledge and ignorance.

[586] Titus Flavius Clemens (_c._ 150-213). A Platonic philosopher who embraced Christianity, and succeeded Pantaenus as head of the catechetical school of Alexandria. Amongst his pupils were Origen and Alexander, bishop of Jerusalem. His chief works are those mentioned here by Photius. To these may be added his _Hortatory Address to the Greeks_, showing the superiority of Christianity to the heathen and other religions. In consequence of the persecution of Severus, he fled to Palestine, where he died.

[587] _Stromateis_ (Στρωματεῖς), bed-coverlets, “patch-work quilts.”

[588] Lived during the first century A.D. According to tradition he was one of the first successors of St. Peter as bishop of Rome. Numerous works, such as the Homilies and Recognitions, the Apostolic Constitutions, which are ascribed to him, are spurious, the only writing bearing his name which is admitted to be genuine being the First Epistle to the Church of Corinth (the second is spurious). On the whole question _see_ edition (1890) by Bishop Lightfoot.

[589] iv. 3. Clement being a very common name, this identification is by no means certain.

[590] Apion, Alexandrine grammarian, commentator on Homer, flourished in the middle of the first century A.D. He was notorious for his hatred of the Jews and of Jewish Christianity.

[591] Or “Travels.”

[592] Also Leucius, or Leontius. His date is uncertain, perhaps in the fifth century A.D.

[593] They celebrated Easter or the Paschal Feast on the day of the Jewish Passover (the 14th of Nisan, the first month of the Jewish year, corresponding to March-April), whatever day of the week it fell on. _See_ the exhaustive account in Hefele, _History of Christian Councils_, i. 298, (1871).

[594] The Jewish Passover.

[595] _i.e._ For a cycle of 532 years (28 × 19) and one year more, when a new cycle should begin. Metrodorus possibly lived in the sixth or seventh century. On this difficult subject, _see_ article “Easter” in _Dictionary of Christian Antiquities_.

[596] The Jewish Passover.

[597] Bishop of Alexandria (247-264), called “the Great,” a pupil of Origen.

[598] Bishop of Alexandria (189-232). He was at first on friendly terms with Origen, who offended him by publicly expounding the Scriptures although unordained (_see_ also Cod. CXVIII).

[599] A sect named after Sabellius (second-third century A.D.). While denying that the Son was subordinate to the Father, they denied His real personality, and regarded the Trinity of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as not real and eternal, but temporal and modalistic (different modes of the manifestations of the Divine Nature).

[600] Book I exists in a Latin version by Rufinus.

[601] Emperor 249-251. He was notorious as a relentless enemy and persecutor of the Christians.

[602] Emperor 251-253. His son Volusianus was associated with him in the empire.

[603] During the persecution of Diocletian (303).

[604] _c._ 120-140 to 202, bishop of Lyons 177, He was born in Asia Minor, near Smyrna, and removed to Rome about 155. He is said to have been martyred under Severus, but this is not regarded as certain. He was an ardent opponent of the Valentinian Gnostics, and earnestly endeavoured to prevent a quarrel between the Eastern and Western Churches on the question of the date of Easter. His great work only exists in a barbarous Latin version, though parts of the original can be re-constructed from quotations in later writers.

[605] Simon the Magician, flourished about the year A.D. 37, when he gained great influence in Samaria by his witchcraft (_see_ Acts viii. 9-24).

[606] An Assyrian, student of Greek philosophy, who became converted to Christianity at Rome about 150 by reading the Bible. A Christian apologist, he later adopted Gnostic views. He retired to Mesopotamia and is supposed to have died at Edessa, _c._ 180. In addition to an _Apology for Christianity_, he was the author of a _Diatessaron_, a sort of harmony of the Gospels.

[607] _c._ 103-164. Born in Palestine, Greek philosopher and convert to Christianity. He is said to have been scourged and beheaded for refusing to offer sacrifice to the pagan divinities.

[608] Gnostic sect of the second century, followers of Carpocrates of Alexandria.

[609] Martyr (_c._ 155) under Marcus Aurelius.

[610] Flourished during the third century. He was a pupil of Irenaeus and an active opponent of the Gnostics. He was a presbyter of Rome, and became anti-bishop in opposition to Calixtus (Callistus), an adherent of Monarchianism (denial of the doctrine of the Trinity). The treatise _Against Heresies_ was first discovered in a convent on Mount Athos in 1842.

[611] A Jewish sect, so called from Dositheus of Samaria (first century A.D.), who killed himself by fasting. He insisted on a rigorous observance of the Sabbath.

[612] Died about A.D. 200, born at Smyrna or Ephesus. According to him “Christ was the Father, and the Father was born, suffered, and died.”

[613] _c._ 316-403, born near Eleutheropolis in Palestine, bishop of Constantia (Salamis) in Cyprus. He was a vigorous opponent of Origen and Chrysostom. _Panaria_ is the Latin equivalent of the Greek Ἀρτοφόρια (bread-baskets).

[614] _See_ Cod. LII.

[615] Rather _Ancyrotus_ (Gk. Ἀγκύρωτος), “secured by an anchor,” the anchor of faith amidst the storms of heresy.

[616] _See_ p. 154.

[617] _See_ p. 153, note [468].

[618] The well-known sophist and humorous writer (_c._ A.D. 125-180). He was a native of Samosata in Syria, and, after a wandering life, settled down in Athens, whence he removed to Egypt, where he died. His _True History_ was the original of works like the _Gulliver’s Travels_ of Swift, with whom and with Voltaire he has much in common.

[619] Both the Λούκιος ἢ Ὄνος (Lucius or the Ass) of Lucian and the _Metamorphoses_ of Apuleius go back to one Greek original, here called Lucius of Patrae in Achaea (mod. Patras).

[620] Neo-Platonist philosopher of Damascus, flourished in the fifth-sixth century A.D. He taught philosophy and rhetoric in Alexandria and Athens. His treatise _Doubts and Solutions in regard to First Principles_ is extant.

[621] Marcus Aurelius.

[622] Of Methone, lived in the time of Constantine.

[623] Of Antioch (fourth century A.D.). Pupil of Libanius and author of an extant _Progymnasmata_ (literary exercises).

[624] There were two sophists of this name, one of Antioch, the other of Alexandria. Nothing more is known of them, nor of Maximus.

[625] Of Alexandria (_see_ Cod. XLIX). The work deals with “the holy and consubstantial Trinity.”

[626] Of Cappadocia, head of an extreme Arian sect. He was bishop of Cyzicus, but was deposed and exiled, and died at the end of the fourth century. He asserted that the Son of God was God only in name, and that He was united to humanity not in substance, but only by His virtue and operations.

[627] Periods of four years.

[628] Saturn. He had heard that he would be killed by one of his sons, and accordingly devoured his children as soon as they were born. Zeus, Poseidon and Pluto were saved, their mother Rhea having substituted stones for them, which Saturn swallowed with equal avidity.

[629] Of Alexandria, flourished under Theodosius II (408-450).

[630] _See_ p. 224, note [643].

[631] Grammarian of the time of Hadrian.

[632] Valerius Pollio of Alexandria.

[633] Nothing is known of him.

[634] Not to be confused with the author of the _Life of Apollonius of Tyana_ (Cod. XLIV).

[635] Valerius Diodorus, son of Pollio (Cod. CXLIX).

[636] About the beginning of the fourth century A.D. The lexicon is extant.

[637] Not the author of the _Roman Antiquities_ (Cod. LXXXIII).

[638] Flourished in the time of Hadrian.

[639] His identity is uncertain.

[640] Possibly Dorotheus of Ascalon, a Greek grammarian often referred to by Athenaeus.

[641] Second century A.D. His lexicon, called Λέξεις Ἀττικαὶ (Attic words), is extant.

[642] Of Bithynia, flourished under Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. He was a great stickler for purity of style. Only extracts and the present summary of the _Equipment_ have been preserved, but a shorter work called the _Atticist_, in which rules are given for the use or avoidance of various expressions, is extant.

[643] “Members” (κῶλα, _membra_), as distinct from “clauses” (κόμματα, _incisa_). The original distinction is one of length, 4 to 6 syllables being a “clause,” 7 to 10 a “member” (_cp._ the use of our own comma and colon). According to Quintilian, _incisum_ is a complete sense in which the numbers or rhythm are not yet complete, _membrum_ is a complete sense and a complete rhythm, but while perfect as a limb, in relation to its body (the given whole of which it forms part) it is incomplete and has no meaning (_see_ Sandys on Cicero, _Orator_, 212).

[644] Of Pergamum, Greek philosopher and sophist, consul under Marcus Aurelius, author of declamations and technical writings on rhetoric.

[645] Publius Aelius Aristides (_c._ 129-189) famous rhetorician, born at Hadrianutherai in Mysia, friend of Marcus Aurelius. He was a priest of Asclepius (Aesculapius) at Smyrna. More than fifty of his orations and declamations are extant.

[646] Marcus Junius Brutus (85-42 B.C.), the conspirator.

[647] Lived in Syracuse, at the court of Dionysius the Younger (356 B.C.), and afterwards wrote speeches for the law-courts at Athens. He is, of course, not identical with the rival of Demosthenes (_see_ p. 62, note [231]).

[648] One of the most hated of the Thirty Oligarchs or Tyrants at Athens (404 B.C.). He was a pupil of Socrates, and a poet and orator of no mean order.

[649] _c._ 440-370 B.C., founder of the Cynic school. He was first a pupil of the famous sophist Gorgias of Leontini, then of Socrates.

[650] The personification of blame or censure.

[651] According to Suidas, the inhabitants of Corycus (a promontory in Pamphylia), to avoid being plundered by pirates, used to go and listen in other harbours to find out where certain vessels were bound, and then informed the pirates. He adds that the comic poets introduced a Corycian god, one who was always listening. Ephorus gives a somewhat different story. The text is unsatisfactory here and the meaning is not very clear. J. H. Leich’s suggestion, χωρίσειεν (_segregaret_), in his essay on the Bibliotheca (1748), does not mend matters.

[652] 436-338 B.C. One of the “ten” Attic orators. The political object of his speeches was to unite the Greek world against its hereditary enemy, Persia. His twenty-one extant speeches are distinguished by high artistic finish, and are most carefully elaborated. The news of the battle of Chaeronea (338), in which the Athenians were utterly defeated by Philip of Macedon, is said to have killed the aged orator--“killed with report that old man eloquent” (Milton). He was too timid to speak in public himself, and opened a school of rhetoric, which was largely attended.

[653] Speeches were divided into deliberative, forensic, and epideictic (show speeches).

[654] Egyptian prince who put to death strangers arriving in his country. He was slain by Hercules.

[655] King of Salamis in Cyprus (_see_ p. 109).

[656] The letter to the children of Jason of Pherae completes the nine. Opinions are divided as to the genuineness of the letters.

[657] Or, “delineation of character” (Van Hook).

[658] “Fiery earnestness” (Jebb).

[659] Flourished at the beginning of the sixth century A.D., pupil of Procopius of Gaza. He was nominally a Christian, but his point of view and manner of expression are pagan. Several of his panegyrics, funeral orations, wedding speeches, and school declamations are extant.

[660] Procopius of Gaza (465-528).

[661] Perhaps Sopater of Apamea, who was at first intimate with Constantine the Great, but was put to death by him on account of his pagan propaganda.

[662] Flourished about 140 B.C.

[663] Castor and Pollux.

[664] King of Mauretania, born _c._ 50 B.C., died _c._ A.D. 20. He was a most prolific writer on all kinds of subjects.

[665] Of Naucratis, in Egypt; flourished at Rome during the reign of Commodus and his successors. His _Doctors at Dinner_ (Sandys) is a kind of encyclopaedia, in which are preserved numerous quotations from some 700 ancient authors, especially of the Middle and New Comedy.

[666] Learned female grammarian of the time of Nero; author of a work bearing upon the history of literature (_see_ Cod. CLXXV).

[667] Nothing further is known of him.

[668] 403-323 B.C.

[669] Of Eresus or Mytilene in Lesbos. Two complete poems and numerous fragments remain, increased by the papyrus-finds in Egypt.

[670] Of Arelate (Arles); sceptic; author of numerous popular philosophical works, epideictic declamations, and speeches. He chiefly resided in Rome, and was patronised by Hadrian.

[671] Of Tarentum; flourished 318 B.C. He was a great authority on music and rhythm (he was called ὁ μουσικός), and wrote on almost every subject.

[672] It is uncertain whether he is identical with the author of the Musical and Roman Histories mentioned below, or whether the author of the last is an orator of whose rhetorical work a fragment has been preserved.

[673] Of Colophon or Claros, contemporary of Plato. His elegy _Lyde_, on the death of his mistress, was famous. He also wrote a long-winded epic, _Thebais_, and was the author of an edition of Homer.

[674] Roman senator; lived a little earlier than Aelian (_c._ A.D. 170-230). Besides the _Halieutica_ (On Fishing), he wrote on aquatic divination, and marvellous things.

[675] His date is unknown, possibly the second half of the third century A.D. The _Lives_ is an undigested and uncritical compilation from different works.

[676] Of Mytilene (died _c._ 405 B.C.). He wrote several genealogical works, and the history of various countries and peoples, amongst them an _Atthis_ (history of Attica), and _Troica_ (History of Troy).

[677] _See_ Cod. LXVIII.

[678] First century B.C.

[679] His date is uncertain. The work was much used by Stephanus of Byzantium, the geographer.

[680] Add Timoleon.

[681] Of Byzantium (_c._ 257-180 B.C.), successor of Eratosthenes as librarian of Alexandria. He is famous for his editions of Homer and other poets, in which he introduced accents and other marks to be used in the criticism of the text.

[682] Of Rhodes, end of third century B.C. Wrote on art and a descriptive account of Alexandria.

[683] Of Alexandria, contemporary of Strabo (who died _c._ A.D. 24). He wrote on the critical marks used in the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_, and commentaries on Homer and Pindar.

[684] Bishop of Thessalonica, _c._ 600.

[685] A Monophysite sect, which held that the one nature of Christ was not subject to corruption (ἄφθαρτος), understanding by corruption (φθορά) not only the corruption following on death and moral depravity, but all needs of the body, sufferings, and weaknesses, against which no reproach could be made (ἀδιάβλητα). The _docetae_ part of the compound seems to mean that Christ’s body was not what it appeared, for it does not appear that they regarded it as a phantasm, a body _in appearance_ only. They admitted it was real and substantial.

[686] 2 Cor. iv. 16.

[687] Patriarch of Constantinople, died 447. He was a friend and pupil of Chrysostom; some of his sermons and letters are extant.

[688] Bishop of Olympus and Patara in Lycia in the fourth century. It is not certain that he suffered martyrdom. _See_ Codd. CCXXXIV-CCXXXVII.

[689] Christian apologist during the reign of Hadrian.

[690] From φθαρτός (corruptible) and λατρεία (worship). They held that the human body of Christ was subject to ordinary natural corruption.

[691] Who believe in a passible Christ.

[692] Fourth or fifth century A.D. About the middle of the tenth century a selection was made from it and similar works by command of the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus.

[693] Of Nicaea, lived in the time of Cicero. The statement that he wrote a volume on _Paradoxa_ is probably an error.

[694] Claudius Galenus, A.D. 129-199, the most celebrated physician of antiquity. Born at Pergamum, he studied at Alexandria, and was summoned to Rome by Marcus Aurelius, who had the greatest confidence in him. He wrote numerous treatises on medicine and other scientific subjects, grammar, and literary criticism.

[695] Μελεταί, elaborate fictitious speeches written for practice in the schools of rhetoric.

[696] Born at Prusa _c._ A.D. 315, died _c._ 386. Lived at the court of the Emperor Julian and after his death at Athens. He was the teacher of Gregory of Nazianzus and Basil. Of the twenty-four extant _Declamations_ some are school exercises, others inaugural orations (_see_ Cod. CCXLIII).

[697] Themistocles dissuaded the Athenians from accepting his offers.

[698] The word used (περιβολή) expresses the combination in a single period of a variety of diction, sentiments, and figures of speech. The Latin equivalent is _circumducta_ or _circumjecta oratio_: cp. Quintilian, ix. 4, 124: _cum sensus unus longiore ambitu circumducitur_ (“when a single thought is drawn out by a lengthy period”).

[699] Αἰτιολογία, giving the causes or reasons of things.

[700] Γοργός, “vigorous,” “fiery,” opposed to “languid,” “spiritless.”

[701] The inversion of the usual order of words or clauses in a sentence, chiefly for the sake of emphasis.

[702] A send-off speech (like _Propempterius_).

[703] Σχέδιον, a short extempore discourse.

[704] Ἐπίδειξις, a speech delivered in the theatre or a public place to exhibit the composer’s rhetorical powers.

[705] In the school. To read Συμπληγάδι (with capital Σ) and translate “prefect of Symplegada” seems absurd.

[706] Λαλιά, a short complimentary address to a real personage.

[707] The text cannot be right (τοῦ Λέοντος). Τοῦ λέγοντος, “of the speaker” (_i.e._ Himerius himself) is another reading.

[708] Διάλεξις, a private lecture or dissertation for the instruction of pupils.

[709] Received during the disturbance (συμπληγάς) in the school.

[710] See also the _Eclogae_ by Photius (Cod. CCXLIII) and the _Orationes_, ed. F. Dübner in the Didot series (Paris, 1849).

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