Chapter XVII: Science in the Twentieth Century (13)

Tusks, evolution, iii, 300, xii, 302;
of walruses, 335

Tusk Shells, xii, 58, 74

Twentieth Century Science, xvi, 195-8

Twilight, i, 167, 384;
duration, 18

Twine Binders, v, 247-8, 381

Twinleaf, distribution, xiii, 351

Twins, identical and nonidentical, ix, 44, 327, xv, 27

Twisters, Texas, i, 60, 384

Two-phase, defined, vi, 203-4, 242

Tycho Brahe, ii, 14, 45-8, iv, 95, xvi, 102;
as astrologer, ii, 21;
eclipse of 1560 and, 210;
new star seen by, 12, 331;
Kepler and, 49, 50;
star catalogue of, 300-1

Tylor, Prof. E. B., "Anthropology" of, xv, 4;
on English spelling, 177

Tyndall, fog signal studies, i, 189, 190

Tyndall Effect, viii, 315

Type, invention, v, 300;
movable, Chinese, xv, 179

Typesetting Machines, v, 307-12

Typewriters, development, v, 312-13, 380, 381;
to take spoken words, 331;
used in telegraphy, vii, 112-13

Typhoid Fever, x, 286-88;
consumption from, 292;
death rate, viii, 321-2, x, 286, 288;
discovery of germ, xvi, 185;
feeding in, ix, 319;
from water pollution, xiv, 140;
germ, x, 194, 287-8;
germs destroyed by chlorine, viii, 86;
germ diagnosis, x, 215, 216;
immunity to, 205, 207;
inoculation against, 208, 217;
named by P. C. A. Louis, 108;
portal of entry of, 198;
prevention of, 171, xv, 49;
water pollution and, viii, 318-19, 321-2;
wells and, iii, 121

Typhoons, i, 136, 384;
locating of, 279-80;
signals (China), 283

Tyrannosaurs, iii, 290

Tyrian Dye, xii, 72

Tyrol, hail crosses, i, 341;
lakes of, xiv, 200

Tyrrhenian Basin, xiv, 291

U-boats, motors used, vi, 239

Uganda, sleeping sickness in, xiv, 223

Uinta Mts., xiv, 83, 98, 226-7, 229;
fault scarp of, 230;
little metamorphism in, 234;
no igneous intrusions in, 228, 230;
river canyons of, 83, 166

Ulcerated Teeth, electric treatment, vii, 237

Ulloa, Admiral, astronomical studies, ii, 179, 221

Ulloca's Rings, i, 184, 384

Ultramicroscopic Organisms, x, 200

Ultraviolet Rays, iv, 358 (fig.);
absorption in upper air, i, 16;
actinic effects, iv, 365-6, vii, 250;
effects on barium, 254;
frequency of vibration, 260;
in therapeutics, 253;
fluorescence from, iv, 379;
luminosity of objects in, 378;
ozone produced by, i, 16;
radiant energy of, iv, 366;
transmitted by æther, vi, 119, 269;
use of, in medicine, iv, 51;
wave lengths of, 365, 366

Ulugh Begh, ii, 39, 300

Umbel, flower form, xiii, 50, 200

Umbra, of shadows, iv, 332

Umbrella Type Generators, vi, 362

Unclean Diseases, Jewish laws on, x, 15

Uncleanliness, air poisoning by, ix, 270, 352;
diseases from, x, 290, 311;
plagues due to, xv, 49

Uncompahgre River, iv, 172, 173

Unconformities (geology) defined, iii, 171, 383;
oldest known, 175;
what they represent, 176

Unconscious Actions, xi, 27;
from habit, 254-5

Unconscious Mind, xi, 47;
in reasoning, 245-6
(see also Subconscious Mind)

Unconsciousness, from excessive breathing, ix, 266-7

Undamped Waves, vii, 273, 289-90, 291

Underclothing, proper materials, x, 307, 308;
soiled, injuriousness of, 310

Underfeeding, results, xi, 370

Underground Streams, iii, 116, xiv, 149-50;
springs and, iii, 117

Underground Transmission, vii, 11-14, 24-31;
in telephone systems, 104, 105

Underground Trolley System, vii, 187, 189
(see also Third Rail)

Underground Water (see Ground Water)

Undermining, of rocks, xiv, 131

Undernutrition, due to under-chewing, ix, 228

Undershot Wheels, v, 76

Underwriters, National Board of Fire, vii, 53-4

Underwriters' Code, vii, 54, 57, 58, 61, 62

Unfit, Survival of, xv, 27

Unger, xvi, 166, 167

Ungulata, xii, 300-31

Unicellular Plants and Animals, xii, 10, xii, 166, 167;
composition and life, ix, 48-9;
food needs of, 33;
food procuring by, 12-15, 19;
motions of, 73, 74;
perception of light and shade by, 105
(see also Protozoa)

Unicorn Plant, fruit, xiii, 57 (fig.);
seed dispersal, 343

Union Pacific Railway, Rocky Mountain pass of, xiv, 76

Unions, chemical, viii, 20-1

United States, aerial mail service, i, 44;
animals (carnivorous), xii, 337, 340, 342, 349, 350, 363, 365;
Atlantic coast, xiv, 25, 45, 246-7, 249-50,
(see also Atlantic Coastal Plain);
Atlantic coast rivers, 167;
automobile industry, v, 213-14;
bats of, xii, 371;
beet sugar production, xiii, 216;
birds of, xii, 254-69;
bison of, 329;
brontides, i, 196;
bubonic plague measures, x, 164;
buildings overheated, i, 323;
building stones, iii, 371-2;
coal and coal beds, 343, 345-8;
coal supply, v, 172;
coffee consumption, xiii, 232;
corn crops, critical period, i, 248;
cotton production, early, v, 270;
crop forecasts, i, 251;
dark days, 56-7;
deer species in, xii, 317-18, 322;
deserts of, xiv, 380;
dust deposits, i, 54-5;
dust in west, xiii, 344;
English sparrow in, xv, 21;
fire losses in rural districts, vii, 231;
first locomotive, v, 378, 378-9;
fish of, xii, 151-64;
flies of, 120;
food and vitamine question, x, 267-8;
forests, xiii, 366-73, xiv, 239, 372-4;
forests, national, xiii, 371-2, xiv, 239;
forest fires, i, 48-9, 56-7;
fresh-water mussels of, xii, 65-6;
frogs of, 180, 181;
geological works on, xiv, 171;
glacial topography in northeast, 60-2, 170-1;
gypsum production, iii, 376;
hailstorm insurance, i, 344-5;
high temperature record, i, 209;
history in relation to physiography, xiv, 61-2, 191-5, 242-3, 249-50,
xv, 136;
Indian summers, i, 361;
influenza pandemics, x, 294-5;
iron and steel industries, xvi, 175;
jute production, xiii, 243;
land leveling rate, iii, 31-2;
land policy, xiv, 384;
lava plateau of northwest, 104, 164, 170, 172, 188
(see Columbia Plateau);
lengthened life in, x, 291;
lightning losses, i, 156;
lizards of, xii, 207, 208;
loess deposits, xiv, 72;
medical practice, history of, x, 104, 115-16, 121-5, xvi, 185-6;
medical schools, xvi, 181;
metal products, iii, 356-70;
meteorological organization, i, 212-13, 215-17, 221, 222;
mineral springs, xiv, 143-4, 145;
newts of, xii, 172;
opossums of, 275;
ore deposits, monographs on, xvi, 173;
oyster industry, xii, 61, 62;
Pacific coast (see Pacific Coast);
paper-making, v, 292;
pellagra in, x, 265, 268;
petroleum and natural gas, iii, 349-51, 353, 354, 355, v, 172-3;
phenological observations, i, 254-5;
plains, coastal and interior, xiv, 213-15;
potash sources, viii, 279;
power plants, viii, 74-5;
prairies, xiii, 373, 374, xiv, 380, 383;
public health fellowships, x, 172;
rainfall i, 110, 110-11, 112, xiv, 352, 360, iii, 113;
rodents of, xii, 288, 290, 293-6;
salt deposits, iii, 374-5;
scurvy in, x, 266;
seasonal advance rate, i, 256;
smoke costs, 64;
snails of, xii, 71;
snakes of, 218-25, 232-8;
snowfall, heaviest, i, 118-19;
specialization of different parts, xv, 131-2, 203;
standard units used in, iv, 45-6, 69;
summer of 1816, i, 359-61;
tea consumption, xiii, 231;
telegraph system, vii, 107-8;
thermometer scale used in, iv, 136;
thunderstorms, vii, 218;
toads of, xii, 176;
tobacco production, xiii, 256, 257, 258, 259;
transportation problem, vii, 194-5;
tuberculosis in, x, 290, xv, 49;
turtles of, xii, 189, 190, 191;
typhoid fever, viii, 322, x, 286;
volcano, only active, iii, 103;
water consumption, viii, 324-5;
water filtering in, 319, 320;
water power, v, 83-4;
water supply by wells, iii, 118;
weather prophets, i, 243;
weeds, xiii, 353-4;
western plateaus, xiv, 220;
western rivers and lakes, 188;
wheat cultivation, xiii, 211;
windmills, i, 37-8;
winds, 128, 133-4;
World War chemical and medical services, x, 176-83, 186, 187-8;
World War disabled, care of, 189-91;
yellow fever extermination, 162

U. S. Army, chemical warfare service, x, 187-8;
medical corps in World War, 177-83, 186, 187;
yellow fever campaign, 159, 160-2

United States Bureau of Fisheries, xii, 155

U. S. Bureau of Standards, aeronautical research, i, 51;
lightning statistics, 156-7

United States Forest Service, xiii, 371-2;
aeroplanes in, i, 48-9

U. S. Hydrographic Office, i, 273, 277

United States Navy, cold-air machines, v, 353;
electricity on ships, vii, 326-35;
meteorological unit, i, 311;
ocean surveys of, xiv, 283;
radio control of ships, vii, 284

U. S. Public Health Service, x, 162, 164, 175

U. S. Signal Service, i, 282-3;
meteorological observations, 216, 220

U. S. Weather Bureau, agricultural service, i, 252, 256-7;
bulletin on temperature and foods, 268;
cloud pictures, 103;
code, 234;
establishment, 216;
fog classification, 95;
forecasts of various kinds, 239-40, 242;
frost predictions, 260;
functions, 7-8;
kiosks, 267;
library, 268-9;
marine division, 273, 275-6, 281;
organization, 222;
question answering, 359;
snow surveys, 118;
Spanish war services, 309;
storm predictions, vii, 218;
sunshine recorder, i, 86-7;
term hours, 203;
terms used, 107, 108, 136;
thermometers, 74, 75;
tide predicting machines, v, 327;
triple registers, i, 87-8;
vanes used, 82;
weather maps, 228, 230, 232-7;
wind-aloft maps, 230, 231, 233;
wireless reports, 280

Units, iv, 384;
absolute and gravitational, 64-5;
atmospheric pressure, 121, 123;
electrical, 261, 284-5;
heat, 154;
magnetic force, 249;
power, 80;
work and energy, 79-80
(see also Weights and Measures)

Universal Ether (see Æther)

Universal Soul, or pneuma, x, 27, 29

Universe, electricity the basis, vi, 107-8, 113, 118;
elements, 108-9;
energy of, unchanging, iv, 40;
evolution, ii, 366-84;
geocentric conception, ii, 9-10, 34-5;
Greek theories, xvi, 76-7, 77-9, 80, 81-2, 84, 186;
magnetism pervading, vi, 40;
primary concepts, iv, 14-15;
shape of visible, ii, 352-3;
stellar, 294-9;
total available heat of, iv, 193

Universities, founding of European, x, 38, xvi, 100;
revival of learning through, ii, 11-12

University of Pennsylvania, park in grounds, xi, 188

Unknown, uneasiness in face of, xi, 224, 225

Unsaturated, defined, viii, 382

Unsaturated Paraffins, viii, 230-2

Upper Air, composition, i, 10-11, 16;
exploration, 18-19, 20-3;
rarity, 17;
sun corpuscles in, 144, 146, 158, 159, 160;
temperatures, 19, 20
(see also Stratosphere)

Ural Mountains, antiquity of, xiv, 96

Uraniborg Observatory, ii, 45, xvi, 102

Uranium, atomic number, viii, 183, 309;
radioactivity, 184, 185, 186;
symbol and atomic weight, 383

Uranus, atmosphere, ii, 250;
comet families, 271;
discovery, 15, 104, 254, 255, 267, 272;
habitability, 250;
Neptune and, 268-9, 270;
orbital deviations, 67, 79, 271;
photographic study, 183;
rotation period, 377;
satellites, 105, 268;
size and orbit, 162-3;
weight, 76, 77

Ure, chemist, xvi, 163

Urea, artificial production, xvi, 142, x, 279, 329;
composition and amount, 342;
composition and functions, viii, 230, 353-4;
in amine group, 215;
production and disposal of, x, 279, 329, ix, 284, 285

Uremia, x, 346

Ureter, ix, 273

Uric Acid, viii, 230, 354, x, 342-3

Urinalysis, x, 378

Urinary Tract, as Infection center, x, 220

Urine, acidity and alkalinity of, x, 281;
albumen in, 378;
amount and excretion, 379;
amount, on what dependent, ix, 274-5;
constituents and disorders of, x, 342-6;
Corbeil's work on, 37;
formation stages, ix, 273;
nitrogen in, 282;
salt in, 273;
sugar in, 291, 292-4;
urea in, 284;
waste products in, x, 270

Urochords, xii, 129

Urodela, xii, 169, 170-3

Ursa Major, changes in, ii, 306;
spiral nebulæ, 363-4;
system, 122, 343, 344

Utah, arid topography of, xiv, 42;
bad lands, 82;
cliff topography, 88;
mining products, iii, 360, 361-2, 362, 363, 368;
plateaus, xiv, 220, 222;
subsidence, iii, 152;
Uinta Mountains, xiv, 83;
volcanic fields of, 317, 318

Uteroplacental Circulation, discovery of, x, 94

Vaccination, discovery, x, 100-3, 207-8, xvi, 127;
present extent, x, 103;
success of, 217, 288

Vaccines, autogenous, x, 218;
in focal infection diseases, 226

Vaccinia, x, 100

Vacuum Balloons, v, 222-3

Vacuum Cleaner, iv, 127, v, 137, vii, 83-4;
atmospheric pressure in, i, 25;
for barn uses, vii, 228

Vacuum Machine, iv, 127

Vacuum Refrigerating Machines, v, 354-6

Vacuums, boiling point of water in, v, 354;
detonation from filling, vii, 211;
early attempts to obtain, iv, 29-30;
electrical nonconductors, 259;
electric discharges in, 317-18;
falling bodies in, 97;
Gessler's and Crookes's x, 183-4;
heat, v, 345-58;
high, iv, 127, vii, 376;
nature's abhorrence of, iv, 27, 114;
of steam condensers, vi, 355;
Pascal's studies, xvi, 110;
sound in, i, 186, iv, 195

Vacuum Tube Generators, vii, 274, 276-8, 291

Vacuum Tube Receivers, vii, 270, 278-80

Vacuum Tube Rectifiers, vi, 339-41

Vacuum Tube Repeaters, vi, 125

Vacuum Tubes, cathode rays in, iv, 317;
Gessler's, x, 183-4;
use in wireless service, vi, 125, 339-41, vii, 277-80
(see also Crookes Tube, Coolidge Tube)

Vagus Nerve, xi, 30

Vail, Theodore N., vi, 87

Valence (chemistry), viii, 93-4, 382;
in periodic classification, 178, 180-1, 179-80;
ionization and, 122;
table of, vii, 384;
variable, viii, 94, 179, 189;
variable in catalyzers, 102;
zero, 178, 181

Valeric Acid, viii, 220

Valley Breezes, i, 131, 132, 377

Valley Glaciers, iii, 60, 62-3, 67

Valleys, air currents, i, 294 (fig.), 296;
drowned (see Drowned Valleys);
fault-made, xiv, 117-21, 127-8;
glacial, iii, 64, 66, xiv, 56-8, 259-60;
hanging, iii, 65, xiv, 57;
historical importance of, xv, 138-9;
longitudinal in folded strata, xiv, 93, 94-6, 98, 226, 229;
people of, xv, 122;
rift or trough, xiv, 117-21, 123;
river (see River Valleys)

Valley Trains, iii, 68

Valliere River, tributary changes, xiv, 184

Valparaiso, harbor of, xiv, 265

Valve Gears, inventions, v, 379

Valves, of heart, ix, 204;
leaking, 206-7

Valvular Heart Disease, x, 332

Vampires, xii, 369, 371-2

Vanadium, use and occurrence, xiv, 238;
symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Van Deventer, obstetrician, x, 80

Van Drebel, Cornelius, v, 196

Vanes, wind, i, 82, 384

Vanessas, xii, 117

Van Helmont, Jean Baptiste, x, 67-9, 71, xvi, 108, 110, 111, 119, 163;
recipe for creation of mice, x, 139

Van Hise, geological work, xvi, 172-3, 174

Vanilla, xiii, 259-60;
chemical composition, viii, 239, 251

Vanity, clothes due to, xv, 253, 255;
impulse of, 185

Van Maanan, astronomer, ii, 153, 314, 363

Van Swieten, x, 77, 104

Van't Hoff, xvi, 164

Vapor Baths, temperature of, x, 251

Vapor Pressure, iv, 167-8, viii, 303-5

Vaporization, latent heat of, iv, 173-4

Vapors, condensation of, viii, 304

Variable Stars, ii, 324-30;
collision theory, 327, 329, 333;
color, 296;
discoveries by Bailey, 146;
in star clusters, 337, 338;
inception of study, 16;
sun, 171, 187

Variability, in living things, xiii, 326-7
(see Variation);
meteorological, i, 384

Variation (biological), xiii, 326-36, xv, 22-3, xvi, 151;
causes and perpetuation, ix, 327, 328-9, xvi, 153;
in human beings, xv, 27;
in plants, xiii, 326-36;
meristic and substantive, xvi, 155;
new species developed from, xv, 24-5;
principles understood in Egypt, xvi, 72;
selection and perpetuation, xvi, 154-5

Varieties, crossing of, results, ix, 333-4, x, 231, xiii, 332-3;
defined, 329-30;
mixture, 147;
origin, 326-35

Variola (smallpox), x, 100

Varney, B. M., i, 296

Varnishes, ancient knowledge of, viii, 269;
chemistry of, 264-6;
drying oils in, 245, 247

Varro, on weather vanes, i, 68

Varus, defeat of, i, 307

Vascular Cryptograms, alternation of generations, xvi, 166

Vascular System, xiii, 65-6;
not in mosses, 69;
first appearance, 303, 304, 306

Vasoconstrictor Center, ix, 215-19

Vasodilator Center, ix, 219-21

Vasomotor Center, ix, 215

Vasomotor System, efficiency, how developed, x, 238-9, 240, 241;
heat loss, regulation by, ix, 311

Vassenius, astronomer, ii, 179

"Vaterland," steamship, v, 193

Vaughn, on anaphylaxis, x, 214

Vedas, song to day-god, ii, 23-4;
weather proverbs in, i, 67

Veery, xii, 269

Vega, Arabic name, ii, 39, 302;
color, 297;
Sirian star, 115;
spectrum, 116

Vegetable Acids, viii, 222-3

Vegetable Fats, viii, 244, 246;
vitamines absent in, 369, ix, 33, x, 259, 260-1, 262

Vegetable Kingdom, chemistry of, viii, 191;
food source of man, ix, 24;
how distinguished, xii, 14-15, xiii, 13-14;
relation to animals, viii, 334
(see also Plants)

Vegetable Oils, composition and energy value, ix, 28

Vegetables, calory loss in preparing, ix, 299;
cooking of, effects, viii, 368;
food value, 365, ix, 34, 280, 300, x, 259, 260, 262, 266, 273, 279;
freezing prevention, iv, 161;
frost danger point, i, 258;
green bile from eating of, ix, 275;
origin of common, xiii, 221-4, xiv, 382

Vegetable Sheep Plant, xiii, 379

Vegetable Silk, viii, 255-6

Vegetarianism, protein supplies in, ix, 280;
remarks on, 285

Vegetation, defined, xiv, 363;
determined by climate, and soil, 363-81;
effect of light and darkness on, xiii, 84-90;
effect on winds, i, 292-3;
electrical stimulation, vii, 351-3;
growth in tropical forests, xiii, 358-9, 360, 364-5;
optimal temperature, xi, 51;
past and present, xiii, 174, 175;
phosphorescence of decaying, i, 346;
soil and rock protection by, xiv, 42;
types on what dependent, xiii, 12

Vegetative Nervous System, x, 352-3

Vehicles, evolution of, v, 17

Veins, of body, ix, 191, 195, 197-8;
of body, bleeding from, x, 39;
blood in, carbon dioxide content, ix, 263, 264;
blood in, color of, 260-1;
functions in circulation of blood, x, 63-65, 334;
connections with arteries, ix, 192-3 (fig.) 197;
valves of, 222;
of leaves, xiii, 32-3, 37 (fig.), 79

Veins, Mineral, defined, iii, 383-4;
how formed, 126

Velocity, iv, 56-7, 384;
acceleration of, 57 (see Acceleration);
energy from, 78;
momentum and, 62-3;
Newton's laws and high, ii, 80, 81;
of falling bodies, iv, 65;
relation to power in machines, 92;
required on centrifugal railroads, 74;
unity of, 64

Velpeau, x, 130

Vena Cava, ix, 197-8, 201 (fig.), x, 334;
waste fluids emptied into, ix, 222

Vena Contracta, v, 89-90

Venereal Diseases, contagion demonstrated by Saliceto, x, 39;
quacks and, 76

Venice, commercial growth and decline, xiv, 308

Venomous Snakes, xii, 224-38

Ventilation, i, 321-2, viii, 331-2, ix, 267-70, x, 237-8;
air moving systems, i, 323;
electrical, on battleships, vii, 330-1;
katathermometer in, i, 320;
importance of, to infants, ix, 352;
ozone, vii, 353-4;
perception of need of, ix, 97

Ventral Segments, of vibrations, iv, 217

Ventricles, of brain, xi, 29

Ventricles, of heart, 201 (fig.), ix, 203, 204-5

Venus (planet), ii, 190-2;
atmosphere, 130-1, 191, 192, 246;
life on, 246-7;
lucid planet, 264;
non-rotation theory, 377;
orbit, 50, 162, 163;
phases of, xvi, 103;
phases, discovery of, ii, 54, 83, 94;
size, 162, 163;
stellar magnitude, 296;
transits, 58, 129;
weight, 76, 77

Venus's Flower Basket, xii, 31

Venus's Flytrap, xiii, 40-1, 64 (illus.)

Vera Cruz, harbor of, xiv, 266

Verbal Images, xi, 222

Verdant Zones, i, 259, 384

Verdun, defense of, xiv, 90-1

Verkhoyansk, Siberia, i, 209-10

Vermilion, viii, 170

Vermont, marble production, iii, 189, 371;
summer of 1816, i, 360

Verne, Jules, novel by, i, 170

Verrazano, voyage of, xiv, 310

Vertebrae, of spine, ix, 64, 65 (fig.);
origin from coelom, xii, 87

Vertebrates, xii, 127-9;
characteristics of, 132;
classification, iii, 260;
evolution, 287 (chart), xii, 167;
geological history, iii, 281-306;
reproduction in, xv, 54;
resemblances among, 55-6;
structure and organs of, 55-6

Vertical Distances, xi, 185

Verworn, Dr. Max, quoted, xi, 67

Vesalius, Andreas, x, 46, 50-3, 65

Vesico-vaginal Fistula, x, 122

Vesta (planet), ii, 255, 257

Vestal Virgins, cult of, viii, 89;
fire of, xv, 234

Vestibule, of head, ix, 90

Vesuvius, Mount, cone of, xiv, 100, 225;
eruptions of, iii, 99-100, xiv, 313, 326, 338;
flashing arcs, i, 194;
material ejected, xiv, 326-7;
only active European volcano, 316;
soils and vegetation, viii, 339;
soils on, xiv, 329

Vetches, in pea family, xiii, 198;
leaves, 113;
used in soil enrichment, 98

Veterans of World War, care of, x, 189-91

Vibration, Vibrating Bodies, iv, 86-8, 196;
amplitude of, 211;
elasticity and, 156;
frequency defined, 205, 382;
interferences of, 218-22;
of elastic bodies, ix, 98-9, 100-1;
of rods, iv, 213-15, 223-4;
of strings, 216-17, 223;
period of, 196, 205, 383;
rate of, on what dependent, 213, 223;
sound production by, 195-6;
sympathetic, 225-6, vii, 118, 261-2;
transverse and longitudinal, iv, 215
(see also Waves)

Vibrators, electric, vii, 87

Vibgyor, i, 165

Vichy Springs, xiv, 145

Vickers-Vimy Bomber, v, 233

Vicksburg, capture of, xiv, 194

Victoria Falls, iii, 49, xiv, 131-2;
forests at, 369-70

Victoria Nyanza, xiv, 120, 204

Vicuñas, xii, 313

Vienna, siege of, xiv, 308-9

Vienna Meteorological Congress, i, 219, 220

Vigo, Juan del, x, 155

Vikings, history of, xiv, 261

Vilmorin, work on sugar beet, xiii, 216

Vincent, George E., x, 175

Vinci, Leonardo da (see Leonardo da Vinci)

Vinegar, acetic acid in, vi, 111, viii, 220, 293;
from cider, 219;
in preserving, 372;
production of, 248, 249

Vines, nature and methods, xiii, 27-8;
tendrils, 111-12;
of tropical forests, 361-2

Vineyards, and hailstorms, i, 343

Vinland, xiv, 261

Violence, and will, xi, 264

Violet (color), complementary color of, iv, 367;
primary color, 366;
vibration rate, ix, 115;
wave lengths, i, 165, iv, 360

Violet Light, fluorescence from, iv, 379;
of mercury arc lamp, 282, 283;
use of, in medicine, 51

Violet Ray Machine, x, 183-4

Violets, dogtooth, xiii, 184;
fertilization, 120;
seed dispersal, 56, 339;
stemless, 15

Violin, intervals on, iv, 208;
resonance chamber, 223

Violin-Piano, vi, 97

Vipers, xii, 229-32;
ancestry of, 225;
hedgehogs and, 367

Virchow, x, 128-9;
"Cellular Pathology," xvi, 182;
founder of cellular pathology, x, 119;
malaria studies, 156-7

Vireos, xii, 268

Virginia, former volcanoes of, xiv, 318;
mineral springs of, 143;
rainfall, i, 338

Virginia Creeper, xiii, 28

Virility, from cross breeding, xiii, 120, 122-3

Viruses, attenuating principle, x, 141, 142, 143;
filterable, 141, 161

Viscachas, xii, 289;
acquisitiveness of, 292-3;
prey of boas, 215

Viscera, emotion effects, xi, 134-5;
insensible to pain, 118

Visceral Senses, xi, 63-4

Vishnu's Temple, Grand Canyon, xiv, 84

Visibility, i, 384; in aviation, 303;
scale, 314

Vision, (sense) xi, 83-97;
compared with hearing, 98;
defects of, ix, 112-14;
distance of distinct, iv, 342, 343;
limits (wave lengths), 360, 361;
motions connected with, ix, 82;
operation, vi, 271-3;
persistency of, iv, 346-7, v, 329, vi, 155
(see also Sight)

Vis Plastica, iii, 14

Visual Hallucinations, x, 358, xi, 91

Visual Purple, of retina, xi, 96

Vital Capacity, defined, x, 339

Vital Function, tests of, x, 376-9

Vitality, of infants, ix, 352

Vital Knot, ix, 257

Vital Processes, chemical nature of, viii, 353, 355, ix, 34;
chemical control of, 167-72;
control of breathing, 256-7;
functional metabolism of, 295-6;
no energy consumed in, viii, 367;
past theories of, x, 69, 76-7, 84, 85, 86

Vitamines, viii, 362, 369-70, ix, 33-4, 35-6, 347, x, 256-68

Vitreous Electricity, iv, 258

Vitruvius, work on architecture, xvi, 98

Vividness, in associations, xi, 205

Vlacq, Adrian, xvi, 104

Vladivostok, harbor of, xiv, 267

Vocal Cords, ix, 83

Vocal Organs (see Speech Organs)

Vocations, avocations and, xi, 375-7;
choice, 276, 358-61

Vocational Guidance, xi, 358-61

Vocational Training, of veterans, x, 190

Voice, evolution of, in amphibians, xii, 170, 178;
expressiveness of tone of, xv, 144;
fear effects on, xi, 132;
modulations of, iv, 209, 232;
pitch in public speaking, 232;
quality of, to what due, 233;
range of human, ix, 99;
sound of, in dense atmosphere, 31-2;
use of, in communication, xv, 151-2

Voice Organs, in birds, xii, 248-9

Voice Production, motions of, ix, 83

Volatile Liquids, iv, 174

Volcanic Activity, distribution, iii, 100 (map), 227 (map), xiv, 314-21;
hot springs and, 143, 144;
of past ages, iii, 177, 191, 196, 197, 203, 219, 226-9

Volcanic Belts, xiv, 314-17

Volcanic Bombs, xiv, 323

Volcanic Cones, xiv, 100-2, 225;
oceanic, 277, 289

Volcanic Dust, xiv, 324;
from Krakatoa, i, 18, 57-8, iii, 101, xiv, 325;
from Tomboro, i, 360;
from various eruptions, iii, 102-3;
in atmosphere, i, 53, 57-8, 360;
in ocean, iii, 54-5, xiv, 325;
soils of, xiv, 69, 329;
temperature effects, i, 58-9, 360;
thick deposit in Colorado, iii, 229;
wind carried, xiv, 327, xiii, 344

Volcanic Earthquakes, xiv, 338-9

Volcanic Eruptions, iii, 99-103, xiv, 321-9;
earthquakes and, iii, 93-4, xiv, 338-9;
temperature effects, i, 58-9

Volcanic Islands, xiv, 277, 289, 314, 316;
new, 319

Volcanic Necks, iii, 111;
of Mount Pelee, 103

Volcanic Rocks, iii, 13, 384, xiv, 99-100;
distribution in western America, iii, 227 (map);
extrusive, xiv, 105;
land forms in, 100-5

Volcanic Soil, xiv, 69, 329

Volcanoes, iii, 99-110, xiv, 312-29;
carbon dioxide from, i, 13;
distribution of active, iii, 100 (fig.), 227 (map), xiv, 314-21;
earthquakes and, iii, 93-4, xiv, 331, 338;
energy stores and harnessing of, v, 178-80;
fire source, xv, 230;
in sea, xiv, 285-6;
materials from, 104, 323-4

Voles, xii, 285, 290

Volga River, base level of, xiv, 164;
continental character, 153

Volition, xi, 259-67 (see Will)

Volkmann, on tedium, xi, 195;
pupil of Muller, x, 118

Volta, Alessandro, vi, 18-19, xvi, 122

Voltaic Cells, iv, 272, 295-6

Voltaic Pile, vi, 18-19, 61-2, 72;
invention, xvi, 122, 189

Voltaire, messengers, xvi, 11;
naturalism of, 111, 117

Volterra, soffioni of, v, 179

Volt-coulomb, iv, 294

Voltmeters, vi, 62, vii, 153-65, 376;
ammeters used as, 167-8;
electromagnetic, 171;
galvanometers as, 179;
invention, vi, 23;
Kelvin's, 24

Volt Ratings, vi, 53;
importance, 9, 72

Volts, Voltage, iv, 280-1, 284, vi, 53-4, 57, vii, 376;
amperage, resistance and, (see Ohm's Law);
changed by converters, vi, 345-8;
dangers of excessive, 9, 72;
decrease in transmission, vii, 189;
direct current, 164;
high, in smoke precipitation, vi, 164;
high, in transmission, 159-61, 331-2, vii, 10-11;
induced and generated, 370;
magnitude, on what dependent, 139, 144-5;
measurement (see Voltmeters);
regulation, vi, 188, 328-9, 346;
regulation in automobiles, vii, 144-50;
regulation in motors, vi, 226-8;
residual, 191;
stepped up and down, 309-10;
terminal and generated, 186;
transformation, 159-61 (see Transformers);
watt-seconds in relation to, 82, 85
(see also Electromotive Force)

Voltage Regulators, vi, 188, 328-9, 346

Volume, metric units of, viii, 28;
of gases, laws, 106-8

Volumetric Analysis, viii, 291, 292-5

Voluntary Actions, factors, xi, 260-5

Vomiting, cause, xi, 39

Von Kluck, course of, xiv, 92

Vortices, atmospheric, i, 134-5;
Descartes' theory of, ii, 60

Vosges Mountains, xiv, 87 (map), 90, 117

Vowel Sounds, nature of, xi, 104;
photograph record of, iv, 234

Vries, Hugo de, on mutants, xiii, 333, 334

V-shaped Depression, i, 238, 384

Vulcan (planet), ii, 189

Vulcanizing of Rubber, xiii, 245;
sulphur used in, viii, 77, 257-8

Vulcano, dormant volcano, xiv, 317

Vulcanology, science of, xvi, 38

Vultures, xii, 260

Waialeale, Mount, rainfall on, i, 112

Waiting, slowness of time in, xi, 194, 195, 196

Wakefulness, causes of, ix, 218-19
(see also Insomnia)

Wake Robin, xiii, 176, 183 (fig.)

Wales, Britons in, xiv, 243;
geology of, 271-2;
marriage by capture in, xv, 283

Walking, act and processes, ix, 89-90, 156-8;
balance, how maintained, xi, 31;
chain reflex in, 250;
correct carriage in, x, 305, 306;
as exercise, 304, 317;
high heel effects on, ix, 69;
of children, 351;
of men and apes, xv, 58;
work equivalent, x, 305

Walking Ferns, xiii, 65

Walking Machines, v, 215-16

Walking Stick, ix, 9, xii, 107-8

Wallabies, xii, 278-9, 280

Wall, Dr., on lightning, vi, 14

Wallace, A. R., on distribution of animals, xvi, 140;
on Martian life, ii, 248

Wallis J., mathematician, xvi, 113-14, 115

Wallpack Ridge, xiv, 51

Walnut Tree, antiquity of species, xiii, 324-5;
family, 191;
petals absent, 190;
sexes in, 46, 191;
in U. S. forests, xiv, 373

Walpurgis Night, i, 184

Walruses, xii, 334-5;
in glacial period, xiv, 376

Walschaerts Gear, v, 210

Walter, Dr. B., i, 147

Walter Reed Hospital, x, 189

Walther, patron of Regiomontanus, ii, 40, 41

Wapiti, xii, 317-18;
antlers of, 316

War, "art" of, i, 306;
chemistry in, viii, 262-4;
crowd psychology in, xi, 330-1;
destructiveness of modern, v, 359;
engines of, 359-75;
inventions and, 12, 350-60, 375;
meteorology in, i, 306-15;
science and, xvi, 9;
topographical considerations in, xiv, 92-3

Warblers, colors of, xii, 245-6

War Dances, xv, 307

Warm-blooded Animals, diseases of, x, 206;
temperature regulation in, x, 250, ix, 305

Warm-bloodedness, ix, 305;
advantages, 306-7;
importance of, xii, 244, 271

Warmth, sense of, ix, 93-4, 319-20, xi, 109, 112, 113, 114

Warping (geological), xiv, 35-6, 37, 38-9

Warp Threads, v, 278-9, 281, xv, 244-5, 246 (fig.)

Warren, Dr., x, 125

Wart-hog, xii, 310

War Vessels, first steam, v, 378

Wasatch Mountains, faulting in, iii, 89, 90-2, 152;
fault scarp of, xiv, 117, 122, 124, 230;
parallel beach lines on, 207;
recent uplift, iii, 39

Washing Machines, Electric, vii, 78-82, 90

Washing Soda, viii, 135

Washington, (city), malaria reduction in, x, 300

Washington, (State), earthquakes in, xiv, 331;
forests in, 374;
lava formations, 102, 104, 318

Washington Monument, diurnal gyration, v, 71

Washington Thorn, xiii, 198 (fig.)

Wasps, xii, 125-6;
appearance in Tertiary, 104;
nests of, xv, 266

Watches, balance wheel construction, iv, 148;
historical development, v, 57, 65, 379;
mechanism, 68-72;
precision of modern, 67-8;
radium dials, iv, 380;
screened from magnetism, vi, 32

Watchung Mts., xiv, 111

Water, atmospheric content, viii, 67;
basic element (Thales), xvi, 77;
body needs and uses of, viii, 355-6, 357, 358, ix, 37-8, 173, 233,
246-7, 262, 272, 273, 274, 276;
body percentage of, viii, 348
boiling of, by cooling, iv, 168-9;
boiling point, i, 73, iv, 136, 137, 141, 168, 178;
boiling point and pressure, 170, v, 354, viii, 303;
buoyant power of, iv, 104, 105;
capillarity, viii, 37;
catalyzing power, 103;
chemical composition, 26, 39-40, ix, 26;
chemical properties, viii, 38-40, 355-6;
cleansing agent, 142;
color and taste, 40;
compounds of, 38-9, 70, 79-80, 89, 152-3;
compressibility, v, 106, 107;
cooling by evaporation of, iv, 174, v, 349-50;
critical temperature and pressure, iv, 171-2, 173;
decomposition, viii, 21, 39, 101-2, 134, 184;
density of, iv, 113;
density standard, 111, 112, 149;
distribution of, on earth, xiv, 20-5;
drinking of, and obesity, x, 275;
drinking of, at meals, ix, 229;
electrical conductivity of, iv, 296;
electrolysis of, viii, 30-1;
expansion on freezing, iv, 149-51, 163, viii, 38, xiv, 75;
fire extinguishing by, viii, 57;
fluid temperatures, ii, 244;
foreign substances in, viii, 40-1;
forest requirements, xiv, 377-8;
formed by body tissues, ix, 262;
formed as by-product of salts, viii, 115, 116-17;
freezing of, warming process, iv, 161;
freezing of, while boiling, 169;
freezing point, i, 73, 136, 137, 141, 173;
freezing point, lowered by alcohol, viii, 299-300;
geological work (see Streams, Rivers, Lakes, Ocean);
grass requirements, xiv, 381;
ground (see Ground Water);
hardness of, viii, 151-2, 318, 377, iii, 126, xiv, 147;
heat capacity of, iv, 155, 162-3, 186;
heat conductivity, 176, 179;
heat convection in, 177-8;
heat developed in formation, viii, 95-6;
heating of, mechanical equivalent, iv, 49-50, v, 350;
height of rise in vacuum, iv, 27;
hydrogen produced from, viii, 30-2;
hydrolysis, 39, 217-18;
imperviousness of clay to, xiv, 137;
importance, viii, 36;
in animal body and plants, 348, 355-6;
in carbohydrates, 223, 224;
in carbon-hydrogen cycle, 350;
in protoplasm, ix, 37-8, 282;
in various foods, viii, 362, 363, 364, 365;
infant's need of, ix, 350;
interestingness of, xvi, 14;
ionization of, viii, 123;
"juvenile," xiv, 151-2;
kinetic energy, v, 84-5;
latent heat of, iv, 161, 174, 188, v, 169, 353-4, viii, 38;
laws of, widely known, vi, 106;
mechanical uses (see Hydraulic Machinery);
machines for raising, iv, 26-7;
men's need of, xiii, 101-2;
metabolism affected by, ix, 37-8;
metric measurements of, iv, 111, 112;
a mineral, iii, 308;
mixtures at different temperatures, iv, 153-4;
mixtures with ice, 160-1, v, 353-4;
necessity of, to life, x, 275, ix, 37-8, xi, 66, xiii, 101-2;
of chemical union, viii, 38-9;
of crystallization, 38;
of limestone regions, xiv, 147;
ore deposition by, viii, 199;
origin of life in, ii, 243, 244, xvi, 78;
origin on earth, iii, 160, 163;
oxygen in solution, viii, 35, ix, 182;
photographing objects under, i, 47-8;
physical properties, viii, 37-8, 40-1, 355;
plant fertilization by, xiii, 123, 149-52, 158-9, 160, 161, 165;
plants' storage of, 28, 41-2, 106-7, 378, 379, 380;
plants' use of, viii, 335, 337-8, 347, xiii, 90-6, 101-9, xiv, 65,
377-8, 381, ix, 26-7;
power in atoms, vi, 115;
pressure of, iv, 117-19, v, 94-5, vi, 47-9, 56;
produced by combustion or decay, viii, 61;
produced by volcanoes, iii, 107;
purified by ozone, vii, 354-5;
purification by dissolved oxygen, viii, 40, 111;
purity of flowing, iii, 121;
rate of flow, vi, 68-9, 70-1;
reflection of light by, iv, 373-4;
reflection of objects in, 337;
refraction of light by, 323, 326-7, 331, 373-4;
resistance, v, 190-2;
rock-weathering by, iii, 22-3, 24-6, viii, 194-5;
seed dispersal by, xiii, 346-8;
softening of, viii, 135, 152, 323-4;
soil, xiii, 92;
solvent action and solutions in, viii, 37, 111-13, 120-1, 217;
sound transmission by, v, 107, 108;
sound velocity in, iv, 201;
specific gravity basis, 109, 111;
specific heat of, 155, viii, 37;
states of, iv, 22, 131, 139, 151-2;
supercooled, viii, 113;
temperature in steam engines, v, 139-40;
temperature of greatest density, iv, 149, v, 350;
terrestrial, circulation and sources, xiv, 134-5, 151;
therapeutic uses of, x, 85, 383;
transparency in Lake Tahoe, iii, 154;
weight of, iv, 117, 149, v, 94, vi, 80-1, 147;
within the earth, iii, 109-10, 113-29

Water-bearing Strata, excavating through, v, 116-17

Water Birds, xii, 250-9;
feathers of, 244;
sleeping of, xi, 287

Water Boa, xii, 216

Water Boatmen (insects), xii, 114

Water Bugs, xii, 114

Water Chestnut, source, xiii, 266

Water Clocks, ancient, v, 59-63

Water-cooled Engines, v, 159-61

Water Cress, taste, xiii, 197

Water Dogs, xii, 171

Water-dripping Plants, xiii, 107-8

Water Drops, atmospheric, i, 91-2, 93, 95;
phenomena due to, 150, 166, 175, 177, 183

"Wateree," U. S. S., xiv, 337

Waterfalls, caused by Ice Age, iii, 242-3;
energy of, iv, 81;
in glacial valleys, xiv, 57;
in homogeneous rock, 132-3;
in old and new regions, iii, 33-4, xiv, 48, 49, 57, 159;
types, iii, 44-50

Water Gaps, xiv, 98

Water Glass, viii, 141

Water Hammer, in pipes, v, 84, vi, 254, 364

Water Hemlock, seeds, xiii, 201

Water Jets, digging with, v, 88;
dredging with, 258;
power, 80;
propulsion of boats by, 190;
vena contracta of, 89-90

Water Lilies, Amazon, xiii, 359-60;
class of, 196

Waterloo, Napoleon's indigestion before, ix, 238;
weather conditions, i, 307

Watermelon, xiii, 54, 227;
water content, viii, 365

Water Meters, v, 87-8

Water Organ, v, 110-11

Water Pipes, bamboo stems as, xiii, 183;
bursting of, iv, 151, xiv, 75;
electrical thawing, vii, 336-9;
electrolysis, 188;
rate of flow in, vi, 71;
water hammer in, 254, 364, v, 84

Watering Places, xiv, 145

Water Plethysmograph, xi, 284

Water Power, coal and, xiv, 31, 191;
compressing air with, v, 89-93;
discovery of, xv, 240-1;
early and present use, v, 75-6, 173, xiv, 31;
electricity from, vi, 162-3, 351-2, 361-70;
future possibilities, v, 83-4;
gravity the real power, 76-7, 139;
growing use of, viii, 267, 283;
high head importance, v, 77;
in mountain countries, xiv, 242;
use on farms, vii, 233-4;
"White Coal," v, 174
(see also Hydraulic Machinery, Hydroelectric Plants, Water Jets, Water
Wheels)

Waterproofing, by rubber, xiii, 245

Water Ram, v, 84-6

Water Scorpions, xii, 114

Watersheds, Atlantic-Pacific, xiv, 189-90;
in young and old regions, 158, 161

Water Snakes, xii, 217-18

Water Solubles (vitamines), x, 260, 261, 262

Waterspouts, i, 138, 384;
cores, 299;
lifting power, 356;
superstitions, 335

Water Supply, common sources, viii, 317-18;
from wells, iii, 118, viii, 317-18, xiv, 139-40;
of American cities, viii, 317, 318, 320, 322, xiv, 140-1;
pollution and purification, viii, 41, 317-24, xiv, 139-41;
purification by chlorine, viii, 86, 321;
purified by compressed air, iv, 130-1;
snow sources, i, 118;
typhoid contamination of, x, 287

Water Table, iii, 113, 118, xiv, 136;
rise of, i, 355

Water-tube Boilers, v, 140

Water Turbines, v, 82-3, vi, 361-2, 363-4;
efficiency, v, 170;
at Keokuk Plant, 81-2, 82-3;
of Niagara Power Plant, vi, 372-3, 374-5

Water Vapor, atmospheric, i, 10, 11, 14-15, 76, iv, 183;
precipitation, i, 90-6, 113, 115, 120, 121;
need of nuclei for condensation, viii, 113;
saturated pressure of, iv, 168, 169

Water Wheels, early use, v, 19, 75, 76;
energy used by, iv, 181;
former and modern types, v, 76-7;
invention of, xv, 240-1
(see also Pelton Wheels, Water Turbines)

"Waterwitch," steamboat, v, 190

Water Witches, iii, 123, 124

Water Yam, xiii, 89-90

Watkins Glen, iii, 44, 243

Watson, Sir Thomas, x, 112

Watson, Prof., asteroids of, ii, 256-7

Watt, James, power unit named for, iv, 285;
steam engine, v, 44, 47, 144-6, 376, 377, xvi, 125

Watt, Sir George, book on Indian plants, xiii, 266

Watt, power unit, iv, 80, 285, 310, 312, vi, 84-5, vii, 376;
method of ascertaining, vii, 166;
value in candlepower, iv, 352

Watt-hour, iv, 312, vi, 82;
erg and calorie equivalents, vii, 382

Watt-hour Meters, vii, 174-7

Wattmeters, vii, 172-4, 376;
electromagnetic, 171

Watt-second, vi, 82, 84, 85
(see also Joule)

Wave Length, iv, 196, 213, 214 (fig.), 384

Wave Meters, vii, 292-5

Waves, Ocean (see Ocean Waves)

Waves (vibrations), defined, iv, 196, 384
(see also Light Waves, Sound Waves, etc.)

Wax Candles, viii, 246, 247

Waxes, viii, 245-6, 350

Weak-Mindedness, facial expressions of, xv, 63, 64 (fig.)

"Weaning" Treatments, xi, 248

Weapon Salve, x, 79

Weapons, evolution of, v, 12-13, xv, 102-10, 190-2, 205-21

Weariness, indigestion from, ix, 241

Weasel Family, xii, 347-51

Weasels, xii, 348-9;
storing of food by, 292

Weather, aeronautics and, i, 284, 285;
atmospheric pressure and, 237-8, 241-2;
business dependence on, 261-70;
climate and, 199;
clothing in relation to, x, 309-10;
"comes from west," xiv, 350;
control of animal and plant life, i, 254;
correlation studies, 253;
crops and, 245-50, 252-3;
cycles, 242;
elements and how observed, 70-89;
heights of phenomena, 17, 18;
human effects, 316, 323-4, 330-1;
military importance, 306-15;
modern commenting on, 66;
moon's influence, ii, 201;
predictions for future eclipses, 217;
pressure areas and, i, 135, 218, 237-8, xiv, 349-50;
"recurrence," i, 363;
solar radiation and, 218-19, ii, 186-7, iv, 194;
sun-spots and, i, 16, 242, ii, 186;
variety in relation to efficiency, xiv, 357;
world-wide interrelations, i, 218, 241-2

Weather Bureau (see U. S. Weather Bureau)

Weather Forecasts and Forecasting, i, 224-6, 236-44;
advertising and, 265-6;
aeronautical, 18, 304-5;
agricultural, 256-7;
basis, 135;
frost, i, 260;
history of, xvi, 102, 177;
kites and balloons in, i, 22;
"odds," 314;
rainbows in, 177;
small progress in art, 382;
sunrise and sunsets in, 166;
United States, 216-17
(see also Weather Predictions)

Weather Glass, i, 70

Weather Instruments, i, 68-89

Weather Insurance, i, 269-70

Weather-Making, i, 332-45

Weather Maps, i, 225-36;
"flat," 239, 372;
marine, 273-6;
shipboard, 281;
winds on, 125-6, 134

Weather Observations and Reports, i, 66-89, 213-23;
aeronautical, 304-5, 314;
earliest instrumental, 201;
humidity in, xiv, 353-4;
marine, i, 274-6, 280-2;
used in crop forecasting, 251-2;
World War, 310, 314

Weather Predictions, long range, i, 241-4;
value to farmers, 249-50

Weather Prophets, distribution, i, 243

Weather Proverbs, i, 106, 177

Weather Vanes, ancient, i, 68;
common and scientific, 82

Weather Wells, i, 354, 384

Weathering of Rocks, iii, 22, 384, viii, 194-5, 338;
agencies and processes, iii, 22-9, xiv, 41-3, 62-4, 75-9, 105-6;
determined by character and arrangement of rocks, 44, 79, 130, 133;
in deserts and arid regions, iii, 23, 72, xiv, 41-2, 62, 69, 77-9;
on mountains, iii, 23-4, xiv, 40, 233;
plutonic rocks, 105-6, 107, 110, 112-13

Weaving, historical development of, xv, 243, 244-7;
pattern-making, v, 280-2;
threads, 276, 278-80

Weber's Law, xi, 184-5

Webs, of spiders, xii, 94, 95-6

Webster, Daniel, brain weight, xv, 39

Wedding Presents, xv, 285

Weddings, attendants at, origin of, xv, 282

Wedge, v, 37;
discovery of use, 15;
form of inclined plane, iv, 90;
friction in, 93

Wedge (meteorology), i, 238, 384

Weeds, origin in U. S., xiii, 353-4

Weedy Plantain, xiii, 88

"Weeping Trees," i, 351

Weeping Willow, xiii, 271-2

Weft Threads, v, 278, 280

Wegener, Dr. A., i, 192

Weight, iv, 58, 74, 99, 101;
defined, vi, 81, xvi, 130;
diminished by earth's rotation, iv, 74-5;
errors in perception of, xi, 184-5;
latitude and, ii, 69, iv, 101, 102, xvi, 130;
loss of, in fluids, iv, 104, 105, 106, (fig.), 107;
mass and, 84-5, 110, xvi, 130;
measured by spring balance, iv, 102;
measurement of, by displacement, 103-4, 105;
of gases, gram-molecular method, viii, 109;
units of, iv, 46, 283-4, viii, 28

Weight (bodily), at different ages, ix, 31, 32 (diagram);
metabolism in relation to, x, 271, ix;
reduction of, 302;
rate of reduction by fasting, x, 275

Weight Arm, in machines, v, 22, 26, 31, 32, 33

Weights and Measures, British and metric units, iv, 45-6, 69-70;
practical units, 283-4;
scientific standards, xvi, 129-30
(see also Units)

Weismann, germ plasm theory, x, 230;
on adaptations, xvi, 152

Welding of Metals, i, 33;
electric, iv, 312;
Goldschmidt method, viii, 155

Wells, airlifts in, iv, 130;
artesian, iii, 118-19, xiv, 12, 138;
blowing, i, 353-5, 368;
drilling of deep, iii, 119-21;
drying of, xiv, 136;
gases and minerals in water, 141-2;
Green's drive, v, 380;
locating of, iii, 123-6;
pumping systems for deep, v, 114-15;
sanitary aspects, iii, 121-3, xiv, 139-40;
source of, 138-9;
sunk in granite, 137;
water supply from, iii, 118-19, viii, 317-18

Wells, E. I., on railroads, i, 267

Wells, Horace, x, 124, 125, xvi, 185

Wells, Spencer, xvi, 184

Welsbach Gas Mantles, vi, 264, viii, 252;
invisible rays, xvi, 192

Welsh Language, xv, 162

Welsh People, in Mediterranean Group, xvi, 49;
mountain isolation of, xv, 130

Welts, hypnotic production, xi, 317

Welwitschia Mirabilis, xiii, 380-1

Wentletraps, xii, 71

West Africa, beetles of, xii, 124;
crocodiles of, 199-200;
coast of, xv, 136;
forests of, xiv, 366, 368-9;
hanging valleys in, 58;
harmattan of, i, 134;
monkeys of, xii, 379;
monsoons, i, 131;
python of, xii, 214;
river shrew of, 367;
sleeping sickness, x, 169;
tornadoes of, i, 137

Western American Volcanic Belt, xiv, 315

Western Forest (U. S.), xiv, 373-4

Western Pacific Volcanic Belt, xiv, 315-16

Western Union Telegraph Co., vii, 107-8, 112;
early weather forecasts, i, 216

West Indies, boa constrictor of, xii, 215;
clove production, xiii, 262;
coffee in, 233;
concordant coasts of, xiv, 249;
coral reefs in, 305;
earthquakes in, 331;
hurricanes, i, 136, 375;
hurricane reports, 280-2, 309;
mongooses in, xii, 352;
nutmeg production, xiii, 262;
poisonous snakes, xii, 234;
sea-shells of, 73;
sharks of, 143;
sponges of, 32;
spurge, xiii, 30-1;
vanilla production, 259;
volcanoes of, xiv, 316

Westerly Winds, region of prevailing, i, 128, 129

Westinghouse, George, air-brake, v, 130, 380

Westinghouse Electric Co., machinery for Niagara Plant, vi, 374, 375, 376

Westminster Abbey, weathering effects, iii, 22

West Virginia, natural gas, iii, 355

Wet Bulb Thermometer, i, 78-9, 318, 384

Wetness, exposure to, effects of, x, 239;
sensation of, xi, 128

Wet Steam, v, 140

Whalebone, xii, 298

Whales, xii, 297-9;
sawfish and, 149;
squids and, 80

Whale's Food, xii, 19

Whaling Industry, aerial patrol in, i, 48

Wheat, ancestral home, xiii, 182, 221;
economic importance, i, 263, xiii, 208;
food value, viii, 364, x, 259, 261, 262, 267, 278, 279;
fruit for seed dispersal, xiii, 56;
germination of seeds, ix, 16-17, xiii, 211;
history and forms, 210-11;
in grass family, 179;
Mediterranean source, xiv, 382;
phosphate requirements, 67;
protein in, xiii, 95;
rust, 13;
snow and, i, 253;
stalk stiffening, viii, 337;
starch made from, 243;
time required to produce, v, 249;
vitamines in hulls, ix, 35, 36
(see also Winter Wheat)

Wheatstone Bridge, iv, 301, vi, 80

Wheel and Axle, v, 31-3;
action of, like lever, iv, 89

Wheel Lock, xv, 217

Wheeled Vehicles, use on farms, v, 215

Wheels, centrifugal force of, iv, 71;
discovery and development of, xv, 241-3;
evolution of, v, 16-17, 205;
form of lever, 21, 28;
friction, 204;
friction-saving by, 205-6;
large and small, 206;
not found in nature, 16, 215;
tendency to turn on center of gravity, 150;
in transportation, 214-15

Whelks, xii, 72

Whippoorwills, family of, xii, 267;
feathers about mouth, 244

Whirlwinds, dust, i, 60

Whiskey, making of, viii, 250

Whispering Galleries, iv, 239

Whistles, policeman's, iv, 220;
siren, 205

Whistling, impossible in caissons, iv, 32

White (color), reflection of light by, x, 309

White, Andrew D., on comets, ii, 84

White, Charles, x, 92

White, D., quoted, iii, 202, 343

White, I. C., anticlinal theory, iii, 352

White, Maunsel, v, 55, 383

White, Orlando E., xiii, 221

White Ants, xii, 110

White-blood, metabolism in, x, 272

"White Coal," v, 76, 174

White Corpuscles, ix, 182 (fig.), 184-8;
germ destruction by, 185-7, x, 197, 209-10;
passage through capillary walls, ix, 194

Whiteface, Mount, spring on, iii, 117

Whitefish, xii, 154, 159

White Flies, xii, 112

White Flour, vitamines absent in, x, 267, ix, 35

Whitehead Torpedo, v, 380

White Heat, temperature of, iv, 361

White Lead, viii, 162, 265

White Light, iv, 364;
composition, Colors, i, 165, iv, 357-9, 366-7, vi, 282, viii, 301, ix,
115, 3579, xvi, 119;
hands and face in, iv, 364-5

White Mts., Arctic species in, xiv, 377;
club mosses of, xiii, 305;
in Mesozoic Era, iii, 232

White Pine, in northern forests, xiv, 372;
region of, xiii, 368

White Plague, x, 290, 294

White Race, xv, 32;
beards in, 38;
brain weight, 41;
characteristics indefinite, 35-6;
disease immunity and susceptibility, 48, 49-50;
eyes, color of, 37;
facial angle in, 45;
hair, color and form of, 37, 38;
in tropics, i, 327, xiv, 344, 356-7, xv, 49-50;
jaw angle of, 44;
language relationships, 161-3;
light and dark divisions, 37;
measles in, 48;
nose index and nostril shapes, 45, 46;
savages' ideas of, 334;
separate origin theory, 70;
skull index in, 42;
skull capacity, 41

White Rainbows, i, 176, 384

White Rats, protein experiments on, ix, 287-8, 288

White Swelling, x, 78

"White Way" Lighting, vi, 279, vii, 339-40

White Whales, xii, 297

Whitman, Walt, "Song of Myself," xi, 336

Whitney, Eli, v, 269;
cotton gin, 269-71, 376, xiii, 237-8;
milling machine, v, 47, 378;
standard muskets, 49-50

Whitney, Mount, observatories on, ii, 144, 149

Whitney, Professor, on emphasis, xv, 144;
on language changes, 157

Whittlesey, Lake, iii, 148

Whole Wheat Bread, vitamines in, x, 267

Whooping Cough, consumption from, x, 292;
germ of, 216

Wickam, H. A., "botanical specimens" of, xiii, 247

Widal Reaction, x, 216

Wilberforce Spring, iv, 83-5

Wilcox & Gibbs Machine, v, 285

Wild Arum, fertilization, xiii, 153

Wild Asses, xii, 308

Wild Boar, xii, 310;
in Cro-Magnon paintings, xv, 114

Wildcats, xii, 356

Wild Dogs, xii, 345

Wild Ducks, seed dispersal by, xiii, 340-1

Wilderness of Judæa, xiv, 121

Wild Horse, xii, 306-7

Wild Mustard, origin in U.S., xiii, 353-4

Wild Ox, xii, 330-1

Willets, xii, 262

Will or Volition, xi, 259-67;
hypnosis and, 317, 318;
motor character, 61;
source of energy of, 33

William the Conqueror, at Salerno, x, 36, 37

Willamette River, navigability of, xiv, 195

Williams, Prof. Samuel, ii, 211;
quoted, i, 201

Williams, Wells, on Chinese astronomy, ii, 21

Williamson, chemical work, xvi, 133-4, 162, 165

Willis, Thomas, xvi, 108

Will-o'-the-Wisp, i, 346-9

Willow Trees, antiquity of species, xiii, 324-5;
family, 191;
fertilization, 122;
origin and product, 244;
petals absent, 190;
seed dispersal, 343;
sexes in, 47, 191;
sprouting of, 166

Willughby, xvi, 126

Wilson, A. B., sewing machine, v, 284-5, 379

Wilson, T. L., xvi, 190-1

Wimhurst Influence Machine, vi, 301

Winch, iv, 90-1

Winchell, A. N., i, 55

Winchester, James, quoted, i, 360

Wincing, origin, xi, 133

Wind, Winds, cause and general system, i, 124-9, xiv, 347-51;
climate determined by, 345-7;
complex structure, i, 292-8;
defined, x, 384;
direction, how observed, 82;
drying power, 77;
due to sun, v, 177, xiv, 32;
dust-carrying by, i, 52-5, iii, 71, 73-5, xiv, 77, 327;
eddies and updrafts, i, 53;
force measurement, 83-4, 294-6;
force in relation to isobars and altitudes, i, 126;
geological work, iii, 71-5;
gusts, i, 295;
human control, i, 332, 333;
in aeronautics, 284-6, 289-300;
lifting effort on kites, iv, 76 (fig.);
lightning and, i, 148;
local names, 132;
ocean, 271-6;
ocean currents caused by, xiv, 303;
plant fertilization by, xiii, 118, 123, 148-9;
power to blow objects aloft, i, 356;
pressure areas and, i, 124-6, 127-9, 134-5, 218, xiv, 349-50;
pressure due to inertia, v, 234;
projectiles and, i, 312-13;
rainfall and, 111;
rock destruction by, iii, 72-3, xiv, 41, 45, 62, 77, 233;
sailing against, iv, 77 (fig.), v, 182, 186-8;
seed dispersal by, xiii, 58-9, 156, 340, 343-6;
soils deposited by, iii, 73-4, xiv, 71-5;
sound and, i, 187, iv, 210-11;
superstitions, i, 334-5;
topography and, 292, 294 (fig.), 296-7;
types, 130-9;
use of power, 37-8, v, 75, 111, 173, 182;
velocity and force, i, 83, 84, 137, 138;
vertical, 293;
waves caused by, xiv, 299;
weather and, i, 237-8, xiv, 349-50;
worship of, by Polynesians, xv, 342

Wind Aloft, i, 384

Wind Aloft Maps, i, 230, 231, 233

Wind Charts, i, 206, 271-3

Wind Gaps, iii, 39, 38 (fig.), xiv, 58, 98, 169

Wind Instruments, iv, 231;
development of, xv, 316-17

Windmills, v, 75, 111;
modern use, i, 37-8

Windpipe, cartilage in, ix, 57;
connections and parts, 255

Wind Rose, i, 273-4, 384

Wine, alcohol in, how measured, iv, 113;
flavors of, viii, 248-9;
pasteurization of, x, 139-40;
religious uses, primitive, xv, 352

Wine Making, viii, 248-9;
Pasteur's discoveries, x, 138, 139-40

Wine Palm, xiii, 53

Winged Fruit and Seed, xiii, 58, 345-6

Wings, of birds, xii, 247

Wings, of flowers, xiii, 47-8

Wing Shells, xii, 73-4

Winkles (shellfish), xii, 72

Winnepeg, Lake, iii, 144

Winter, effects on life, xi, 51;
human efficiency in, i, 323;
keeping warm in, ix, 309, 312;
land and sea winds in, xiv, 346;
mild and severe, how determined, 350;
"old fashioned," i, 200-2;
thunderstorms, danger of, 156

Winter-Days, temperature, i, 205, 384

Wintergreen, origin, xiii, 255

Wintergreen Plants, xiii, 202

Winter Provender, of rodents, xii, 292-3

Winter Wheat, best time to plant, i, 256;
snow and, 253

Wireless Communication, vii, 258-98;
condensers in, vi, 303, 304;
dependent on simultaneous reactance, 171;
hot-wire ammeters in, vii, 163, 164
(see also Radio)

Wireless Control, of aeroplanes and ships, vii, 283-4

Wireless Signals, in aeronautics, i, 291, 292, 302

Wireless Telegraphy, iv, 313-16;
alternating currents in, vi, 168;
conditions of transmission, vii, 272-3;
detectors, 268, xvi, 191-2;
history, 191;
induction coils in, iv, 305, 313, 314;
resonance in, 226;
strays or static, i, 162-3;
theory for amateurs, vii, 285-98;
vacuum tubes in, vi, 125, vii, 276-80;
weather reporting by, i, 257, 269, 280-2, 315;
in World War, vii, 283
(see also Wireless Communication)

Wireless Telephony, iv, 315-16;
aeronautical uses, i, 44-5, 302;
alternating currents in, vi, 163;
current conversion, 339-41;
development of, vii, 280-3;
distress signals, 284;
theory for amateurs, 285-98;
vacuum tubes in, vi, 125, 339-41, vii, 276, 278, 279, 280;
weather reporting by, i, 257;
in World War, vii, 282-3
(see also Wireless Communication)

Wires, current-capacity table, vii, 58;
leakage, 10-11;
measure (circular mils), iv, 282-3;
measure (mils), vi, 77, vii, 373;
resistance of, iv, 281, 282-3, vi, 79;
sizes and kinds in transmission, vii, 20-4;
standard tables, (copper), 378-81;
types of insulation, 58

Wireworms, xii, 124

Wiring, interior, vii, 51-72;
exterior (see Overhead, Underground Transmission)

Wishbone, of birds, xii, 247

Wisby, in Hanseatic League, xiv, 282

Wisconsin, drainage studies in, xiv, 131;
drumlins of, iii, 69, xiv, 60;
Ice Age in, iii, 239;
lakes of, xiv, 200;
terminal moraines in, 59

Wise, John, rip panel inventor, v, 224

Wiseman, Richard, x, 78

Wishes, dreams from, xi, 293, 299-300, 301-2;
suppression of, 140-2, 257

Wistar, Casper, x, 116

Wit, psychology of, xi, 350-7

Witchcraft, former theories of, x, 357, 360

Witches, colonial ordeals for, xv, 373

Witchhazel, origin, xiii, 255

Witch-Hazel Plant, seed dispersal, xiii, 339

Witnesses, influence of forms of questions, xi, 308-10;
untrustworthiness, 103, 168

Woevre, France, xiv, 91

Wöhler, Friedrich, x, 126

Wolf, astronomer, ii, 134

Wolff, Caspar F., xvi, 118

Wolf-Rayet Stars, ii, 116

Wollaston, William Hyde, xvi, 122, 162;
spectrum studies, ii, 111, 112

Wolverine, xii, 348-9

Wolves, xii, 340-2;
dogs and, 344;
ears of, 346;
in Great Britain, xiv, 273;
Tasmanian, xii, 277

Wombat, xii, 278

Women, basal metabolism of, x, 271;
bearing of pain by, ix, 87;
brain weight in, xv, 39;
color-blindness in, ix, 116, 340-1;
dress of, x, 309;
ear-rings of, xv, 259;
food requirements, viii, 367;
heart rate in, x, 334;
height of, xv, 38;
modesty and immodesty in dress, 254-5;
painting of, 256;
skull capacity, 40;
susceptibility to temperature changes, x, 240;
voice tones of, ix, 99

Wonder, in various sentiments, xi, 146, 147

Wood, chemical material of, viii, 44;
decay of, xiii, 71;
distillation for wood alcohol, viii, 214;
electrical conductivity, iv, 259;
flame of burning, viii, 57;
heat conductivity, iv, 176, 177;
percentage of carbon in, viii, 44;
petrified, iii, 15-16;
sound velocity in, iv, 201;
storage appliance of plants, xiii, 96;
use as food, ix, 24
(see also Heartwood, Sap wood)

Wood, Henry Wise, v, 383

Wood Alcohol, viii, 214;
flame of, 60;
used as denaturant, 250

Wood Ashes, lye from, viii, 276;
potash in, 279, 343, 344, xiv, 67

Woodchucks, xii, 295

Woodcocks, xii, 263

Wood Lice, xii, 82

Woodpeckers, xii, 267;
mating of, xv, 276-7;
toes of, xii, 265;
use of tools, v, 11

Wood Pulp, in paper making, v, 290, 292-5, 380

Wood Sorrels, leaves, xiii, 88-9, 113

Woodward, Dr. Robert S., ii, 147, xvi, 126

Woody Tissue, composition, xiv, 65

Woof, of woven goods, v, 278, xv, 244

Wool, as clothing material, x, 307, 308, 309, ix, 311;
chemical properties and manufacture, viii, 256;
dyes of, 259;
electrification of, iv, 257, 258, 259;
humidity effects in manufacture, i, 78;
removal of cotton from, viii, 255;
warmth, to what due, iv, 178

Wool Grass, xiii, 182 (fig.)

Wool-pack Clouds, i, 101-2, 384

Woolwich Observatory, founding, xvi, 127

Woolworth Building, elevator system, v, 134-5;
height of tower, 79;
flood lighting, vi, 283

Wordsworth, paradox of, xi, 247

Words, changes in meanings of, xv, 157;
double meanings, 158-9;
inadequacy in feelings, 143;
origin of various, 153-4, 157, 161

Work (labor), conditions of, importance, xi, 361-2;
daily amount in calories, ix, 297;
daily amount in foot-tons, x, 305;
effect of distractions, xi, 277;
fatigue and capacity for, x, 246, 247;
fatigue from new, ix, 81;
fatigue in pleasant and unpleasant, xi, 274-6, 277-8;
food energy consumed by, viii, 367;
planning of, xi, 377-8;
rest periods and efficiency, 363
(see also Vocations)

Work (mechanics), iv, 37, 38;
accomplished by inequalities, viii, 168;
energy and, iv, 37-40, 78-88;
heat relations to, 189-91, 193;
measurement and units, 78, 79-80, 189-90, vi, 81-2, 84;
rate of, iv, 80
(see Power)

Workers, food requirements and energy of, viii, 367;
instruction of beginners, xi, 363-5;
interest of, 376;
jobs and, 358-61;
tool adjustment to, 362