Chapter 17: is on geography and voyages (3)

Macrobius, 9, 11, 16, 18, 44, 47, 66, 258;
on antipodeans, 160;
popularity, 366;
on southern limit of the oikoumene, 378;
on tides, 27

Macrocosm, 147;
microcosm and, 148, 149 (ill.)
_See also_ Microcosm

Madeira, 334

Maelstrom, 61

Maghreb, 301

Magi, 284

Magna Graecia, 319

Magonia, 58

Magyars, 316

Main (river), 326, 327

Malay Peninsula, 41, 280

Malaya, 280, 281

Man, Isle of, 335, 345

Manegold, 47

Manegold’s Contra Wolfelmum opusculum, 161

Mantichora, 277 (ill.), 468

Mantua, 311

Manuscripts, 493

Maps, 121;
Beatus, 68, 69 (ill.), 122, 123 (ill.);
character and value, 247;
conventions, 251;
details, 247–254;
distortion, 249;
early, 65;
early, classification, 389;
European points in medieval astronomical tables as compared with
actual position, 457 (with map);
exaggeration, 249;
inaccuracy, 247;
of Lambert, Guido, Henry of Mayence, etc., 124;
Macrobian, 66;
regional, 125;
Roman, 34, 36;
Sallust, 67 (ill.), 68, 121;
Scriptural effect on, 45;
symbols and legends, 252;
T-O maps, 66, 121;
technique, 251;
zone maps, 121, 122 (ill.).
_See also_ Cartography

Marbod of Rennes, on love of nature, 238

Marco Polo. _See_ Polo, Marco

Marine life, 309

Marinelli, G., 471

Marinus of Tyre, 10

Markland, 76, 350

Marquart, J., 478

Marr, N. I., 389

Marseilles, 308, 309, 333

Marseilles Tables, 96, 162, 244;
authorship, 456;
on determination of longitude, 246;
on habitability of equatorial region, 162;
map constructed from positions given in Paris MS. of, 245

Marvels, of Ethiopia, 303;
of India, 274, 276 (ill.), 277 (ill.)

Maslama-al-Majrīṭi, 95

Masson, Paul, 442

Masʿūdī, Al-, 50, 77

Materia, 141, 142, 144

Mathematical geography, 33, 65

Matter, preëxistence, 139;
orthodox view, 139;
rational view, 141

Matthew, Saint, 272

Matthew Paris, 125;
maps of Britain, 126, 342, 343 (ill.);
on the Tatars, 267

Maur, Raban, 48, 385

Mauretania, 300, 306

Mayence, 326

Mazdeus, 278

Mcerloba, M. J. K., 389

Mecca, 85, 297

Media, 288

Medieval geography, works on, 497

Medieval intellectual life, works on, 495

Medina, 295

Mediterranean Sea, 25, 37, 257;
commerce between northern and southern shores, 301;
during the Crusades, 307;
islands, 309;
length, 86, 307;
map of region constructed from position given in Paris MS. of
Marseilles Tables, also outline map of Henry of Mayence, 245;
name, 307;
names of parts, 475;
navigation, instructions, 308;
speed of journeys in, 476

Megasthenes, 24, 38

Meiryonidd (Merioneth), 215

Mela, Pomponius, 40

Meridian, prime, 86

Merioneth, 340

Meroë, 298, 305, 377

Merriman, R. B., 474

Meru, Mount, 86

Mesopotamia, 270, 288, 289, 294

Messina, 312

Meteorology, 21, 57, 166

Michael Scot, 99, 100, 138, 151, 183, 225;
on the Eolian Isles and Etna, 222;
on hot springs, 202

Michel, F., 487

Microcosm, 147, 148, 185;
macrocosm and, 148, 149 (ill.)

Middle Ages, 2;
geographical lore, works on, 496;
science, 43, 44;
writings, 88

Midgard, 147

Migne, J. P., 494

Milan, 320

Milford Haven, 195

Miller, Konrad, 121

Minutius Felix, Marcus, 24

Mirabilia urbis Romae, 321

Mirage, 311

Missions to the Mongols, 268, 269

Mistral, 173, 175, 180, 333

Mohammedans, 297

Mona, 214

Mongibel (Etna), 220, 311

Mongol conquests, 266

Mongol princes, 284

Mongols in Russia, 313

Monsoons, 24, 40

Monsters, 263, 274, 276 (ill.), 277 (ill.), 309, 329, 348;
in Ethiopia, 303;
lands of, 257

Mont St. Michel, 441

Moon and tides, 61, 84, 190

Morava-Maritsa valley, 317

Morgain, 311

Moritz, Bernhard, 472

Morocco, 302

Moselle, 326, 327

Moslems, 43;
contribution of, 77;
exploration and travel, 87

Mosquitoes, 296

Moule, A. C., 439, 442

Mountaineering, 220, 448, 501

Mountains, 30, 212;
Asia, great system, 270;
atmosphere of, 168, 178;
beauty, appreciation of, 215;
height, 32, 447;
influence on climate, 178;
medieval feeling about, 217;
miraculous qualities, 214;
mountain in the north of the earth, 152;
observation of phenomena, 215;
origin, 213;
in polar regions, 179;
religious attitude toward, 216;
representation on maps, 253;
saline, in the sea, 189;
size and height, 214

Mozambique Channel, 281

Munster, Ireland, miraculous spring, 203

Mysticism, 90, 237

Naples, 221, 322

Narbonnese, 333

Natural defenses, 233

Natural laws, 136

Nature, early Christian attitude toward, 64;
esthetic appreciation of, 63, 237;
feeling for, works on, 500;
medieval attitude toward, 64, 389;
practical interest in, 238;
spiritual feeling for, 235

Naval expedition in the Red Sea in twelfth century, 295

Navel of the earth, 260, 461

Navigation, 81, 246, 248;
speed of travel, 308, 476

Neagh, Lough, 208

Nearchus, 26, 38

Neckam, Alexander, 93, 138, 228, 232, 264;
on Britain, 336;
on springs, 204;
on the tides, 193;
on volcanoes, 226;
on the waters, 186, 188, 189

Neoplatonism, 47

Nestorian Christianity in Asia, 269, 275, 284

New Compendium, 116

Nicaea, 296

Nicholas, Abbot, 405

Niger, 41, 304, 305

Nikulás Bergsson of Thverá, 115, 405

Nile, 24, 41, 71, 298, 300;
flood, 30, 60, 206, 300;
sources, 304

Nilometer, 300

Nineveh, 289

Noah, 170

Normans in Sicily, 79, 81

Norsemen and America, 76

Northmen, 51, 70, 75

Norway, 112, 328, 329

Notes, 365

Nous, 146, 156

Nuchul, 305, 306

Oblong circle, 153

Observation, 84;
geography of, 255;
of mountains, 215

Occident, climate, 177;
Orient compared with, by Giraldus Cambrensis, 211

Ocean, 24;
bottom, 198;
circulation, 25;
encircling the earth, 18;
relative areas of land and sea, 187;
saltness, 189;
as source of the waters of the land, 200;
uniform level, explanation, 188.
_See also_ Sea

Ocean currents, 173, 192

Oceanus Britannicus, 335

Oder, 327

Odin, 147

Odjein, 86

Odo, 279

Oikoumene, 18, 187;
astronomical geography of, 241;
center, 259;
extent, 19;
limit, 39, 41, 377;
three parts—Asia, Libya, and Europe, 258;
as a whole, 257

Old Compendium, 116

Old Man of the Mountain, 298

Olympus, Mount, 168, 204, 214

Ophir, 275

Ordericus Vitalis, 272, 278, 350

Orient, 238;
climate, 177;
ideas transmitted to the West, 82;
Occident compared with, by Giraldus Cambrensis, 211

Origen, 52

Original sources, collections, 493

Orkneys, 335, 344, 345

Orosius, 44, 48, 66, 103, 258, 259, 483;
on the Nile, 304, 305

Orthodox works, 137

Oscorus, 282

Osma Beatus map, 123 (with ill.)

Ostrogard, 477

Otia imperialia, 104, 256

Otto of Freising, 107, 262, 325;
on the Alps and Apennines, 323;
on Babylon and Cairo, 289;
on France, 331;
on Germany, 326;
on Gog and Magog, 287–288;
on Hungary, 315;
on the influence of climate on man, 180;
on the influence of environment on man, 232;
on Italy, 180, 319;
on a certain John of the Far East, 283;
on mountains, 217;
on the mutability of things, 234;
practical interest in nature, 239

Oxus, 282, 290

Paetow, L. J., 492

Paleography, 493

Palestine, 270;
exaggeration on maps, 249.
_See also_ Holy Land

Palingenesis, 13, 51

Pannonia, 314, 323

Pappas, Nicholas, 198

Paradise, 42, 45, 63, 71, 261, 352;
journeys to, 263;
location, 261;
rivers of, 28, 72, 185, 205, 264;
types of legends of, 463

Paraskévopoulos, J. S., 373

Paris, description, 331

Paris, Matthew. _See_ Matthew Paris

Parmenides, 17

Parthia, 270, 288

Partholan, 338

Pasquali, Giorgio, 374

Patrick, Saint, 212

Patristic literature, 44, 46.
_See also_ Church Fathers

Patroclus, 38

Paul the Deacon, 61

Pausanius, 271

Peeters, Paul, 389

Pelion, 33

Pelliot, Paul, 465

Pentapolis, 300

Perdita, 351

Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 40, 271

Persia, 37, 267, 272, 288

Persian Gulf, 279, 281

Peschel, Oscar, 497

Petachia of Ratisbon, 117, 118, 289;
on Slavic Europe, 314

Petchenegs, 313, 314, 315

Peter Abelard. _See_ Abelard, Peter

Peter Alphonsi. _See_ Alphonsi, Peter

Peter Comestor. _See_ Comestor, Peter

Peter Lombard. _See_ Lombard, Peter

Peter of St. Cloud, 113

Petrarch’s ascent of Mont Ventoux, 212

Peutinger Table, 35

Philip, Master, 286

Phillips, W. R., 379

Philolaus, 369

Philosophy, 89, 91, 127

Physical geography, 19, 57, 89;
works on, 500

Pian de Carpine. _See_ John of Pian de Carpine

Pilgrim narratives, 71, 115

Pilgrims, 51, 212

Pillar of salt, 472

Pillars of Hercules, 26, 301

Piracy, 310, 330

Pisa, 479

Pison, 72, 273, 279

Planisphere, 377

Plano Carpini. _See_ John of Pian de Carpine

Plato, 9;
on cosmic cycles, 13;
on earthquakes and volcanoes, 32;
on interior of the earth, 29, 32;
on sphericity of the earth, 15

Plato of Tivoli, 96, 162.
_See also_ Battānī, Al-

Platonism, 51, 135

Pliny the Elder, 11, 15, 16, 20, 23, 24, 25–27, 31, 35, 40, 41, 220,
377;
popularity, 365

Po, 319

Poisons, 212, 310, 338

Poland, 233, 267, 313, 314, 315

Polar caps, 156, 157

Polar regions, Grosseteste on, 165;
influence of mountains on climate, 179

Polar seas, 348

Polo, Marco, 269, 270, 272, 284

Polo, Nicolo and Maffeo, 269

Polybius, 10

Pomeranians, 328

Pontianum (pontias), 175

Popularization of knowledge, 105

Porus, 287

Posidonius, 10, 16, 26, 33, 373

Pozzuoli, 209, 211, 221, 225

Precession of the equinoxes, 83, 164

Precipitation, 169

Prester John, 74, 265, 269;
alliance desired by Western powers, 286;
court, 286;
on the desert, 229;
on the Fountain of Youth, 204;
kingdom, 283;
kingdom as described in his Letter, 285;
legend, origins, 283;
Letter, 114, 271, 272;
palace, 278, 286

Priscian, 49

Procopius, 73

Prodigies, 228

Proprietatibus elementorum, Liber de, 83

Proserpina, 311

Provençaux, 334

Provence, 333

Prussians, 328

Psellos, Michael, 378

Pseudo-Abdias, 379

Pseudo-Callisthenes, 49, 73, 113

Pseudo-Methodius, 50, 73

Ptolemy, Claudius, 10, 15, 16, 35, 36, 77;
Africa on his map, 41;
“Almagest,” influence of, 78;
“Geography,” 10, 19, 34;
“Geography,” influence of, 48, 78;
parallels and climates, 242, 453–456 (with diagr.)

Pumice, 222

Purgatory, Mount of, 463

Putrid Sea, 314

Pygmies, 274, 317

Pyramids of light rays, 163, 164, 191

Pyrenean Alps, 319, 323

Pythagoreans, 9, 15

Pytheas of Marseilles, 26, 39

Quadrivium, 127

Quilon, 274

Raban Maur, 48, 385

Raeburn, H., 448

Ragewin (Rahewin), 108, 233, 325;
on northern Europe, 330;
on Poland, 313

Rainfall, 169

Rainmaking, 203

Ratisbon, 325

Ravenelle, 317

Ravenna, 251

Ravenna geographer, 49, 124

Raymond of Marseilles. _See_ Marseilles Tables

Rays of light, 163, 164, 191

Red Sea, 279, 281, 289;
naval expedition in twelfth century, 295

Redemptorists, 302

Regional geography, 36, 255;
ancient limits on the south and east, 41;
expansion of Greek, 37;
Hellenistic, 39;
medieval, 70, 255–352;
regions grouped as known, little-known, or unknown, 257;
works on, 501

Regional maps, 125

Reinhardt, Karl, 365

Remy of Auxerre, 48

Renaissance, 293

Renan, E., 487

Reykyanes, Cape, 223

Rhaetia, 325

Rhine, 326, 327, 331, 332

Rhipaean Mountains, 242, 312, 329

Rhodes, 310

Rhone, 333

Richard Coeur-de-Lion, 109, 110, 308, 322

Richard of St. Victor, 190

Rivers, 27;
connection between seas and, 185;
Hildegard on, 326;
origin, 29;
peculiarities, 206;
representation on maps, 253;
source, 205;
underworld, 28

Rivers of Paradise, 28, 72, 185, 205, 264

Robert de Clari, 110, 313

Robert Grosseteste. _See_ Grosseteste, Robert

Robert of Retines, 92, 97

Robinson, G. W., xxi

Rochemelon, 448

Rockall, 487

Rockhill, W. W., 464

Roger of Hereford, 97

Roger of Hoveden, 109;
on coasts of Iberian Peninsula, 322;
on the Mediterranean, 308

Roger II, 79, 80, 198

Roland and Oliver, 311

Rolls Series, 494

Roman de toute chevalerie, 412

Romance of Alexander. _See_ Alexander the Great

Rome, 479;
anonymous guide, 121;
climate, 180;
decay, 321;
Mirabilia urbis Romae, 321;
wonders in, 321

Roncaglia, 324

Rubruck. _See_ William of Rubruck

Rudolf of Hohen-Ems, 274

Rupert of Deutz, on origin of mountains, 213

Russia, 87, 118, 176, 257, 267;
northern, 312;
southern, 313

Saba, 291, 303

Sacrobosco. _See_ John of Holywood

Saewulf, 115, 260

Sagas, 51, 110, 346

St. Bernard Pass, 218, 324

St. Rhémy, 218

St. Sever Beatus map, 68, 69 (ill.)

Saints’ Land of Promise, 231, 262, 351, 352

Salamander, 285

Salimbene, Fra, 448

Saline mountains in the sea, 25, 189

Sallust maps, 67 (ill.), 68, 121

Salt, 25;
African, 302

Saltness of the ocean, 189

Samarkand, 282, 290

Samland, 328

Sanaa, 291

Sandaruk, 275

Sandy Sea, 229, 285

Sanjar, 282

Santa Quaranta, 309

Saracens, 287, 294, 297, 312

Sarandib, 281

Sardinia, 308, 310, 319

Sargasso Sea, 442

Saxo Grammaticus, 112, 203;
on farther Biarmaland, 348;
on northern Europe, 327, 328, 329;
on the geysers of Iceland, 204;
on the glaciers of Iceland, 219;
on the volcanoes of Iceland, 223

Saxony, 327

Scandia, 328

Scandinavia, 39, 106, 257, 327, 328;
historical works, 110;
Latin histories, 111

Scenery, 63;
appreciation, 215, 235;
Guy of Bazoches and, 237

Schechter, S., 471

Schmidlin, I., 452

Schneid, M., 383

Schneider, A., 401, 418

Science, 43;
bibliographies of the history of, 492;
character, 134;
medieval, 128;
stagnation in early Middle Ages, 44

Scilly Isles, 335

Scot. _See_ John Scot Erigena

Scot, Michael. _See_ Michael Scot

Scotia, 335, 336

Scotland, 335, 336, 344

Scriptures, 43.
_See also_ Bible

Scylla and Charybdis, 311

Scythia, 37, 49, 270, 281

Scythian Sea, 330

Sea, 25;
above the atmosphere, 183;
connection between seas and rivers, 185;
depth, 25;
influence on climate, 178;
physical geography of, 61;
recessions, 196;
saltness, 25;
speed of medieval travel by sea, 308, 476;
sphericity, 369.
_See also_ Ocean

Secondary works, 495

Seh, 327

Seine, 186, 193, 331

Seneca, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 174;
popularity, 366

Sententiae of Peter Lombard, 91

Septimer Pass, 324

Seres, 39;
land of the, 270, 271

Serica, 40

Serpents, 310, 335, 345

Servi, 317

Seth, son of Adam, 263

Seven liberal arts, 127

Seven wonders of the world, 321

Severian of Gabala, 54, 234

Shannon, 205, 339

Sheba, 290, 291

Sheba, Queen of, 291, 303

Shetlands, 345

Siberia, 290

Sic et non, 91

Sicades, 333

Sicilo-Moslem geography, 81

Sicily, 226, 303, 310, 319, 322;
description, 311;
geography in, 79;
volcanic regions, 221

Sigurd the Crusader, 111

Silk, 271

Silkworms, 271, 285

Simar, T., 306

Simoom, 175

Sinae, 271

Sinai, Mount, 214, 291

Singer, Charles, xxi, 423

Sinus Codanus, 40

Situ terrarum, De, 259, 262, 405

Six Days, nature of, 144.
_See also_ Works of the Six Days

Ski-runner, 482

Skiapodes, 157, 254, 274, 275, 276 (ill.)

Skis, 329, 482

Skraelings, 349

Skridfinns, 329

Sky, blueness, 436

Slavonia, 328

Smalserhorn, 448

Smith, J. R., 375

Snorri Sturluson, 111, 448.
_See also_ Heimskringla

Snow, 167, 214

Snowdon, Mount, 208, 215, 340, 344;
floating island in a lake on, 230

Soil and agriculture, 232

Solinus, 11, 44, 241, 337;
interpolation in, 176

Sources, collections of original, 493;
secondary, 495

Southern hemisphere, 164

Spain, 322;
Christian and Saracenic, 322

Speculum mundi, 405

Sphericity of the earth, 15, 54, 152, 158, 383, 384, 425

Sphericity of the universe, 150

Spirit of God, 141

Spitsbergen, 349

Springs, 199, 374–375;
hot, 202, 221;
miraculous, 203;
in Munster, Ireland, 203

Stade, 16, 33

Staffordshire, 205

Stagnation, scientific, 44

Stars, 51, 52

Stoechades, 333

Storms. _See_ Winds

Strabo, 10, 40

Strasburg, 333

Striguus, 316

Stromboli, 222

Stubbs, William, 469

Sturluson, Snorri. _See_ Snorri Sturluson

Submarine eruption, 223

Subterranean channels, 27, 264

Sucades, 333

Sugar, 296

Sullivan, R. J., 446

Sulphur, 202, 222, 226

Sulpicius Severus, 214

Sumatra, 280

Summa philosophiae, 408

Sur (Tyre), 296

Svalbard, 349, 486

Svantevith, 328

Swabia, 325

Sweat of the earth, 199

Sweden, 328, 329

Syene, 298

Sylvester, Bernard. _See_ Bernard Sylvester

Sylvester II, 47

Symbolic interpretation, 206

Symbols on maps, 252

Syria, 292, 294, 296;
European occupation, 294

Syrtes, 301

Systems, 129

Tabula Peutingeriana, 35

Tanai, 291

Tanaïs (Don), 71, 312

Tangier (Tingi), 301

Taormina, 311

Taprobane, 38, 280, 310

Tartarus, 28

Tatars, 267

Taylor, H. O., 416, 495

Teima, 291

Temperature, 23, 57

Templars, 316

Temujin, 266

Tenedos, 310

Terrestrial degree, measurement, 85

Terrestrial geography, works on, 499

Terrestrial Paradise, 63, 261.
_See also_ Eden; Paradise

Tertullian, 46

Thames, 344

Thanet, 335, 342

Thebes, Egypt, 298

Theoderic (pilgrim), 115

Theodoric (Thierry) of Chartres, 91, 92, 93, 134, 135, 182;
on immobility of the earth, 154;
on precipitation, 169;
theory of Creation, 139, 141, 144

Theodosia, 312

Theodricus monachus, 346, 412

Theology, 89

Thessalonica, 317

Thina, 40

Thinae, 271

Thomas, Saint, 272;
Church of, in India, 279;
in India, 74;
preaching in India, 275

Thomas Aquinas, 91

Thomas of Cantimpré, 408

Thompson, E. M., 493

Thule, 39, 75, 176, 211, 241, 335, 345

Tibet, 282, 290

Tibiariae, 281

Tides, 21, 25, 26, 61, 173;
Adelard of Bath on, 192, 439–440;
astrological and physical theories, 190;
British and Irish coasts, 194;
Chinese knowledge, 439;
Giraldus Cambrensis’ studies, 194;
moon and, 190;
Moslem theories, 84;
terrestrial causation, 192

Tigris, 72, 265, 284, 288, 289, 290, 294

Tilmas, 291

T-O maps, 66, 121, 259;
types, 67 (ills.)

Togarmim, 290

Toledo, 322

Toledo Tables, 79, 96, 242, 244, 392, 394, 400

Topography, influence on climate, 177;
local, 240;
as a natural defense, 233;
works on, 118

Tortona, 323

Tractatus excerptionum, 405.
_See also_ Situ terrarum, De

Tradition, 270;
geography of, 255

Transalpine, term, 324

Translations from the Arabic, 95

Translations from the Greek, 95, 398

Transmutation, 29, 30, 60

Transposition of land and sea, 83

Travelers, 116, 292;
Jewish, 117, 289

Travels, 269;
books of, 50;
letters of, 116

Trees of the sun and moon, 275

Triangulation, 33

Triffar, 309

Tripartite division, 258

Tripolis, 300

Trivium, 127

Troglodytes, 304

Tudela, 117

Tunis, 301, 302

Turegum (Zurich), 325

Turkestan, 267, 282

Twelfth-century renaissance, 1

Typhoons, 272

Ukraine, 313, 314

Ultima Tile, 346

Underground waters, 27, 28

Underworld rivers, 28

Universe, 12;
Bible opposed to theory of an eternal, 51;
eternity, 145;
history, 51;
sphericity, 150

Upsala, 329

Urals, 312

Vapor, 166, 168, 169, 172, 185, 191, 202

Venetian traders, 295

Ventoux, Mont, 212

Vesuvius, Mount, 220, 221, 322

Viedebantt, Oscar, 371

Vignaud, Henry, 459

Vikings, 110

Vincent of Beauvais, 106, 405–406

Virgil, 221

Virgil, bishop of Salzburg, 57, 386

Virginum, Mons, 221

Vitruvius, 16

Vivaldi, Fulberto, 448

Vivien de St. Martin, Louis, 497

Volcanic islands, 224

Volcanoes, 21, 62, 137;
causes, 31;
as gates of Hell, 225;
Iceland, 222;
regions of, in Italy and Sicily, 220;
visits to, 220

Voyages, 70

Vulcanism, causes, 225

Vulcano, 222

Wales, 120, 179, 195, 344;
description, 340;
Giraldus Cambrensis on, 337, 340;
lakes, 207;
landscape, 216;
local topography, 240;
marine encroachments, 196–197;
mountains, 215;
natural defensibility, 233;
rivers, 206, 340

Walter of Châtillon (of Lille), 108, 113;
on a mountain view, 216

Walter of Metz, 105, 405

Warner, G. F., 461

Waters, 20, 21, 24;
above the firmament, 58, 182;
congregation of, 59, 184, 188;
distribution of land and, 187;
distribution on the earth, 437;
earth upon the waters, 60, 186;
effect of land on waters which spring from it, 202;
of the lands, 199;
purpose of waters above the firmament, 184;
qualities of waters of the lands, 201, 202

Wells, 199;
miraculous, 203

Welsh, 340

Welsh language, 340

Wensinck, A. I., 460

Werner, Karl, 499

West. _See_ Occident

Western Ocean, 25, 257;
islands, 334.
_See also_ Atlantic Ocean

Westward flow of civilization, 233, 235

Whirlpools, 194, 348, 349, 388

White-men’s-land, 76

Wicklow, 195, 206

William of Auvergne, 101, 138, 145, 183

William of Conches, 93, 135, 136, 151, 157, 158, 160, 185, 189, 214,
227;
on the atmosphere, 166;
on atmospheric circulation, 172;
on climates, 177;
on climatic influence of mountains, 178;
on clouds, 168;
on elements, 418;
on eternity of universe, 145;
on floods, 170;
on ground water, 199;
on precipitation, 169;
rationalism, 136;
on shape of the earth, 152;
on springs and wells, 202;
theory of Creation, 141, 142;
on tides, 192;
on the waters, 182;
on winds, 171, 172, 173, 174

William of Malmsbury, 469

William of Rubruck, 269

William of Tyre, 109;
on Alexandria, 299;
on the Assassins, 298;
on the desert, 228;
on Egypt, 299, 300;
on the simoom, 175;
on Western Asia, 296, 297

William the Breton, 108, 417;
on French landscapes, 483;
on the tides, 193, 441

Winchester, 336

Wind blowers, 252

Wind-blown horns, 221

Winds, 22, 32, 171;
cause, 172;
local, 175;
names, 173;
qualities, 174;
supernatural production, 171, 433

Wineland, 76;
position, 349

Wolfelm of Cologne, 161

Woman, 143

Wonders of the world, 321

Wood, G. A., 469

Works of the Six Days, 53, 134, 135, 137;
medieval discussions of, 138

World, medieval conception, 71

World center, 259.
_See also_ Arin; Jerusalem

World Soul, 16, 141, 231, 419

Worms region, 326

Writings, Middle Age, 88

Xenophon, 38

Ydonus, 273

Yemen, 290, 291

Ymer, 147

Youth, Fountain of, 204, 285

Zachary, Pope, 57

Zanzibar, 87

Zarqalī, Az-, 79, 86, 96, 245

Zemarchus, 50

Zephyr, 173, 174

Zin, 272

Zion, Mount, 260, 463

Zone maps, 121, 122 (ill.)

Zones, 17, 23, 55, 156, 157

Zurich, 325

ERRATA

p. 71, line 13: _for_ Tanais _read_ Tanaïs.

p. 112, line 8: for _Hamm-burgensis_ read _Hammenburgensis_.

p. 242, line 7: _for_ Borysthenes Dnieper _read_ Borysthenes
(Dnieper).

p. 273, line 16 from bottom: _for_ “Pison” _read_ “Phison.”

p. 509, line 16: for _Michael Scot, 1921–1922_, read _Michael Scot_,
1921–1922.

p. 516, line 21: _for_ Giordano _read_ Giordano Carlo.

The titles of Hugh of St. Victor’s _De arca Noë mystica_ and _De arca
Noe morali_ are thus spelled in Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. clxxvi (not
_De archa_, etc., as throughout the present volume).

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

● Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
● Corrected Errata.
● Renumbered footnotes.
● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.