Chapter XVII: Science in the Twentieth Century (5)

Eyes, vi, 270-3, ix, 109-11, xi, 83-97;
abuse of, mental effects, 373-4;
color, inheritance of, ix, 335-6;
color in different races, xv, 37, xvi, 48, 49, 50;
color perception by, ix, 116-17;
color perception limits, iv, 360-1;
comparable with camera, ix, 108;
connection with brain, 124, 142;
controlling nerves, xi, 30;
depth perception by, ix, 120;
diseases and defects, 112-14;
distance of distinct vision, iv, 342, 343;
distance perception by, ix, 118-19;
double images, xi, 175-81;
fatigue from, 279;
fear effects, 132;
fixation, how learned, 39-40;
inflammation due to lack of vitamines, x, 260;
in infants, ix, 350, 351, xi, 39, xv, 61;
in sleep, xi, 282, 283, 286;
muscles around, ix, 77;
of various animal forms, xii, 67, 101-2, 138-9, 205-6, 209;
origin, xi, 109;
persistence of vision, iv, 346-7;
position in attention, xi, 232;
pupil size, iv, 343;
receptor organs, xi, 30, 62;
regulation to light, x, 254;
sensibility to light waves, iv, 360;
smooth muscles of, ix, 161-2;
soul in, savage idea of, xv, 330-1;
space perception by, xi, 169-70, 171-2, 173, 174-83, 186-90;
winking and watering of, 19, 23, 63
(see also Sight, Vision)

Eye Sockets, ix, 62

Eyestrain, ix, 113, 114, 239;
Behan on, xi, 374

Eyra, xii, 364

Fabre, J. H., xvi, 143-4

Fabrics, making of, v, 268-88;
manufacturing processes, viii, 256;
Philippine fiber, xiii, 236, 239;
warmth of different, ix, 311-12, x, 309

Fabry, Wilhelm, x, 78-9

Face, anthropological measurements, xv, 43-5;
brain case and, 43, 62;
in infants, ix, 345;
pallor and flushing of, 161, 165, 166;
brain power expressed in, xv, 39, 63-4;
color in different lights, iv, 364-5;
painting of, xv, 256

Facial Angle, xv, 44-5

Facial Expressions, xv, 63-4;
dejection and, xi, 337, 339;
man's trained control, 82, 350-1;
smell and, 82;
smiling, 357;
taste and, 74, 75, 76;
tone of voice and, xv, 144

Factor Differences, xiii, 330, 331-2

Factories, fatigue reduction, xi, 277;
importance of conditions, 361-2;
instruction of beginners, 363-5;
lighting importance, 361;
rest periods, 363;
warm floors, importance of, ix, 320
(see also Industrial Plants, Industrial Psychology)

Factory System, beginning of, x, 244;
occupational diseases in, 245

Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel, iv, 135-6

Fahrenheit Thermometer, i, 73, viii, 27;
compared with other scales, iv, 137, 141, viii, 27, 384;
invention, i, 69;
scale, how prepared, iv, 135-6, 137

Fainting, cause and relief, ix, 217;
due to weakness, x, 89;
low blood pressure in, 336

Fairmont, W. Va., deep well at, iii, 120, v, 265

Faith Healing, Barton on, x, 76;
effectiveness, xi, 374

Falcons, xii, 260, 261;
hunting with, xv, 223

Falkland Islands, groundsel of, xiii, 345

Falling Bodies, Galileo's studies of, iv, 19, 28, 97;
laws of, 96-7, xvi, 31-3;
velocity of, ii, 64, iv, 65;
velocity on sun and earth, ii, 168

Falling Stars (see Meteors, Meteorites)

Fall Line, xiv, 28, 214

Fallopius, x, 51, 53

Fallowing, viii, 341-2

Fall Winds, i, 132-3, 372

False Cirrus, i, 102, 104, 372

False Coral, xii, 47

Family, origin and evolution of the, xv, 273, 278-85, 360-1, 362

Fancy, pictures of, xi, 202

Fanning, benefits of, ix, 316-17

Farad, electric capacity unit, iv, 284, vii, 368

Faraday, chemical work, xvi, 160, 162, 163;
discovery of anesthetics, 185;
dynamo invention, 189;
electrical work, vi, 16, 21, 22-3, 50;
farad named after, iv, 284;
metallurgical work, xvi, 174;
on lines of force, iv, 252;
on philosophers, x, 376;
suggestion of fourth state of matter, xvi, 193

Faradic Currents, vii, 243, 248-9

Fargo, N. D., region, iii, 34

Farmers, ancient and recent methods, v, 239-40;
motor machines, 214;
past injustice and hardships, vii, 220-1;
small, and machinery, v, 249-50

Farms, cost of horse work, vii, 224-6;
electricity on, iv, 10, vii, 220-34;
migration of boys from, 221;
motor machines on, v, 214, 215-18

Far-sightedness, ix, 112-13, xi, 85

Fata Morgana, i, 172, 372

Fatigue, xi, 268-80;
adrenalin effects, 137;
cure for, x, 247-8;
disorders and diseases due to, 246-9;
from muscles, xi, 124;
from posture, ix, 83, 84;
habit and, xi, 253;
insomnia from, 289;
mental and physical, relations, x, 247, xi, 135-6;
mental effects, 13;
mental effects illustrated, xvi, 18;
muscular, cause and effects, ix, 80-1;
nervous, 137-8;
no sense organs of, 91;
physical effects of, x, 246-7;
rest periods and, xi, 363;
retardation of impulses in, 20;
sleep in relation to, ix, 219;
smooth muscles free from, 84-5;
stimulation to change, xi, 338-9;
suggestibility in, 307

Fatness, (obesity), x, 272-5;
adipose tissues in, ix, 298;
reduction of, 301-2

Fats, amount in daily diets, viii, 366-7, ix, 300-1;
animal, viii, 246, 348, 349, 350, x, 260;
animal, vitamines in, ix, 33;
calories in, viii, 361, x, 269;
composition, viii, 221, 245, 247, 335-6, 376;
digestion and utilization, 356, 357, 359, ix, 242-3, 244-5, 289-90,
294, 298-9, x, 326, 330;
extraction of, viii, 246;
food value and requirements, 335, 336, 362, 363, ix, 33, 300-1, x,
256, 260-2, 268, 269, 271;
identification of, viii, 310;
indigestibleness of, ix, 286;
in human body, viii, 348, 349;
lipins, 350-1;
liquid and solid, 232, 244, 247
(see also Oils);
metabolism of, x, 270;
molecular structure, viii, 217-18;
not antigens, x, 205;
preserving of, viii, 371;
skin excretions, x, 310;
soap effects on, viii, 141-2;
soap made of, 141, 221, 246;
tastelessness, 366;
uses, 246-7;
vegetable, 246, 335-6, 349, 350;
vegetable, lack of vitamines in, x, 259, 260-1, 262

Fatty Acids viii, 220;
butter percentage, 245, 364;
candles made from, 247;
in fats and oils, 221, 244, 245;
soap made from, 221, 246

Faults, Faulting, iii, 86-92, 378, xiv, 37-8, 114-28;
coasts formed by, 264;
earthquakes and, iii, 87, 90, 93, 94-6, 97, 98, xiv, 39, 115, 128,
334-5, 339-41;
greatest displacement, 39;
hot springs in relation to, 143;
lakes formed by, iii, 151, 152, 153;
mountains formed by, 138-9, xiv, 226, 229, 230

Fault Scarps, iii, 378, xiv, 38;
denudation of, 115-16;
persistency of, 122, 123, 124

Fault Valleys, xiv, 127-8

Fear, cause and accompaniments of, ix, 153, 166, xi, 131-3, 136, 138;
dominant human impulse, xv, 185;
dreams from, xi, 293, 294, 299-300, 301-2;
expression of, in animals, xv, 64;
in various sentiments, xi, 146, 147, 148;
pain deadened by, 120;
subconscious processes and, 212-13, 214

Feathers, of birds, xii, 243-7

Feeble-mindedness, inheritance of, x, 234, 235-6;
reflex action in, xi, 36

Feelings, brain processes in, ix, 154;
classes of, 153-4;
essentials of, xi, 25;
expression of, xv, 143;
motor response and, xi, 43 (see Consciousness, Emotions, Sensations)

Feet, bones of, ix, 68-9, 70 (fig.);
care of, x, 312;
Chinese women's, xv, 260, 261 (fig.);
cold or warmth felt in, ix, 320, 322;
custom of covering, xv, 254;
equal size of, ix, 170;
mental impairment by troubles with, xi, 373;
of ape and men, compared, iii, 301 (fig.), xv, 57, 60-1;
of infants, 61;
of Tertiary mammals, iii, 298, 299-300;
proper shoeing, ix, 69-70, x, 306;
relative lengths, xv, 57;
soles of, nerve connections, ix, 132, 135;
uses of, by men and monkeys, xv, 60-1;
wetting of, and colds, x, 239, 306, 341

Feldspar, iii, 308, 328-9;
chemical composition, viii, 90, 193;
clay from, iii, 25, 27, 28, 373;
disintegration, viii, 194;
potash in, 201

Felt, making of, v, 289

Fer-de-lance, xii, 234

Ferdinand II of Tuscany, i, 69, 213

Fergusson, William, x, 130

Fermat, Pierre de, xvi, 105, 114, 119

Fermentation, alcoholic, viii, 248-9;
of sewage, 328;
of sugars, 225, 227;
on what dependent, xiii, 66, 71;
Pasteur's studies in, x, 137, 138-9, 141, 143 (see Alcoholic
Fermentation)

Ferments, viii, 357, 376;
as catalyzers, 103

Ferns, xiii, 63-6;
classification, iii, 251;
cycad-like, xiii, 309;
evolution, iii, 252, 254, 256, xiii, 303, 317;
fossils, iii, 272 (Pl. 15), xiii, 324;
in tropical forests, xiv, 368;
mosses and, xiii, 69;
number of species, 323;
power of roots, 19;
reproductive processes, 155-60

Ferrel's Law, i, 124-5

Ferrets, xii, 349

Ferric Compounds, viii, 161

Ferrite, viii, 160, 273

Ferrous Compounds, viii, 161;
action of oxygen on, 194

Fertilization of Plants, xiii, 118-65;
devices to insure, 48-53;
of yucca plant, xvi, 152-3
(see also Cross Fertilization)

Fertilizers, viii, 278-80, 342-6;
ammonium, 147;
garbage, 330, 343;
natural, 327, 342-4;
natural, in southern China, xiv, 73;
nitrogen, i, 34, viii, 72, 74, 75, 137, 280, 345-6, xiv, 66;
phosphate, viii, 89, 153, 279-80, 344-5, xiv, 67, 68;
potassium, viii, 134, 146, 278-9, 344;
potash, xiv, 67-8;
primitive knowledge of, xv, 202

Festoon Clouds, i, 104, 372

Fetal Anlage, x, 120

Fetishes, xv, 348-9

Fevers, cause, temperature, and treatment, ix, 317-19;
cooling of skin in, iv, 174;
explanation of phenomena, x, 214;
heart rate in, 334;
improvement of treatment, xvi, 184-5;
inanition in, x, 276;
racial immunity and susceptibility to, xv, 50, 51;
Sydenham's treatment of, x, 73;
use of antipyretics in, 381

Fibers, cellulose, viii, 254-6;
sources, uses, and kinds, xiii, 235-45

Fibrin, ix, 180

Fields, electrostatic and magnetic, vii, 368 (see Electrostatic Fields,
Magnetic Fields)

Field Strength or Intensity, vii, 368, 370

Figs, for constipation, ix, 251;
origin, xiii, 225

Fig Trees, antiquity of species, xiii, 324-5;
of Bahamas, 18;
of Brazil, 365;
of India (illus.), 16;
of West Indies, 21

Filled Space, xi, 187

Filled Time, xi, 194

Filterable Viruses, x, 200

Final Common Path, xi, 22-3;
in acquired tastes, 73;
in association of ideas, 199;
in attention, 230;
preoccupation of, 119, 120, 121

Finches, coloring of, xii, 245-6

Fingal's Cave, jointed rocks in, xiv, 129

Fingers, bones of, ix, 67, 68, (fig.);
curling of, in infants, ix, 349;
flexed position, xi, 42-3;
muscles for operating, ix, 76;
of men and apes, xv, 60

Finland, coast of, xiv, 247, 259;
lakes of, 200

Finland, Gulf of, salinity, xiv, 296

Fiords, (see Fjords)

Fire, Civilization in relation to, ix, 308, 309, xv, 229;
discovery of, v, 349;
possibility of life in, ii, 251;
production and sources, viii, 89, xv, 229-32;
production by air compression, v, 128;
production of, by friction, iv, 48-9;
religious associations of, xv, 234

"Fire Animal," xii, 20

Firearms, v, 361-8, 379;
ignition systems, viii, 145

Fire Balloons, v, 223

Fire Damp, iii, 354

Fire Engine, Ericsson's steam, v, 378;
Hero's, xvi, 92-3

Fire Extinguishers, carbon tetrachloride in, v, 212;
chemical and electric, vi, 101, 102

Fireflies, xii, 124;
as ignis fatuus, i, 346;
light of, vi, 268

Fire Hazard, electricity and, vii, 51-2, 223, 224;
in rural districts, 231;
reduced by lightning rods, i, 156

Fire Proof Type of Construction, vii, 55

Fire Pumps, v, 114

Fire Underwriters, Board of, vii, 53-4

Fires, caused by overloaded circuits, vii, 34;
cause of "spalling" in, iii, 24;
crowd psychology at, xi, 327-8;
dust from, i, 56-7;
extinguishing of, viii, 56-7;
prairie, xiii, 374, 375;
rain control by, i, 345;
records in tree rings, xiii, 25

Fire-Weather Warnings, i, 240

Fireweed, seed dispersal, xiii, 343-4

Fir Trees, dominance in north, xiii, 350;
forests of U. S., 367-8;
in landscaping, 270-1
(see also Conifers)

Fish, as food, ix, 24;
calories in, 299;
food value, viii, 362-3;
vitamines in, x, 262

Fishes, Age of, iii, 20, 21, 283, xv, 71;
anatomy and physiology of, xii, 132-6;
bony, 151-3;
breeding habits, 140-1;
carelessness of offspring, xv, 275;
cartilage skeletons of lowest, ix, 58;
catching of, by savages, xv, 227-8;
catching of, with cormorants, 223-4;
classification, iii, 260, xii, 142;
deep sea (see Deep Sea);
eggs, 140-1, 155, xv, 21, xvi, 116;
evolution, iii, 282-5;
food of, ix, 24;
intelligence in, xii, 139-40;
leeches and, 56;
migrations in relation to plankton, xvi, 147-8;
modern, xii, 154-66;
number of species, xvi, 146-7;
of oceanic islands, xiv, 278;
oxygen supply of, viii, 35, ix, 182;
rate of increase in, xv, 20;
regeneration in, xii, 170;
reproduction in, 140-1;
sense organs, 137-9;
"showers," of, i, 355;
temperature variations, 317;
temperature variations, effects, ix, 78

Fish-eye Views, iv, 374

Fishhawks, xii, 260

Fish Patrol, Aerial, i, 48

Fission, xii, 26

Fissures, defined, iii, 378;
ore deposits in, viii, 199

Fissure Springs, xiv, 138, 152

Fitch, John, steamboat, v, 189

FitzRoy, Admiral Robert, i, 224-5, 282, 363

Fiume, importance to Jugoslavs, xiv, 268, 306

Fixation (sight), how we learn, xi, 39-40

Fixed Stars, ancient idea of, ii, 350;
motions of, 46, 86-7, 121-2, 304-5 (see Stars)

Fjords, Fjord Coasts, xiv, 258-62;
Norwegian, formation of, iii, 79;
Norwegian, frost smoke, i, 95

Flagellate Cells, xii, 30-1

Flame, viii, 57-61;
colors as metal tests, 133, 134, 144, 289, 301;
heat production by, iv, 138, 144

Flamingos, xii, 256

Flammarion, books on Mars, ii, 238;
on curious showers, i, 355;
on lightning pranks, 153-4

Flamsteed, astronomer, xvi, 124;
star numbering, ii, 302-3

Flannel, heat conductivity, iv, 179

Flannelette, x, 308

Flashboards, vii, 40

Flash Boiler, v, 213

Flashes, electric, vi, 91;
extinguished by electromagnets, 102

Flashing Arcs, i, 194, 372

Flatfish, eyes of, xii, 138

Flatulence, sleeplessness from, ix, 219

Flatworms, xii, 18, 44-5

Flavors, ix, 95, 97;
chemistry of, viii, 251-2;
food value, 366, ix, 98, 240, 242;
in plants, viii, 349;
perception of, ix, 97-8

Flax, retting of, xiii, 243;
spinning of, in ancient Egypt, xv, 243, 244 (fig.)

Flax Plant, products and origin, xiii, 235, 244, xiv, 382

Flesh-eating Animals, as food, ix, 24;
bile color in, 275;
intestine length in, 246;
protein surplus in, 284-5

Flexner, medical work of, x, 200, 218, 302

Flexor Muscles, ix, 76-7;
strength, xi, 41, 43;
withdrawing reactions by, 54

Flies, xii, 120;
appearance in Jurassic, 104;
buzzing of, 103;
claws of, 102-3;
evolution and varieties, 104-6;
plant fertilizers, xiii, 131-3;
typhoid fever spread by, x, 287, 288;
wings of, xii, 103

Flight, bodily preparations for, ix, 166;
instinct of, xi, 55, 132, 136

Flint, iii, 13, 337;
fire production by, iv, 48;
flaking of, xv, 103, 104, 107 (fig.), 109

Flint and Steel, xv, 232

Flint Implements, ancient, xv, 79, 81, 82, 87, 104, 105, 109

Flintlock, viii, 145, xv, 217, 218 (fig.)

Floating Bodies, v, 95, 195-6;
laws of, iv, 103-4, 107

Flood Lighting, vi, 283

Flood Plains, iii, 379, xiv, 53;
alluvial soils of, 70, 71;
embankments and slopes, 161-2;
illustration, iii, 80, (Pl. 4);
in old and new areas, 33, 34;
plant societies of, xiv, 372

Floods, power of, iii, 31;
rainfall and, i, 110-11

Flood Warnings, i, 240

Floors, warm, importance of, ix, 320

Flora, defined, xiv, 363

Florida, alligators of, xii, 197;
coal forming conditions, iii, 199;
coasts of, xiv, 251;
co-, xii, 40, 42;
crocodiles of, 198;
frosts in, xiv, 370;
serpula quina rock, viii, 152;
coral reefs, tubes, xii, 55;
shad fishing in, 155;
snakes of, 226, 236;
tarpon of, 154;
wolves of, 341;
youthful topography and drainage system, xiv, 157-8, 199-200, 201

Florissant, Colorado, insect remains at, iii, 279-80

Flour, calories in, ix, 299;
Graham, ix, 35;
vitamines in various kinds of, x, 262, 267

Flourens, Dr., x, 126, xvi, 185

Flowering Plants, beginnings and development, iii, 20, 252, 255, 256-7,
xiii, 318-19;
classification, 60-1, 173-81;
classification place, iii, 251;
culmination of plant life, xiii, 73-4;
description of parts, 15-62;
families and relationships, 168-207;
in relation to animal life, iii, 257;
none in earliest ages, xiii, 303;
number of species, 168, 319, 323;
origin of present, 323-5;
reproductive methods, 117-54, 167

Flowerless Plants, iii, 251, xiii, 13, 14, 43;
evolution, iii, 252, 253;
ferns, xiii, 63-6;
nonvascular, 66-73;
numbers, 168;
reproduction, 62-4, 154-65
(see also Cryptogams)

Flowers, annuals and perennials, (tables), xiii, 289-97;
coloring and fragrance, 124-5;
colors in various shrubs, (table), 274-88;
family groups determined by, 184;
fertilization devices, 48-51, 117, 123-48;
fertilization the climax of life, 152;
highly cultivated, 51;
largest, 363-4;
love in, 115;
matings of, remarks, 116-17;
male and female, 46-7;
motion pictures of growth of, iv, 348;
of monocotyledons and dicotyledons, xiii, 176, 178, 189-90;
parts of, 43-6;
purpose, 46, 52-3, 61;
various forms and colors, 47-53, 181-207

Flu, (influenza), x, 294-5

Fluctuating Variations, xiii, 328

Flue Gases, electric clearing, vii, 216, 343

Fluids, distinguished by pressure and diffusibility, iv, 22-3;
elasticity of, 158;
osmosis, xiii, 90-1 (see Osmosis);
pressure of, iv, 116-19;
pressure on moving inclined planes, i, 287-8;
principles applicable to, iv, 126 (see Gases, Liquids)

Flukes, sea, xii, 44

Fluorescence, iv, 379-80;
produced by X-rays, 318, 320

Fluorescent Screen, iv, 320, vii, 254-5, viii, 184

Fluorine, a halogen, viii, 18, 84, 85, 87;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
in apatite, 193;
in tissues, 354

Fluorite, iii, 329-30

Fluoroscope, iv, 320

Flushing, of skin, ix, 161, 162, 163, 215

Flute, development of, xv, 316, 317 (fig.);
Egyptian, 314 (fig.)

Fluxing, of ores, viii, 270

Fly-Catcher (plant), xiii, 40-1

Flying Dragons, xii, 206

Flying Fish, order of, xii, 163;
wings of, 134

Flying Mice, xii, 278

Flying Reptiles, iii, 293-4, 320 (Pl. 18), xii, 202, 203 (fig.)

Foci of Infection, x, 198-9, 218-26

Focus, defined, iv, 335;
of cameras, ix, 108-9;
of eye, 110-11;
of lenses, iv, 338;
real and virtual, 335

Foehn Sickness, i, 328

Foehn Wall, i, 105, 372

Foehn Winds, i, 133, 372

Fog, i, 93-7, 372;
aviation effects, 300-2;
costs and dispersion, 94, 302;
dust nuclei, x, 62, viii, 304;
dry (see Dry Fog);
light diffraction by, i, 183, 185;
rime formed from, 121-2;
sound transmission by, 190

Fog Bows, i, 176, 372

Fog Drip, i, 351, 353, 372

Fog Hiccups, i, 195

Fog Signals, audibility, i, 189-91;
sirens, iv, 205

Folded Mountains, iii, 131-8, 190-1, xiv, 36-7, 226-34;
ridges in, 93-4, 95-6

Folding of Rocks, iii, 84-6, 349 (fig.), 379, xiv, 36;
theories of process, 231-2;
topography made by, 38, 93-9

Food, Foods, adulteration of, viii, 370-1;
amount consumed, 366-7;
artificially prepared, x, 257, 267-8;
benzenes and paraffins as, viii, 234;
calories in various, 361, ix, 299, x, 269;
calories, valuation in, iv, 48;
chemistry of, viii, 348-72;
children's, x, 314-15;
cold storage of, iv, 187, 8;
constituents all in air and water, i, 25;
cooking of, viii, 367-9, x, 263, 266 (see Cooking);
deficiency of, diseases from, x, 255-69, 276;
digestion and utilization, viii, 356-9, ix, 226-52, 277-304, x,
268-71, 319-20;
fat-producing, x, 273;
infants', ix, 346-7;
kinds needed during exertion, xi, 278;
methods of obtaining, importance of, xv, 186-7;
nitrogen importance, viii, 66, 229;
of animals and plants, 349, 350, xii, 15;
procuring of, by animals, ix, 18-20
(see also Chemotaxis);
requirements, viii, 362-7, 369-70, x, 255-68, 278-9;
selection of, viii, 369, ix, 300-1;
sources of, 24-30;
storing of, by animals, xii, 292-3;
taste and smell of, ix, 94-5, 97-8, 240, 241-2;
use of, for energy development, 15-16, 24, 36-40, 289-301;
use of, for growth, 31-4, 38-9, 286-9;
use of, for tissue repair, 34-6, 278-84
(see also Diet, Nutrition)

Food-poisoning, indigestion from, ix, 239

Food Plants, xiii, 209-27

Food Preserving, viii, 371-2;
chilling and refrigeration, v, 346, 353;
X-ray sterilizing, vii, 257

Food Supply, its making by plants, xiii, 77-84, 95, 96;
of tropics, 359

"Fool's Gold," iii, 335

Foot Candle, iv, 352, vii, 368

Foot-pound, iv, 79, vi, 82;
erg and calorie equivalents, vii, 382;
equivalent in watt-hours, iv, 312;
heat equivalent, v, 350-1

Foot-pound-second System, iv, 46 (see British System)

Foot-poundal, unit of work, iv, 79

Foraminifers, iii, 54, 259, 261, 266;
in pelagic plankton, xii, 17-18

Force (mechanics), iv, 33-4, 41;
centrifugal and centripetal, 71-5;
defined, v, 182-3;
law of, in machines, iv, 90, 92;
Leibnitz's theory, xvi, 117;
magnetic, vii, 369;
measurement and units of, iv, 46, 58, 63-5, 69-70;
momentum and, 66-7;
motion and, 56-69, 71-2, 78;
Newton's and Huygens' studies of, 11;
primary forms of, 25;
static and kinetic measures of, 33;
work in relation to, 37-8, 78-9

Force Pump, v, 113-14

Forces, composition and resolution of, iv, 75-7;
parallel, 99;
parallelogram of, v, 184-6

Forecasts, i, 224 (see Weather Forecasts, Crop Forecasts)

Foreign Languages, advantages of learning, xv, 146;
jabbering sound, xi, 103;
difficulty of learning, 201

Foreign Plants, importation forbidden, xiii, 272, 289;
introduction aided by phenology, i, 254

Foreign Trade, meteorology in, i, 268-9

Forest Fires, aeroplane lookouts, i, 48-9;
dust from, 56-7;
losses by, xiii, 371-2;
number and losses, i, 48-9;
rain and, 333-4;
records in tree rings, xiii, 25

Forests, ancient, iii, 252, 253-4, xiii, 10, 307-10, 312, 313;
branching of trees in, 86;
burial by sand dunes, iii, 74;
climate affected by, xiv, 379;
climax, xiii, 370;
conservation of, xiv, 238-9, 382-3
(see also Conservation);
earthquakes in, 333;
European, 238-9;
grasslands and, xiii, 348-9, 368 (illus), 374-5, xiv, 380-1;
importance to industry, vi, 366;
leaving of trees in, xiii, 86-7;
migration of, xiv, 375-6;
mountain, 239-9;
northern limit, 375;
park, 374;
products, 382-3;
rainfall and, xiii, 372, xiv, 377-8;
soil protection by, 42, 379;
squirrel planting of, xiii, 340;
temperate, 366-73, 272 (illus), xiv, 370-1;
trees in American and European, 363, 375-6;
tropical, xiii, 358-66, xiv, 366-70;
types of, xiii, 357-8;
United States, xiv, 239, 372-4;
United States national, xiii, 371-2;
water supply and, 371-2, 9, xiv, 239

Forgetting, process of, xi, 209;
rate of, 216

Forked Lightning, vii, 205, 206-11;
sinuous character, i, 146

Form, athletic, ix, 159

Formaldehyde, viii, 219, 333, 335, 372

Formic Acid, viii, 220

Formosa, rice paper tree of, xiii, 214;
continental island, xiv, 274

Form-wound Coils, vi, 202, 223, 245

Fortin's Barometer, iv, 119-20

Fossane, xii, 353

Fossil Botany, xvi, 167

Fossil Record, extent, iii, 13-14;
imperfectness, xiii, 302-3, 306-7, 323-4, 325;
of various geological strata, iii, 165, 174, 179, 180, 263-5, 268

Fossils, defined, iii, 13, 379;
formation, 15-17;
formation of plant, xiii, 301-2;
former views of, iii, 14-15;
geological strata determined by, 15, 18-19, xvi, 126, 169;
of earliest animals, iii, 261-2, 263, 265-6;
of earliest birds, xii, 239-43;
of herbs and woody plants, xiii, 319, 324;
of sharks' teeth, xii, 142;
of water plants, xiii, 303;
of worms, iii, 270;
oldest known, 250;
some remarkable, 286-8, 291, 292, 295, xiii, 306, 347

Four-Cycle Engines, v, 159, vii, 123-4

Fourdrinier Paper Machine, v, 291, 295-8, 377

Four o'Clock (flower), colors in crosses, ix, 334, 336

Foussa, xii, 353, 354

Fowls, white meat of, xii, 247

Foxes, xii, 342-4;
excavators, xv, 206;
storing of food by, xii, 292

Fox Fire, i, 346

Fractional Distillation, i, 32, iv, 168

Fracto-Cumulus, i, 102

Fracto-Nimbus Clouds, i, 101

Fracto-Stratus Clouds, i, 102

Fractures, Pott's, x, 92;
X-ray locating of, vii, 254, 255, x, 185

France, aluminum production, iii, 369;
ancient fossils found in, 252, 263, xiii, 319;
botanical education, xvi, 22;
chalk deposits, iii, 266;
coasts, xiv, 46, 47, 257;
Cro-Magnons in, xv, 102;
early civilization of, xiv, 359;
first balloons, v, 219-21;
forestry in, xiv, 239, 382;
hail devices, i, 341, 342-3, 343-4;
harbors of north coast, xiv, 270-1;
invasions of, course taken, 92;
mistral winds, i, 133;
Northmen in, xiv, 261;
oyster culture in, xii, 62;
Paleolithic remains in, iii, 304-5;
rainfall of northern, i, 338;
river changes in, xiv, 184;
standard gun-manufacturing, v, 49;
tidal power plants, 176-7;
surgery made a profession, x, 104-5;
topography in World War, xiv, 86 (map), 88-93;
tuberculosis campaign in, x, 175-6

Franco, Peter, x, 57, xvi, 108

Franklin, Benjamin, cold season theory, i, 58-9;
climatic changes paper, 200-1;
electrical work, vi, 10-11, 13-16, xvi, 121, 188-9;
lightning experiments, i, 141, iv, 269-70, vi, 11, 14-16, vii, 204-5,
xvi, 121;
lightning rods, vii, 218-19;
medical work of, x, 104;
meteorological work, xvi, 177;
on "magnetic sleep," 185;
single-fluid theory, vi, 11, 288

Franklinic Currents, vii, 245

Fraunhofer Lines, ii, 112, iv, 362, viii, 302

Frazer, Sir J. G., i, 334

Frederick Barbarossa, medical interest of, x, 38

Freeze, defined, i, 372

Freezing, expansion of water on, iv, 149-51;
heat production by, 161

Freezing Mixtures, iv, 175;
known to ancients, v, 349

Freezing Point, in various thermometers, i, 73, iv, 136, 137, 141, viii,
27;
of solutions, 299-301;
of various substances, iv, 173;
pressure effects on, 163-6

Freiberg, School of Mines, xvi, 126, 127

Freight Engines, modern, v, 210

French, in Alpine group, xvi, 49;
in America, xiv, 31, 191-2, 242, 310, 311

French Language, descent from Latin, xv, 160, 162

French Revolution, causes and results, xvi, 128;
crowds of, xi, 326;
metric measures adopted in, iv, 136;
results on cultural advance, x, 107

Frende, Gabriel, i, 244

Fresnel, light studies, xvi, 137

Freud, Sigmund, on dreams, x, 364;
on hysteria, 361;
psychoanalysis of, 363

Freudian School, work of, xi, 142

Friction, iv, 92-4, v, 203-7;
fire obtained by, viii, 89;
heat production by, iv, 48, 138;
in tubes, ix, 215

Frictional Electricity, iv, 257-8, 260, vi, 11, 12, 13, 286-7;
discovery, xvi, 122;
electron theory, vi, 122-3;
identical with other kinds, 23;
single fluid theory, 288

Frictional Machines, iv, 265, vii, 236, 245

Friction Matches, iv, 49, 138, viii, 88

Fried Foods, ix, 286

Frigate bird, xii, 253-4

Fright, physiological effects of, ix, 161, 165, 221, 240-1

Fringed Gentian, a biennial, xiii, 16;
corolla of, 44 (fig.)

Fringing Reefs, xii, 41, xiv, 263

Frisian Islands, coast destruction in, xiv, 46

Frogs, iii, 285, xii, 169, 174-6, 177-81;
evolution of, 167;
heart of, ix, 84;
regeneration in, xii, 170;
sense organs in, 169, 174;
"showers" of, i, 355;
temperature effects on, ix, 78-9, 306

Frostbite, x, 252

Frosts, i, 257-60, 373;
insurance, 270;
rock weathering by, iii, 24, xiv, 62, 75-7, 233

Frost Smoke, i, 95, 373

Fructose, viii, 226

Fruit, defined, xiii, 53-4;
development, 54-5;
dry and fleshy, 54-5;
family groups determined by, 184;
flavors due to esters, 221;
food value, 365, ix, 34, 300, x, 262, 266, 268, 273, 317;
in grasses and sedges, xiii, 179, 182;
purposes of, 61;
seed dispersal, 55-9
(see also Seed Dispersal);
sugar storage in, ix, 27-8

Fruit Trees, as index plants, i, 255-6;
frost danger points, 258

Fuels, future motor, viii, 209;
heat
measurement, 360-1;
our waste of, v, 172;
power from oxidation of, ix, 15-16, 24

Fuel Value, viii, 360-1

Fuji-san, Japan, xiv, 100, 320

Fujiyama, Japan, as observatory site, ii, 145, 149;
shadow in sky, i, 170

Fulgurites, i, 153, 373

Fuller Cells, vi, 137, 142-3

Fully, Lake, water drop, v, 81

Fulminating Mercury, viii, 262

Fulton, Robert, steamboat, v, 192, 377;
steam war vessel, 378;
submarine, 197-8

Functional Metabolism, ix, 39;
control of, 39-40, 77-8, 170;
daily amount in calories, 297;
food requirements dependent on, 295;
heat production by, 307;
no tissue wastage by, 282-3;
of glands, 159;
of muscle cells, 74, 77-9;
of nerve cells, 122-3;
of posture, 84;
of vital processes, 295-6

Fundamental Tones, iv, 213;
of bells, 222;
of organ pipes, 228-30;
of vibrating strings and rods, 223-4

Fundy, Bay of, tides, v, 175, xiv, 293

Fungi, xiii, 70-1;
in coal formation, 312;
luminous, i, 346;
reproductive processes, xiii, 164;
in rotten plants, 99;
species, 323;
spores in atmosphere, i, 61

Fungicides, viii, 77, 333

Funk, Casimer, x, 259

Furs, source of costly, xii, 346-51;
warmth of, iv, 178, ix, 311, x, 309

Furrows, of continental shelves, xiv, 287

Fusel Oil, viii, 214

Fuses, purpose and construction, vii, 34-7, 369;
inverse time features, 37, 39

Fusibility, of minerals, viii, 202, 384

Fusion, latent heat of, iv, 152, 160, 161;
table, 162

Fusions, of odors, xi, 81;
of tastes, 73;
of tones, 106;
of touch, 111

Future, a habit of thought, xi, 192;
predictions of, xv, 354, 355

Future Life, primitive conceptions of, xv, 332-6, 339, 340, 345, 358

Gadflies, xii, 120

Gadolinium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Gailey, James A., v, 383

Galactose, viii, 226

Galagos, xii, 375

Galapagos Islands, xiv, 276;
turtles of, xii, 187, 192

Galaxy, ii, 350-6;
as basis of star distribution, 350, 353, 354, 364-5;
globular clusters and the, 339, 343;
nebulæ and the, 363, 364-5;
solar system and, 353-4;
spectra of stars, 116;
star streams and, 346;
studies at Mt. Wilson, 158-9, 160;
type of stars, 122;
variable stars and, 327, 328, 330, 332

Galen, x, 28-31;
anatomical ideas disputed by Vesalius, 51, 52, 53;
arterial bleeding unknown to, 39;
authority in Middle Ages, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 51, 52;
classification of minds, xi, 152-3, 155;
classifying tendency of, x, 83;
Locke, on, 75;
medical works, xvi, 98;
on circulation of blood, x, 22, 62-3, 65-6;
on convulsions, fainting, etc., 89;
on occupational diseases, 244;
Paracelsus on, 47, 48;
revival of writings, 44, 45

Galena, iii, 330, 362, 363, 368

Galilee, Sea of, formation, iii, 156;
level, xiv, 121

Galileo, astronomical work, ii, 14, 53-6, iv, 27-8;
astronomical and other work, xvi, 103;
discoveries, ii, 83, 94, 96, 262;
falling bodies demonstration at Pisa, iv, 28, 97, 101;
medical advances due to, x, 67;
motion studies of, iv, 19, 28, 35, 61;
on Galaxy, ii, 351;
on Gilbert, xvi, 109;
on laws of motion, ii, 63;
on Mars, 227;
pendulum discovery, v, 63-5;
pendulum clocks suggested, 65;
studies of nebulæ, ii, 357;
telescopes, 12, 94, 95;
thermometer invention, i, 68, 69, x, 71;
Torricelli pupil of, iv, 114

Gall Bladder, inflammations of, x, 220, 224

Galley Worms, xii, 88-9

Gallium, discovery of, viii, 180;
symbol and atomic weight, 383

Gallon, cubic inches in, iv, 46

Galls, on plants, xii, 125;
on roots, xiii, 98

Gall Stones, ix, 276

Galton, Sir Francis, eugenic work, xvi, 157;
on ancestral heredity, x, 231;
on fatigue, xi, 275;
on sun's corona, ii, 222;
statistical methods, xvi, 153

Galvani, electrical work, vi, 16-17;
electrical work, xvi, 122, 189

Galvanic Batteries, vii, 369

Galvanic Cells, vii, 236, 241-2

Galvanic Currents, vii, 242, 244, 248

Galvanism, discovery, xvi, 122

Galvanized Iron, vii, 318-19, viii, 155-6, 273

Galvanometers, iv, 279, vii, 179, 369;
invention, vi, 23, 24

Galveston, harbor of, xiv, 269;
hurricanes, i, 136;
hurricane of 1900 and rebuilding, xiv, 302-3

Game Birds, xii, 261-3

Games, athletic, advantages from, x, 304

Gamma Rays, i, 143, viii, 185

Gamopetalae, xiii, 47, 190, 201-5

Ganges River, crocodiles of, xii, 201;
delta, iii, 32, xiv, 53;
erosion by, iii, 31;
furrow of, xiv, 287

Ganglia, of nerves, xi, 26

Gangue Minerals, viii, 199;
handling of, 269, 270

Gannets, xii, 253

Ganoids, iii, 283 (fig.), 284, xii, 152-3

Ganoid Scales, xii, 134

Garbage, as fertilizer, xv, 280, 343, 344;
disposal of, 330, 346

Garda, Lake, formation, iii, 146;
in rift valley, xiv, 123

Garden Plants, xiii, 267-97;
origin of, xiv, 382

Garfield, James A., speech of, xi, 323

Garnet Group, iii, 330

Gar Pikes, xii, 134, 152, 153

Garua, Peruvian fog, i, 95, 373

Gas Carbon, electrical conductivity, iv, 283

Gas Constant, iv, 142

Gas Engines, v, 155-6, 381;
efficiency, on what dependent, iv, 192;
ignition, vii, 369;
in submarines, vi, 239;
operation in automobile, vii, 123-33;
starting of, vi, 235

Gases, adiabatic change in, iv, 158-9;
atmospheric, i, 9-16;
Boyle's Law, iv, 125-6, 133, 143;
Boyle's and Mariotte's researches, xvi, 110;
buoyant effect, iv, 30;
Charles's Law, 140;
chemical properties, viii, 297-8;
combinations, Gay-Lussac's studies, xvi, 133;
compressibility variations, iv, 143;
condition at absolute zero, 142-3;
conversion of liquids into, 152-3, 173-4;
cooling by expansion, i, 30, 90;
critical temperature, 29, iv, 171-3;
diffusibility of, iv, 23, 131, viii, 22-3, 23, 108;
distinguished by pressure and diffusibility, iv, 22-3;
elasticity of, 158-9, 198;
electric discharges through, 54-5, vii, 216, 301-2;
electrolytic separation, 321-4;
electrical conductivity of, iv, 259;
expansion by heat, 135, 151;
expansion coefficient, 145;
flame due to burning, viii, 57;
gram-molecular volume, viii, 109;
heat absorption, 309;
heat convection in, iv, 178;
heat effects on, 139-40;
heat from compression, i, 90, v, 351;
heat non-conductivity, iv, 177, 178;
ignition, viii, 54;
interchanges of molecular energies, xvi, 134;
ionization of molecules, i, 142, 143;
isothermal changes in, iv, 156;
latent heat of, 153, 173-4, v, 353, 354 (see Latent Heat);
laws not inflexible, iv, 142-3;
liquefaction of, 143, 153, 191-2 (see Liquefaction);
Mariotte's law, 141;
mechanical energy of, 142;
molecular velocity in, 133;
molecules in, iii, 309, iv, 22, 131, 132-3, 152-3, viii, 23, 24, 106,
305-6;
molecules, number in, iv, 133, viii, 108-9, xvi, 133;
monatomic, viii, 309;
pressure of, v, 223, viii, 24-5, 109-10;
pressure, to what due, iv, 30, 132-3;
pressure, volume, and temperature laws, iv, 125-6, 139-43, v, 347,
viii, 106-8;
Regnault's constant, iv, 142;
solidifying of, i, 32, iv, 153, 192;
solubility in water, viii, 40, 111, 112;
sound velocity in, iv, 155-6, 198, 199;
specific heat ratio, 155-6, 159;
spectra of, ii, 112-13, iv, 361-3;
suspended change of state, viii, 113, 304, 305;
vibration of, iv, 215;
volume taken at atmospheric pressure, v, 223

Gas Lighting, vi, 195, 264;
fire hazards, vii, 51
(see also Illuminating Gas)

Gas Mantles, viii, 60, 252

Gasoline, combustion of, viii, 13, 52;
explosiveness, vii, 124, viii, 23, 54, 62;
production and uses, 208, 209, 235

Gasoline Engines, v, 156-61;
in aeroplanes, 231;
efficiency, 155;
compared with motors, vii, 223;
operation, 123-33

Gas Plant, xiii, 136-7

Gas Shells, i, 308, 314, viii, 263

Gastric Digestion, ix, 234-6, x, 319-25

Gastric Glands, control of, ix, 162, 240-2

Gastric Juice, viii, 358, ix, 234-8, x, 319-20;
control of secretion of, ix, 240-2;
conveyance of, 189-90;
disorders of, x, 321-3;
historical studies of, ix, 239-40;
indigestion from failure of, 239-41

Gas Warfare, viii, 262-4, x, 186-8

Gatling Guns, v, 362-3, 364, 380

Gatun Lake, Panama, xiv, 195

Gaurs, xii, 330

Gay-Lussac, balloon ascensions, i, 18;
chemical work, xvi, 133, 160, 162

Gazelles, xii, 327

Gearing, in turbine-driven ships, v, 105, 153-4, vii, 329

Gears, v, 25-31;
hydraulic, 104-6;
spiral, 38-9;
toothed, disadvantages, 104;
worm, 37 (fig.), 38

Geckos, xii, 205-6

Geese, xii, 257, 258

Gelatine, colloidal state, viii, 314, 315, 356;
food value, ix, 288

General Electric Company, autotransformers, vi, 337;
bulletin on motor costs, vii, 224-6;
machinery for Niagara Plant, vi, 374, 375, 376, 377;
Mazda lamps, 267;
radio engineering work, vii, 274;
small power sets, 232

Generators, vi, 49-56, vii, 369;
alternating current, vi, 158-9, 196-216
(see also Alternators);
armature reaction, vii, 145-6;
direct current, vii, 175-94
(see also Direct Current Generators);
efficiency, vi, 192-4, 214-15, 357, 379;
electrostatic, 298-301;
induction motors as, 249-50;
neutral points, vii, 373;
operation in power plants, vi, 357-8, 362;
of Niagara Plant, 374-5;
principal parts, 176;
purpose and parts, vii, 367;
radio, 274-8, 282-3, 290-1;
ratings, vi, 192-4, 214-15;
regulation of output, vii, 144-50;
short-circuit protection, 49;
size of units, vi, 378-9;
slow and high speed, 182;
turbine-driven, v, 151, 154;
use in therapeutics, vii, 236-7, 241-5
(see also Dynamos)

Genetics, xvi, 157-8

Geneva Lake, filling of, by Rhone River, xiv, 53;
former connections, 185;
slow movement of water, 210

Genital Organs, foci of infection in, x, 220, 221

Genius, Bessel on, ii, 93;
obstacles and, xvi, 30;
reflex action of, xi, 36;
Titchener on, 225-6

Genoa, growth of, xiv, 308;
sea captains of, 310

Gentians, xiii, 190, 205

Genus, Genera, defined, xii, 28, xiii, 170, 171

Geocentric Theory, ii, 9-10, 34-5 (see Ptolemaic System)

Geo-Chemistry, viii, 190-203

Geocoronium, i, 192, 373

Geographical Change, agents of, xiv, 31-2, 33-79

Geographical Cycles, xiv, 29, 34-5, 48 (see Cycles of Erosion)

Geographical Distribution, science of, xvi, 140

Geography, changes since prehistoric times, xiv, 29-30;
civilization and, xv, 122-3, 128-39;
defined, iii, 9-10, 379, xvi, 36;
development of science of, 94, 98, 114, 123-4;
genetic conception of, xiv, 3-4;
history and, 10, 30-1, 191-7, 239-45, 249-50, 261-2, 279-82, 305-11

Geological Ages, iii, 19-21, xv, 71;
determined by fossils, iii, 15, 18-19;
estimate of lengths, xiii, 314, 322;
length seen in coal formations, iii, 201;
length seen in chalk deposits, 218;
length shown by mosses, xiii, 306

GEOLOGY, Volume iii

Geology, daily interest, xvi, 22-5;
definition and scope, iii, 3, 9, 11, 12, 378, xvi, 37;
history of development, 126, 168-73;
mineralogy and, iii, 309

Geometry, of Greeks and Hindus, xi, 239-40;
history of, xvi, 54, 68, 81, 89, 90

George, Lake, iii, 145;
stream changes around, 243

Georgia, aluminum production, iii, 369;
cotton of, xiii, 237;
glacial period in, xiv, 376;
soil of, 218

Georgian Planet, ii, 267

Geotropism, xiii, 85

Geranium Family, xiii, 200

Geraniums, fertilization, xiii, 136;
killed by hot water, 299;
multiples of five in, 176;
turning to light, 85;
petal arrangement, 190

Germanium, discovery, viii, 180;
symbol and atomic weight, 383

Germans, in Alpine group, xvi, 49;
grouped as Huns, xi, 22

German Silver, copper alloy, viii, 164;
resistance, vi, 76, 77

Germany, aeronautical weather service, i, 304;
barley growing in, xiv, 365;
beet sugar production, xiii, 216;
coal deposits, iii, 345;
coasts of, xiv, 247;
early surgery, xvi, 181;
earthquakes of, xiv, 128;
forest policy, xiii, 372, xiv, 238-9, 382;
geological works, xvi, 170;
hail insurance, i, 344;
in World War (see World War);
loess deposits, xiv, 72;
medicine of, Muller's influence, x, 118;
meteorological establishments, i, 222-3;
meteorology in World War, 309, 310;
military aviation development, 40;
mining products, iii, 362, 364;
moor fires in old, i, 56;
mountains of, xiv, 96, 235;
nitrogen fixation in, i, 36-7, xiv, 66;
plains of, 217;
potash deposits, viii, 130, 143, 144, 344, xiv, 67-8, 209;
salt beds of north, iii, 204, xiv, 141;
"sheep-cold", i, 363;
topography of western, xiv, 87 (map), 90;
unke toad of, xii, 176

Germ Cells, ix, 324-5, 327, 332, 339, x, 232, xvi, 156, 157-8;
in reproduction, x, 233;
source of, xii, 27
(see also Germinal Tissue, Germ Plasm)

Germinal Tissue, ix, 324-5;
chromosomes of, 328, 329, 339;
development of germ cells in, 332, 339;
heredity dependent on, 325-8;
independence of, 325
(see also Germ Plasm)

Germination of Seed, after low temperatures, i, 32;
acacia plant
of Natal, xiii, 375;
ancient wheat grains, 211, ix, 16-17;
bird-carried seed, xiii, 340, 341;
seed in sea water, 346, 348

Germ Plasm, x, 228, 229;
immortality theory, 230;
origin of energies, xvi, 145;
theory of inheritance, x, 233-4, 235, xvi, 156
(see also Germinal Tissue)

Germs, disease-producing, (see Disease Germs);
in body, ix, 177;
universal presence of, x, 193-4

Gestures, language of, xv, 146-52, 167-8

Geyserite, iii, 335

Geysers, iii, 128-9, xiii, 299;
artificial, in Michigan, v, 92

Gharials, xii, 199, 201

Ghizeh, Pyramid of, xiv, 78, xv, 270;
temples of, ii, 26

Ghor, of Syria, xiv, 120-1

Ghosts, as visual hallucinations, xi, 91

Giant and Dwarf Stars, ii, 153, 294, 309, 310, 382-4

Giant's Causeway, Ireland, xiv, 104;
columnar structure, iii, 111, xiv, 129

Gibbons, xii, 381-2;
reasoning power in, xv, 67;
skeleton compared with man, 59

Gibbs, James E. A., v, 285

Gibbs, J. W., xvi, 136, xvi, 169

Gibraltar, apes of, xii, 378

Gibraltar, Strait of, depth, xiv, 299

Giddiness, sensation of, xi, 126

Giffard, Henri, v, 227

Giffard Injector, v, 140-2, 380

Gila Monster, xii, 204, 207

Gilbert, Dr. William, electrical work, vi, 11-12, xvi, 109, 111, 188

Gilbertus Anglicus, x, 41

Gills, of fishes, xii, 128, 135;
functions and structure of, ix, 253, 254

Gills (plant), of mushrooms, xiii, 163

Ginkgo Tree, xiii, 315-16, 326

Ginseng, antiquity, xiii, 324-5;
distribution, 351;
origin, 255

Giraffes, xii, 320-1;
trapping of, xv, 224 (fig.)

Giralda Observatory, xvi, 100, ii, 38

Girls, education of, xi, 266-7

Givler, Prof. R. C., author "PSYCHOLOGY," Vol. xi

Glacial Bowlders, iii, 70, 237, 352 (Pl. 20), xiv, 69, 70

Glacial Deposits, iii, 66-70, xiv, 59, 60;
in U. S. and Canada, 170-1;
lakes formed by, iii, 144-6, xiv, 200-2

Glacial Epoch, iii, 236-48;
distribution of plants and animals, xiv, 375-7;
drainage changes, 30, 52, 164, 170-1;
fjords due to 259-61;
lakes formed by, iii, 143-51, xiv, 200-2;
topographical changes, 3, 30, 59-62, 158, 170
(see also Ice Age)

Glacial Periods, theories of, i, 58, iii, 247-8

Glacial Plants (see Arctic Plants)

Glacial Soil, xiv, 63, 69-70

Glacial Valleys, xiv, 56-8

Glacier National Park, cliff glaciers in, iii, 60;
Swift Current Valley, Plate 5, p. 96;
thrust faulting in, 90

Glaciers, iii, 59-62, xiv, 54-5;
"autographs of," 56;
cirques of, 58;
cracks and fissures in, iii, 63;
defined, 379;
deposits of, 66-70, xiv, 59-60;
erosion by, iii, 63-70, xiv, 55, 56, 57-8, 60-2, 233;
falls formed by, iii, 48;
flow, 62-3, 68, 240-1, iv, 165-6;
lakes formed by, iii, 142-51;
occurrence, xv, 72-3;
topography produced by, xiv, 42-3, 44, 55-62;
valleys cut by, iii, 64, 65, 66
(see also Plates 4, 5, and 6);
valleys "overdeepened by," xiv, 259-60

Gland Cells, functions, ix, 39, 43, 59;
number unchanging, 48

Glanders, germ of, x, 195;
immunity to, 207

Glands, activity and blood supply, ix, 220-1;
adrenalin effects on, 171;
control of, 159-69, x, 346-7;
ductless, x, 346-53;
energy release by, xi, 24;
fatigue effects, xi, 272;
nerve connections, ix, 159-60;
reflex responses by, xi, 23;
with ducts, x, 347

Glare, direct and reflected, vi, 277-8

Glasgow, soot-fall, i, 65

Glass, antiquity of, viii, 269, 280-1, xvi, 73-4;
coloring of, viii, 282;
colors in X-rays, iv, 378;
composition and properties, viii, 281, 304-5;
effects on light and heat waves, iv, 183;
electrification of, 257, 258, 259;
ground by sand blast, 130;
heat conductivity, 179;
light decomposition by, ii, 100-1;
light deviations in strained, iv, 330;
light refraction by, 327;
sodium compounds in, viii, 137, 146

Glasses (lenses), for various eye defects, ix, 111, 112, 113, 114

Glazed Frost, i, 108, 121, 373

Glidden, Carlos, v, 312

Glisson, Francis, x, 86, xvi, 178

Globefishes, xii, 164

Globigerina Ooze, xii, 18

Globular Clusters (Stars), ii, 336-40;
Hyades as, 342;
studies of, at Mt. Wilson, 159-60

Globular Lightning, i, 149, vii, 205-6, 213-15

Glory (meteorology), i, 184-5, 373

Glowworms, i, 346;
Fabre's studies, xvi, 144

Glucinum, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 180, 383;
in calcium group, 148

Glucose, viii, 225-6, 377, ix, 230;
converted from cellulose, viii, 255;
fermentation of, 225, 248;
formula, 219, 225, 229;
in human body, 359;
manufacture and uses, 228, 243-4;
production by plants, 335;
use of, by body, ix, 230, 243, 244, 245

Glutton (weasel), xii, 348, 349

Glycerine, viii, 215, 247-8;
base of fats, 221, 245;
boiling point, 299;
melting requirements, iv, 162;
production in wine-making, x, 138

Glycogen, xi, 136-7, 138;
chemistry of, viii, 228-9, 350;
production and storage in liver, 359, ix, 291, 292, 297, 298, x, 329;
reconversion into sugar, ix, 293

Glyptodon, xii, 283-4

Gnawers, xii, 285-96

Gneiss, iii, 379;
formation, 169, xiv, 19;
jointing of, 133

Gnomons, ii, 24, 25, 300

Gnus, xii, 327

Goats, xii, 325-6;
horns of, 328;
usefulness, 324

Gobar, of Nile region, i, 96

God, conceptions of, xv, 344;
ideas of, in Old Testament, 374

Goddard Rocket, i, 22-3

Godman, John, x, 116, xvi, 185

Gods, evolution of belief in, xv, 341-4, 347-8, 357

Goethe, evolution known to, x, 136;
on cloud forms, i, 98

Goethals, Panama Canal Zone work, x, 162

Goitre, ix, 303;
exophthalmic, x, 272, 276-7, 351-2;
removal of thyroid gland in, 349

Gold, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383;
California mines, iii, 226, 365;
chemical inactivity, viii, 127-8, 163, 174;
contraction on solidifying, iv, 150;
density of, 113;
electrolytic refinement, vii, 301, 320;
extraction methods, viii, 131, 141, 170, 174, 269, 270;
fusibility, 384;
in sea water, 197, xiv, 295;
melting point, iv, 162;
metallurgy, development of, xvi, 176;
occurrence, iii, 330-1, 365-7, viii, 131, 198;
"parting" of silver from, 272;
positiveness, vi, 59;
production, iii, 365;
profitable ores, viii, 197;
properties, 126-7, 174, iii, 330-1;
recovered in copper refining, vii, 319, 320;
specific gravity, viii, 384

Golden Age, x, 18, 20;
of Greek science, xvi, 86-96

Golden Gate, formation, xiv, 258;
furrow of, 287

Goldenrod, bracts, xiii, 43;
stems, 23;
in the pampas, 376

Golden Showers, i, 61

Goldfish, family of, xii, 161;
in liquid air, i, 32

Gold Leaf, color between glasses, iv, 324

Gold Mining, dredges in, v, 256-7;
water jets in, 88

Gold-Plating, of aluminum, vii, 319

Goldschmidt Generators, vii, 274

Goldschmidt Method, of welding, viii, 155

Golf, as exercise, x, 317;
report of match, xi, 161

Goodwin, Rev. Hannibal, v, 330

Goodyear, Charles, xiii, 245

Goose Barnacle, xii, 84-5

Gooseberry, origin, xiii, 225

Goose-Flesh, ix, 161, xi, 112-13, 123

Gophers, xii, 290, 294;
badgers and, 348

Gopher Snake, xii, 219

Gopher Turtle, xii, 191

Gorals, xii, 325

Gordius (hairworm), xii, 45

Gorgas, William C., yellow fever work, x, 162, 172

Gorges, formation of, xiv, 50-1, 51-2;
in old and new areas, iii, 33, 34;
of New York and New England, 44, 242-3

Gorham, Marquis L., v, 248, 381

Gorillas, xii, 382 (fig.), 383-4;
brain weight of, xv, 62;
physical comparison with man, 57-8;
family groups among, 276, 360-1;
use of stones and clubs, v, 9

Gorner Grat, boiling temperature at, iv, 170

Gouffre, i, 196, 373

Gourd Seed, growth of, x, 229

Gout, uric acid and, x, 343

Government, beginnings of, xv, 360-74, 379-80;
cultivation and, 380

Grackle, coloring of, xii, 245

Gradients, meteorological, i, 373 (see Barometric, Potential Gradients)

Graduated Flask, viii, 294, 295

Graham Flour, ix, 34

Graham's Law, viii, 108-9

Grain Cradles, v, 240-1

"Grain of the country", xiv, 99;
in river classification, 153

Grains, fruit of grasses, xiii, 56, 182;
milling of, xv, 237-9;
proteins in, ix, 34;
"showers", i, 357;
storing of, viii, 371

Gram, unit of force, iv, 70;
unit of mass, iv, 46, 69, viii, 28;
value in pounds and poundals, iv, 70

Gram-Molecular Volume, viii, 109

Gramophone, v, 328-9, 382

Grampuses, xii, 297

Grand Banks, dogfish of, xii, 146;
petrels of, 252;
scallop fisheries of, 65

Grand Canyon of the Colorado, iii, 40-3, 140, 230, xiv, 83;
conical fragments in, 81;
outer and inner gorges, 173;
plateau of, 124, 159, 220;
Proterozoic strata in, iii, 177;
rock pyramids in, xiv, 224-5

Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, iii, 44, and Pl. 2, p. 48;
color of rocks in, 26;
youthful valley type, 33;
relief model of, xiv, 10

Grand Point Tobacco, xiii, 258

Granite, composition, iii, 308, 326, viii, 192-3;
disintegration of, 194;
igneous nature, iii, 112;
jointing of, xiv, 133;
mountain cores of, 110-11;
occurrence and production, iii, 371;
plutonic rock, 13, xiv, 18;
weathering of, iii, 22, 27-8, 32 (Pl. 1), xiv, 78-9;
wells in, 137

Grapes, acids of, viii, 223;
origin and antiquity, xiii, 225, 324-5;
true berries, 54;
water content, viii, 365

Grape Sugar, viii, 224-5;
polarization of light by, iv, 356

Grapevines, xiii, 27, 28

Graphite, iii, 331, viii, 43;
in Archeozoic rocks, iii, 173, 249-50;
Rhode Island beds, 345;
use and production, vii, 308-9, xvi, 190

Graptolites, iii, 259, 266 (fig.), 267

Grasp, in infants, ix, 349, xv, 61;
of man, ix, 67-8;
grasping importance and organs of, 82;
reflex processes in, 157, 349

Grasping Reflex, xi, 40-5, 59

Grass, blue-eyed, xiii, 189;
leaves of, 176;
monocotyledon, 178;
veins, 32
(see also Grass Family)

Grasses, dominant on prairies, xiii, 350, 374;
evolution, iii, 251, 257;
fertilization, xiii, 148;
first appearance, 319;
true and incorrect, 179, 180;
water requirements, xiv, 381

Grass Family, xiii, 179, 181-3

Grasshoppers, xii, 108-10;
jaws of, 100

Grasslands, xiii, 373-7;
contests with forests, 348-9, 368 (illus.), 374-5, xiv, 380-1;
distribution of, 380, 381;
economic importance, 383-4;
vegetation of, 380, 381

Gratitude, sentiment of, xi, 147

Graupel, i, 107, 373

Gravel, rocks formed from, iii, 13, 53 (see Conglomerate);
sedimentary rock, xiv, 18

Grave Sacrifice, custom of, xv, 336

Graves, Robert, x, 112

Graves Disease, x, 351-2

Gravitation, universal, discovery and laws, ii, 63-72, iv, 20, 95-8,
xvi, 115-16;
Einstein theory, ii, 79-82;
magnetic force compared with, iv, 249-50;
nature of, ii, 78;
things unexplained by Newton's laws, 73-4, 78-82;
various applications of Newton's laws, 77, 78, 375, 380
(see also
Gravity)

Gravitation Units, iv, 64, 70

Gravity, ii, 63-4, 69, iv, 65, 109;
acceleration of, 65;
center of, 99-101;
direction of earth's, 98-9;
force in falling bodies, 42, 65, xvi, 32;
gyroscope and, v, 335, 336, 337-9;
Huygens's studies, ii, 58;
on asteroids, 257;
on moon, 199, 204;
on sun, 168;
Richer's observations, 59;
water-power due to, v, 76-7, 139;
weight due to, iv, 58, 74, 109

Gravity Battery, iv, 297, vi, 137, 140-1

Gravity Faults, xiv, 115

Grayfish, i, 224

Graylings (fish), xii, 159

Gray Matter, ix, 124;
of brain, xv, 63

Great Auk, xii, 265

Great Basin, block mountains in, iii, 138-9;
drainage changes in, xiv, 188;
faulting in, iii, 89, 229, xiv, 117, 127;
formerly submerged, iii, 181;
not being worn down, 32;
saline lakes of, xiv, 206;
streams, base level of, 164;
wind-eroded materials of, iii, 73

Great Britain, aerial travel statistics, i, 50;
aeronautical research, 51;
animals of, xiv, 272-3;
coal supply, iii, 345;
coast destruction, xiv, 46;
empire of, 279;
geology related to continent, 271-2;
manufacturers, American System in, v, 50;
manufacturing future, 173;
rainfall of, xiv, 41;
recent separation from continent, 30, 271-3;
serpents of, xii, 218;
soot studies, i, 65;
standard units in, iv, 45-6;
storm signals, i, 282;
thermometer scale in, iv, 136;
tides of, xiv, 293-4

"Great Eastern," steamship, v, 193

Greater Antilles, geological history of, xiv, 274-5

Great Indian Earthquake, xiv, 333, 334, 335, 336 (fig.);
cause, 340

Great Lakes, commerce on, xiv, 62, 212;
fish of, xii, 156, 159;
former drainage farther north, iii, 46;
level changes in region, 82;
origin and history, 146-51, xiv, 61, 62, 201-2, 203;
recentness of formation, iii, 12;
recessional moraines near, 67;
sewage disposal in, viii, 325;
sizes and depths, xiv, 204;
water supply of Lake cities, 140

Great Plains, elevation of, xiv, 27, 213;
evaporation in, 135;
geology of, 215;
grasses of, xiii, 181, 374, xiv, 380, 381;
horses of, xii, 306, 307;
pronghorns on, 322-3;
red beds, iii, 208;
rejuvenation, 230;
rodents of, xii, 294;
stock-raising on, xiv, 383-4;
trees in, xiii, 372-3, 374, xiv, 372;
volcanic action in, 318;
wind-fertilization of plants, xiii, 149

Great Rift Valley, xiv, 117-21;
lakes in, 203;
volcanoes of, 317

Great Salt Lake, crustal warping at, iii, 82;
history and formation, 152-3, xiv, 207-8;
mirages, i, 172;
plain of, xiv, 215-16;
salt in, iii, 374, viii, 139, 140, 275

Great Sea Waves, xiv, 337-343

Grebes, xii, 250-1

Greece, earthquakes of, xiv, 332, 333-4;
geographical changes in, 33;
rainfall of, 358;
rift valleys in, 123

Greece (ancient), astrology in, ii, 21;
Babylonian influences, xvi, 63;
civilization conditions, xv, 123;
civilization pictured in Odyssey, 324;
copyists of, 178-9;
foreigners called barbarians, xi, 22;
Golden Age, x, 20, xvi, 86-96;
musical instruments, xv, 316, 317 (fig.);
northern invasion, xiv, 281;
religion and science associated, xvi, 44;
slavery in, xv, 378-9;
timing of orators, v, 62;
weather records, i, 67-8

Greek Astronomy, ii, 10-11, 27-36, xvi, 81-2, 90-1

Greek Language, xv, 162

Greek Medicine, x, 16-25, xvi, 95-6;
preservation and revival of, x, 31, 36, 43-4, 45

Greek Philosophers, remarks on, ii, 27, 30;
on origin of earth, 366-7

Greeks (Ancient), boiling of foods unknown to, xv, 233;
degeneration of stock, xvi, 96;
gods of, xv, 343, 352;
idea of insanity, x, 356, 357;
idea of soul, xv, 330;
in Mediterranean group, xvi, 49;
intellectual height, 50;
knowledge of loadstone, vi, 28, 29;
monsoons used in navigation, i, 130;
oar-propelled ships, xiv, 265;
plants known to, xiii, 215, 216, 253;
sacrifices of, xv, 347-8;
scientific bent, xvi, 54;
superstitions of, xv, 355;
surveying inventions, xvi, 68-9;
trade and colonies of, xiv, 307

Greeks (modern), in Alpine group, xvi, 49

Greek Science, xvi, 75, 76-96;
debt to Egypt, 75;
influence on Copernicus, 102;
Roman development of, 99;
spread and continuation of, x, 23, 25

Greek Sculpture, xv, 302

Greek Vases, xv, 251, 253 (fig.)

Green, complementary color of, iv, 367;
effect on blood pressure, xi, 63;
in interior decoration, vi, 274;
primary color, iv, 366;
seeing of, in color-blindness, ix, 116

Green Flash, i, 170-1, 373

Greenhouses, effects of glass on heat, i, 59, iv, 183;
electric lighting, xiii, 76

Greenland, climate, xiv, 345;
discovery, 261;
fjord coasts, 258, 259;
foxes of, xii, 344;
glaciers of, xiv, 55;
ice sheets, iii, 61-2, 237;
marriage customs in, xv, 282-3;
mirages, i, 173;
ocean colors near, xvi, 147;
rainlessness, i, 109;
winds, 128, 129

Greenland Ranch, Cal., i, 209

Green Mountains, iii, 188

Green River, Uinta Mts., xiv, 166, 168, 175

Greenwich Observatory, founding of, ii, 83, xvi, 124;
publications, 125

Grenville Strata, iii, 165-8

Grew, biologist, xvi, 112, 116, 126

Greylock, Mount, iii, 232

Grief, exhaustion from, xi, 135-6;
expression of, by monkeys, xv, 65

Ground Sharks, xii, 143

Grinders, invention, v, 48, 381

Grip, disease, x, 294-5

Grison, xii, 349

Ground Moraines, iii, 67

Ground Pines, iii, 254

Groundsel, seed disposal, xiii, 345

Ground Water, iii, 113-29, xiv, 135-52;
how plants absorb, xiii, 91-3;
landslips facilitated by, xiv, 233;
mineral concentration by, iii, 126, xvi, 173;
petrifaction by, iii, 15, 126-7;
rivers and, xiv, 157
(see also Soil Water)

Ground Wires and Plates, vii, 369

Groups, Chemical, viii, 93, 377;
interchange principle, 211;
ionization, 121-2;
nomenclature, 97;
valences of, 94
(see also Radicals)

Groups (human), formation of, x, 9, xv, 361-3

Grouse, xii, 261

Growing Season, i, 373

Growth, age in relation to, ix, 47-8, 288-9;
by cell division, 43-8;
chemical regulation of, 169-70;
food requirements for, 31-4, 286-8, 295;
life and, xii, 13;
metabolism of, ix, 38-9, 295;
of bones, 56, 58;
of skin, 312;
of various tissues, 47-8, 286-7;
of skull, xv, 40;
rate of, in man, ix, 32 (diagram);
vitamines necessary to, x, 261, 262

Gruener, Prof. H., author CHEMISTRY, Vol. viii

Guam, ocean depths near, iii, 51

Guango Tree, i, 350

Guatemala, Santa Maria eruption, xiv, 328-9

Guava, xiii, 196, 225

Guayaquil, sanitary measures, i, 327;
yellow fever campaign, x, 173

Guericke, Otto von, iv, 29, 116, xvi, 110

Guillemots, xii, 264-5

Guinea Pigs, xii, 289;
anaphylaxis in, x, 213

Gulf Coastal Plain, xiv, 214;
chalk deposits, iii, 266;
Cretaceous deposits, 216;
geological history, 222, 231

Gulf Stream, climatic influences of, viii, 37, xiv, 304;
meeting with Labrador current, 305;
origin and course, 304;
"paper sailors" of, xii, 78;
plan for protecting, i, 345;
Portuguese man-of-war in, xii, 37;
seed dispersal by, xiii, 346

Gull, Sir William, xvi, 180, 184

Gulls, xii, 264

Gum Arabic, source, xiii, 226

Gumboils, ix, 56, 187

Gums, composition of, viii, 223, 229;
electrical conductivity, iv, 259

Gums (mouth), chilling of, by ether, iv, 174;
germ infection through, x, 202, 219, 222

Guncotton, composition and action, viii, 63, 255, 261;
discovery, xvi, 163

Gunite, v, 136

Gunnison River, Colorado, xiv, 172-3, 175

Gunny Sacks, xiii, 241

Gunpowder, viii, 144-5;
explosion, v, 156-7, viii, 62, 145;
introduction, v, 361, 368, xvi, 101

Guns (big), v, 368-71;
locating of, by sound velocity, i, 313, iv, 201-2;
making of, v, 323-5;
operation on battleships, v, 104, vii, 333-4;
phenomena in World War, i, 193-4
(see also Artillery, Projectiles)

Guns (small), development of, v, 361-2, xv, 213, 216-19;
kick, v, 143;
kick utilized in Maxim gun, 363;
machine, 362-8;
percussion lock invention, 377;
standardization in manufacture, 49-50

Gunshot Remedies, vii, 241, x, 76