Chapter CI: Part 101

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
blue, with the flag of
the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the South Georgia and
the South Sandwich Islands coat of arms centered on the outer half
of the flag; the coat of arms features a shield with a golden lion
centered; the shield is supported by a fur seal on the left and a
penguin on the right; a reindeer appears above the shield, and below
it on a scroll is the motto LEO TERRAM PROPRIAM PROTEGAT (Let the
Lion Protect its Own Land)

Spain
three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width),
and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the
yellow band; the coat of arms is quartered to display the emblems of
the traditional kingdoms of Spain (clockwise from upper left,
Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon) while Granada is represented by
the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield; the arms are
framed by two columns representing the Pillars of Hercules, which
are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the
eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; the red scroll across the
two columns bears the imperial motto of "Plus Ultra" (further
beyond) referring to Spanish lands beyond Europe

Sri Lanka
yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other
panel is a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a
sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow
field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between
the two panels

Sudan
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black
with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side

Suriname
five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white,
red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); there is a
large, yellow, five-pointed star centered in the red band

Svalbard
the flag of Norway is used

Swaziland
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width),
and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band
is a large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff
decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally

Sweden
blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the
flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in
the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Switzerland
red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the
center that does not extend to the edges of the flag

Syria
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black,
colors associated with the Arab Liberation flag; two small, green,
five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band;
former flag of the United Arab Republic where the two stars
represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; similar to
the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has an
Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and that of Egypt,
which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band; the
current design dates to 1980

Taiwan
red field with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side
corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays

Tajikistan
three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of
white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold,
five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe

Tanzania
divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the
lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green
and the lower triangle is blue

Thailand
five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double
width), white, and red

Timor-Leste
red, with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist
side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that
extends to the center of the flag; a white star is in the center of
the black triangle

Togo
five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom)
alternating with yellow; a white five-pointed star on a red square
is in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African
colors of Ethiopia

Tokelau
the flag of New Zealand is used

Tonga
red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper
hoist-side corner

Trinidad and Tobago
red with a white-edged black diagonal band from
the upper hoist side to the lower fly side

Tunisia
red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent
nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are
traditional symbols of Islam

Turkey
red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is
toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just
outside the crescent opening

Turkmenistan
green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist
side, containing five tribal guls (designs used in producing
carpets) stacked above two crossed olive branches; a white crescent
moon representing Islam with five white stars representing the
regions or welayats of Turkmenistan appear in the upper corner of
the field just to the fly side of the red stripe

Turks and Caicos Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper
hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer
half of the flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell,
lobster, and cactus

Tuvalu
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country
with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands

Uganda
six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red,
black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center
and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the
hoist side

Ukraine
two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow
represent grain fields under a blue sky

United Arab Emirates
three equal horizontal bands of green (top),
white, and black with a wider vertical red band on the hoist side

United Kingdom
blue field with the red cross of Saint George (patron
saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red
cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which is
superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron
saint of Scotland); properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly
called the Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue
Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including
other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or
provinces, and British overseas territories

United States
13 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom)
alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper
hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars
arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and
bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent
the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies;
known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a
number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and
Puerto Rico

United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
the flag of the US is
used

Uruguay
nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom)
alternating with blue; a white square in the upper hoist-side corner
with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May with
16 rays that alternate between triangular and wavy

Uzbekistan
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and
green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon and
12 white stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant

Vanuatu
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a
black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by
a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two
points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle);
centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed
namele leaves, all in yellow

Venezuela
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and
red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and
an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band

Vietnam
red field with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center

Virgin Islands
white field with a modified US coat of arms in the
center between the large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms
shows a yellow eagle holding an olive branch in one talon and three
arrows in the other with a superimposed shield of vertical red and
white stripes below a blue panel

Wake Island
the flag of the US is used

Wallis and Futuna
unofficial, local flag has a red field with four
white isosceles triangles in the middle, representing the three
native kings of the islands and the French administrator; the apexes
of the triangles are oriented inward and at right angles to each
other; the flag of France, outlined in white on two sides, is in the
upper hoist quadrant; the flag of France is the only official flag

Yemen
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black;
similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white
band, and of Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the
white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a heraldic
eagle centered in the white band

Zambia
green field with a panel of three vertical bands of red
(hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the
outer edge of the flag

Zimbabwe
seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black,
red, yellow, and green with a white isosceles triangle edged in
black with its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird
representing the long history of the country is superimposed on a
red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle, which
symbolizes peace; green symbolizes agriculture, yellow - mineral
wealth, red - blood shed to achieve independence, and black stands
for the native people

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008

======================================================================

@2085 Roadways (km)

Afghanistan
total: 42,150 km
paved: 12,350 km
unpaved: 29,800 km (2006)

Albania
total: 18,000 km
paved: 7,020 km
unpaved: 10,980 km (2002)

Algeria
total: 108,302 km
paved: 76,028 km (includes 645 km of expressways)
unpaved: 32,274 km (2004)

American Samoa
total: 221 km (2007)

Andorra
total: 270 km

Angola
total: 51,429 km
paved: 5,349 km
unpaved: 46,080 km (2001)

Anguilla
total: 175 km
paved: 82 km
unpaved: 93 km (2004)

Antigua and Barbuda
total: 1,165 km
paved: 384 km
unpaved: 781 km (2002)

Argentina
total: 231,374 km
paved: 69,412 km (includes 734 km of expressways)
unpaved: 161,962 km (2004)

Armenia
total: 7,700 km
paved: 7,700 km (includes 1,561 km of expressways) (2006)

Australia
total: 812,972 km
paved: 341,448 km
unpaved: 471,524 km (2004)

Austria
total: 107,262 km
paved: 107,262 km (includes 1,677 km of expressways) (2006)

Azerbaijan
total: 59,141 km
paved: 29,210 km
unpaved: 29,931 km (2004)

Bahamas, The
total: 2,717 km
paved: 1,560 km
unpaved: 1,133 km (2002)

Bahrain
total: 3,498 km
paved: 2,768 km
unpaved: 730 km (2003)

Bangladesh
total: 239,226 km
paved: 22,726 km
unpaved: 216,500 km (2003)

Barbados
total: 1,600 km
paved: 1,600 km (2004)

Belarus
total: 94,797 km
paved: 84,028 km
unpaved: 10,769 km (2005)

Belgium
total: 152,256 km
paved: 119,079 km (includes 1,763 km of expressways)
unpaved: 33,177 km (2006)

Belize
total: 3,007 km
paved: 575 km
unpaved: 2,432 km (2006)

Benin
total: 16,000 km
paved: 1,400 km
unpaved: 14,600 km (2006)

Bermuda
total: 447 km
paved: 447 km
note: public roads - 225 km; private roads - 222 km (2007)

Bhutan
total: 8,050 km
paved: 4,991 km
unpaved: 3,059 km (2003)

Bolivia
total: 62,479 km
paved: 3,749 km
unpaved: 58,730 km (2004)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
total: 21,846 km
paved: 11,425 km (4,714 km of interurban roads)
unpaved: 10,421 km (2006)

Botswana
total: 25,798 km
paved: 8,410 km
unpaved: 17,388 km (2005)

Brazil
total: 1,751,868 km
paved: 96,353 km
unpaved: 1,655,515 km (2004)

British Indian Ocean Territory
note: short section of paved road
between port and airfield on Diego Garcia

British Virgin Islands
total: 200 km
paved: 200 km (2007)

Brunei
total: 3,650 km
paved: 2,819 km
unpaved: 831 km (2005)

Bulgaria
total: 40,231 km
paved: 39,587 km (includes 331 km of expressways)
unpaved: 644 km (2005)

Burkina Faso
total: 92,495 km
paved: 3,857 km
unpaved: 88,638 km (2004)

Burma
total: 27,000 km
paved: 3,200 km
unpaved: 23,800 km (2006)

Burundi
total: 12,322 km
paved: 1,286 km
unpaved: 11,036 km (2004)

Cambodia
total: 38,257 km
paved: 2,406 km
unpaved: 35,851 km (2004)

Cameroon
total: 50,000 km
paved: 5,000 km
unpaved: 45,000 km (2004)

Canada
total: 1,042,300 km
paved: 415,600 km (includes 17,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 626,700 km (2006)

Cape Verde
total: 1,350 km
paved: 932 km
unpaved: 418 km (2000)

Cayman Islands
total: 785 km
paved: 785 km (2007)

Central African Republic
total: 24,307 km (2000)

Chad
total: 33,400 km
paved: 267 km
unpaved: 33,133 km (2002)

Chile
total: 80,505 km
paved: 16,745 km (includes 2,414 km of expressways)
unpaved: 63,760 km (2004)

China
total: 1,930,544 km
paved: 1,575,571 km (includes 41,005 km of expressways)
unpaved: 354,973 km (2005)

Christmas Island
total: 140 km
paved: 30 km
unpaved: 110 km (2007)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
total: 22 km
paved: 10 km
unpaved: 12 km (2006)

Colombia
total: 164,257 km (2005)

Comoros
total: 880 km
paved: 673 km
unpaved: 207 km (2002)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
total: 153,497 km
paved: 2,794 km
unpaved: 150,703 km (2004)

Congo, Republic of the
total: 17,289 km
paved: 864 km
unpaved: 16,425 km (2004)

Cook Islands
total: 320 km
paved: 33 km
unpaved: 287 km (2003)

Costa Rica
total: 35,330 km
paved: 8,621 km
unpaved: 26,709 km (2004)

Cote d'Ivoire
total: 80,000 km
paved: 6,500 km
unpaved: 73,500 km
note: includes intercity and urban roads; another 20,000 km of dirt
roads are in poor condition and 150,000 km of dirt roads are
impassable (2006)

Croatia
total: 28,788 km (includes 877 km of expressways) (2006)

Cuba
total: 60,858 km
paved: 29,820 km (includes 638 km of expressway)
unpaved: 31,038 km (2000)

Cyprus
total: 14,630 km (area under government control: 12,280 km;
area administered by Turkish Cypriots: 2,350 km)
paved: area under government control: 7,979 km (includes 257 km of
expressways); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: 1,370 km
unpaved: area under government control: 4,301 km; area administered
by Turkish Cypriots: 980 km (2006)

Czech Republic
total: 128,512 km
paved: 128,512 km (includes 657 km of expressways) (2007)

Denmark
total: 72,362 km
paved: 72,362 km (includes 1,032 km of expressways) (2006)

Djibouti
total: 3,065 km
paved: 1,226 km
unpaved: 1,839 km (2000)

Dominica
total: 780 km
paved: 393 km
unpaved: 387 km (2000)

Dominican Republic
total: 19,705 km
paved: 9,872 km
unpaved: 9,833 km (2002)

Ecuador
total: 43,670 km
paved: 6,472 km
unpaved: 37,198 km (2006)

Egypt
total: 92,370 km
paved: 74,820 km
unpaved: 17,550 km (2004)

El Salvador
total: 10,886 km
paved: 2,827 km (includes 327 km of expressways)
unpaved: 8,059 km (2000)

Equatorial Guinea
total: 2,880 km (2000)

Eritrea
total: 4,010 km
paved: 874 km
unpaved: 3,136 km (2000)

Estonia
total: 57,016 km
paved: 12,926 km (includes 99 km of expressways)
unpaved: 44,090 km (2005)

Ethiopia
total: 36,469 km
paved: 6,980 km
unpaved: 29,489 km (2004)

European Union
total: 5,454,446 km (2008)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
total: 440 km
paved: 50 km
unpaved: 390 km (2008)

Faroe Islands
total: 463 km (2006)

Fiji
total: 3,440 km
paved: 1,692 km
unpaved: 1,748 km (2000)

Finland
total: 78,821 km
paved: 50,854 km (includes 700 km of expressways)
unpaved: 27,967 km (2008)

France
total: 951,500 km
paved: 951,500 km (metropolitan France; includes 10,950 km of
expressways)
note: there are another 5,100 km of roadways in overseas departments
(2006)

French Polynesia
total: 2,590 km
paved: 1,735 km
unpaved: 855 km (1999)

Gabon
total: 9,170 km
paved: 937 km
unpaved: 8,233 km (2004)

Gambia, The
total: 3,742 km
paved: 723 km
unpaved: 3,019 km (2004)

Gaza Strip
note: see entry for West Bank

Georgia
total: 20,329 km
paved: 7,854 km (includes 13 km of expressways)
unpaved: 12,475 km (2006)

Germany
total: 644,480 km
paved: 644,480 km (includes 12,400 km of expressways)
note: includes local roads (2006)

Ghana
total: 62,221 km
paved: 9,955 km
unpaved: 52,266 km (2006)

Gibraltar
total: 29 km
paved: 29 km (2007)

Greece
total: 117,533 km
paved: 107,895 km (includes 880 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,638 km (2005)

Greenland
note: although there are short roads in towns, there are
no roads between towns; inter-urban transport takes place either by
sea or air (2005)

Grenada
total: 1,127 km
paved: 687 km
unpaved: 440 km (2000)

Guam
total: 1,045 km (2007)

Guatemala
total: 14,095 km
paved: 4,863 km (includes 75 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,232 km (2000)

Guinea
total: 44,348 km
paved: 4,342 km
unpaved: 40,006 km (2003)

Guinea-Bissau
total: 3,455 km
paved: 965 km
unpaved: 2,490 km (2002)

Guyana
total: 7,970 km
paved: 590 km
unpaved: 7,380 km (2000)

Haiti
total: 4,160 km
paved: 1,011 km
unpaved: 3,149 km (2000)

Honduras
total: 13,600 km
paved: 2,775 km
unpaved: 10,825 km (2000)

Hong Kong
total: 2,009 km
paved: 2,009 km (2007)

Hungary
total: 159,568 km
paved: 70,050 km (30,874 km of interurban roads including 626 km of
expressways)
unpaved: 89,518 km (2005)

Iceland
total: 13,058 km
paved/oiled gravel: 4,397 km (does not include urban roads)
unpaved: 8,661 km (2007)

India
total: 3,316,452 km (includes 200 km of expressways) (2006)

Indonesia
total: 391,009 km
paved: 216,714 km
unpaved: 174,295 km (2005)

Iran
total: 172,927 km
paved: 125,908 km (includes 1,429 km of expressways)
unpaved: 47,019 km (2006)

Iraq
total: 44,900 km
paved: 37,851 km
unpaved: 7,049 km (2002)

Ireland
total: 96,602 km
paved: 96,602 km (includes 200 km of expressways) (2003)

Isle of Man
total: 500 km (2008)

Israel
total: 17,870 km
paved: 17,870 km (includes 146 km of expressways) (2007)

Italy
total: 487,700 km
paved: 487,700 km (includes 6,700 km of expressways) (2005)

Jamaica
total: 21,552 km
paved: 15,937 km (includes 33 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,615 km (2005)

Japan
total: 1,196,999 km
paved: 949,101 km (includes 7,383 km of expressways)
unpaved: 247,898 km (2006)

Jersey
total: 358 km (2002)

Jordan
total: 7,694 km
paved: 7,694 km (2006)

Kazakhstan
total: 91,563 km
paved: 83,717 km
unpaved: 7,846 km (2006)

Kenya
total: 63,265 km (interurban roads)
paved: 8,933 km
unpaved: 54,332 km
note: there also are 100,000 km of rural roads and 14,500 km of
urban roads for a national total of 177,765 km (2004)

Kiribati
total: 670 km (2000)

Korea, North
total: 25,554 km
paved: 724 km
unpaved: 24,830 km (2006)

Korea, South
total: 102,062 km
paved: 90,417 km (includes 3,103 km of expressways)
unpaved: 11,645 km (2006)

Kosovo
total: 1,924 km
paved: 1,666 km
unpaved: 258 km (2006)

Kuwait
total: 5,749 km
paved: 4,887 km
unpaved: 862 km (2004)

Kyrgyzstan
total: 18,500 km
paved: 16,909 km (includes 140 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,591 km (2003)

Laos
total: 29,811 km
paved: 4,010 km
unpaved: 25,801 km (2006)

Latvia
total: 69,675 km
paved: 69,675 km (2006)

Lebanon
total: 6,970 km (includes 170 km of expressways) (2005)

Lesotho
total: 7,091 km
paved: 1,404 km
unpaved: 5,687 km (2003)

Liberia
total: 10,600 km
paved: 657 km
unpaved: 9,943 km (2000)

Libya
total: 100,024 km
paved: 57,214 km
unpaved: 42,810 km (2003)

Liechtenstein
total: 380 km
paved: 380 km (2007)

Lithuania
total: 79,984 km
paved: 70,997 km (includes 309 km of expressways)
unpaved: 8,987 km (2006)

Luxembourg
total: 5,227 km
paved: 5,227 km (includes 147 km of expressways) (2004)

Macau
total: 384 km
paved: 384 km (2006)

Macedonia
total: 13,182 km (includes 208 km of expressways) (2002)

Madagascar
total: 65,663 km
paved: 7,617 km
unpaved: 58,046 km (2003)

Malawi
total: 15,451 km
paved: 6,956 km
unpaved: 8,495 km (2003)

Malaysia
total: 98,721 km
paved: 80,280 km (includes 1,821 km of expressways)
unpaved: 18,441 km (2004)

Maldives
total: 88 km
paved roads: 88 km - 60 km in Male; 14 km on Addu Atolis; 14 km on
Laamu
note: village roads are mainly compacted coral (2006)

Mali
total: 18,709 km
paved: 3,368 km
unpaved: 15,341 km (2004)

Malta
total: 2,227 km
paved: 2,014 km
unpaved: 213 km (2005)

Marshall Islands
total: 2,028 km (includes 75 km of expressways)
(2007)

Mauritania
total: 11,066 km
paved: 2,966 km
unpaved: 8,100 km (2006)

Mauritius
total: 2,028 km
paved: 2,028 km (includes 75 km of expressways) (2007)

Mexico
total: 356,945 km
paved: 178,473 km (includes 6,279 km of expressways)
unpaved: 178,472 km (2006)

Micronesia, Federated States of
total: 240 km
paved: 42 km
unpaved: 198 km (2000)

Moldova
total: 12,666 km
paved: 12,117 km
unpaved: 549 km (2007)

Monaco
total: 50 km
paved: 50 km (2007)

Mongolia
total: 49,250 km
paved: 1,724 km
unpaved: 47,526 km (2002)

Montenegro
total: 7,368 km
paved: 4,742 km
unpaved: 2,626 km (2006)

Montserrat
note: volcanic eruptions that began in 1995 destroyed
most of the 227 km road system; a new road infrastructure has been
built in the north end of the island (2008)

Morocco
total: 57,625 km
paved: 35,664 km (includes 639 km of expressways)
unpaved: 21,961 km (2006)

Mozambique
total: 30,400 km
paved: 5,685 km
unpaved: 24,715 km (2000)

Namibia
total: 42,237 km
paved: 5,406 km
unpaved: 36,831 km (2002)

Nauru
total: 24 km
paved: 24 km (2002)

Nepal
total: 17,280 km
paved: 9,829 km
unpaved: 7,451 km (2004)

Netherlands
total: 134,981 km (includes 2,604 km of expressways)
(2006)

Netherlands Antilles
total: 845

New Caledonia
total: 5,622 km (2006)

New Zealand
total: 93,576 km
paved: 61,564 km (includes 172 km of expressways)
unpaved: 32,012 km (2006)

Nicaragua
total: 19,036 km
paved: 2,299 km
unpaved: 16,737 km (2005)

Niger
total: 18,550 km
paved: 3,803 km
unpaved: 14,747 km (2006)

Nigeria
total: 193,200 km
paved: 28,980 km
unpaved: 164,220 km (2004)

Niue
total: 120 km
paved: 120 km (2008)

Norfolk Island
total: 80 km
paved: 53 km
unpaved: 27 km (2008)

Northern Mariana Islands
total: 536 km (2007)

Norway
total: 92,946 km
paved: 72,033 km (includes 664 km of expressways)
unpaved: 20,913 km (2007)

Oman
total: 42,300 km
paved: 16,500 km (includes 550 km of expressways)
unpaved: 25,800 km (2005)

Pakistan
total: 259,758 km
paved: 162,879 km (includes 711 km of expressways)
unpaved: 96,879 km (2005)

Palau
note: estimated to have 60 km of roads as of 1996

Panama
total: 11,978 km
paved: 4,300 km
unpaved: 7,343 km (2002)

Papua New Guinea
total: 19,600 km
paved: 686 km
unpaved: 18,914 km (2000)

Paraguay
total: 29,500 km
paved: 14,986 km
unpaved: 14,514 km (2000)

Peru
total: 78,829 km
paved: 11,351 km (includes 276 km of expressways)
unpaved: 67,478 km (2004)

Philippines
total: 200,037 km
paved: 19,804 km
unpaved: 180,233 km (2003)

Poland
total: 423,997 km
paved: 295,356 km (includes 662 km of expressways)
unpaved: 128,641 km (2006)

Portugal
total: 82,900 km
paved: 71,294 km (includes 2,300 km of expressways)
unpaved: 11,606 km (2005)

Puerto Rico
total: 26,186 km
paved: 24,877 km (includes 427 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,309 km (2007)

Qatar
total: 7,790 km (2006)

Romania
total: 198,817 km
paved: 60,043 km (includes 228 km of expressways)
unpaved: 138,774 km (2004)

Russia
total: 933,000 km
paved: 754,984 km (includes 30,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 178,016 km
note: includes public, local, and departmental roads (2006)

Rwanda
total: 14,008 km
paved: 2,662 km
unpaved: 11,346 km (2004)

Saint Helena
total: 198 km (Saint Helena 138 km, Ascension 40 km,
Tristan da Cunha 20 km)
paved: 168 km (Saint Helena 118 km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da
Cunha 10 km)
unpaved: 30 km (Saint Helena 20 km, Ascension 0 km, Tristan da Cunha
10 km) (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
total: 320 km
paved: 163 km
unpaved: 220 km (2002)

Saint Lucia
total: 1,210 km (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
total: 117 km
paved: 80 km
unpaved: 37 km (2000)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
total: 829 km
paved: 580 km
unpaved: 249 km (2003)

Samoa
total: 2,337 km
paved: 332 km
unpaved: 2,005 km (2001)

San Marino
total: 292 km
paved: 292 km (2006)

Sao Tome and Principe
total: 320 km
paved: 218 km
unpaved: 102 km (2000)

Saudi Arabia
total: 221,372 km
paved: 47,529 km (includes 3,891 km of expressways)
unpaved: 173,843 km (2006)

Senegal
total: 13,576 km
paved: 3,972 km (includes 7 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,604 km (2003)

Serbia
total: 36,875 km
paved: 31,392 km
unpaved: 5,483 km
note: roadways in Kosovo listed separately (2006)

Seychelles
total: 458 km
paved: 440 km
unpaved: 18 km (2003)

Sierra Leone
total: 11,300 km
paved: 904 km
unpaved: 10,396 km (2002)

Singapore
total: 3,262 km
paved: 3,262 km (includes 150 km of expressways) (2006)

Slovakia
total: 43,761 km
paved: 38,085 km (includes 316 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,676 km (2006)

Slovenia
total: 38,562 km
paved: 38,562 km (includes 579 km of expressways) (2006)

Solomon Islands
total: 1,360 km
paved: 33 km
unpaved: 1,327 km
note: includes 800 km of private plantation roads (2002)

Somalia
total: 22,100 km
paved: 2,608 km
unpaved: 19,492 km (2000)

South Africa
total: 362,099 km
paved: 73,506 km (includes 239 km of expressways)
unpaved: 288,593 km (2002)

Spain
total: 681,224 km
paved: 681,224 km (includes 13,872 km of expressways) (2006)

Sri Lanka
total: 97,286 km
paved: 78,802 km
unpaved: 18,484 km (2003)

Sudan
total: 11,900 km
paved: 4,320 km
unpaved: 7,580 km (2000)

Suriname
total: 4,304 km
paved: 1,130 km
unpaved: 3,174 km (2003)

Swaziland
total: 3,594 km
paved: 1,078 km
unpaved: 2,516 km (2002)

Sweden
total: 425,300 km
paved: 139,300 km (includes 1,740 km of expressways)
unpaved: 286,000 km (2008)

Switzerland
total: 71,298 km
paved: 71,298 km (includes 1,758 of expressways) (2006)

Syria
total: 97,401 km
paved: 19,490 km (includes 1,103 km of expressways)
unpaved: 77,911 km (2006)

Taiwan
total: 40,262 km
paved: 38,171 km (includes 976 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,091 km (2007)

Tajikistan
total: 27,767 km (2000)

Tanzania
total: 78,891 km
paved: 6,808 km
unpaved: 72,083 km (2003)

Thailand
total: 180,053 km (includes 450 km of expressways) (2006)

Timor-Leste
total: 6,040 km
paved: 2,600 km
unpaved: 3,440 km (2005)

Togo
total: 7,520 km
paved: 2,376 km
unpaved: 5,144 km (2000)

Tonga
total: 680 km
paved: 184 km
unpaved: 496 km (2000)

Trinidad and Tobago
total: 8,320 km
paved: 4,252 km
unpaved: 4,068 km (2000)

Tunisia
total: 19,232 km
paved: 12,655 km (includes 262 km of expressways)
unpaved: 6,577 km (2004)

Turkey
total: 426,951 km (includes 1,987 km of expressways) (2006)

Turkmenistan
total: 58,592 km
paved: 47,577 km
unpaved: 11,015 km (2002)

Turks and Caicos Islands
total: 121 km
paved: 24 km
unpaved: 97 km (2003)

Tuvalu
total: 8 km
paved: 8 km (2002)

Uganda
total: 70,746 km
paved: 16,272 km
unpaved: 54,474 km (2003)

Ukraine
total: 169,422 km
paved: 165,611 km (includes 15 km of expressways)
unpaved: 3,811 km (2007)

United Arab Emirates
total: 4,080 km
paved: 4,080 km (includes 253 km of expressways) (2008)

United Kingdom
total: 398,366 km
paved: 398,366 km (includes 3,520 km of expressways) (2006)

United States
total: 6,465,799 km
paved: 4,209,835 km (includes 75,040 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,255,964 km (2007)

Uruguay
total: 77,732 km
paved: 7,743 km
unpaved: 69,989 km (2004)

Uzbekistan
total: 86,496 km
paved: 75,511 km
unpaved: 10,985 km (2000)

Vanuatu
total: 1,070 km
paved: 256 km
unpaved: 814 km (1999)

Venezuela
total: 96,155 km
paved: 32,308 km
unpaved: 63,847 km (2002)

Vietnam
total: 222,179 km
paved: 42,167 km
unpaved: 180,012 km (2004)

Virgin Islands
total: 1,257 km (2007)

West Bank
total: 5,147 km
paved: 5,147 km
note: includes Gaza Strip (2006)

World
total: 68,937,575 km (2008)

Yemen
total: 71,300 km
paved: 6,200 km
unpaved: 65,100 km (2005)

Zambia
total: 91,440 km
paved: 20,117 km
unpaved: 71,323 km (2001)

Zimbabwe
total: 97,267 km
paved: 18,481 km
unpaved: 78,786 km (2002)

This page was last updated on 18 December 2008

======================================================================

@2086 Illicit drugs

Afghanistan
world's largest producer of opium; poppy cultivation
increased 17% to a near-record 202,000 hectares in 2007; good
growing conditions pushed potential opium production to a record
8,000 metric tons, up 42% from last year; if the entire opium crop
were processed, 947 metric tons of heroin potentially could be
produced; drug trade is a source of instability and the Taliban and
other antigovernment groups participate in and profit from the drug
trade; widespread corruption impedes counterdrug efforts; most of
the heroin consumed in Europe and Eurasia is derived from Afghan
opium; vulnerable to drug money laundering through informal
financial networks; regional source of hashish

Albania
increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian
opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to
a lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for Western
Europe; limited opium and growing cannabis production; ethnic
Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding in
Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional
trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens

Angola
used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for
Western Europe and other African states, particularly South Africa

Anguilla
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined
for the US and Europe

Antigua and Barbuda
considered a minor transshipment point for
narcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as an
offshore financial center

Argentina
a transshipment country for cocaine headed for Europe;
some money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border Area;
law enforcement corruption; a source for precursor chemicals;
increasing domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers,
especially cocaine base and synthetic drugs

Armenia
illicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domestic
consumption; minor transit point for illicit drugs - mostly opium
and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to a lesser
extent the rest of Europe

Aruba
transit point for US- and Europe-bound narcotics with some
accompanying money-laundering activity; relatively high percentage
of population consumes cocaine

Australia
Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit
opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of
opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate; major
consumer of cocaine and amphetamines

Austria
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South
American cocaine destined for Western Europe; increasing consumption
of European-produced synthetic drugs

Azerbaijan
limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy,
mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program;
transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to a
lesser extent the rest of Europe

Bahamas, The
transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for
US and Europe; offshore financial center

Bangladesh
transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring
countries

Barbados
one of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcotics
bound for Europe and the US; offshore financial center

Belarus
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for
the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and
via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small and
lightly regulated financial center; new anti-money-laundering
legislation does not meet international standards; few
investigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities

Belgium
growing producer of synthetic drugs and cannabis; transit
point for US-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South
American cocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine,
heroin, hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; despite a
strengthening of legislation, the country remains vulnerable to
money laundering related to narcotics, automobiles, alcohol, and
tobacco; significant domestic consumption of ecstasy

Belize
transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicit producer
of cannabis, primarily for local consumption; money-laundering
activity related to narcotics trafficking and offshore sector

Benin
transshipment point used by Nigerian traffickers for narcotics
destined for Western Europe; vulnerable to money laundering due to
poorly enforced financial regulations

Bolivia
world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and
Peru) with an estimated 29,500 hectares under cultivation in 2007, a
slight increase over 2006; third largest producer of cocaine,
estimated at 120 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2007;
transit country for Peruvian and Colombian cocaine destined for
Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Europe; cultivation
generally increasing since 2000, despite eradication and alternative
crop programs; weak border controls; some money-laundering activity
related to narcotics trade, especially along the borders with Brazil
and Paraguay; major cocaine consumption (2007)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
increasingly a transit point for heroin being
trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana;
remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a
primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement,
and instances of corruption

Brazil
second-largest consumer of cocaine in the world; illicit
producer of cannabis; trace amounts of coca cultivation in the
Amazon region, used for domestic consumption; government has a
large-scale eradication program to control cannabis; important
transshipment country for Bolivian, Colombian, and Peruvian cocaine
headed for Europe; also used by traffickers as a way station for
narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge in
drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important market for
Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcotics
proceeds earned in Brazil are often laundered through the financial
system; significant illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area

British Virgin Islands
transshipment point for South American
narcotics destined for the US and Europe; large offshore financial
center makes it vulnerable to money laundering

Brunei
drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled
substances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory
death penalty

Bulgaria
major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian
heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the
European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; some money
laundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions

Burma
remains world's second-largest producer of illicit opium with
an estimated production in 2008 of 340 metric tons, an increase of
26%, and cultivation in 2008 was 22,500 hectares, a 4% increase from
2007; production in the United Wa State Army's areas of greatest
control remains low; Shan state is the source of 94% of poppy
cultivation; lack of government will to take on major
narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money
laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; major
source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional consumption;
currently under Financial Action Task Force countermeasures due to
continued failure to address its inadequate money-laundering
controls (2008)

Cambodia
narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in
the government, military, and police; limited methamphetamine
production; vulnerable to money laundering due to its cash-based
economy and porous borders

Canada
illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and
export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant
large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; increasing
ecstasy production, some of which is destined for the US; vulnerable
to narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial
services sector

Cape Verde
used as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine
destined for Western Europe; the lack of a well-developed financial
system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center

Cayman Islands
offshore financial center; vulnerable to drug
transshipment to the US and Europe

Chile
transshipment country for cocaine destined for Europe and the
region; economic prosperity and increasing trade have made Chile
more attractive to traffickers seeking to launder drug profits,
especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone, but a recent
anti-money-laundering law improves controls; imported precursors
passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is rising, making
Chile a significant consumer of cocaine

China
major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden
Triangle region of Southeast Asia; growing domestic drug abuse
problem; source country for chemical precursors, despite new
regulations on its large chemical industry

Colombia
illicit producer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis;
world's leading coca cultivator with 167,000 hectares in coca
cultivation in 2007, a 6% increase over 2006, producing a potential
of 535 metric tons of pure cocaine; the world's largest producer of
coca derivatives; supplies cocaine to most of the US market and the
great majority of other international drug markets; in 2007, aerial
eradication dispensed herbicide to treat over 153,000 hectares with
another 67,000 hectares manually eradicated, but aggressive
replanting on the part of coca growers means Colombia remains a key
producer; a significant portion of non-US narcotics proceeds are
either laundered or invested in Colombia through the black market
peso exchange; important supplier of heroin to the US market; opium
poppy cultivation is estimated to have fallen 25% between 2006 and
2007 with a corresponding estimated 27% decline in the yield of pure
heroin to 1.9 metric tons; (2007)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
one of Africa's biggest producers
of cannabis, but mostly for domestic consumption; while rampant
corruption and inadequate supervision leaves the banking system
vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a well-developed
financial system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering
center

Costa Rica
transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South
America; illicit production of cannabis in remote areas; domestic
cocaine consumption, particularly crack cocaine, is rising;
significant consumption of amphetamines

Cote d'Ivoire
illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for local
consumption; utility as a narcotic transshipment point to Europe
reduced by ongoing political instability; while rampant corruption
and inadequate supervision leave the banking system vulnerable to
money laundering, the lack of a developed financial system limits
the country's utility as a major money-laundering center

Croatia
transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asian
heroin to Western Europe; has been used as a transit point for
maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe

Cuba
territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zone
for US- and European-bound drugs; established the death penalty for
certain drug-related crimes in 1999

Cyprus
minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and
container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey;
some cocaine transits as well; despite a strengthening of
anti-money-laundering legislation, remains vulnerable to money
laundering; reporting of suspicious transactions in offshore sector
remains weak

Czech Republic
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and
minor transit point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe;
producer of synthetic drugs for local and regional markets;
susceptible to money laundering related to drug trafficking,
organized crime; significant consumer of ecstasy

Dominica
transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and
Europe; minor cannabis producer; anti-money-laundering enforcement
is weak, making the country particularly vulnerable to money
laundering

Dominican Republic
transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point for
ecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada;
substantial money laundering activity; Colombian narcotics
traffickers favor the Dominican Republic for illicit financial
transactions; significant amphetamine consumption

Ecuador
significant transit country for cocaine originating in
Colombia and Peru, with over half of the US-bound cocaine passing
through Ecuadorian Pacific waters; importer of precursor chemicals
used in production of illicit narcotics; attractive location for
cash-placement by drug traffickers laundering money because of
dollarization and weak anti-money-laundering regime; increased
activity on the northern frontier by trafficking groups and
Colombian insurgents

Egypt
transit point for cannabis, heroin, and opium moving to
Europe, Israel, and North Africa; transit stop for Nigerian drug
couriers; concern as money laundering site due to lax enforcement of
financial regulations

El Salvador
transshipment point for cocaine; small amounts of
marijuana produced for local consumption; significant use of cocaine

Estonia
growing producer of synthetic drugs; increasingly important
transshipment zone for cannabis, cocaine, opiates, and synthetic
drugs since joining the European Union and the Schengen Accord;
potential money laundering related to organized crime and drug
trafficking is a concern, as is possible use of the gambling sector
to launder funds; major use of opiates and ecstasy

Ethiopia
transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and
Southeast Asia and destined for Europe, as well as cocaine destined
for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat (khat) for local use
and regional export, principally to Djibouti and Somalia (legal in
all three countries); the lack of a well-developed financial system
limits the country's utility as a money laundering center

France
metropolitan France: transshipment point for South American
cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics
French Guiana: small amount of marijuana grown for local
consumption; minor transshipment point to Europe
Martinique: transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for
the US and Europe

Georgia
limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for
domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via
Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia

Germany
source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine
processors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian
heroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic
drugs; major financial center

Ghana
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to a
lesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and the
US; widespread crime and money laundering problem, but the lack of a
well developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility
as a money laundering center; significant domestic cocaine and
cannabis use

Greece
a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and
heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and
precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine
transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug
trafficking and organized crime

Grenada
small-scale cannabis cultivation; lesser transshipment point
for marijuana and cocaine to US

Guatemala
major transit country for cocaine and heroin; in 2005,
cultivated 100 hectares of opium poppy after reemerging as a
potential source of opium in 2004; potential production of less than
1 metric ton of pure heroin; marijuana cultivation for mostly
domestic consumption; proximity to Mexico makes Guatemala a major
staging area for drugs (particularly for cocaine); money laundering
is a serious problem; corruption is a major problem

Guinea-Bissau
increasingly important transit country for South
American cocaine enroute to Europe; enabling environment for
trafficker operations thanks to pervasive corruption;
archipelago-like geography around the capital facilitates drug
smuggling

Guyana
transshipment point for narcotics from South America -
primarily Venezuela - to Europe and the US; producer of cannabis;
rising money laundering related to drug trafficking and human
smuggling

Haiti
Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to the US
and Europe; substantial bulk cash smuggling activity; Colombian
narcotics traffickers favor Haiti for illicit financial
transactions; pervasive corruption; significant consumer of cannabis

Honduras
transshipment point for drugs and narcotics; illicit
producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally
for local consumption; corruption is a major problem; some
money-laundering activity

Hong Kong
despite strenuous law enforcement efforts, faces difficult
challenges in controlling transit of heroin and methamphetamine to
regional and world markets; modern banking system provides conduit
for money laundering; rising indigenous use of synthetic drugs,
especially among young people

Hungary
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis
and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited
producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and
methamphetamine; efforts to counter money laundering, related to
organized crime and drug trafficking, are improving, but remain
vulnerable; significant consumer of ecstasy

India
world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical
trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit
international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics
produced in neighboring countries and throughout Southwest Asia;
illicit producer of methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money
laundering through the hawala system; licit ketamine and precursor
production

Indonesia
illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;
producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy

Iran
despite substantial interdiction efforts and considerable
control measures along the border with Afghanistan, Iran remains one
of the primary transshipment routes for Southwest Asian heroin to
Europe; suffers one of the highest opiate addiction rates in the
world, and has an increasing problem with synthetic drugs; lacks
anti-money laundering laws; has reached out to neighboring countries
to share counter-drug intelligence

Ireland
transshipment point for and consumer of hashish from North
Africa to the UK and Netherlands and of European-produced synthetic
drugs; increasing consumption of South American cocaine; minor
transshipment point for heroin and cocaine destined for Western
Europe; despite recent legislation, narcotics-related money
laundering - using bureaux de change, trusts, and shell companies
involving the offshore financial community - remains a concern

Israel
increasingly concerned about ecstasy, cocaine, and heroin
abuse; drugs arrive in country from Lebanon and, increasingly, from
Jordan; money-laundering center

Italy
important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine
and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money
laundering by organized crime and from smuggling

Jamaica
transshipment point for cocaine from South America to North
America and Europe; illicit cultivation and consumption of cannabis;
government has an active manual cannabis eradication program;
corruption is a major concern; substantial money-laundering
activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicit
financial transactions

Kazakhstan
significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS
markets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra
(for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicit
crops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia
and the rest of Europe; significant consumer of opiates

Kenya
widespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana; transit
country for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and North
America; Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa;
significant potential for money-laundering activity given the
country's status as a regional financial center; massive corruption,
and relatively high levels of narcotics-associated activities

Korea, North
for years, from the 1970s into the 2000s, citizens of
the Democratic People's Republic of (North) Korea (DPRK), many of
them diplomatic employees of the government, were apprehended abroad
while trafficking in narcotics, including two in Turkey in December
2004; police investigations in Taiwan and Japan in recent years have
linked North Korea to large illicit shipments of heroin and
methamphetamine, including an attempt by the North Korean merchant
ship Pong Su to deliver 150 kg of heroin to Australia in April 2003

Kyrgyzstan
limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy
for CIS markets; limited government eradication of illicit crops;
transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the
rest of Europe; major consumer of opiates

Laos
estimated opium poppy cultivation in 2008 was 1,900 hectares,
about a 73% increase from 2007; estimated potential opium production
in 2008 more than tripled to 17 metric tons; unsubstantiated reports
of domestic methamphetamine production; growing domestic
methamphetamine problem (2007)

Latvia
transshipment and destination point for cocaine, synthetic
drugs, opiates, and cannabis from Southwest Asia, Western Europe,
Latin America, and neighboring Balkan countries; despite improved
legislation, vulnerable to money laundering due to nascent
enforcement capabilities and comparatively weak regulation of
offshore companies and the gaming industry; CIS organized crime
(including counterfeiting, corruption, extortion, stolen cars, and
prostitution) accounts for most laundered proceeds

Lebanon
cannabis cultivation dramatically reduced to 2,500 hectares
in 2002 despite continued significant cannabis consumption; opium
poppy cultivation minimal; small amounts of Latin American cocaine
and Southwest Asian heroin transit country on way to European
markets and for Middle Eastern consumption; money laundering of drug
proceeds fuels concern that extremists are benefiting from drug
trafficking

Liberia
transshipment point for Southeast and Southwest Asian heroin
and South American cocaine for the European and US markets;
corruption, criminal activity, arms-dealing, and diamond trade
provide significant potential for money laundering, but the lack of
well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
major money-laundering center

Liechtenstein
has strengthened money laundering controls, but money
laundering remains a concern due to Liechtenstein's sophisticated
offshore financial services sector

Lithuania
transshipment and destination point for cannabis, cocaine,
ecstasy, and opiates from Southwest Asia, Latin America, Western
Europe, and neighboring Baltic countries; growing production of
high-quality amphetamines, but limited production of cannabis,
methamphetamines; susceptible to money laundering despite changes to
banking legislation

Macau
transshipment point for drugs going into mainland China;
consumer of opiates and amphetamines

Macedonia
major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and
hashish; minor transit point for South American cocaine destined for
Europe; although not a financial center and most criminal activity
is thought to be domestic, money laundering is a problem due to a
mostly cash-based economy and weak enforcement

Madagascar
illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild
varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment point
for heroin

Malaysia
drug trafficking prosecuted vigorously and carries severe
penalties; heroin still primary drug of abuse, but synthetic drug
demand remains strong; continued ecstasy and methamphetamine
producer for domestic users and, to a lesser extent, the regional
drug market

Malta
minor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to
Western Europe

Mauritius
consumer and transshipment point for heroin from South
Asia; small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally;
significant offshore financial industry creates potential for money
laundering, but corruption levels are relatively low and the
government appears generally to be committed to regulating its
banking industry

Mexico
major drug-producing nation; cultivation of opium poppy in
2007 rose to 6,900 hectares yielding a potential production of 18
metric tons of pure heroin, or 50 metric tons of "black tar" heroin,
the dominant form of Mexican heroin in the western United States;
marijuana cultivation increased to 8,900 hectares in 2007 and
yielded a potential production of 15,800 metric tons; government
conducts the largest independent illicit-crop eradication program in
the world; continues as the primary transshipment country for
US-bound cocaine from South America, with an estimated 90% of annual
cocaine movements toward the US stopping in Mexico; major drug
syndicates control the majority of drug trafficking throughout the
country; producer and distributor of ecstasy; significant
money-laundering center; major supplier of heroin and largest
foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamine to the US market
(2007)

Micronesia, Federated States of
major consumer of cannabis

Moldova
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for
CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from
Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and
possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity

Montserrat
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined
for the US and Europe

Morocco
one of the world's largest producers of illicit hashish;
shipments of hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; transit
point for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe;
significant consumer of cannabis

Mozambique
southern African transit point for South Asian hashish
and heroin, and South American cocaine probably destined for the
European and South African markets; producer of cannabis (for local
consumption) and methaqualone (for export to South Africa);
corruption and poor regulatory capability makes the banking system
vulnerable to money laundering, but the lack of a well-developed
financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

Nepal
illicit producer of cannabis and hashish for the domestic and
international drug markets; transit point for opiates from Southeast
Asia to the West

Netherlands
major European producer of synthetic drugs, including
ecstasy, and cannabis cultivator; important gateway for cocaine,
heroin, and hashish entering Europe; major source of US-bound
ecstasy; large financial sector vulnerable to money laundering;
significant consumer of ecstasy

Netherlands Antilles
transshipment point for South American drugs
bound for the US and Europe; money-laundering center

New Zealand
significant consumer of amphetamines

Nicaragua
transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US and
transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing

Nigeria
a transit point for heroin and cocaine intended for
European, East Asian, and North American markets; consumer of
amphetamines; safe haven for Nigerian narcotraffickers operating
worldwide; major money-laundering center; massive corruption and
criminal activity; Nigeria has improved some anti-money-laundering
controls, resulting in its removal from the Financial Action Task
Force's (FATF's) Noncooperative Countries and Territories List in
June 2006; Nigeria's anti-money-laundering regime continues to be
monitored by FATF

Pakistan
significant transit area for Afghan drugs, including
heroin, opium, morphine, and hashish, bound for Iran, Western
markets, the Gulf States, Africa, and Asia; financial crimes related
to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain
problems; opium poppy cultivation estimated to be 2,300 hectares in
2007 with 600 of those hectares eradicated; federal and provincial
authorities continue to conduct anti-poppy campaigns that utilizes
forced eradication, fines, and arrests

Panama
major cocaine transshipment point and primary
money-laundering center for narcotics revenue; money-laundering
activity is especially heavy in the Colon Free Zone; offshore
financial center; negligible signs of coca cultivation; monitoring
of financial transactions is improving; official corruption remains
a major problem

Papua New Guinea
major consumer of cannabis

Paraguay
major illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which is
consumed in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile; transshipment country for
Andean cocaine headed for Brazil, other Southern Cone markets, and
Europe; weak border controls, extensive corruption and
money-laundering activity, especially in the Tri-Border Area; weak
anti-money-laundering laws and enforcement

Peru
until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now
the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far
behind Colombia; cultivation of coca in Peru declined to 36,000
hectares in 2007; second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at
210 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2007; finished cocaine
is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market;
increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being
moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the
Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa; increasing
domestic drug consumption

Philippines
domestic methamphetamine production has been a growing
problem in recent years despite government crackdowns; major
consumer of amphetamines; longstanding marijuana producer mainly in
rural areas where Manila's control is limited

Poland
despite diligent counternarcotics measures and international
information sharing on cross-border crimes, a major illicit producer
of synthetic drugs for the international market; minor transshipment
point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American cocaine to
Western Europe

Portugal
seizing record amounts of Latin American cocaine destined
for Europe; a European gateway for Southwest Asian heroin;
transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to Europe;
consumer of Southwest Asian heroin

Romania
major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin
transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American
cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant
financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable
to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency
exchange houses, and casinos

Russia
limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and
producer of methamphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption;
government has active illicit crop eradication program; used as
transshipment point for Asian opiates, cannabis, and Latin American
cocaine bound for growing domestic markets, to a lesser extent
Western and Central Europe, and occasionally to the US; major source
of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime are
key concerns; major consumer of opiates