The geographical lore of the time of the Crusades

Chapter 17: is on geography and voyages (1)

Text size

_DE_, etc. For anonymous works title of which begins with _DE_ see
under initial letter of principal word of title.

Decourdemanche, J. A. _Note sur l’estimation de la longeur du degré
terrestre chez les Grecs, les Arabes, et dans l’Inde_, in: Journal
asiatique, series 11, vol. 1, Paris, 1913, pp. 427–444.

Presents a hazardous theory.

De Goeje, M. J. See Goeje, M. J. de.

Delaborde, H. F. See WILLIAM THE BRETON.

Delambre, J. B. J. _Histoire de l’astronomie du moyen âge_, Paris,
1819.

Old but still a standard work on medieval astronomy.

De La Roncière, Charles. See La Roncière, Charles de.

Delisle, Léopold. See GODFREY OF VITERBO.

Denis, Ferdinand. _Le monde enchanté: Cosmographie et histoire
naturelle fantastiques du moyen âge_, Paris, 1843.

Popular, though scholarly, work on medieval marvels.

_DESCRIPTIONES TERRAE SANCTAE._ See Tobler, Titus.

Detlefsen, D. _Ursprung, Einrichtung und Bedeutung der Erdkarte
Agrippas_ (Quellen und Forschungen zur alten Geschichte und
Geographie herausgegeben von W. Sieglin, no. 13), Berlin, 1906.

Detlefsen, D. _Die Geographie Afrikas bei Plinius und Mela und ihre
Quellen_ (Quellen und Forschungen zur alten Geschichte und
Geographie herausgegeben von W. Sieglin, no. 14), Berlin, 1909.

See also PLINY.

_DEVISION, LA, DE LA TERRE DE OULTREMER ET DES CHOSES QUI I SONT_,
edited by C. Hopf in: Chroniques gréco-romanes, Berlin, 1873, pp.
30–34.

De Wulf, Maurice. See Wulf, Maurice de.

DICUIL. _De mensura orbis terrae_, edited by A. Letronne, in his
_Recherches_, 1814. Also by Gustav Parthey, Berlin, 1870.

Dietrich, ——. _Die geographischen Anschauungen einiger Chronisten des
XI. und XII. Jahrhunderts_, in: Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche
Geographie, vol. v, Vienna, 1885, pp. 95–103, 187–207.

Dinse, Paul. _Die handschriftlichen Ptolemäus-Karten und die
Agathodämonfrage_, in: Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde
zu Berlin, 1913, pp. 745–770.

DIONYSIUS PERIGETES. _Orbis descriptio_, in: C. Müller, _Geographi
graeci minores_, 1882, vol. ii, pp. 103–176.

Doberentz, Otto. _Die Erd- und Völkerkunde in der Weltchronik des
Rudolf von Hohen-Ems_, in: Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie,
vols. xii, Halle, 1880, pp. 257–301, 387–454, xiii, 1881, pp.
29–57, 165–223.

Important material in this monograph on the sources of the _De
imagine mundi_.

DOMINICUS GONDISALVI (GUNDISSALINUS). I. _De divisione philosophiae_,
edited by L. Baur, in: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des
Mittelalters herausgegeben von C. Baeumker, vol. iv, pts. 2–3,
Münster, 1903. II. Translations of the _Physics_ and _De caelo_ of
Aristotle. Unpublished. See Steinschneider, _Europäische
Übersetzungen_, in: Sitzungsberichte, vol. cxlix, 1905, pp. 32,
42, 43.

Dozy, R. See IDRĪSĪ, Al-.

Draper, J. W. _History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science_,
New York, 1875. (Also other editions.)

Endeavors to show the baneful influence of organized religion upon
the development of science.

Dreesbach, Emil. _Der Orient in der altfranzösischen
Kreuzzugsliteratur_ (Dissertation, University of Breslau, 1901).

A compilation of references to the Near East in the French
literature of the Crusades, with explanatory comment.

Duhem, Pierre. _Du temps où la scholastique latine a connu la physique
d’Aristote_, in: Revue de philosophie, vol. xv, Paris, 1909, pp.
163–178.

Duhem, Pierre. _Le système du monde: Histoire des doctrines
cosmologiques de Platon à Copernic_, 5 vols., Paris, 1913–1917.

A work of fundamental importance. From the geographical point of
view significant for the data it contains on the history of
cosmography, of astronomical geography, and of theories of the
tides. Contains valuable bibliographical references, though not
always complete (see criticism in Haskins, _Studies_, 1924, pp.
82–83).

Eales, S. J. See BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX.

_EDDAS, THE._ I. _SAEMUNDAR EDDA_, or _POETIC EDDA_. Text in: R. C.
Boer, edit., _Die Edda, mit historisch-kritischem Commentar_,
Haarlem, 1922; Eduard Sievers, edit., _Die Eddalieder_
(Abhandlungen der sächischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Philologisch, historische Klasse, vol. xxxvii, no. 3), Leipzig,
1923. English translation: H. A. Bellows, _The Poetic Edda,
Translated from the Icelandic, With an Introduction and Notes_, 2
vols., New York, 1923. II. _SNORRIS EDDA_, or _PROSE EDDA_. See
SNORRI STURLUSON, II.

See also Hermannsson, _Bibl. Eddas_, 1920.

EDRISI. See IDRĪSĪ, Al-.

EKKEHARD OF AURA. See FRUTOLF OF MICHAELSBERG.

_ELYSAEUS ACCOUNT._ See PRESTER JOHN, II.

Endrös, A. _Die Gezeiten, Seiches und Strömungen des Meeres bei
Aristoteles_, in: Bayerische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften,
Sitzungsberichte, Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse, Munich, 1915,
pp. 355–385.

ERATOSTHENES. _Die geographischen Fragmente des Eratosthenes_, edited
with commentary by Hugo Berger, Leipzig (Teubner), 1880.

See Mori, _Misuraz. eratos._, 1911; Scala, R. von; Thalamas, A.

ERIGENA (or ERIUGENA), JOHN SCOT. See JOHN SCOT ERIGENA.

Esposito, M. _On Some Unpublished Poems Attributed to Alexander
Neckam_, in: English Historical Review, vol. xxx, London, 1915,
pp. 450–471.

Fant, C. _L’Image du monde, poème inédit du milieu du xiii^e siècle,
étudié dans ses diverses rédactions françaises d’après les
manuscrits des bibliothèques de Paris et de Stockholm_
(Dissertation, University of Upsala, 1886.)

Gives a summary of the contents of the poem.

FARGHĀNĪ, Al- (ALFRAGANUS). _On the Elements of Astronomy._ See GERARD
OF CREMONA, I; JOHN OF SEVILLE, I.

FETELLUS (FRETELLUS). _Tractatus de distantiis locorum Terrae
Sanctae._ Text in: Comte Melchior de Vogue, _Les églises de la
Terre Sainte_, Paris, 1860, pp. 412–433; also in: Migne, _Pat.
lat._, vol. clv, cols. 1037–1054. English translation by J. R.
Macpherson, _Fetellus (circa 1130 A. D.)_, London, 1892 (in:
Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society, _Library_, 1897, vol. v).

Fischer, Joseph. _Ptolemäus und Agathodämon_, forming supplement (on
pp. 71–93) to von Mžik, _Afrika_.

Fischer, Joseph. _Pappus und die Ptolemäuskarten_, in: Zeitschrift der
Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1919, pp. 336–358.

Fischer, Joseph. _Ptolemaios als Kartograph_, forming supplement (on
pp. 113–129) to Cebrian, _Geschichte der Kartographie_, 1923.

FITZSTEPHEN, WILLIAM. Description of London in Latin forming the
preface to his Latin life of Thomas à Becket, in: J. C. Robertson,
_Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of
Canterbury_ (Rolls Series, no. 67), vol. iii, London, 1877. Also
in: Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. cxc, cols., 103–110; _A Survey of
London by John Stow_, edited by C. T. Kingsford (2 vols., Oxford,
1908), vol. ii, pp. 219–223. English translation in: _John Stow, A
Survay of London ... 1598_, edited by Henry Morley, London, 1908,
pp. 22–29, 117–119.

Fobes, F. H. _Mediaeval Versions of Aristotle’s Meteorology_, in:
Classical Philology, vol. x, Chicago, 1915, pp. 297–314.

Frahm, Wilhelm. _Das Meer und die Seefahrt in der altfranzösischen
Literatur_ (Dissertation, University of Göttingen, 1914).

Francke, Kuno. _Zur Geschichte der lateinischen Schulpoesie des XII.
und XIII. Jahrhunderts_, Munich, 1879.

FRETELLUS. See FETELLUS.

Fritsche, Franz. _Untersuchung über die Quellen der Image du monde des
Walther von Metz_, Halle, 1880.

FRODHI, ARI. See ARI FRODHI.

FRUTOLF OF MICHAELSBERG (or of BAMBERG). _Chronica._ Edited as if the
work of Ekkehard of Aura, in: _Mon. Germ. hist._, Scriptores, vol.
vi, 1844, pp. 33–231. See Bresslau, H.

Ganzenmüller, Wilhelm. _Das Naturgefühl im Mittelalter_ (Beiträge zur
Kulturgeschichte des Mittelalters und der Renaissance
herausgegeben von Walter Götz, vol. xviii), Leipzig and Berlin,
1914.

An attempt to interpret the medieval attitude toward nature “von
innen heraus, aus der geistigen Eigenart des Mittelalters....” (p.
4). German translations of many descriptions of landscape and
scenery are included.

Ganzenmüller, Wilhelm. _Die empfindsame Naturbetrachtung im
Mittelalter_, in: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, vol. xii, Berlin,
1916, pp. 195–228.

GAUTIER DE CHÂTILLON (or DE LILLE). See WALTER OF CHÂTILLON.

Geidel, Heinrich. _Alfred der Grosse als Geograph_ (Münchener
geographische Studien herausgegeben von Siegmund Günther, no. 15),
Munich, 1904.

Geikie, Sir Archibald. _The Founders of Geology_, London, 1905.

Geikie, Sir Archibald. _The Love of Nature Among the Romans During the
Later Decades of the Republic and the First Century of the
Empire_, London, 1912.

GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH. _Historia Britonum_, edited by J. A. Giles,
Caxton Society, London, 1844. An English translation entitled
_Geoffrey of Monmouth’s British History_ by J. A. Giles, in:
_Monkish Historians of Great Britain_, vol. iv, London, 1844 (also
in Bohn’s Antiquarian Library, London, 1848).

GEOFFREY OF ST. VICTOR (GODEFROI DE BRETEUIL). I. _Fons philosophiae_,
edited by M. A. Charma in his _Fons philosophiae: Poème inédit du
xii^e siècle, publié et annoté par —_, Caen, 1868. II.
_Microcosmus._ Unpublished. See above, p. 428, note 135.

_GEOGRAPHI GRAECI MINORES._ See Müller, C.

_GEOGRAPHI LATINI MINORES._ See Riese, A.

GERALD OF BARRY. See GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS.

GERARD OF CREMONA. I. _Liber de aggregationibus scientiae stellarum et
principiis coelestium motum_, a translation of Al-Farghānī’s _On
the Elements of Astronomy_. See Woepcke, _Notice_, 1862, pp.
117–120. II. Translation of Az-Zarqalī’s _Canons_ on the _Toledo
Tables_. See above, pp. 399–400, notes 44–45. III. Translations of
Aristotle’s _Meteorology_ (first three books), _Physics_, _De
caelo et mundo_, and _De generatione et corruptione_. Unpublished.
On manuscripts see Thorndike, _Magic_, 1923, vol. ii, p. 87; see
also above, pp. 401–402, notes 59, 60, 61, 62. IV. _Theorica
planetarum._ MS. in Bibliothèque Nationale MSS., fonds latin, no.
7421. This work was also printed in the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries. The edition referred to in the Notes of the present
work as the “Renner edition” was printed in Venice “per Franciscū
Renner de Hailbrun, MCCCCLXXVIII.” In the same volume is to be
found the _De sphaera_ of John of Holywood, q. v. For references
to other editions see Duhem, _Système_, vol. iii, 1915, p. 219,
note 3.

See Boncompagni, _Della vita_, 1851.

GERBERT (SYLVESTER II). _Gerberti postea Silvestri II papae opera
mathematica_, edited by Nicholaus Bubnov, Berlin, 1899.

GERVASE OF CANTERBURY. I. _Chronica de tempore regum Angliae Stephani,
Henrici II et Ricardi I_, edited by William Stubbs, in: _The
Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury_ (Rolls Series, no. 71),
vol. i, London, 1879. II. _Mappamundi_, edited by Stubbs, _op.
cit._, vol. ii, London, 1880, pp. 414–444.

GERVASE OF TILBURY. _Otia imperialia_, edited by G. G. Leibnitz, in:
_Scriptores rerum brunsvicensium_ (3 vols., Hanover, 1707–1711),
vol. i, pp. 881–1004, vol. ii, pp. 754–784.

See Liebrecht, F.

Gilbert, Otto. _Die meteorologischen Theorien des griechischen
Altertums_, Leipzig, 1907.

Fundamental study of ancient meteorology.

Giordano Carlo. _Alexandreis, poema di Gautier da Châtillon_, Naples,
1917.

GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS (GERALD OF BARRY). I. _Topographia Hiberniae et_
(II) _Expugnatio Hiberniae_, edited by J. F. Dimock, in: _Giraldi
Cambrensis opera_ (Rolls Series, no. 21), vol. v, London, 1867.
English translation by Thomas Foster, _The Historical Works of
Giraldus Cambrensis Containing the Topography of Ireland and the
History of the Conquest of Ireland_, revised by Thomas Wright, in
Bohn’s Antiquarian Library, London, 1863. III. _Itinerarium
Kambriae et_ (IV) _Descriptio Kambriae_, edited by J. F. Dimock,
_op. cit._, vol. vi, London, 1868. Sir R. C. Hoare’s English
translation of 1806 appeared under the title _The Itinerary
Through Wales and the Description of Wales by Giraldus Cambrensis_
in Everyman’s Library, London and New York, 1908. V. _Symbolum
electorum_, edited by J. S. Brewer, in: _Giraldi Cambrensis opera_
(Rolls Series, no. 21), vol. i, London, 1861, pp. 199–395.

See Lynch, J.

Gisinger, F. “Geographie,” article in: _Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der
classischen Altertumswissenschaft: Neue Bearbeitung, begonnen von
Georg Wissowa_, edited by Wilhelm Kroll, supplementary vol. iv,
Stuttgart, 1924, cols. 521–685.

GODFREY OF VITERBO. I. _Pantheon seu universitate libri, qui chronici
appellantur, XX, ... ab O. C.-1186._ Edited by B. J. Herold,
Basel, 1559, and by J. Pistorius (3rd edition, edited by B. G.
Struve, vol. ii, Ratisbon, 1726, pp. 2–392); also edited (in part
only) in: Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. cxcviii, cols. 875–1044, and
in: _Mon. Germ. hist._, Scriptores, vol. xxii, 1872, pp. 107–307.
II. _Denumeratio regnorum imperio subjectorum_, edited by Léopold
Delisle in his _Littérature latine et histoire du moyen âge_,
Paris, 1890, pp. 41–50.

Goeje, M. J. de. _La légende de St. Brandan_, in: Actes du Huitième
Congrès Internationale des Orientalistes, 1889, Leiden, 1891, pp.
43–76. (Also printed separately, Leiden, 1890.)

Goeje, M. J. de, on Edrisi. See IDRĪSĪ, Al-.

Gollancz, Hermann. _Dodi ve-Nechdi (Uncle and Nephew), the Work of
Berachya Hanakdan_, Oxford, etc., 1920. Pp. 87–161 consist of a
translation of the _Quaestiones naturales_ of Adelard of Bath, q.
v.

GONDISALVI, DOMINICUS. See DOMINICUS GONDISALVI.

GOSSOUIN OF METZ. Possibly author or co-author of the _Image du
monde_. See above, p. 105 and p. 405, note 89.

Grabmann, Martin. _Forschungen über die lateinischen
Aristotelesübersetzungen des XIII. Jahrhunderts_, in: Beiträge zur
Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters herausgegeben von C.
Baeumker, vol. xvii, pts. 5–6, Münster, 1916.

Graf, Arturo. _La leggenda del paradiso terrestre_, Turin, 1878.

Graf, Arturo. _Roma nella memoria e nelle immaginazioni del medio
evo_, 2 vols., Turin, 1882–1883.

Graf, Arturo. _Miti, leggende e superstizioni del medio evo_, 2 vols.,
Turin, 1892–1893.

Much material and a wealth of references on legendary geography.
Vol. i, pp. 1–193, deals with the legend of the terrestrial
paradise.

GREGORIUS, MAGISTER. See GREGORY, MASTER.

Gregorovius, Ferdinand. _Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter_, 8
vols., 1st edit., Stuttgart, 1859–1872. Translation from fourth
German edition by Annie Hamilton, _History of the City of Rome in
the Middle Ages_, 8 vols. in 13, London, 1894–1912.

GREGORY, MASTER. _Magister Gregorius de mirabilibus urbis Romae_,
edited with introduction by M. R. James in his _Magister
Gregorius_, in: English Historical Review, vol. xxxii, London,
1917, pp. 531–554.

Gribaudi, Pietro. _La geografia di S. Isidoro di Siviglia_ (Memorie
della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, series 2, vol. lv),
Turin, 1905.

Gribaudi, Pietro. _Per la storia della geografia, specialmente nel
medio evo_, Turin, 1906. Fasc. I of this contains: _L’autorità de
S. Isidoro de Siviglia, come geografo, nel medio evo_.

Gribble, Francis. _The Early Mountaineers_, London, 1899.

Gröber, G. _Übersicht über die lateinische Literatur von der Mitte des
6. Jahrhunderts bis 1350_, in his _Grundriss der romanischen
Philologie_ (2 vols., Strasburg, 1888–1902), vol. ii, pt. i, pp.
97–432.

GROSSETESTE, ROBERT (ROBERT OF LINCOLN). (I) _De sphaera_, (II) _De
impressionibus aëris seu de prognosticatione_, (III) _De luce seu
de inchoatione formarum_, (IV) _Quod homo sit minor mundus_, (V)
_De lineis angulis et figuris seu de fractionibus et reflexionibus
radiorum_, (VI) _De natura locorum_, (VII) _De impressionibus
elementorum_, (VIII) _De finitate motus et temporis_, all edited
by Ludwig Baur in his _Die philosophischen Werke des Robert
Grosseteste, Bischofs von Lincoln_ (Beiträge zur Geschichte der
Philosophie des Mittelalters herausgegeben von C. Baeumker, vol.
ix), Münster, 1912. (IX) _Summa super libros octo Physicorum_
(commentary on the _Physics_ of Aristotle), first printed in
Venice in 1498, and subsequently frequently printed in the
sixteenth century; no modern critical edition. On early editions
and manuscripts see Baur, _op. cit._, pp. 19*-20*. (X)
_Hexaemeron._ Unpublished. Baur, _op. cit._, p. 24*, note 1, cites
MS. Brit. Mus. Bibl. reg. 6 E. V. (XI) _Summa philosophiae._
Ascribed probably erroneously to Grosseteste. Edited by Baur, _op.
cit._, pp. 275–643.

See also Pardi, G.

_IMAGE DU MONDE, L’._ Metrical versions unedited. For text of prose
version, see O. H. Prior, _L’Image du monde de Maître Gossouin_,
Lausanne, 1913. For Caxton’s English translation of 1485, see the
same, _Caxton’s Mirrour of the World_, London, 1913. On sources
see Fant, C.; Fritsche, F.; Le Clerc, V.

See also Langlois, C. V., _Connaissance_, 1911, ch. 5.

_IMAGINE MUNDI, DE._ In: Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. clxxii, cols.
115–188, where it is attributed to Honorius of Autun. See above,
p. 403, note 73; pp. 325–326, and p. 481, note 347.

See Doberentz, O.

ISIDORE OF SEVILLE. I. _Etymologiae sive originum libri XX_, edited by
W. M. Lindsay, 2 vols., Oxford, 1911. Also in: Migne, _Pat. lat._,
vol. lxxxii, cols. 73–728. See Brehaut, E.; Philipp, H. II. _De
natura rerum_, in: Migne, _op. cit._, vol. lxxxiii, cols.
963–1018. See also above, p. 387, note 79.

See Blázquez y Delgado Aguilera, A.; Brehaut, E.; Gribaudi, P.

_ITER AD PARADISUM._ See _ALEXANDER THE GREAT, ROMANCE OF_, VI.

_ITINERA ET DESCRIPTIONES TERRAE SANCTAE._ See Tobler, Titus.

_ITINERA HIEROSOLYMITANA._ See Tobler, T., and A. Molinier.

_ITINÉRAIRES À JERUSALEM._ See Michelant, H., and G. Reynaud.

_ITINÉRAIRES DE LA TERRE SAINTE ... traduits de l’hébreu._

See Carmoly, E.

JACQUES DE VITRY. _Historia hierosolymitana_, in: J. Bongars, _Gesta
Dei per Francos_, vol. i, Hanover, 1611, pp. 1047–1125. English
translation by Aubrey Stewart, _The History of Jerusalem, A. D.
1180, by Jacques de Vitry_, London, 1896 (in: Palestine Pilgrims’
Text Society, _Library_, 1897, vol. xi).

James, M. R. See GREGORY, MASTER.

JEROME. _De situ et nominibus locorum Hebraicorum_ (or _De Palestinae
locis_), in Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. xxiii, cols. 859–928.

_JERUSALEM ITINERARIES._ See Carmoly, E.; Michelant, H., and G.
Reynaud; Tobler, T.; Tobler, T., and A. Molinier.

JOHANNES. See JOHN.

JOHANNES, PRESBYTER. See PRESTER JOHN.

JOHANNES HISPANENSIS. See JOHN OF SEVILLE.

JOHN, PRESTER. See PRESTER JOHN.

JOHN OF HOLYWOOD (SACROBOSCO). _De sphaera_, or _Sphaera mundi_, in:
_Johannes de Sacrobusto anglici viri clarissimi Spera mundi,
impressa Venetiis per Franciscū Renner de Hailbrun, MCCCCLXXVIII_.
This text of the _De sphaera_ was printed in the same volume with
the _Theorica planetarum_ of Gerard of Cremona, q. v. See also
Duhem, _Système_, vol. iii, 1915, p. 239, note 4, and p. 240, note
1.

JOHN OF LUNA. See JOHN OF SEVILLE.

JOHN OF SALISBURY. _Opera omnia_, edited by J. A. Giles, Oxford, 1848,
and reprinted in Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. cxcix, cols. 1–1039. The
_Policraticus, sive de nugis curialium et vestigiis
philosophorum_, was edited by C. C. J. Webb, 2 vols., Oxford,
1909.

JOHN SCOT ERIGENA. _De divisione naturae_, in: Migne, _Pat. lat._,
vol. cxxii, cols. 439–1022.

See Rand, E. K.

JOHN OF SEVILLE (JOHANNES HISPANENSIS, JOHN OF LUNA). I. Translation
of the _On the Elements of Astronomy_ of Al-Farghānī was published
by Johannes Petreius in Nuremberg, 1537, under the title _Brevis
ac perutilis compilatio Alfragani, quod ad rudimenta astronomica
est opportunum_. For references to manuscripts, see Woepcke,
_Notice_, 1862, pp. 115–117. II. Translation of Abū Maʿshar’s _The
Great Book of the Introduction_. See Haskins, _Studies_, 1924, p.
45.

JOHN OF WÜRZBURG. _Descriptio terrae sanctae_, in: Tobler,
_Descriptiones terrae sanctae_, 1874, pp. 108–192, 415–448. Also
in: Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. clv, cols. 1054–1090. English
translation by Aubrey Stewart, _Description of the Holy Land by
John of Würzburg (A. D. 1160–1170)_, London, 1890 (in Palestine
Pilgrims’ Text Society, _Library_, 1897, vol. v).

Jourdain, Amable. _Recherches critiques sur l’âge et l’origine des
traductions latines d’Aristote et sur des commentaires grecs ou
arabes employés par les docteurs scholastiques_, 2nd edit., Paris,
1843.

Jourdain, C. B. _Dissertation sur l’état de la philosophie naturelle
en Occident et principalement en France pendant la première moitié
du XII^e siècle_, Paris, 1838.

Jourdain, C. B. _De l’influence d’Aristote et de ses interprètes sur
la découverte du Nouveau-Monde_, Paris, 1861.

Jowett, Benjamin. See PLATO.

Jubinal, A. See BRANDAN, Saint.

JULIUS VALERIUS. See _ALEXANDER THE GREAT, ROMANCE OF_, II, III.

Karl, L. _La Hongrie et les Hongrois dans les chansons de geste_, in:
Revue des langues romanes, vol. li, Montpellier, 1908, pp. 5–38.

Khvostov, M. _Istoriya vostochnoi torgovli Greko-Rimskago Egipta
(History of the Eastern Trade of Greco-Roman Egypt)_, Kazan, 1907.

KHWĀRIZMĪ, Al-. I. _Kitāb ṣūrat al-arḍ_, edited by C. A. Nallino, with
commentary, under title _Al-Ḫuwârizmî e il suo rifacimento della
Geografia di Tolomeo_, in: Memorie della Reale Accademia dei
Lincei, series 5, Classe di scienze morali, storiche, e
filologiche, vol. ii, pt. 1, Rome, 1894 (published 1896). See also
von Mžik, _Ptolemaeus_, 1915; the same, _Afrika_, 1916; Nallino,
_Al-Khuwarizmi_, 1896; Spitta, W. II. Astronomical tables known as
_Khorazmian Tables_, in: H. Suter, _Die astronomischen Tafeln des
Muḥammed ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī in der Bearbeitung des Maslama ibn
Aḥmed al-Madjrīṭī und der latein. Übersetzung des Athelhard von
Bath_, etc. (Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences et des
Lettres de Danemark, series 7, Section des lettres, vol. iii, no.
1), Copenhagen, 1914. As to the _Little Sindhind_ of Al-Khwārizmī,
to which these tables were related, see above, p. 394, note 20.

_KING’S MIRROR._ See _KONUNGS-SKUGGSJÁ_.

Klotz, Alfred. _Quaestiones Plinianae geographicae_ (Quellen und
Forschungen zur alten Geschichte und Geographie herausgegeben von
W. Sieglin, no. 11), Berlin, 1906.

Koch, Joseph. _Das Meer in der mittelhochdeutschen Epik_
(Dissertation, University of Münster, 1910).

Kohlmann, P. W. _Adam von Bremen: Ein Beitrag zur mittelalterlichen
Textkritik und Kosmographie_ (Leipziger historische Abhandlungen,
vol. x), Leipzig, 1908.

_KONUNGS-SKUGGSJÁ._ _Speculum regale, ein altnorwegischer Dialog_,
edited by Oscar Brenner, Munich, 1881. English translation by L.
M. Larson, American Scandinavian Foundation, New York, 1917.

Krabbo, Hermann. _Bischof Virgil von Salzburg und seine kosmologischen
Ideen_, in: Mitteilungen des Institut für Österreichische
Geschichtsforschungen, vol. xxiv, Vienna, 1903, pp. 1–28.

Krabbo, Hermann. _Nordeuropa in der Vorstellung Adams von Bremen_, in:
Hansische Geschichtsblätter, vol. xv, Leipzig, 1909, pp. 37–51.

Krejcik, J. See DANTE, V.

Kretschmer, Konrad. _Die physische Erdkunde im christlichen
Mittelalter_, in: Geographische Abhandlungen herausgegeben von
Albrecht Penck, vol. iv, pt. 1, Vienna and Olmütz, 1889.

The best general summary of medieval theories of physical
geography. See the critical review in Marinelli, _Scritti minori_,
vol. i, [1908?], pp. 439–448.

Krumbacher, K. _Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur von Justinian
bis zum Ende des Oströmischen Reiches (527–1453)_, Munich, 1890,
2nd edit. 1897 (forming vol. ix, pt. 1 of Iwan von Müller,
_Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft_).

Kubitschek, Wilhelm. “Karten,” article in: _Paulys Real-Encyclopädie
der classischen Altertumswissenschaft: Neue Bearbeitung, begonnen
von Georg Wissowa_, edited by Wilhelm Kroll, vol. x, pt. 2 (20th
half vol.), Stuttgart, 1919, cols. 2022–2149.

LACTANTIUS. _Divinae institutiones_, edited by Samuel Brandt, in:
_Corpus script. eccl. lat._, vol. xix, pt. 1, 1890.

La Marche, R. A. Lecoy de. See Lecoy de La Marche, R. A.

LAMBERT LI TORS. See _ALEXANDER THE GREAT, ROMANCE OF_, VII.

LAMBERT OF ST. OMER. _Liber floridus._ There is no modern edition. For
a synopsis, see Migne, _Pat. lat._, vol. clxiii, cols. 1003ff. For
references to manuscripts see Miller, _Mappaemundi_, vol. iii,
1895, pp. 43–46, and Beazley, _Dawn_, vol. ii, 1901, pp. 621–624.

Landgraf, Gustav. _Die Vita Alexandri Magni des Archipresbyters Leo
(Historia de preliis)_, Schweinfurt, 1885 (not seen).

_LANDNÁMABÓK._ For editions see Hermannsson, _Bibl. Icelandic Sagas_,
1908, pp. 70–72. English translations by T. Ellwood, _The Book of
the Settlement of Iceland_, Kendal, 1898, and by Vigfusson and
York Powell, _Origines Islandicae_, vol. i, 1905, pp. 2–236,
266–274. For corrections of renderings given in the latter, see
review by E. Magnússon, in: Saga Book of the Viking Club, vol. iv,
pt. 2, London, 1905–1906, pp. 415–467.

Langenmaier, Theodor. _Alte Kenntnis und Kartographie der
zentralafrikanischen Seenregion_, in: Mitteilungen der
Geographischen Gesellschaft in München, vol. xi, Munich, 1916, pt.
1, pp. 1–144. Also published separately as a dissertation,
University of Erlangen, 1916.

An elaborate and detailed study covering the period from Ptolemy
to the beginning of the eighteenth century. Extensive bibliography
and lists of maps.

Langlois, C. V. _Maître Bernard_, in: Bibliothèque de l’École des
Chartes, vol. liv, Paris, 1893, pp. 225–250.

Langlois, C. V. _La connaissance de la nature et du monde au moyen âge
d’après quelques écrits français à l’usage des laïcs_, Paris,
1911.

Chapters on popular medieval encyclopedias in French. Throws light
on medieval geographic ideas as expressed in these works. A useful
bibliography is given (pp. 394–400) of eighty-eight titles of
secondary works on references to natural phenomena in the Middle
Ages.

Langlois, E. _Tables des noms propres de toute nature compris dans les
chansons de geste imprimées_, Paris, 1904.

Includes geographic names.

La Roncière, Charles de. _Histoire de la marine française_, 5 vols.,
Paris, 1899–1920. Vol. i, 2nd edit., 1909.

LATINO, BRUNETTO. _Le livre du trésor._ Edited by P. Chabaille, _Li
livres dou trésor, publié pour la première fois_, Paris, 1863. See
the references in C. V. Langlois, _Connaissance_, 1911, pp.
328–337.

Le C[lerc], V[ictor]. _L’Image du monde et autres enseignements_, in:
_Histoire littéraire de la France_, vol. xxiii, 1856, pp. 294–335,
836–837.

Lecoy de La Marche, R. A. _Les connaissances géographiques au moyen
âge_, in: Revue du monde catholique, vol. lxxix, July-Sept., 1884.

Lelewel, Joachim. _Géographie du moyen âge_, 5 vols. and atlas,
Brussels, 1852–1857.

Poorly arranged and written in often incomprehensible French (the
author was a Pole). A work of great erudition marred by the
hazardous character of the theories put forth. For the most part
on Moslem geography.

Le Noble, Alexandre. _Notice sur le Hortus deliciarum, encyclopédie
manuscrite composée au douzième siècle par Herrade de Landsberg,
abbesse du monastère de Hohenbourg (Sainte Odile) en Alsace, et
conservée à la Bibliothèque de Strasbourg_, in: Bibliothèque de
l’École des Chartes, vol. i, Paris, 1839, pp. 239–261.

Lenormant, François. _Magog: Fragments d’une étude sur l’ethnographie
du chapitre X de la Genèse_, in: Le Muséon: Revue des sciences et
des lettres, publiée par la Société Internationale des Lettres et
des Sciences, vol. i, Louvain, 1882, pp. 9–48.

LEO ARCHIPRESBYTER. See Landgraf, G.

Lessert, C. Pallu de. _L’oeuvre géographique d’Agrippa et d’Auguste_,
in: Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France,
vol. lxviii, pp. 215–298, Paris, 1909. (Also published
separately.)

Letronne, A. _Recherches géographiques et critiques sur le livre De
mensura orbis terrae, composé en Irlande au commencement du
neuvième siècle par Dicuil, suivi du texte restitué_, Paris, 1814.

Letronne, [A.] _Des opinions cosmographiques des pères de l’église,
rapprochées des doctrines philosophiques de la Grèce_, in: Revue
des deux mondes, series 3, vol. i, Paris, 1834, pp. 601–633.

_LIBER DE PROPRIETATIBUS ELEMENTORUM_ (or _LIBER DE ELEMENTIS_). Latin
translation of an Arabic work falsely attributed to Aristotle in
the Middle Ages. Duhem, _Système_, vol. ii, 1914, p. 226, note 3,
refers to a text to be found on fols. 464 vo-469 vo in an edition
of the works of Aristotle published in Venice, 1496, “per
Gregorium de Gregoriis expensis Benedicti Fontanae.” On
manuscripts, see Haskins, _Studies_, 1924, p. 24.

Liebrecht, Felix. _Des Gervasius von Tilbury Otia imperialia_,
Hanover, 1856.

Selections from the _Otia imperialia_ with commentary to
illustrate the development of Germanic mythology.

Lippmann, E. O. von. _Chemisches und Alchemisches aus Aristoteles_,
in: Archiv für die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der
Technik, vol. ii, Leipzig, 1910, pp. 233–300.

Little, A. G., edit. _Roger Bacon Essays, Contributed by Various
Writers on the Commemoration of the Seventh Centenary of His
Birth_, Oxford, 1914.

Lloyd, J. E. _A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the
Edwardian Conquest_, 2 vols., London, 1911.

LOMBARD, PETER. _Libri quattuor sententiarum_, in: Migne, _Pat. lat._,
vol. cxcii, cols. 519–962. Critical text in the edition of the
_Opera_ of Saint Bonaventura, Quaracci, 1882–1889, vols. i-iv.

Lones, T. E. _Aristotle’s Researches in Natural Science_, London,
1912. A useful introduction.

Lowes, J. L. _The Dry Sea and the Carrenare_, in: Modern Philology,
vol. iii, Chicago, 1905, pp. 1–46.

On the origins of Chaucer’s “Dry Sea” in the history of Prester
John and elsewhere.

_LUCIDARIUS_, edited from the Berlin manuscript by Felix Heidlauf, in:
Deutsche Texte des Mittelalters herausgegeben von der Königlich
Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. xxviii, Berlin,
1915.

See also above, p. 404, note 82.

Ludwig, Friedrich. _Untersuchungen über die Reise- und
Marschgeschwindigkeit im XII. und XIII. Jahrhundert_, Berlin,
1897.

Important investigation of an interesting phase of medieval
travel.

Lutz, H. F. _Geographical Studies Among Babylonians and Egyptians_,
in: American Anthropologist, vol. xxvi, N. S., Menasha, Wis.,
1924, pp. 160–174.

Lynch, Dr. John (“Gratianus Lucius”). _Cambrensis eversus, seu potius
historica fides in rebus hibernicis Giraldo Cambrensi abrogata,
1662_, edited and translated by Matthew Kelly for the Irish Celtic
Society, 3 vols., Dublin, 1848–1851.

MACROBIUS. _In somnium Scipionis commentarius_, edited by [J. M. N.
D.] Nisard in _Macrobe (Oeuvres complètes), Varron (De la langue
latine), Pomponius Mela (Oeuvres complètes), avec la traduction en
français_ (Collection des auteurs latins, avec la traduction en
français, publiée sous la direction de M. Nisard), Paris, 1883,
pp. 9–116. Also edited by F. Eyssenhardt, Leipzig, 1893.

MAGISTER GREGORIUS. See GREGORY, MASTER.

Magnússon, E. See _LANDNÁMABÓK_.

Mâle, Émile. _L’art religieux du xiii^e siècle en France: Étude sur
l’iconographie du moyen âge et sur ses sources d’inspiration_,
Paris, 1898, 3rd edit., 1910. English translation by Dora Nussey,
_Religious Art in France_, London, 1913.

Explains, among other matters, the representation of geographic
and cosmographic ideas in medieval sculpture, architecture,
stained glass, and other forms of artistic expression.

Mâle, Émile. _L’art religieux du xii^e siècle en France: Étude sur les
origines de l’iconographie du moyen âge_, Paris, 1922 (not seen).

Mandonnet, Pierre. _Les idées cosmographiques d’Albert le Grand et de
St. Thomas d’Aquin et la découverte de l’Amérique_, in: Revue
thomiste, vol. i, St. Maximin, 1893.

Mandonnet, Pierre. _Siger de Brabant et l’Averroïsme latin au xiii^e
siècle_, Fribourg, 1899; 2nd edit.: vol. i, constituting: Les
philosophes belges: Textes et études, vol. vi, Louvain, 1911; vol.
ii, pt. 1, chs. 1–2, constituting _op. cit._, vol. vii, Louvain,
1908 (_sic_).

MANEGOLD. _Magistri Manegaldi contra Wolfelmum Coloniensem opusculum_,
in: L. Muratori, _Anecdota quae ex Ambrosianae Bibliothecae
codicibus nunc primum eruit —_, vol. iv, Padua, 1713, pp. 163–208.

Manitius, Karl. See PTOLEMY, CLAUDIUS, I.

Manitius, M. _Beiträge zur Geschichte der römischen Prosaiker im
Mittelalter_, in: Philologus: Zeitschrift für das classische
Alterthum, vol. xlix, Göttingen, 1890, pp. 380–384.

Manitius, M. _Philologisches aus alten Bibliothekskatalogen (bis
1300)_, in: Rheinisches Museum, Ergänzungs-Heft, Frankfurt-a-M.,
1892.

Manitius, M. _Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters_,
vol. i, Munich, 1911 (forming vol. ix, pt. 2, section 1, of Iwan
von Müller, _Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft_).

MARCO POLO. See POLO, MARCO.

Marinelli, Giovanni. _La geografia e i padri della chiesa_, in:
Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, vol. xix, Rome,
1882, pp. 472–498, 532–573. (Also printed separately, Rome, 1882.)
Reprinted with additional footnotes by Carlo Errera in _Scritti
minori di Giovanni Marinelli_, vol. i, [1908?], pp. 281–383 (see
next title). German translation, with an introduction by Siegmund
Günther, by Ludwig Neumann entitled _Die Erdkunde bei den
Kirchenväter_, Leipzig, 1884.

Marinelli, Giovanni. _Scritti minori di Giovanni Marinelli_: vol. i,
_Metodo e storia della geografia_, Florence, [1908?]; vol. ii,
_Corografia italiana e questioni didattiche_, Florence, [1920?].

Collection of reprints of important monographs, all of which had
appeared previously. Additional editorial notes and
bibliographical references are given by the editors in the
footnotes. The following are the titles of the most interesting
monographs from the point of view of medieval geography, with
references to the publications in which they were first published:
(vol. i, pp. 63–98) _Note straboniane_, in: Cosmos di Guido Cora,
vol. vi, Turin, 1880, pp. 161–180 (also printed separately); (vol.
i, pp. 181–279) _Intorno agli studi del Dott. Günther sulla storia
della geografia matematica e fisica_, in: Bollettino della Società
Geografica Italiana, vol. xvii, Rome, 1880, pp. 309–332, 469–487,
534–543, 585–596 (also printed separately; forms an extensive
review and analysis of Günther, _Studien_, 1877–1879); (vol. i,
pp. 281–383) _La geografia e i padri della chiesa_ (see preceding
entry); (vol. i, pp. 385–438) _Gog e Magog: Leggenda geografica_,
in: Cosmos di Guido Cora, vol. vii, Turin, 1882–1883, pp. 155–180,
199–207; (vol. i, pp. 439–448) _Un nuovo lavoro sulla storia della
geografia medioevale_, in: Bollettino della Società Geografica
Italiana, vol. xxvii, Rome, 1890, pp. 232–238 (also printed
separately; a review of Kretschmer, _Die physische Erdkunde_,
1889).

Marquart, Josef. _Über das Volkstum der Komanen_, in: Koenigliche
Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Abhandlungen,
Philologisch-historische Klasse, vol. xiii (N. S.), 1912–1914, pp.
25–238.

MARTIANUS CAPELLA. See CAPELLA, MARTIANUS.

Mas-Latrie, L. de. _Traités de paix et de commerce et documents divers
concernant les relations des Chrétiens avec les Arabes de
l’Afrique septentrionale au moyen âge_, Paris, 1866.

The introduction deals with the relations between Europe and North
Africa in the Middle Ages and incidentally with the extent of
European knowledge of North African geography.

Masson, Gustave. _Biblical Literature in France During the Middle
Ages: Peter Comestor and Guiart Desmoulins_, in: Journal of Sacred
Literature, vol. viii (N. S.), London, 1865, pp. 81–106.

MASTER GREGORY. See GREGORY, MASTER.

MATTHEW PARIS. I. _Chronica maiora_, edited by H. R. Luard (Rolls
Series, no. 57), 7 vols., London, 1872–1883. II. On maps see
Miller, _Mappaemundi_, vol. iii, 1895, pp. 68–94.

MAUR, RABAN. See RABAN MAUR.

MELA, POMPONIUS. See POMPONIUS MELA.

_METHODIUS, PSEUDO-._ See Sackur, E.

Meyer, Paul. _Alexandre le Grand dans la littérature française du
moyen âge_, 2 vols., Paris, 1886.

Thorough study of the Romance in French literature. Also, in vol.
ii, a general treatment of the Latin versions.

MICHAEL PSELLOS. See Zervos, C.

MICHAEL SCOT. I. _Liber introductorius._ Unpublished. On manuscripts
see Haskins, _Michael Scot_, 1921–1922, p. 262, note 6; the same,
_Studies_, 1924, p. 287, note 95. II. _Liber particularis._
Unpublished. On manuscripts see Haskins, _Michael Scot_,
1921–1922, p. 266, note 7; the same, _Studies_, 1924, p. 290, note
117. III. Translation of Al-Bitrūjī’s _On the Sphere_,
unpublished. On manuscripts see Haskins, _Michael Scot_,
1921–1922, p. 251, note 3; the same, _Studies_, 1924, p. 273, note
9. IV. Translation of Aristotle’s _De caelo_. Unpublished. On
manuscripts see Haskins, _Michael Scot_, 1921–1922, p. 256; the
same, _Studies_, 1924, p. 278, note 39.

See Brown, J. W.; Haskins, _Michael Scot_, 1921–1922; the same,
_Studies_, 1924, pp. 272–298.

Michelant, H. See _ALEXANDER THE GREAT, ROMANCE OF_, VII.

Michelant, H., and Gaston Reynaud, edits. _ITINÉRAIRES À JERUSALEM ET
LA DESCRIPTION DE LA TERRE SAINTE REDIGÉS EN FRANÇAIS AUX XI^e,
XII^e, ET XIII^e SIÈCLES_, Geneva, 1882.

Migne, J. P., edit. _PATROLOGIAE CURSUS COMPLETUS, SIVE
BIBLIOTHECA.... OMNIUM SS. PATRUM, DOCTORUM SCRIPTORUMQUE
ECCLESIASTICORUM, QUI AB AEVO APOSTOLICO AD USQUE INNOCENTII III
TEMPORA FLORUERUNT...: SERIES LATINA_, 221 vols., Paris,
1844–1864. (Referred to in the present work as Migne, _Pat. lat._)

Great collection of the writings of the Church Fathers and other
medieval authors. The texts in many cases are not critical.

Miller, Konrad. _Die Weltkarte des Castorius, genannt die
Peutinger’sche Tafel_, Ravensburg, 1888. Colored facsimile and
explanatory text.

More complete commentary in the same author’s _Itin. Romana_,
1916.

Miller, Konrad. _Mappaemundi, die ältesten Weltkarten_, 6 vols.,
Stuttgart, 1895–1898.

A series of critical discussions of medieval maps of the world
with transliterations of the texts. Profusely illustrated with
facsimiles.

Miller, Konrad. _Itineraria Romana: Römische Reisewege an der Hand der
Tabula Peutingeriana_, Stuttgart, 1916.

An elaborate commentary on the Peutinger Table, its sources and
influence.

Miller, Konrad. _Die Erdmessung im Alterthum und ihr Schicksal_,
Stuttgart, 1919.

Summary and synthesis of recent investigations regarding ancient
and Moslem estimates of the circumference of the earth. See,
however, critical review in Petermanns Mitteilungen, vol. lxviii,
Gotha, 1922, p. 27.

_MIRABILIA URBIS ROMAE_, edited by G. Parthey, Berlin, 1869; also
edited by H. Jordan in his: _Topographie der Stadt Rom im
Altertum_, vol. ii, Berlin, 1871. English translation by F. M.
Nichols, _Mirabilia Urbis Romae: The Marvels of Rome, or a Picture
of the Golden City, an English Version of the Mediaeval
Guidebook_, London, 1889.

Molinier, A. See Tobler, T., and A. Molinier.

Mommsen, Theodor. See SOLINUS.

_MONUMENTA GERMANIAE HISTORICA_, folio series, Hanover, later Berlin,
1826–1874; quarto series, Hanover, later Berlin, 1876ff.

Great collection of historical sources in many volumes relating to
the history of Germany and incidentally of Europe as a whole.
Divided into five sections: (1) Scriptores; (2) Leges; (3)
Diplomata; (4) Epistolae; (5) Antiquitates.

Certain texts published in the _Monumenta_ are also edited in
_Scriptores rerum germ. in usum scholarum_.

_MONUMENTA HISTORICA NORVEGIAE._ See Storm, G.

Moore, Edward. _Studies in Dante: Second Series_, Oxford, 1899.
Contains _The Genuineness of the Quaestio de aqua et terra_, pp.
303–374.

Moore, Edward. _Studies in Dante: Third Series_, Oxford, 1903.
Contains _The Astronomy of Dante_, pp. 1–108; _The Geography of
Dante_, pp. 109–143. The last-named is translated into Italian and
reviewed at length by G. Boffito and E. Sanesi, _La geografia di
Dante secondo Edoardo Moore_, in: Rivista geografica italiana,
vol. xii, Florence, 1905, pp. 92–101, 204–215.

Mori, Assunto. _La misurazione eratostenica del grado ed altre notizie
geografiche della “Geometria” di Marciano Capella_, in: Rivista
geografica italiana, vol. xvii, Florence, 1911, pp. 177–191,
382–391, 584–603.

Mori, Assunto. _La geografia nell’opera di Dante_, in: Atti dell’ VIII
Congresso Geografico Italiano, vol. i, Florence, 1922, pp.
271–299.

Deals with the traditional geography of Dante’s period and with
the poet’s original contributions in the field of geography.

Moritz, Eduard. _Die geographische Kenntnis von den Nord- und
Ostseeküsten bis zum Ende des Mittelalters_, pt. 1, in:
Wissenschaftliche Beilage zum Jahresbericht der Sophienschule zu
Berlin, Berlin, 1904.

Müller, Carl (Carolus Müllerus), edit. _GEOGRAPHI GRAECI MINORES_, 2
vols., Paris, 1882.

Important collection of the texts of the lesser Greek geographers,
with Latin translations.

Mžik, Hans von. _Ptolemaeus und die Karten der arabischen Geographen_,
in: Mitteilungen der Kaiserlich-koeniglichen Geographischen
Gesellschaft in Wien, vol. lviii, Vienna, 1915, p. 152–176.

Mžik, Hans von. _Afrika nach der arabischen Bearbeitung der Γεωγραφικὴ
ὑφήγησις des Claudius Ptolemaeus von Muhammad ibn Mūsā
al-Ḫwārizmī_, edited and translated with commentary by ——
(Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Denkschriften,
Philosophisch-historische Klasse, vol. lix, Abhandlung 4) Vienna,
1916.

Nallino, C. A. _Al-Khuwarizmi et son remaniement de la Géographie de
Ptolémée_, in: Bulletin de la Société Khédiviale de Géographie,
series 4, no. 8, Cairo, Feb. 1896, pp. 525–543.

See BATTĀNĪ, Al-; KHWĀRIZMĪ, Al-, I.

Nansen, Fridtjof. _In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early
Times_, 2 vols., New York, 1911.

Elaborate history of theories and explorations. References to the
sources and many translations.

NECKAM, ALEXANDER. I. _De naturis rerum libri duo_, edited by Thomas
Wright (Rolls Series, no. 34), London, 1863, pp. 1–354. II. _De
laudibus divinae sapientiae_, edited by Thomas Wright (Rolls
Series, no. 34), London, 1863, pp. 356–503.

See Esposito, M.

Neubauer, A. _Where Are the Ten Tribes?_ in: Jewish Quarterly Review,
vol. i, London, 1888–1889, pp. 14–28, 95–114, 185–201, 408–423.

Nichols, F. M. See _MIRABILIA URBIS ROMAE_.

NIKULÁS BERGSSON OF THVERÁ, Abbot. Geographical description of the
world and itinerary to Rome and the Holy Land (probably in part
only the work of Abbot Nikulás). Icelandic text with Latin
translation from MS. no. 194 in the Arne Magnússon collection at
Copenhagen, in: Werlauff, _Symbolae_, 1821, pp. 9–34. Also in: C.
C. Rafn and others, edits., _Antiquités russes d’après les
monuments historiques des Islandais et des anciens Scandinaves_,
published by the Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord, 2 vols.,
Copenhagen, 1850–1852, vol. ii, pp. 394–415.

See above, p. 405, note 90.

Norlind, Arnold. _Das Problem des gegenseitigen Verhältnisses von Land
und Wasser und seine Behandlung im Mittelalter_ (Lunds
Universitets Årsskrift, N. S., pt. 1, vol. xiv, no. 12), Lund and
Leipzig, 1918.

On the evolution of ancient and medieval theories regarding the
relative positions of earth and water and the interpenetration of
the land by channels of water.

Oberhummer, Eugen. _Bericht über Lander- und Völkerkunde der antiken
Welt_, in: Geographisches Jahrbuch, Gotha, vols. xix, 1896, xxii,
1899, xxviii, 1905. (See also vol. xxxiv, 1911.)

See above, p. 492.

ODO OF RHEIMS. _Epistola ad Thomam comitem de quodam miraculo S.
Thomae Apostoli_, in: Zarncke, _Priester Johannes_, Erste
Abhandlung, in: Abhandlungen, vol. vii, 1879, pp. 845–846 (also
numbered 19–20).

Oehlmann, E. _Die Alpenpässe im Mittelalter_, in: Jahrbuch für
schweizerische Geschichte, Zurich, vol. iii, 1878, pp. 165–289,
vol. iv, 1879, pp. 163–324.

Oppert, Gustav. _Der Presbyter Johannes in Sage und Geschichte_, 2nd
edit., Berlin, 1870.

ORDERICUS VITALIS. _Historia ecclesiastica_, edited by Auguste le
Prévost and Léopold Delisle (Société de l’Histoire de France,
[publ.] no. 6), 5 vols., Paris, 1838–1855. Also in Migne, _Pat.
lat._, vol. clxxxviii, cols. 47–984.

_ORIGINES ISLANDICAE._ See Vigfusson, G., and F. York Powell.

OROSIUS. _Historiarum adversus paganos libri VII_, edited by C.
Zangemeister, Leipzig (Teubner), 1889. Also in: _Corpus script.
eccles. lat._, vol. v, 1882. The geographical chapter alone in:
Riese, _Geogr. lat. min._, 1878, pp. 56–70.

OTTO OF FREISING. I. _Chronicon_, edited by Adolf Hofmeister, in:
_Scriptores rerum germ. in usum scholarum_, Hanover and Leipzig,
1912. This edition supersedes that in: Mon. Germ. hist.,
Scriptores, vol. xx, pp. 116–301. II. _Gesta Friderici I
imperatoris cum continuatione Rahewini_, edited by G. Waitz, in:
_Scriptores rerum germ. in usum scholarum_, Hanover, 1884. This
edition supersedes that in: _Mon. Germ. hist._, Scriptores, vol.
xx, pp. 347–491.

See Hofmeister, A.

Palestine Pilgrims’ Text Society. _THE LIBRARY OF THE PALESTINE
PILGRIMS’ TEXT SOCIETY_, 13 vols, and index vol., London, 1897.
The individual texts, which were combined under this title, had
been issued separately between 1885 and 1897.

English translations of medieval pilgrims’ descriptions of the
Holy Land.

Pannenborg, A. _Über den Ligurinus_, in: Forschungen zur deutschen
Geschichte, vol. xi, Munich, 1871, pp. 163–300.

Pannenborg, A. _Magister Guntherus und seine Schriften_, in:
Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, vol. xiii, Munich, 1873, pp.
227–331.

Pannenborg, A. _Der Verfasser des Ligurinus: Studien zu den Schriften
des Magister Gunther_, Göttingen, 1884.

Paraskévopoulos, J. S. _The Etesiens_, in: Monthly Weather Review,
vol. 50, Washington, 1922, pp. 417–422.

Pardi, G. _L’Italia nel XII secolo descritta da un geografo arabo_
(Memorie geografiche di Giotto Dainelli pubblicate come
supplemento alla “Rivista geografica italiana,” no. 38), Florence,
1919.

A discussion of Edrisi’s geography of Italy.

Paris, Gaston. _Dissertation critique sur le poème latin du Ligurinus
attribué à Gunther_, Paris, 1872.

Paris, Gaston. _La Sicile dans la littérature française du moyen âge_,
in: Romania, vol. v, Paris, 1876, pp. 108–113.

Aims to suggest possibilities of research rather than to stand as
a finished study.

Paris, Gaston. _La littérature française au moyen âge_, 3rd edit.,
Paris, 1905; 5th edit., 1914. English translation by H. Lynch
entitled _Medieval French Literature_ in Temple Primer Series,
London, 1902.

Covers the eleventh to the fourteenth centuries. A useful summary
and interpretation by a foremost authority.

PARIS, MATTHEW. See MATTHEW PARIS.

Parker, H. _The Seven Liberal Arts_, in: English Historical Review,
vol. v, London, 1890, pp. 417–461.

PAUL THE DEACON. _Historia gentis Langobardorum_, in: _Mon. Germ.
hist., Scriptores rerum langobardicarum_, Hanover, 1878. Also in:
_Scriptores rerum germ. in usum scholarum_, Hanover, 1878.

Pelliot, Paul. _Chrétiens d’Asie centrale et d’Extrême-Orient_, in:
T’oung Pao, ou archives concernant l’histoire, les langues, la
géographie et l’ethnographie de l’Asie orientale, vol. xv, Leiden,
1914, pp. 623–644.

Summary of recent researches. Includes data on the origins of the
legend of Prester John.

Peschel, Oscar. _Geschichte der Erdkunde bis auf Alexander von
Humboldt und Karl Ritter_, 2nd edit., edited by Sophus Ruge,
Munich, 1877.

Peschel, Oscar. _Abhandlungen zur Erd- und Völkerkunde_, 3 vols.,
Leipzig, 1877–1879.

PETACHIA OF RATISBON. _The Travels of Rabbi Petachia of Ratisbon._
English translation by A. Benisch and W. F. Ainsworth, London,
1856.

PETER ABELARD. See ABELARD, PETER.

PETER ALPHONSI. See ALPHONSI, PETER.

PETER COMESTOR. See COMESTOR, PETER.

PETER LOMBARD. See LOMBARD, PETER.

_PEUTINGER TABLE._ See Miller, _Weltkarte des Castorius_, 1888; the
same, _Itin. Romana_, 1916.

Philipp, Hans. _Die historisch-geographischen Quellen in den
Etymologiae des Isidorus von Sivillia_ (Quellen und Forschungen
zur alten Geschichte und Geographie herausgegeben von W. Sieglin,
nos. 25–26), 2 pts., Berlin, 1912–1913.

Philipps, W. R. _The Connection of St. Thomas the Apostle with India_,
in: The Indian Antiquary, vol. xxxii, Bombay, 1903, pp. 1–15,
145–160.

PLATO. _Dialogues_, English translation by Benjamin Jowett, _The
Dialogues of Plato_, 5 vols., London, 1892.

PLATO OF TIVOLI. Translation of the _Astronomy_ of Al-Battānī.
Manuscript in: Bibliothèque Nationale MSS., fonds latin, no. 7266,
fols. 47–112vo. Also published under the title _Mahometis
Albatenii de scientia stellarum liber, cum aliquot additionibus
Joannis Regiomontani, ex Bibliotheca Vaticana transcriptus_,
Bologna, 1645.

See BATTĀNĪ, Al-; Boncompagni, _Delle versione_, 1851.

PLINY. _Historia naturalis._ Edited by C. Mayhoff, _C. Plinii Secundi
Naturalis historiae libri XXXVII_, 6 vols., Leipzig, 1892–1909.
The references in the present work are to chapters of this
edition. English translation by John Bostock and H. T. Riley, 6
vols. (Bohn’s Classical Library), London, 1855–1857. For the
geographical books see D. Detlefsen, _Die geographischen Bücher
(II, 242-VI Schluss) der Naturalis Historia des C. Plinius
Secundus, mit vollständigem kritischen Apparat_ (Quellen und
Forschungen zur alten Geschichte und Geographie herausgegeben von
W. Sieglin, no. 9), Berlin, 1904.

See Detlefsen, _Geographie Afrikas_, 1909; Klotz, A.; Rück, K.

POLO, MARCO. _The Book of Ser Marco Polo the Venetian Concerning the
Kingdoms and Marvels of the East_, translated and edited with
notes by Sir Henry Yule, 3rd edit. revised by Henri Cordier, 2
vols., London, 1903. Supplemented by: Henri Cordier, _Ser Marco
Polo: Notes and Addenda to Sir Henry Yule’s Edition, Containing
the Results of Recent Research and Discovery_, London and New
York, 1920.

POMPONIUS MELA. _De situ orbis_, edited by [J. M. N. D.] Nisard, in:
_Macrobe (Oeuvres complètes), Varron (De la langue latine),
Pomponius Mela (Oeuvres complètes), avec la traduction en
français_ (Collection des auteurs latins avec la traduction en
français, publiée sous la direction de M. Nisard), Paris, 1883.
Also edited by G. Parthey, Berlin, 1867.

Poole, R. L. _Illustrations of the History of Medieval Thought and
Learning_, 2nd edit., revised, London, 1920.

Poole, R. L. _The Masters of the Schools at Paris and Chartres in John
of Salisbury’s Time_, in: English Historical Review, vol. xxxv,
London, 1920, pp. 321–342.

Potthast, August. _Bibliotheca historica medii aevi: Wegweiser durch
die Geschichtswerke des europäischen Mittelalters bis 1500_, 2nd
edit., 2 vols., Berlin, 1896.

See above, pp. 491–492.

Powell, F. York. See SAXO GRAMMATICUS; Vigfusson, G., and F. York
Powell.

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The geographical lore of the time of the CrusadesChapter 17: is on geography and voyages (1)

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