Chapter II: Appendix (2)

_Volksbibliothēk_, see _Jüd. Volksbib._

_Volksblatt_, see _Jüd. Volksblatt_.

_Volksfreund_, 164.

_Voschod_, 10, 54, 75, 90, 157, 195.

Vowels, pronunciation of, x.

Wagenseil, 42.

Wahl, Saul, 54.

'Wanderer, The,' Ehrenkranz's, 80.

'Wanderings of Benjamin the Third, The,' Abramowitsch's, 159, 160.

War, Jews opposed to, 67.

Warsaw, bookstores in, viii;
prints, 27, 244, 254;
periodicals, 133, 250;
Spektor in, 186, 187;
theatre, 239, 242;
and see 97, 125, 132, 148.

_Warsaw Jewish Family Calendar, The_, 253;
and see _Familienkalender_.

_Warschauer jüdische Zeitung, Die_, viii, 76, 251.

"Wasser schaumt, Wasser schaumt," 66.

'Watch, The,' Zunser's, 92.

_Wecker_, see _Jüd. Wecker_.

Wedding, in folksong, 61.

_Weiberdeutsch_, 55.

Weissberg, M., 72.

'Well-known Pictures,' Perez's, 204-206.

'What is a Soul?' Perez's, 204-206.

'While you Live, you Must not Think of Death,' Ehrenkranz's, 78.

White Russian element in J. G., 19.

'Whither?' Rosenfeld's, 128.

_Widerkol_, 179.

Widowhood, in song, 64.

Wiener, L., 54, 76.

Wiernik, Ph., 10, 229.

Wigalois, 4.

'Wigderl the Son of Wigderl,' 166.

'Wild Man, The,' Gordin's, 242.

Wilna, local tales, 35, 36;
books printed in, 27, 134, 245, 254;
publication, 214;
and see viii, 74, 145, 149, 221.

Winchevsky, Morris, his poetry, 123, 124;
his culture and socialism, 123;
treats on social questions, 124;
his fables, 124;
his prose, 226, 227;
edits _Emeth_, 226, 227;
his style carefully balanced, 227;
excellence of his translations, 227;
and see 22, 107, 122, 223, 242;
poem and translation, 312-315.

_Wisla_, 38.

Wollmann, 167.

Woloderski, B., 83.

Women, as preservers of J. G., 18;
their love of folktales, 26;
books for, 55;
songs on, 89;
in literature, see Isabella, Goldstein.

Word-building, Abramowitsch's, 154.

Word-painting, Rosenfeld's, 126, 129, 130.

_Workers' Friend, The_, 223.

'Workingmen's Program,' Lassale's, translated, 223.

'World Turned Topsy-Turvy, The,' J. B. Levinsohn's, 140.

'Yekl,' Cahan's, 221.

_Yiddish_, 23.

'Young Tears,' Berenstein's, 86.

Youth, songs of, 56.

Zamoszcz, Ettinger in, 101;
Perez born in, 111;
seat of Haskala, 132.

Zazkin, Russian Grammar, 247.

Zbaraż, Ehrenkranz born in, 77.

_Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowej_, see Segel.

Zederbaum, founder of _Kol-mewasser_, 148, 149;
his deserts in J. G. letters, 177, 178;
the connecting link between two generations of writers, 177;
founds Hebrew periodical, 177;
his _Kol-mewasser_, 178;
founds _Volksblatt_, 178, 179;
and see 111, 215, 251, 252.

'Zeena Ureena', 5, 19, 43.

_Zeit, Die_, 229.

_Zeitschrift d. Vereins f. Volkskunde_, 29, 44, 54.

_Zeitschrift f. Ethnologie_, 44.

_Zeitung_, 72, 250.

Zhelezniak, in rhymed chronicle, 70.

Zhitomir, books published in, 83, 87, 97, 254;
Rabbinical school in, 74, 149;
and see 245.

Zionism, 185, 192, 193, 214, 252.

Zuckermann, publisher, 256.

_Zukunft, Die_, 224.

Zunser, Eliokum, his poetry, 91-93;
reforming badchen's profession, 91, 92;
his obligations to popular poets, 91, 92;
adopts manner of Galicians, 92;
his repertoire, 93;
in America, 120;
his drama, 232, 233;
and see 74, 106, 187, 218.

Zunz, 17.

_Zuspiel_, nature of, 78;
and see 86.

Zweifel, Elieser, Zwi, his poetry, 96;
his moral treatises, 174, 175;
and see 137, 244;
extract and translation, 264, 265.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] "Drum ir liben Mannen un' Frauen, leient ir oft daraus so wert ir drinnen behäuen um nit zu leienen aus dem Bicher von Kühen un' von Ditrich von Bern un' Meister Hildabrant sollt ir ach euch nit tun müen, nun es sein wärlich eitel Schmitz, sie geben euch nit Warem noch Hitz, ach sein sie nit gettlich darbei." (_Serapeum_, Vol. XXVII. p. 3.)

[2] F. Rosenberg, _Ueber eine Sammlung deutscher Volks-und Gesellschafts-lieder in hebräischen Lettern, Berlin_, 1888.

[3] "Drum ir liben Frauen kauft ir sie behend, e sie werden kummen in fremden Länd, in Pehm un' in Reussen un' in Polen, aso wert man sie ach tun weidlich holen, un' andern Ländern mer, drum kauft ir sie ser, dernoch werd ir sagen, warum hab ich keins gekauft, da sie sein gewesen in Land." (_Serapeum_, Vol. XXVII. p. 3.)

[4] G. Karpeles, _Geschichte der jüdischen Literatur_, Berlin, 1886, 1029 pp.

[5] M. Steinschneider, _Die italienische Litteratur der Juden_, in _Monatschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums_, Vol. XLII. pp. 74-79.

[6] M. Grünbaum, _Die jüdisch-deutsche Litteratur in Deutschland, Polen und Amerika_ (Abdruck aus Winter und Wünsche, _Die jüdische Litteratur seit Abschluss des Kanons_, Bd. III. s. 531 ff.), Trier, 1894, 8vo, 91 pp.

[7] B. Berenson, _Contemporary Jewish Fiction_, in _Andover Review_, Vol. X. pp. 598-602.

[8] J. Dienesohn, _Die jüdische Sprache un' ihre Schreiber_, in _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 1-20; N. Solotkov, _A Maisse wegen Maisses; oder A Blick über die žargonische Literatur_, in _Stādt-anzeiger_, No. I. pp. 11-16, No. II. pp. 17-22; J. Goido, _Die žargonische Literatur in America_, in _Amerikanischer Volkskalender_, Vol. III. pp. 73-77; Americanus, _Die jüdisch-deutsche Literatur in America_, in _Neuer Geist_, No. VI. pp. 352-355.

[9] _Novosti žargonnoj literatury_, in _Voschod_, Vol. IX. No. 7, pp. 19-37; see also _Sistematičeskij ukazatel'_, pp. 285-287, Nos. 4651-4683.

[10] Cf. Ph. Wiernik, _Wie lang wet unser Literatur blühen?_ in _Neuer Geist_, No. VI.

[11] The Pale of Jewish settlement is confined to the western provinces, coinciding almost exactly with the old kingdoms of Poland and Lithuania.

[12] To cite one example out of many: In the _Journal of American Folklore_, Vol. VII. pp. 72-74, there appeared a short appeal, by F. S. Krauss, to the folklorists of America, to collect whatsoever of Jewish lore may be found here ere the German Jews become entirely Americanized. It seems that Krauss had in mind the German language; but, for some reason, R. Andree, editor of the Globus, thought of Judeo-German, whereupon he made a violent attack upon it in an article, _Sprachwechsel der Juden in Nord-America_, in Vol. LXV. of his periodical, p. 363. Lenz, in his _Eindringlinge im Wörter-und Zitaten-schatz der deutschen Sprache_ (Münster, 1895, 8vo, 28 pp.), caps, however, the climax in his antipathy for the Jargon by making it the subject of antisemitic propaganda!

[13] Even Frug, who is a master of the dialect, and who wields it with more vigor than the Russian language, thought it necessary to devote a whole series of poems to the reluctant defence of his vernacular, in _Lieder vun dem jüdischen Žargon_, in _Jüdisches Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII. (Beilage) pp. 881-896; also reprinted in his _Lieder un' Gedanken_. Cf. p. 108 of the present work.

[14] Witness the frequent dogmatic statements and attacks on it by the historian Grätz. These finally brought forth a rejoinder by J. Dienesohn in the _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII. (Beilage), pp. 33-43, entitled _Professor Grätz un' der jüdischer Žargon, oder Wer mit wās darf sich schāmen?_ and this was followed by a similar article (_ibid._ pp. 65-68, 129-133) from the editor of the _Volksblatt_, in which Grätz's dogmatism is put in no enviable light. Even Steinschneider has no love for it; although he has written so much and so well on its literature, he knows nothing of its nineteenth-century development, and nearly all his quotations of Judeo-German words that in any way differ from the German form are preposterously wrong. Karpeles, writing the history of its literature, confessedly knows nothing of the language. M. Grünbaum, in his _Jüdisch-deutsche Chrestomathie_ and _Die Jüdisch-deutsche Litteratur_, displays an ignorance of the dialect which would put to shame a sophomoric newspaper reporter of a scientific lecture. What wonder, then, that D. Philipson, devoting a chapter to _The Ghetto in Literature_ (pp. 220-255 in _Old European Jewries_, Philadelphia, 1894), should not even suspect the existence of an extensive and highly interesting literature of the subject in the language of the Ghetto itself! Among the few memorable exceptions among German scholars are Güdemann and Strack, who approach Judeo-German in a fair and scholarly manner. See M. Güdemann, _Quellenschriften zur Geschichte des Unterrichts und der Erziehung bei den deutschen Juden_, etc., Berlin, 1891, pp. xxii, xxiii, and, by the same author, _Geschichte des Erziehungswesens und der Cultur der Juden in Frankreich und Deutschland_, Vol. I. note iii. pp. 273-287, and Vol. III. note vii. pp. 280-297. Still fewer are those who have subjected Judeo-German to a thorough philological investigation. All efforts in that direction will be found catalogued by A. Landau, _Bibliographie des Jüdisch-deutschen_, in _Deutsche Mundarten, Zeitschrift für Bearbeitung des mundartlichen Materials_, herausgegeben von Dr. Johann Willibald Nagl, Vienna, 1896, Heft II. pp. 126-132. To those mentioned by him must be added A. Schulmann's _Die Geschichte vun der Žargon-literatur_, in _Jüdisches Volksblatt_, Vol. II. pp. 115-134, which is very rich in data, and A. Landau's _Das Deminutivum der galizisch-jüdischen Mundart, Ein Kapitel aus der jüdischen Grammatik_, in _Deutsche Mundarten_, Vol. I. pp. 46-58. This is, outside of Şaineanu's work (mentioned in Landau's _Bibliographie_), the best grammatical disquisition on Judeo-German that has so far appeared.

[15] Cf. Zunz, _Die gottesdienstlichen Vorträge der Juden, historisch entwickelt_, Frankfurt a. M., 1892, pp. 452-463, and Güdemann, as above.

[16] Cf. M. Steinschneider, _Die italienische Litteratur der Juden_, in _Monatschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums_, Vol. XLII. p. 74.

[17] Naturally, words belonging to that stage of the language have survived in the _cheeder_ (school), where the _melamed_ (teacher) is frequently compelled to fall back on the old commentaries for translations. Abramowitsch has, in his _Dās klēine Menschele_, the following passage (p. 49) bearing upon this point: "Die Talmudtōre hāt mir äuch gegeben a Bissel Deutsch vun die Teutschwörter in Chumesch, wie a Stēiger (for example): _wealoto_ un' a Nepel, _wesaadu libchem_ un' lehent unter euer Harz, _jereechi_ mein dich, _machschof_ entpleckt, _boochu_ auf'n Gemeesachz, _been hamischpessoim_ die Gemarken, _wetchalelo_ un' du hāst sie verschwächt, _kōmmijōs_ hofferlich, uchdōme noch asölche Teutschen."

[18] An example of this style is given by Linetzki, in _Dās chsidische Jüngel_, p. 32: "a Stēiger wie er hāt mit mir geteutscht: _ischo_ an Ische, _ki sitmo_ as sie wet tome weren, _wessakriw_ un' sie wet makriw sein, _korbon_ a Korben, _wehikriw_ soll makriw sein, _hakōhen_ der Kōhen, _al hamisbeach_ zum Misbeach, _beōhel mōed_ in'm Ōhel-mōed."

[19] Cf. A. B. Gottlober, _Sichrōnes über žargonische Schreiber_, in _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 250-259.

[20] On the various dialects and styles, see _Die jüdische Sprache_, in _Hausfreund_, Vol. V. pp. 60-64; cf. also Rabnizki, _Hebräisch un' Jüdisch_, in _Hausfreund_, Vol. V. pp. 38-48.

[21] An excellent satire on the widely different styles of Judeo-German in vogue by their writers is given by S. Rabinowitsch, in his _Kolmewasser_ (_q.v._), under the title of _Korrespondenzies_ (cols. 26-31).

[22] For a complete discussion of the subject, see L. Şaineanu, _Studiu dialectologic asupra graiului evreo-german_, Bucureşti, 1889, 8vo, 78 pp.

[23] Read, on this subject, Joseph Jacobs, _Jewish Diffusion of Folk Tales_, in _Jewish Ideals and Other Essays_, London, 1896, pp. 135-161.

[24] The following books and essays treat on Judeo-German folklore in general: Herman Lotze, _Zur jüdisch-deutschen Litteratur_, in Gosche's _Archiv für Litteraturgeschichte_, Vol. I., Leipsic, 1870, pp. 90-101; M. Steinschneider, _Über die Volkslitteratur der Juden_, ibid., Vol. II. pp. 1-21; S. Gelbhaus, _Mittelhochdeutsche Dichtung in ihrer Beziehung zur biblisch-rabbinischen Litteratur_, Frankfurt a. M., 1893, IV. Heft, pp. 59 ff.; Brüll, _Beiträge zur jüdischen Sagen-und Sprach-kunde im Mittelalter_, in _Jahrbücher für jüdische Geschichte und Litteratur_, IX. _Jahrgang_, Frankfurt a. M., 1889, pp. 1-71; J. Jacobs, _Jewish Diffusion of Folk Tales_, a paper read before the Jews' College Literary Society, in _The Jewish Chronicle_, London, June 1, 1888 (also published separately in _Jewish Ideals and Other Essays_, as above); M. Gaster, _Jewish Folk Lore in the Middle Ages_, in papers read before the Jews' College Literary Society during the Session 1886-87, London, 1887, pp. 39-51 (also published separately by _The Jewish Chronicle_, 1887, 8vo); G. Levi, _Christiani ed Ebrei nel Medio Evo, Quadro di costumi con un appendice di recordi e leggende giudaiche della medesima epocha_, Florence, 1866, 16mo (pp. 307-406); A. M. Tendlau, _Das Buch der Sagen und Legenden jüdischer Vorzeit_ (2te Auflage), Stuttgart, 1845, 8vo, 335 pp.; the same, _Fellmeiers Abende, Mährchen und Geschichten aus grauer Vorzeit_, Frankfurt a. M., 1856, 16mo, 290 pp.; Israel Lévi, _Contes juifs_, in _Revue des Études Juives_, Vol. XI. pp. 209-234; Is. Loeb, _Le folklore juif dans la chronique du Schébet Jehuda d'Ibn Verga_, in _Revue des Études Juives_, Vol. XXIV. pp. 1-29. For general ethnographic sketches of the Russian Jews, containing a great deal of material of a folklore nature, see _Sistematičeskij ukazatel' literatury o evrejach na russkom jazykě so vremeni vvedenija graždanskago šrifta (1708 g.) po dekabr' 1889 g._, St. Petersburg, 1893, Part V. pp. 198-204 and 206-207; of the works mentioned there, Nos. 2831 and 2912 are especially important.

[25] For stories of that period, cf. A. S. Isaacs, _Stories from the Rabbis_, London, Osgood (and New York, Webster), 1893, 8vo, 202 pp.; M. Gaster, _Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sagen-und Märchenkunde_, Bukarest, 1883, 8vo. Dr. B. Königsberger, _Aus dem Reiche der altjüdischen Fabel_, in _Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde_, Vol. VI., 1896, pp. 140-161; F. Baethgen, _Salomo in der jüdischen Sage_, in _Allgemeine Zeitung_, Nos. 151, 152, 181, 182 (Beilage). Other shorter articles on the same subject will be found in the _Urquell_, Vol. II. p. 209; Vol. IV. p. 76; Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 13, 14; Z. d. V. f. V., Vol. IV. p. 209; J. Trubnik, _Talmudische Legenden_, in _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 264-279. Of special interest are the discussions of Talmudical legends and fables with their western developments or imitations, by L. Dukes, _Übersicht der neuhebräischen Literatur weltlichen Inhalts in Prosa und Versen_, in _Israelitische Annalen_ (edited by Jost), 1839, No. 13, pp. 100 ff.; No. 17, pp. 131 ff.; No. 25, pp. 196 ff.; No. 31, pp. 244; No. 52, pp. 415 ff. Eisenmenger's _Entdecktes Judenthum_, Königsberg, 1711 (or Dresden, 1893), in spite of its bias, may be consulted for the legends; better than that is the English form of the same, _The Tradition of the Jews; or, The Doctrine of Expositions Contained in the Talmud_, etc., London, 8vo, (64) and 337 and 363 pp., the appendix of which has a _Translation, by Way of Abridgement, of Buxtorf's Latin Account of the Religious Customs and Ceremonies of the Jews_ (Vol. II. pp. 225-363). See also G. G. Bredow, _Rabbinische Mythen, Erzählungen und Lügen, nebst zwei Balladen der christlichen Mythologie im Mittelalter_ (2te Auflage), Weilburg, 1833, 16mo, 136 pp.; also C. Krafft, _Jüdische Sagen und Dichtungen nach den Talmuden und Midraschen, nebst einigen Makamen aus dem Divan des Alcharisi_, Ansbach, 1839, 16mo, 212 pp.

[26] The Sambation is mentioned in _Eldad ha-Dani aus dem Stamme Dan_; see for this Steinschneider's _Jüdisch-deutsche Litteratur_, in _Serapeum_, Vol. IX. (1848), p. 319, No. 13. See also _Jüdische Litteratur_, by Steinschneider, in _Ersch und Gruber_, § X, A. 2. Other essays and stories are: D. Kaufmann's _Le Sambation_, in _Revue des Études Juives_, Vol. XXII. pp. 285-287, and _Der Sambation, eine etymologische Sage_, in _Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums_, 1893, May 20, p. 247; Meisach, _Sambation_, in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII. (Beilage), p. 53, and (the same story) in his _Nissim we-Nifloes_, _q.v._

[27] In A. S. Isaac's _Stories from the Rabbis_ (see above), there is a chapter on _Elijah in the Legends_ (pp. 92-103). Other stories of Elijah: D. Cassel, _Elia in der Legende_, in _Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums_, 1892, Feb. 26, p. 104, and March 6, p. 115; _Urquell_, Vol. IV. pp. 11-14, 42-45, 120, 121; Z. d. V. f. V., Vol. IV. p. 209. An older story is mentioned in Steinschneider's _Catalogue_, _Serapeum_, Vol. IX. (1848), p. 384, No. 174. See also B. W. Segel, _Materyały_ _do etnografii žydów wschodnio-galicyjskich_, in _Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowej_, Cracow, Vol. XVII. pp. 296-298.

[28] Stories of Maimonides are contained in _Maasebuch_ (or, rather in addition _Maase Adonai_), according to Steinschneider, _Serapeum_, Vol. XXVII. (1866), p. 5, No. 7. For other stories, see Bibliography.

[29] Nearly the same story is in Gaster's _Jewish Folk Lore_, etc.

[30] A similar story, also of a local character, is told by Dick in _Alte jüdische Sagen oder Ssipurim_, p. 42, where he mentions a Polish work, _Przechadzki po Wilnie i jego okolicach_ przez Jana ze Śliwnia (A. Kirkor), Wilna, 1859, that contains many Jewish tales.

[31] Also told of a Rabbi of Prague, in _Sippurim, Sammlung jüdischer Volkssagen, Erzählungen, Mythen, Chroniken, Denkwürdigkeiten und Biographien berühmter Juden aller Jahrhunderte, besonders des Mittelalters (Jüdische Universalbibliothek)_, Prague, 1895. These _Sippurim_ have no great folklore value, as they show too much the hand of the literary worker. Of similar value is H. Iliowizi's _In the Pale; Stories and Legends of the Russian Jews_, Philadelphia, 1897.

[32] On the Khassidim, read M. Sachor-Masoch, _Sectes juives de la Galicie_, in _Actes et Conférances de la Société des Études Juives_, 1889, pp. cxli-clxiii, and S. Schechter, _Studies in Judaism_, pp. 1-45 and 341. For the Russian sources on the Khassidim, see _Sistematičeskij ukazatel' literatury o evrejach_, pp. 177-179 (Nos. 2424-2476). Stories of Adam Balschem are mentioned by Steinschneider, as _Geschichte des R. Adam Baal Schem_, and _Geschichte des R. Adam mit dem Kaiser_, in _Serapeum_, Vol. X. (1849), p. 9, No. 183. See also _Urquell_, Vol. V. p. 266, and Vol. VI. p. 33. B. W. Segel's _Jüdische Wundermänner_, in _Globus_, Vol. LXII. pp. 312-314, 331-334, 343-345, are merely translations from the _Sseefer Ssipuree Maisses_ (_Khal Chsidim_); of similar origin is his _O chasydach i chasydyzmie_, in _Wista_, Vol. VIII. pp. 304-312, 509-521, 677-690; other stories by him are in his _Materyały do etnografii żydów_, as above.

[33] The older literature of that class is briefly discussed by Steinschneider in his articles in the _Serapeum_ under the following numbers (for the years 1848, 1849, 1864, 1866, 1869): 392, _Kalilah we-Dimnah_; 393, _Barlaam and Josaphat_; 59, 399, _Diocletianus_; 266 _b_, _Octavianus_; 22, _Bevys of Hamptoun_; 51, _Ritter Sigmund und Magdalena_; 266, _König Artus_; 13, _Eldad ha-Dani_; 156-198, 410-413, 420, various stories; 212, 213, fables (_Kuhbuch_); 167, _Maase Nissim_; 156-158, _Maasebuch_. But the latter has been superseded by his _Jüdisch-deutsche Litteratur und Jüdisch-deutsch, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Avé-Lallemant_; 2. _Artikel: Das Maase-Buch_, _Serapeum_, Vol. XXVII. (1866), No. 1. This _Maasebuch_ is extremely rare now, but in its day it was enormously popular, having been used for regular religious readings on the Sabbath. Wagenseil and Buxtorf mention this fact, while Helwich thought it of sufficient importance to translate the book into German and supply it with critical notes. Helwich's book seems to have escaped the attention of all who have dealt on the _Maasebuch_, Steinschneider included; and yet without it a study of the Jewish folklore is very difficult, as the _Maasebuch_ can hardly be procured. The title of the book is: _Erster Theil jüdischer Historien oder Thalmudischer Rabbinischer wunderlicher Legenden_, so von Juden als wahrhafftige und heylige Geschicht an ihren Sabbathen und Festtagen gelesen werden. Darausz dieses verstockten Volcks Aberglauben und Fabelwerck zu ersehen. Ausz ihren eigenen Büchern in Truck Teutsch verfertigt, von neuem übersehen und corrigiert durch Christophorum Helvicum, der H. Schrift und Hebräischen Sprach Professorem in der Universitet zu Giessen, Giessen, bey Caspar Chemlein, Im Jahre 1612, 16mo, 222 pp. Second part with slightly different title. After gelesen werden follows: Sampt beygefügten Glossen und Widerlegung, 16mo, 207 pp. See also Is. Lévi, _Cinq contes juifs_, in _Mélusine_, Vol. II. col. 569-574. On the _König Artus_, cf. Schröder, _Mitteilungen über ein deutsches Wigaloisepos aus dem 17. Jahrhunderte, M. Hanau B. V. Hess. G._ Some of these stories are discussed in Jacobs's _Jewish Diffusion of Folk Tales_ (as above).

[34] A few scattered stories may be found in the following publications: M. Schwarzfeld, _Basmul cu Pantoful la Evrei, la Români şi la alte Popoare, Studiu folkloristic_, Bucureşti, 1893, 8vo, 27 pp. (_Extras din Anuarul pentru Israeliţi_, Vol. XV. pp. 138-165); by the same, _Scrisoare către Dumnezeu, Cercetare folcloristică_ (_Anuarul pentru Israeliţi_, Vol. XV. pp. 191-198); R. T. Kaindl, _Eine jüdische Sage über die Entstehung des Erdbebens_, _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, Vol. XXV. p. 370; B. W. Segel, _Jüdische Volksmärchen_, in _Globus_, Vol. LX. pp. 283 ff., 296-298, 313-315. The largest collection of folk-tales by the same author are given in _Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowej_, Vol. XVII., Cracow, 1893, under the title, _Materyały do etnografii żydów wschodnio-galicyjskich_, pp. 261-332; a review of this important work, in German, is given in the _Urquell_, Vol. V. pp. 183-186. Scattered through the _Urquell_ there are many interesting tales, mainly on _gilgulim_, _leezim_, _meessim_; cf. Vol. IV., pp. 96, 97, 257; Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 80, 81, 121, 122, 344, 345, 351; see also Z. d. V. f. V., Vol. IV. p. 210. See also the bibliography of the legends, etc., in _Sistematičeskij ukazatel_, p. 211 (Nos. 3133-3136).

[35] On the customs, beliefs, superstitions, etc., of the Jews, see A. P. Bender, _Beliefs, Rites, and Customs of the Jews Connected with Death, Burial, and Mourning_, in _Jewish Quarterly Review_, Vol. VI. pp. 317-347, 664-671, and Vol. VII. pp. 101-118; Dan, _Volksglauben und Gebräuche der Juden in der Bukowina_, in _Zeitschrift für österreichische Volkskunde_, Vol. II. Nos. 2, 3; Hedvige Heinicke, _Le carnaval des juifs galiciens_, in _Revue des Traditions populaires_, Vol. VI. p. 118; I. Buchbinder, _Jüdische Sabobones_, in _Hausfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 167-170; Steinschneider mentions books dealing on superstitions in his catalogue in the _Serapeum_, under the numbers 219 and 421. This subject is treated extensively in the _Urquell_, Vol. II. pp. 5-7, 34-36, 112, 165, 166, 181-183; Vol. III. pp. 18, 19, 286-288; Vol. IV. pp. 73-75, 94-96, 118, 119, 141, 142, 170, 171, 187-189, 210, 211, 272-274; Vol. V. pp. 19, 81, 170, 171, 225-228, 290, 291; Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 9, 46-49, 270, 271; Vol. II. pp. 33, 34, 46, 108-110. See also Segel, _Materyały do etnografii żydów_, etc., pp. 319-328; S. Abramowitsch, _Dās klēine Menschele_, pp. 76-77; Linetzki, _Dās chsidische Jüngel_, pp. 29-31, 114. For a general work on Jewish superstitions, see M. Schuhl, _Superstitions et coutumes populaires du Judaisme contemporain_, Paris, 1882, 4to, 42 pp. The most important contribution on the beliefs of the German Jews in the early Middle Ages is given by Güdemann, _Geschichte des Erziehungswesen und der Cultur der Juden_, etc., Vol. I. Chap. VII. pp. 199-228, under the title, _Der jüdische Aber-, Zauber-und Hexen-glaube in Frankreich und Deutschland im 12. und 13. Jahrhunderte_. See also the bibliography of the subject in the _Sistematičeskij ukazatel'_, pp. 211, 212 (Nos. 3137-3159). A large number of superstitions, beliefs, etc., are scattered throughout the Judeo-German literature: probably the most important of such works is Schatzkes' _Der jüdischer Var-Peessach_ (_q.v._).

[36] For proverbs and the discussion of the same, see: M. Spektor, _Jüdische Volkswörtlich_, in _Jüdisches Volksblatt_, Vol. VI. pp. 63, 95, 112, 128, 191, 304, 423, 488; I. Bernstein, _Sprichwörter_, in _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 89-112, and Vol. II. pp. 1-49 (second part); S. Adelberg, _Przysłowia żydowskie_, in _Wisła_, Vol. IV. pp. 166-187; M. Schwarzfeld, _Literatura populară Israelită ca element etnico-psichologic_, in _Anuarul pentru Israeliţi_, Vol. XII. pp. 41-52; the same, _Evreii in Literatura lor populară sau Cum se judecă evreii insusi, Studiu etnico-psichologic_, Bucureşti, 1898, 8vo, 37 pp. (_Anuarul pentru Israeliţi_, Vol. XIX. pp. 1-37). In connection with the last two, though not strictly on Jewish proverbs, see his _Evreii in Literatura populară Romană, Studiu de psichologie populară_,--Anex, _Evreii in literatura populară universală, Tablou comparativ_, Bucureşti, 1892, 8vo, 78 pp. (_Extras din Anuarul pentru Israeliţi_, Vol. XIV. pp. 97-172). A large number of proverbs from various Slavic localities are given in the _Urquell_: Vol. II. pp. 26, 27, 66, 112, 131, 163, 178, 196; Vol. IV. pp. 75, 76, 194, 212, 215, 256, 257; Vol. VI. pp. 33, 34, 69, 119-121; Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 14, 15, 119-121, 172-175, 271-279; Vol. II. pp. 221, 222, 311-313, 338-340. For the proverbs of the German Jews, see A. Tendlau, _Sprichwörter und Redensarten deutsch-jüdischer Vorzeit_, _als Beitrag zur Volks-, Sprach-und Sprichwörter-kunde_, _aufgezeichnet aus dem Munde des Volkes und nach Wort und Sinn erläutert_, Frankfurt a. M. (1860).

[37] The older books on Eulenspiegel are given by Steinschneider in the _Serapeum_, under Nos. 10, 288, and 388; in the _Urquell_, there are a few stories on _Chelm_ in Vol. III. pp. 27-29, and Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 345, 346. A large number is given by Segel in his collection in the _Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowej_, pp. 303-306.

[38] In a general way the Judeo-German folksong was treated by I. G. Oršanskij, in his _Evrei v Rossii, Očerki ekonomičeskago i obščestvennago byta russkich evreev_, St. Petersburg, 1877, 8vo, on pp. 391-402; more specially by J. J. Lerner, _Die jüdische Muse_, in _Hausfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 182-198, from which a few songs are quoted here. The most of the songs given here are from my manuscript collection made in Boston and New York among the Russian Jews. In the _Urquell_ folksongs are given in Vol. IV. pp. 119, 120; Vol. V. p. 196; Vol. VI. pp. 43, 158; Neue Folge, Vol. I. pp. 45, 50, 82, 83, 175, 239-242; Vol. II. pp. 27-29, 39, 40. Cf. B. W. Segel, _Materyały do etnografti żydów wschodnio-galicyjskich_, in _Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowej_, Vol. XVII. pp. 306-319.

[39] The legend has been admirably treated by the historian, S. A. Beršadskij, in _Evrej korol' polskij_, in the _Voschod_, Vol. IX. Nos. 1-5.

[40] The _Urquell_ (see above) gives some children's songs. See also L. Wiener, _Aus der russisch-jüdischen Kinderstube_, in _Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für jüdische Volkskunde_, _herausgegeben von M. Grunwald_, Hamburg, 1898, Heft II, pp. 40-49; R. F. Kaindl, _Lieder, Neckreime, Abzählverse, Spiele, Geheimsprachen und allerlei Kunterbuntes aus der Kinderwelt, in der Bukowina und in Galizien gesammelt_, in Z. d. V. f. V., Vol. VII. pp. 146, 147. In Linetzki's _Dās chsidische Jüngel_, p. 23, a number of children's songs are mentioned by title.

[41] See the prototype of this song in K. Francke, _Social Forces in German Literature_, p. 120.

[42] See p. 142 ff.; add to these A. M. Dick, _Der soldatske Syn._ Wilna, 1876, 16mo, 108 pp., which gives a graphic description of the career of a cantonist.

[43] Cf. Dr. Sokolowski, _Die Gseere vun Gonto in Uman un' Ukraine, in Volksbibliothēk_, Vol. II. pp. 53-60.

[44] Max Weissberg, _Die neuhebräische Aufklärungs-literatur in Galizien. Eine literar-historische Charakteristik._ Leipzig und Wien, 1898, 8vo, 88 pp.

[45] The first two weeklies of Galicia, the _Zeitung_ and _Die jüdische Post_, published in 1848 and 1849 respectively, are not in the vernacular, but in a slightly corrupt German.

[46] The love for songs is very old with the German Jews. Steinschneider's catalogue in the _Serapeum_ mentions a very large number of songs. See also L. Löwenstein, _Jüdische und jüdisch-deutsche Lieder_, in _Jubelschrift zu Ehren des Dr. Hildesheimer_, Berlin, 1890, pp. 126 ff., and under the same title, in _Monatschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums_, Vol. XXXVIII. pp. 78-89; A. Neubauer, _Jüdisch-deutsches Weingedicht_, in _Israelit Letterbode_, Vol. XII. 1. p. 13 ff. But the most thorough work is by F. Rosenberg, _Ueber eine Sammlung deutscher Volks-und Gesellschafts-lieder in hebräischen Lettern_, Berlin, 1888, 8vo, 84 pp. That the modern songs are set to music is generally indicated in the title-pages or the introductions to the printed collections, as, for example, Lieder zu singen mit sēhr schoene Melodien; Schoen zum Singen un' zum Lesen; Mit sēhr schoene Melodien. In one of his books Zunser (see pp. 90 ff.) informs us:

Ōb ihr lejent in Büchel meine Lieder,
Un' die Melodie hāt män euch nit übergegeben,
Is' dās wie a photographische Bild, liebe Brüder,--
Dacht sich, Alles richtig, nor es fehlt Leben.
INTRODUCTION TO HAMNAGEEN.

While another, B. Z. Rabinowitsch (in _Disput vun a Schüler mit a Klausnik_), thinks he must offer an apology for not having composed a tune for his poem:

Mit wās far a Melodie ihr wet spielen,
Wöllen die Wörter gewiss nāchtanzen!

Zunser, who did not scruple to make use of other people's property (see p. 92), objects, in _Kol-rina_, to the people's appropriation of his songs in the following words:

Wie me hāt mich gehört a Māl zu zwēi,
Is' schōn gewe'n auf morgen geschrieben bei see:
Es hāt mir vardrossen sejer Müh', 'chleben,
Un' hāb' see besser a fartigen, a gedruckten gegeben.

[47] _Voschod_, 1886, No. 5.

[48] The only collection of Judeo-German poetry accessible to those who do not read the Hebrew type is G. H. Dalman's _Jüdisch-deutsche Volkslieder aus Galizien und Russland_, Zweite Auflage, Berlin, 1891, 8vo, 74 pp.; unfortunately there are a number of errors in it that destroy the sense of some lines. See also L. Wiener, _Popular Poetry of the Russian Jews_, in _Americana Germanica_, Vol. II. No. 2 (1898), pp. 33-59, on which the present chapter is based.

[49] His poems have been printed in the following periodicals: _Kolmewasser_, Vol. I. Nos. 4, 5, 6 (_Dās Gräber-lied_) _et seq._; _Warschauer jüdische Zeitung_; _Jisrulik_, No. 13; _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. II. No. 10; _Wecker_, pp. 26-29; _Jüd. Volksbibliothēk_, pp. 148-153.

[50] Katzenellenbogen, _Jüdische Melodien_ (_q.v._), p. 55, note.

[51] This I merely surmise, from the statement in the _Sseefer Sikorōn_, that he wrote it in 1863, in Kiev, though it is probable that he did not print it before 1869. For biography of Linetzki, see pp. 161 ff.

[52] For short notices of Gordon and his work, see B. Woloderski, _A kurze Biographie vun Michel Gordon_, in _Hausfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 147-149, and necrology in _Hausfreund_, Vol. III. p. 312.

[53] Other poems by M. Gordon than those contained in his collective volume are to be found in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII. (Beilage) pp. 93, 94, 362, 363; Vol. IX. No. 16; _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 39-43; Vol. II. pp. 73-75, 261-264; _Familienfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 3-6.

[54] In this conjunction a few of the very many cradle songs will be mentioned here as an offset to the statement, frequently heard, that the Jews have no songs of that character; in the chapter on the traditional folksongs there have been mentioned a few such; add to these the one given in _Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für jüdische Volkskunde_, Heft II. p. 49. Of the literary cradle songs, the best are Abramowitsch's _Alululu, bidne Kind, Wēh is' der Mame, wēh und wünd_ (in _Dās klēine Menschele_, p. 121); Linetzki's _Varschliess schōn deine Äugen_ (in _Der bœser Marschelik_, p. 66); Goldfaden's _Schlāf' in Freuden, Du wēisst kēin Leiden_ (in _Die Jüdene_, p. 6); S. Rabinowitsch's _Schlāf', mein Kind_ (with music, in his _Kol-mewasser_, col. 25, 26).

[55] Some of Goldfaden's poems may be found in: _Kol-mewasser_; _Jisrulik_; _Wecker_, pp. 7-15, 56-62; _Der jüdischer Handelskalender_, pp. 114-118; _Familienfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 27-35, Vol. II. pp. 57-59; _Hausfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 5-7; _Volksbibliothēk_, Vol. II. pp. 188, 247, 267, 268; _Dās hēilige Land_, pp. 25-29; _New Yorker Illustrirte Zeitung_.

[56] A song expressive of this sentiment, under the title _Unsere liebe Schwester un' Brüder_, appeared in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. I. (1881), No. 2. Other poems were printed in the same year in Nos. 1 and 5; another poem was printed in _Jüd. Volksbibliothēk_, Vol. I. pp. 295, 296. A review of his collected poems is given in _Voschod_, Vol. VI. (1886), Part. II. pp. 26-31. For necrology see _Hausfreund_, Vol. III. p. 312.

[57] Cf. Abrahams, _Jewish Life in the Middle Ages_, pp. 198 ff. It is not uncommon in Judeo-German literature to meet with the description of the old-fashioned badchen and his craft, but probably the best illustrations of his performances are to be found in the following works: Linetzki, _Dās chsidische Jüngel_, pp. 94 ff.; Gottlober, _Dās Decktuch_, pp. 43 ff. (2d act, 2d scene); _Der krummer Maschelik mit a blind Äug'_, Es is' sēhr schoen zu lejenen die Lieder, wās der Marschelik hāt gesungen, un' wie er hāt Chossen-kale besungen, un' see sennen noch kēin Mal nit gedruckt gewor'en: Kukariku! Der Marschelik is' dā, Warsaw, 1875; U. Kalmus, _Geschichte vun a seltenem Bris un' a genarrte Chassene_, _Theater in vier Akten_, Warsaw, 1882, pp. 65-72.

[58] In addition to the large number of collective books of poetry, Zunser has published his poems in: _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. V. pp. 51, 67; Wecker, pp. 74-88; _Familienfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 6-27; _Hausfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 99-108; Spektor's _Familienkalender_, Vol. IV. pp. 94-103; _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 273, 274; _Dās hēil. Land_, pp. 134-141.

[59] Other works by Zweifel than those given in the Bibliography are: _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 73-78, Vol. II. pp. 143-145; Spektor's _Familienkalender_, Vol. II. pp. 82-87; _Jüd. Volksbibl._, Vol. I. pp. 48-61, Vol. II. pp. 132-135.

[60] For note on Abramowitsch, see pp. 148 ff.

[61] Mordechai Suchostawer, _Der wōler Eeze-geber_, in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. V. p. 310.

[62] Several of the poems contained in the volume of his poetry had appeared before: _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. I. No. 12, Vol. V. pp. 239, 357, Vol. VI. pp. 83, 717 ff.; _Familienfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 86-93. The Astor Library of New York possesses a manuscript of Ettinger's fables.

[63] Vol. IV. p. 175.

[64] This is also true of the poets who contributed to '_Der jüdischer Wecker_,' a similar volume published in the same year at Odessa.

[65] His poems were printed in: _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. V. p. 515; Vol. VII. No. 36; Vol. VIII. No. 10; Beilage No. 3 passim; Vol. IX. No. 3 passim; _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. p. 44; Vol. III. pp. 172-175 (_On the death of M. Gordon_); _Jüd. Volksbib_, Vol. I. pp. 260-263; Vol. II. pp. 1-6, 120-125, 139-141, 167-168, 195-204; _Jüd. Volkskalender_, Vol. III. pp. 117-124.

[66] _Jüd. Volksbib._ Vol. I. pp. 148-158; better than this is his own edition of the ballad in a separate pamphlet (_q.v._).

[67] _Jüd. Bibliothēk_, Vol. II. pp. 170-180.

[68] _Ibid._, Vol. III. pp. 123-155.

[69] _Ibid._, Vol. I. pp. 246-257.

[70] _Ibid._, Vol. I. pp. 276-285.

[71] _Jontew-blättlech_, _Zweite Serie_, _Ōneg Schabes_, pp. 27-31, _Chamischo Osser_, pp. 22-31.

[72] His legend _Ophir_, printed in _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 211-224.

[73] His poems appeared in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. I. Nos. 10, 11; Vol. II. Nos. 9, 46; Vol. III pp. 402; Vol. IV. p. 94; Vol. V. pp. 565, 664; Vol. VI. pp. 190, 195; Vol. VII. pp. 277, 759; _Hausfreund_, Vol. III. pp. 304-306; Spektor's _Familienkalender_, Vol. V. p. 71; _Lamteren_, col. 26.

[74] B. Lesselroth, _Polnische vollkommene Grammatik in jüdisch-deutscher Sprache, für solche, die diese Wissenschaft ohne Hilfe eines Lehrers erlernen wollen_, Warsaw, 1824, 16mo, 76 pp.

[75] This is the name given by Gottlober in his _Sichrōnes_, in _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. p. 255, for the author of the 'Columbus,' but it appears that it was Günsburg who wrote it in Hebrew; and as in the Judeo-German translation the translator speaks of having translated this work from his Hebrew form, it is likely that Günsburg ought to be substituted for Hurwitz. There are four copies of that work in the Harvard Library. Two of them are late remodellings; the other two have no title-pages and seem to have had none, so that I cannot ascertain the dates of their printing.

[76] J. B. Levinsohn, _Die hefker Welt_, in _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 133-147. His biography is given in the same place, by B. Natansohn, on pp. 122-132. Both together are to be found in Natansohn's _Die papierne Brück'_ (_q.v._).

[77] For review of his works see O. Lerner, _Kritičeskij razbor pojavivšichsja nedavno na evrejsko-německom žargoně sočinenij I. Aksenfelda_, etc., Odessa, 1868, 8vo, 15 pp.

[78] She was very fond of Jean Paul Richter, and it is not at all impossible that the peculiar humor contained in her husband's books is due to a transference of that author's style to the more primitive conditions of the Judeo-German novel. His was a gifted family: one of his sons became an artist, the other a famous professor of medicine at Paris.

[79] A. M. Dick, _Der erster Nabor_, etc., Wilna, 1871.

[80] Short biography in _Sseefer Sikorōn_, p. 97.

[81] For fuller information on the life and works of Abramowitsch see his autobiography in _Sseefer Sikorōn_, pp. 117-126; see also the references in the _Sistematičeskij ukazatel'_, p. 286, Nos. 4663-4669, of which No. 4665 is the most important.

[82] Translated into Russian by Petrikovski.

[83] Reviews of this work are in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII. (Beilage), pp. 1385-1396, by J. Levi; and _Voschod_, 1889, Nos. 1, 2, 4, by M. G. Morgulis.

[84] Translated into Polish by Klemens Junosza.

[85] Translated into Polish by Klemens Junosza.

[86] His shorter stories have appeared in _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 128-134; Vol. III. pp. 1-9; Vol. IV. pp. 3-25; _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. II. pp. 7-93; _Jüd. Volkskalender_, Vol. III. pp. 53-64.

[87] Short notice of his works in _Sseefer Sikorōn_, pp. 59, 60; cf. also notices mentioned in _Sistematičeskij ukazatel_, p. 286, Nos. 4670-4672.

[88] Shorter stories have appeared in _Familienfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 84-86; _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 121-128; _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 62-92; Vol. II. pp. 98-119; _Volksfreund_, pp. 14-16.

[89] _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 62 ff.

[90] His name does not appear on any of the editions of his comedy. Early in the seventies he had turned his work over to Wollmann for publication; the latter surreptitiously published it over his own initials.

[91] Short mention in _Sseefer Sikorōn_, p. 26; necrology in _Hausfreund_, Vol. III. p. 312.

[92] _Der Schiwim-māhlzeit_, p. 10.

[93] Cf. S. Rabinowitsch, _Schomer's Mischpet_, and Seiffert's _Dās Tellerl vun 'm Himmel (Ein Entwer auf M. Schaikewitsch's Taines)_, in _Die neue Welt_, No. 5, pp. 11-21. To his detractors Schaikewitsch answered in his pamphlet _Jehi Ōr_. Other reviews in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII. (Beilage), pp. 335-361, 455-467, 707-714, 738-743, 763-773.

[94] Cf. _Sseefer Sikorōn_, p. 80. Reviews of his works in _Voschod_, Vol. VII. No. 12, pp. 18-21; Vol. IX. No. 7, pp. 30-37.

[95] In addition to his separate works the following periodicals contain Spektor's stories: _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. III. and following (very many); _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 109-121, Supplement; Vol. II. pp. 1-5, 116-143; Vol. III. pp. 9-28, 38-101, 149-172, 277-294; Vol. IV. pp. 81-95, 107-131; Vol. V. pp. 123-136; _Familienfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 66-91; Spektor's _Familienkalender_, Vol. II. pp. 51-54; Vol. III. pp. 81-85; Vol. IV. pp. 63-93; Vol. V. pp. 45-51, 52-58; _Widerkol_, pp. 19 ff.; _Jontewblāttlech_, I. Series, No. 3, 4, 9; _Klēiner Wecker_, pp. 43-48; _Literatur un' Leben_, pp. 67-89. Reviews by him, under the pseudonym _Emes_, in _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 143-160; Vol. II. pp. 170-176; Vol. III. pp. 251-260.

[96] In _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. p. 67; Vol. II pp. 108-116; _Jüd. Bibliothēk_, Vol. I. pp. 41-74.

[97] Other articles by him: _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. V. pp. 329 ff.; Vol. VIII. (Beilage), pp. 33-43; _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 1-21; Vol. II. pp. 75-99; _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 244-248; _Jüd. Bibliothēk_, Supplements.

[98] _Hausfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 75-99.

[99] His stories, dramas, and poems have appeared in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. III. p. 387, hence continuously up to the ninth volume of that periodical; _Familienfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 73-84; _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 45-63; Vol. III. pp. 321-326; Vol. IV. pp. 63-81; Vol. V. pp. 97-123; _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 1-47, 241-243, 351-378; Vol. II. pp. 205-220, 304-310; _Wecker_, pp. 88-91.

[100] _Voschod_, Vol. VII. No. 6. Reviews of his other works are in _Voschod_, Vol. VII. Nos. 7, 8; Vol. VIII. No. 10, and in later numbers; of _Sender Blank_, by J. J. Lerner (unfavorable), in _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. VIII. (Beilage), No. 29, pp. 864-876, under the title _Lebendige Meessim_. Short mention of his works in _Sseefer Sikorōn_, p. 105.

[101] Other articles by Rabnizki in _Wecker_, pp. 62-74, 115-122; _Hēilige Land_, pp. 13-25.

[102] In his _Kol-mewasser_, col. 31-34.

[103] _Lokschen_ and _A Flōh vun Tischebow_; see Bibliography, under Frischmann.

[104] Frischmann's stories, reviews, and poems may be found in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII. (Beilage), pp. 92, 93; Vol. IX. Nos. 23, 30, 32, 51, 52; _Familienfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 47-49; _Hausfreund_, Vol. II. pp. 22-25, 66-73, 151-170; Vol. III. pp. 175, 176; Vol. IV. pp. 167-176; Vol. V. pp. 7-21, 159-161; _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 211-224; _Handelskalender_, pp. 100-104.

[105] His stories appeared in _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 183-210; Vol. II. pp. 225-246; _Jüd. Volkskalender_, Vol. III. pp. 70-81.

[106] In addition to the very large number of stories, etc., in his own publications, Perez has contributed to _Jüd. Volksbib._, Vol. I. pp. 148-158; Vol. II. pp. 126-129, 136-138, 142-147, 167, 168, 195-204; _Hausfreund_, Vol. III. pp. 111-113, 179-181; _Handelskalender_, pp. 79-83, 105-113; _Klēiner Wecker_, pp. 25-29; _Jüd. Volkskalender_, Vol. III. pp. 105-111.

[107] In _Hausfreund_, Vol. V. pp. 136-145; Spektor's _Familienkalender_, Vol. V. pp. 45-51; _Widerkol_, pp. 5-18; _Jüd. Bibliothēk_, Vol. III. pp. 89-94; _Literatur un' Leben_, pp. 89-95; _Jontew-blāttlech_, No. 16.

[108] In _Hausfreund_, Vol. III. pp. 231-241, 265-277; _Jüd. Bibliothēk_, Vol. III. pp. 84-89; _Literatur un' Leben_, pp. 23-47, 163. _Jontew-blāttlech_, Nos. 1, 3, 20, 22, 24, 29; 2d Series, Nos. 1, 2, 5.

[109] In addition to his own publications see _Hausfreund_, Vol. III. pp. 294-304; _Jüd. Bibliothēk_, Vol. I. pp. 90-98; _Jontew-blāttlech_, Nos. 7, 8, 18.

[110] Since writing this, both the _Neuer Geist_ and _Die Zeit_ have ceased appearing.

[111] For the bibliography of the older plays see Steinschneider, in the _Serapeum_ (1848, '49, '64, '66, '69); _Ahasuerus_, Nos. 11 _a_, 387; _Purim-play_, No. 417; _Acta Esther_ (Ahas.), No. 17 (cf. _Litteraturblatt des Orients_, 1843, p. 59, and _Jüd. Litteratur_, in Ersch und Gruber, § XX. Anmerkung 36); _Action von König David und Goliath dem Philister_, No. 18; _Mechiras Josef_, No. 146. On the ancient theatre, see Abrahams, _Jewish Life_, pp. 260-272.

[112] pp. 36 ff.

[113] Part of the _Ahasuerus-play_, as given at present on the day of Purim, may be found in Abramowitsch's _Prizyw_, pp. 62-65.

[114] Cf. Dienesohn, _Herschele_, pp. 47 ff.

[115] Cf. Abramowitsch, _Prizyw_, p. 64: "Heunt is' Purim un' morgen is' aus, Gi't mir a Groschen un' stupt mich araus!"

[116] In _Die Jüdene_, _q.v._

[117] Cf. Abramsky, _Bomas Jischok_, which gives an account of that period.

[118] See _Die Jüdische Bühne_. (_The Jewish Stage._) _Herausgegeben zum 20 jährigen Jubiläum vun dem jüdischen Theater._ Publisher, J. Katzenellenbogen, New York, 1897; about 800 pages, irregularly marked. In this volume the most important contribution, though far from exhaustive, is by M. Seiffert, _Die Geschichte vun jüdischen Theater_, _In drei Zeit-perioden_, 47 pp. For the condition of the theatre at its beginning, in Roumania, see Abramsky, _Bomas Jischok_. For its later development cf. J. Lifschitz, _Dās jüdische Theater un' die jüdische Schauspieler_, _Rezensie über dās jüdische Theater in Warschau_, in _Jüd. Volksblatt_, Vol. VIII. (Beilage), pp. 773-784 (No. 26); Meisach, _Dās jüdische Theater_, in _Hausfreund_, Vol. I. pp. 160-165; _Unser Theater_, in _Jüd. Volkskalender_, Vol. III. pp. 81-86; Rombro, _Der jüdischer Theater in America_, in _Stādt-anzeiger_, No. I. pp. 5-9; No. II. pp. 8-13; J. Jaffa, _Der jüdischer Theater wie er is'_, in _Jüd.-Amer. Volkskalender_, 1895-96, pp. 60-63. See also the bibliography in _Sistematičeskij ukazatel'_, p. 211 (Nos. 3137-3149), and pp. 286, 287 (Nos. 4675 and 4676).

[119] This is a common saying for an impossible thing.

[120] Published by Copeland and Day; with permission of the publishers.