Chapter XVII: Science in the Twentieth Century (2)

Auditory Nerve, ix, 101 (fig.), 142, xi, 30, 102;
internal and external stimulations, iv, 203

Auenbrugger, Leopold, x, 98-9, 110

Augite, iii, 336

Augustinus, Aurelius, xvi, 99-100

Auks, xii, 264-5

Aurelians, xii, 116

Aureoles, i, 184, 370

Aurignac Cave, iii, 305

Aurignacian Implements, xv, 100, 105, 108-9

Aurochs, xii, 331

Aurora, i, 158-62, 367;
altitude, 17;
magnetic disturbances with, vi, 40;
ozone from discharges, i, 16;
sun-spots and, ii, 176, 186

Ausable Chasm, iii, 44, 243, xiv, 128, 131

Auscultation, x, 108-10, 371

Australia, animals of, xii, 204, 249, 272, 274-5, 276-7, 278-80, 285;
barramundi fish of, 154;
barrier reef of, xii, 41, xiv, 263;
big trees, xiii, 26;
black swan of, xii, 259;
"bush" of, xiv, 378-9, 380;
bushmen, iii, 304;
climate, xiv, 358;
coasts, coral reefs on, xii, 40, 41;
desert sounds, i, 196;
former connections, xii, 277;
glacial and coal deposits, iii, 203-4;
grasslands, xiii, 373;
island or continent, xiv, 23;
ladybirds and scales, xv, 22;
landlocked area, xiv, 190, 222;
mining production, iii, 362, 365, 368, 370;
monsoons, i, 131;
mountains in Permian Period, iii, 205;
parrots of, xii, 266;
pearl fisheries of, 62;
plateau and plains, xiv, 218-22;
rabbit pest in, xv, 20;
ria coasts of, 257;
rivers and drainage of, xiv, 197;
sheep raising, 384;
snakes of, xii, 214-29;
temperate forests, xiii, 372;
timber supplies of, xiv, 382;
weather effects on history, i, 324;
wheat cultivation, xiii, 211;
wild rice, 214

Australians, xv, 193-5;
avenging of death by, 368;
beards, 38;
bird-catching by, 224;
boats of, 262;
body scarring by, 257-8;
boomerang of, 194, 208;
chieftains, 364;
color, 37;
cooking methods, 195, 233;
dances and music, 313-14;
digging sticks of, 235;
dogs used in hunting, 223;
dramatic ceremonies and plays, 306, 308-9;
duck hunting by, 222;
ideas of white men, 334;
message sticks, 166-7;
parrying stick of, 221;
sand drawings, 296;
songs of, 319-21;
spear-throwers of, 212 (fig.);
use of toes by, 61

Austria, beet sugar production, xiii, 216;
forests of, xiv, 238, 382;
Italy and, xiv, 244-5, 253;
Lake Dwellers of, xiii, 210;
loess deposits, xiv, 72;
Serbia and, 306

Autogenous Vaccines, x, 218

Auto-intoxication, ix, 249-52, x, 255, xi, 370;
in mothers, ix, 343-4

Automatic Heat Regulators, vii, 87-8

Automatic Regulation, vi, 101-2, vii, 362-3;
of motors, vi, 218, 224-9, 232

Automatic Telegraphy, vii, 112-13

Automatic Telephones, vi, 87, vii, 92-3, 106-7

Automobile Industry, v, 213-14, 383;
machine-tools and, 55-6, 214, 383

Automobiles, American, v, 213-14;
benzene fuels, viii, 235-6;
carburetors, vii, 124-8;
clutches, 143;
clutches, magnetic, vi, 104;
crank shafts, vii, 130-1;
cylinders, 130-1;
cylinder test, 128;
electric systems, 120-50;
engines, v, 156-61;
engine operation, vii, 123-33;
frost around exhaust, v, 128;
freezing of radiators, prevention, viii, 299;
future fuels, 209;
generator output regulation, vii, 144-50;
high and low speed air mixtures, 126-7;
history of development, v, 207, 212-13, 377, 383;
horns, iv, 240-1;
ignition system, vii, 130-41, 243;
ignition test, 128;
ignorance of drivers, 122-3;
lighting systems, 122, 135, 141-2;
limitations on use, i, 41-2;
lubrication, vii, 300;
magnesium parts, viii, 127-49;
magnetos, vii, 135, 139-41;
motion pictures of, iv, 349;
mufflers, v, 165;
Owen's magnetic, vi, 104;
power source, ix, 15, 74;
present attitude toward, vii, 299;
racing cars, v, 214;
roads and, 214-15;
springs air-cushioned, 134;
starters, vi, 99, 238-9, vii, 120, 127, 135, 142-3;
steel alloys used in, xiv, 238;
steering-gear, v, 38;
storage battery care, vii, 121, 127, 144;
tires, v, 133-4, 204;
tires burst by heat, iv, 151;
unit systems, vii, 135-6;
voltmeters, 163

Autonomic Nervous System, xi, 134-5, 137

Autophytes, xiii, 96-7

Autosuggestion, xi, 305-10;
in hypnotism, 311-20;
in salesmanship, 336-41;
in sleep, 287-8;
positive, 278

Autotransformers, vi, 327-8, 337 (fig.);
in wireless systems, vii, 266-91

Autumn, frosts, i, 258;
leaves in, xiii, 79, 175;
rate of advance (U. S.), i, 256

Aviators, altitude effects, i, 303;
complete rainbow seen by, 175;
fog effects, 300-1;
heights attained by, ix, 267-8;
sense of balance, v, 343;
sixth sense, i, 292;
training of, x, 242;
visibility obstacles, i, 303;
weather service for, 206, 227, 230, 231, 233, 286, 304-5

Avicenna, x, 32-3;
arterial bleeding unknown to, 39;
books burned by Paracelsus, 47;
translation of, 38;
views of fossils, iii, 14

Avitaminoses, x, 264

Avocations, importance of, xi, 375-6

Avogadro's Hypothesis, viii, 108-9, xvi, 133

Awe, sentiment of, xi, 147

Axolotl, xii, 173

Axons, of nerves, ix, 123-4, 125, 126, xi, 19

Aye-Ayes, xii, 374

Azaleas, xiii, 202, 203 (fig.), 289

Azores, xiv, 276, 289;
ocean depths near, 289;
rediscovery of, 309;
volcanic activity in, 316

Azores Plateau, xiv, 288

Aztecs, civilization, in temperate climate, xv, 123;
kings' oath, 366;
picture writing of, 169-78 (fig.);
tobacco use among, xiii, 257

Azurite, iii, 323

Baal, Phœnician sun-god, ii, 20

Babakotos, xii, 375

Baboons, xii, 379-81;
primates, 373

Babylon, wind-blown sand over, iii, 75;
world metropolis, xvi, 61

Babylonian Language, xv, 162

Babylonians, astronomy of, ii, 19-21, xvi, 56, 57-8, 61-2;
cuneiform writing, xv, 174, 175 (fig.), xvi, 60;
debt of Greeks and Egyptians to, 63, 66, 69, 70, 71;
Hammurabic code, 63;
history and civilization, 51-3, 55, 62-3;
idea of cosmos, 77;
magic of, 59;
mathematics, 61, 62, 103;
medicine of, x, 14, 15;
science, remarks on, xiv, 96

Babyroussa, xii, 310

Bacilli, x, 195;
of various diseases, 149, 165-6, 292, 295, 296, 298-9

Backstays of Sun, i, 169, 367

Bacon, calories in, ix, 299

Bacon, Francis, evolution known to, x, 136;
Harvey's small esteem for, 66;
influence on his times, 67;
on brontides, i, 196;
on knowledge, xi, 10;
scientific work, xvi, 113, 115, 125, 131

Bacon, Roger, xvi, 100-1

Bacteria, anærobic, xiii, 312-13;
atmospheric electricity and, i, 330;
breeding of, true, x, 195;
classification of, 195;
destruction by disinfectants, viii, 332-3;
destruction in blood, x, 209-11;
disease-making (see Disease Germs);
fermentation by, ix, 248;
flowerless plants, xiii, 13;
food of, ix, 27, 248;
in air, i, 61;
Chicago standards, viii, 332;
in body, x, 201-2, 204;
in intestines, ix, 247-9;
in sea, xii, 16;
Leeuwenhoek's studies, xvi, 107-8;
low temperature effects, i, 32;
luminous, 346, 349, xii, 20;
nitrogen fixation by, i, 35, viii, 340, 345, 346, x, 193-4, xiii, 98,
xiv, 66;
number of species, xiii, 323;
origin of, xii, 12;
Pasteur's studies, xvi, 143;
preserving foods against, viii, 372;
sewage treatment by, 325, 327-9;
single-celled, xiii, 166;
size, i, 61, xiii, 63;
soil, xii, 15;
ultramicroscopic, x, 200;
useful forms of, 193-4

Bacteriemia, x, 220

Bacteriology, x, 194;
foundations of, 143, 196

Badgers, xii, 347-8

Bad Lands, iii, 139-40, 230, xiv, 62, 81-2

Bagehot, quoted, xvi, 198

Baglivi, x, 76, 77-8, 155

Bag-pipes, xv, 317

Baguio, Philippines, rainstorm at, 1, 110

Baguios, i, 136, 367

Bahamas, hurricane grass of, xiii, 344;
sisal production, 240;
wild fig tree, 18

Baikal, Lake, depth of, xiv, 204;
in rift valley, 123

Bailey's Beads, ii, 87

Baking Powders, viii, 136-7, 223

Baking Soda, viii, 135-6, 146, 278

Balance, sense of (see Equilibrium Sense)

Balanced Forces, v, 183-6

Balance Levers, v, 63-4 (fig.) 65

Balance Spring, invention, v, 65

Balance Wheels, v, 68-9, 71-2

Baldness, ancient treatment of, x, 12;
hats and, 309

Balearic Basin, xiv, 291

Balfour, Francis, x, 131

Ball-bearings, iv, 93, v, 206

Ballistic Wind, i, 313-67

Ball Lightning, i, 149-52, vii, 205-6, 213-15;
as ignis fatuus, i, 347

Ballon-sonde, i, 21, 367

Balloons, iv, 107-8, v, 219-30;
aerological uses and kinds, i, 18, 19, 20-2, 89, xvi, 177;
dirigible (see Dirigible Balloons), heights attained, i, 18, 22, 303,
v, 225;
hydrogen in, iv, 108, viii, 33;
sounds heard, i, 188;
why they rise, 286, v, 221-2

Baltic Provinces, coasts of, xiv, 247

Baltic Racial Group, xvi, 48-9

Baltic Sea, development of trade of, xiv, 308;
formation of, 287;
green color, xvi, 147;
salt in, viii, 139, xiv, 296

Baltimore, harbor of, xiv, 268

Bamboo, in grass family, xiii, 179, 181;
rapid growth, 358;
stem, 26, 183;
tropical wood, xiv, 383

Banana, xiii, 216-18;
calories in, ix, 299;
flavor and odor, to what due, viii, 221;
food value, 365, x, 266-8;
in tropical forests, xiv, 368

Banana Oil, viii, 214, 221, 251

Bandai-san, eruption of, xiv, 324

Banks, oceanic, xiv, 286

Banyan Tree, xiii, 16 (illus.), 21

Bar, pressure unit, i, 70, 367

Barbados, overpopulation of, xiv, 282

Barbed Fruits, xiii, 58

Barbers, as surgeons, x, 35, 41, 54, 105, xvi, 181

Barberry Bush, xiii, 128-30

Barisal Guns, i, 195, 367

Barite, iii, 323;
gangue mineral, viii, 199

Barium, viii, 148;
affinity strength, 128;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
flame color, 301;
fluorescence of, vii, 254;
specific gravity, viii, 384;
test for, 287-89

Barium Chloride, viii, 290, 301

Bark Lice, xii, 112

Barker, Dr., quoted, x, 375-6

Barley, composition and value, viii, 364;
malt from, 249;
ripening time, xiv, 365;
source, 382;
vitamines in, x, 262

Bar Magnets, iv, 242-3, 250, vi, 30-4

Barnacles, xii, 82, 84-5

Barns, electricity for, vii, 227-8;
lightning rods on, i, 156

Barocyclonometer, i, 280, 367

Barographs, i, 71-2, 367

Barometers, i, 70-2, 367, iv, 119-24;
Torricelli's development of, i, 68, iv, 29, 30, 114, xvi, 109, 177

Barometer Wells, i, 354, 367

Barometric Gradient, i, 126, 373

Barometric Pressure (see Atmospheric Pressure)

Barometric Tendency, i, 71-2, 367

Barotaxis, xi, 53, 61

Barramunda, xii, 154, 165-6

Barrel Gears, v, 27-8

Barrier Reefs, xii, 40-1, xiv, 263

Barton, Prof. W. M., author Medicine, Volume x

Bars, vibration rate of, iv, 223-4

Basal Metabolism (see Basic Metabolism)

Basaltic Lava, defined, iii, 377;
in Grand Canyon, 177;
jointing in, xiv, 129-30;
soils from, iii, 28

Basalt Rock, magnetized by lightning, i, 152-3

Base, Bases (chemistry), viii, 374;
defined by ionization theory, 122;
electrolytes, 125;
formation and character, 20, 39, 115, 117-18;
ionization in solution, 119-25, 300-1;
litmus effect, 114;
production, 276

Baseball, pitching of curves, iv, 67-9

Baseball Games, crowd psychology at, xi, 327;
value to spectators, 139-40

Baseball Players, sensory type, xi, 156

Base Level of Erosion, defined, iii, 30, 377, xiv, 40;
form of rivers at, 49;
of waves, 254

Base Plugs, vi, 276-7, vii, 72

Basic Metabolism, ix, 37, 78, x, 271;
daily amount in calories, ix, 296, x, 271;
disease effects on, ix, 302-4, x, 272;
heat production by, ix, 307;
of obese persons, x, 274;
protein stimulation of, ix, 301-2;
protoplasmic wastage by, 282-3;
temperature and water effects, 37-8

Basilar Membrane, of ear, iv, 203

Basin Ranges, formation of, xiv, 117

Basins, ocean, xiv, 286

Basket Fish, xii, 49

Baskets, Indian, xv, 248

Basques, isolation of, xv, 130

Bathrooms, lighting of, vii, 71-2

Baths, Bathing, ix, 313, 321-2, x, 311-12;
need of, after exercise, x, 304;
therapeutic uses, 311, 383;
warm for insomnia, xi, 289-90
(see also Cold Baths, Hot Baths)

Bats, xii, 369-72;
in oceanic islands, xiv, 277

Batteries, electric (see Electric Batteries)

Battles, crowd psychology in, xi, 326-7;
rain from, i, 336-8

Battleships, electrical applications (U. S. N.), vii, 325-35;
gun-training on, v, 104;
importance, vii, 325-6;
radio directing of, 284;
wireless telephony and, 281-3

Bauxite, iii, 369;
in basic refractories, vii, 307

Bayberry Bush, xiii, 191, 341

Bayliss, hormones discovery, x, 320;
secretin discovery, 325;
quoted, xi, 198-9

Bays, in irregular coasts, xiv, 252;
of ria coasts, 257

Beach, Alfred E., v, 138

Beach, Prof. Robin, author Electricity, Vols. vi, vii

Beaches, amphipods of, xii, 85;
features of, xiv, 246;
formation of, iii, 58, 81;
plants of, xiii, 381-2;
raised, iii, 81, xiv, 209;
rapid development of, iii, 58

Beach Fleas, xii, 81-5

Beach Walls, xiv, 246

Beachworms, xii, 54

Beaded Lightning, i, 149

"Beagle," voyage of, x, 134-5, xiv, 142

Beam Balance, iv, 101-2

Beam Warpers, v, 280

Beans, as food, viii, 365, ix, 34, 36, 299, x, 262-79;
food-obtaining devices, xiii, 97;
leaves, 36-7, 113;
movement of tendrils, 111;
in pea family, 198;
origin, 222;
petals, 47;
seeds, 56;
seed-leaves, 176

Beards, as race character, xv, 38

Bears, xii, 336-8;
canine teeth in, 333;
first cave-dwellers, xv, 206;
in Great Britain, xiv, 273

Beasts of Prey, xii, 332-65

Beats (sound), iv, 219-20, vii, 279

Beaufort Scale, i, 84, 367

Beaumont, William, ix, 240, x, 121, xvi, 186

Beauty, universal appreciation of, xvi, 145-6

Beaverdam Creek, iii, 38-9

Beaver-dam Lakes, iii, 157

Beavers, xii, 295-6;
first lumberers, xv, 206

Beckel Process, v, 287-8

Becquerel, Henri, xvi, 193

Bedbugs, xii, 114;
ancient, 104

Bedded Rock (see Sedimentary Rock)

Bedford Limestone, iii, 371-2

Bedrooms, air of, xi, 285;
furnishings and sleep, xi, 290;
lighting of, vi, 275-6, vii, 71

Beds, right, for sleep, xi, 290

Beebread, xiii, 124

Beech Forests, carbon used by, i, 14;
of Chile, xiv, 371;
of Denmark, xv, 86-7;
water requirements of, xiv, 377-8

Beech Trees, family, xiii, 193;
in landscaping, 271-2;
leaf-bud protection, 34;
of U. S., 368, xiv, 372

Beef, calories in, ix, 299;
proteins in, 279;
vitamines in, x, 262

Beef Extracts, value, viii, 362

Bees, xii, 125-6;
appearance in Tertiary, 104;
jaws and maxillæ in, 100;
plant visitors, xiii, 123-4, 126-7, 128-30, 137-9

Beeswax, viii, 221-45;
melting requirements, iv, 162

Beetles, xii, 121-4;
appearance of, 104

Beets, antiscurvy vitamines in, x, 266;
origin and antiquity, xiii, 222;
sugar storage in, ix, 27-8;
swelled roots, xiii, 19
(see also Sugar Beet)

Beet Sugar, viii, 226-7, 242, xiii, 216;
compared with glucose, ix, 230

Beginners' Luck, xi, 253

Begonias, coloring of leaves, xii, 42;
reproduction, 165-6

Beheaded Streams, xiv, 182-3

Behel, Jacob, v, 248

Belgians, in Alpine group, xvi, 49

Belgium, fossils found in, iii, 292;
German invasion, reasons, xiv, 91-2;
low elevation, 247;
mistpoeffers, i, 195;
tobacco consumption, xiii, 256;
topography of, xiv, 86 (map), 90-1;
zinc production, iii, 364

Bell, Alexander Graham, telephone invention, vii, 92, xvi, 188

Bell, Charles, x, 117

Bell, John, x, 129

Bell, Rev. Patrick, v, 246

Bell-crank Levers, v, 24-5

Belle Isle Strait, proposed damming, i, 345

Bells, vibrations of, iv, 221-2

Bell Telephone System, vii, 92;
automatic telephones, 106

Benedictine Order, medical work of, x, 36

Benguella Current, xiv, 305

Ben Nevis, rime growth, i, 122;
St. Elmo's Fire, 158

Benz, Karl, v, 213

Benzaldehyde, viii, 239

Benzene, viii, 51, 234-5, 374;
derivatives, 236;
from coal tar, 253;
freezing and melting points, iv, 163-4

Benzene Hydrocarbons, viii, 206, 232-6;
derivatives, 236-40;
products, 52, 241, 258

Benzene Ring, viii, 233, 234, 240

Benzine, viii, 234-5

Benzoic Acid, viii, 236, 239, 372

Benzol, viii, 234-5

Benzyl Alcohol, viii, 239

Benzyl Bromide, viii, 263

Berea Sandstone, iii, 372

Berengario of Carpi, x, 52, 60

Bergman, chemist, xvi, 119, 120, 174

Bergshrund, iii, 66

Bergson, philosophy of, xvi, 196

Beriberi, ix, 35-6, x, 257-9, 264;
cause of, viii, 369;
racial susceptibility to, xv, 50-1

Bering Sea, seal breeding in, xii, 334

Bering Strait, xiv, 22

Berkshire Hills, formation, iii, 188, 190

Berlin, sewage disposal, viii, 327

Berliner, Emile, gramophone, v, 328-9, 382;
transmitter, 381

Bermudas, climate of, xiv, 370-1;
coral reefs of, xii, 40

Bernard, Claude, x, 127-8, xvi, 185-6

Berries, xiii, 54;
poison in wayside, 252

Berson, balloon ascension, i, 18, v, 225

Bertrand, Alexandre, xvi, 185-6

Beryl, iii, 324-5

Berzelius, Jacob, xvi, 160-1, 165;
on fermentation, x, 138

Bessel, dismissal from Greenwich, xi, 156;
instruments and methods, ii, 16, 55;
on genius and instruments, 93;
prediction of, 124;
study of stellar parallaxes, 311-12, 313

Bessemer Converter, v, 319, 320, 322, 380, viii, 159;
invention, xvi, 175

Bessemer Steel, ore for, iii, 356

Besson, Dr. Louis, i, 181;
nephoscope, 86, 85 (fig.)

Beta Aurigæ, ii, 123

Beta Rays, i, 143, viii, 185

Betelgeuse, angular diameter, ii, 151, 322-3;
chemical study of, 114;
color, 297;
name, 39

Betel Nut, xiii, 254-5

Bevel Gears, v, 30-1;
primitive, 27-8

Beverages from various plants, xiii, 213, 219, 227-35

Bharal, xii, 326

Bianchini, ii, 99, 227

Bias, psychological effects, xi, 103, 208-9, 216

Biberthal, Switzerland, xiv, 186

Bible, account of man in, xv, 69;
Anglo-Saxon passage from, 157;
emotions depicted in, xi, 131;
"Great Sea" of, xiv, 358;
rice and sugar not mentioned, xiii, 214-15;
weather proverbs, i, 67
(see also New and Old Testaments)

Bicarbonate of Soda, medical uses of, x, 12, 322

Biceps, ix, 76-7 (fig.)

Bichat, x, 117

Bicycle Pump, i, 26-7

Bicycle Races, energy expenditure in, ix, 297

Bicycles, equilibrium maintenance on, iv, 62;
gyroscopic action, v, 343;
pedal invention, 380;
riding of, ix, 155-6, 158-9

Biela's Comet, ii, 280, 286

Biennials (plants), roots of, xiii, 16, 18

Bifocal Lenses, ix, 112;
invented by Franklin, x, 104

Big Creek Power Plant, v, 79, 81

Bigelow, Henry J., x, 125

Big Horn Sheep, xii, 326

Bigourdan, astronomer, ii, 358-9

Big Trees, Californian, age and size, xiii, 26;
branches, 86;
climatic changes seen in rings, i, 199, 200, xiv, 362;
former wide distribution, iii, 256, xiii, 352
(see also Sequoias)

Bihar, India, hailstorm, i, 120

Bile, ix, 237, 243, 275-6, x, 325-6, 329-30

Biliousness, x, 330

Billfish, xii, 152

Billings, John Shaw, xvi, 186

Billroth, Theodor, xvi, 183

Binary Stars, ii, 122-4, 334-5;
distance, 319-20;
orbit eccentricity, 377;
origin, 378-9;
periods, 319;
relation to Galaxy, 327;
variability, 326-7
(see also Double Stars)

Binding Machines, v, 247-8

Binoculars, principle of, xi, 180

Binomial Nomenclature, x, 84

Binturongs, xii, 353

Biochemistry, viii, 205, 348

Bioclimatic Law, i, 256, 367-8

Biology, defined, xvi, 36, 42;
history of development, 118, 142, 144-58;
medicine and, x, 369;
modern, due to Darwin, 134-6;
remarks on science of, 368

Biometry, science of, xvi, 153-8

Biot, balloon flights, i, 18;
meteor studies, ii, 284-5

Biotite, iii, 334

Birch Trees, antiquity of species, xiii, 324-5;
family, 193;
fertilization, 148;
in landscaping, 271-2;
seed dispersal, 343;
in U. S., 368, xiv, 372

Bird-catching, by Australians, xv, 224

Bird-catching Spiders, xii, 97

Birds, xii, 239-69;
anatomy of, 239, 247-8;
appearance in eocene, xv, 71;
care of young by, 275-6;
carinate, xii, 250;
colors of, 245-6;
courtships of, xv, 274-5;
embryological resemblances, 54;
evolution, iii, 286, 295-7, xii, 195, 239-43;
eyes of, xi, 98;
fear in, 136;
feathers of, xii, 243-7;
flower fertilization by, xiii, 123;
food of, ix, 24;
game, xii, 261-3;
heart of, x, 332;
infectious diseases of, 206;
luminous, i, 346-7;
man's lessons from, xv, 206;
migrations, cause, xiii, 55;
monogamy of, xv, 276-7;
oil-secreting organ of, x, 310;
orders of, xii, 249;
passerine, 268-9;
phosphorus in excrement, xiv, 68;
protective coloration in, xv, 17;
ratite, xii, 243-49;
ribs of, 184;
seed dispersal by, xiii, 55, 58, 59, 340-3;
sense of smell, xi, 78;
singing of, iv, 209;
singing organs, xii, 248-9;
sleeping habits, xi, 287;
teaching of young to fly, xv, 66, 275-6;
temperature regulation in, ix, 306, 307, 308;
used in hunting and fishing, xv, 223-4;
various groups, xii, 264-7;
warm-bloodedness of, ix, 305;
water, xii, 250-9

Birds of Paradise, courtships of, xv, 275;
plumes of, xii, 244

Birds of Prey, xii, 260-1

Birmingham Iron Region, iii, 358-9

Birs River, Jura Mountains, xiv, 94

Birth, ix, 344;
body conditions and development at, 345-52;
bones at, 58;
freedom from germs at, x, 201;
heart rate at, 334, ix, 347;
muscle cells at, 48, 348;
skull capacity at, xv, 40;
temperature changes at, xi, 36-7;
weight at, ix, 31

Births, male and female, ix, 340

Biscay, Bay of, depths, xiv, 289;
sand destruction in, iii, 75

Bishop's Ring, i, 58, 183, 368

Bismarck, skull capacity, xv, 40

Bismuth, affinity strength, viii, 128;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
expansion on solidifying, iv, 150;
in Rose's fusible metal, 162;
melting point, viii, 384;
melting point, pressure effects on, iv, 163;
occurrence, viii, 131;
specific gravity, 384;
tests for, 287-8

Bisons, xii, 329-30;
formerly in Europe, xv, 76;
pictured in Cro-Magnon art, 114-18 (fig.)

Bitter, taste of, ix, 95, xi, 70, 71, 72

Bitterns, xii, 254-5

Bituminous Coal, beds in U.S., iii, 200-1, 346-7, 348;
elements, 345;
per cent carbon in, viii,
(see also Soft Coal)

Bituminous Strata, origin, iii, 249-50

Bivalves, xii, 58, 63

Black (color), absorption of light by, iv, 364, x, 309;
produced by interference of lights, iv, 377-8;
sensation of, ix, 115

Black, Joseph, chemical work, xvi, 119-20, 125, 177;
discovery of respiration physiology, x, 88-9

Black Beetles, xii, 107

Blackberry, aggregate fruit, xiii, 55;
in rose family, 197;
origin, 224;
running, 28

Blackbirds, xii, 269

Black Death, x, 163-4

"Black Earth," of Russia, xiv, 217

Blackfish, xii, 297

Black Forest, Germany, xiv, 238-9;
geology of, 87 (map), 90, 117, 128

Black Hills, xiv, 93, 227;
core of, 111;
former forests of, 373;
mineral springs of, 145

Black Hole of Calcutta, i, 321, ix, 268, x, 238

Black Lead, iii, 331, viii, 43 (see Graphite)

Black Lightning, i, 148

Black Powder, viii, 144-5, 260

Black Race, xv, 32;
brain and skull capacity, 41;
disease immunity and susceptibility, 48-9, 50-1;
facial angle in, 45;
fitted to tropics, 50;
jaw angle, 44;
nose index and nostril shape, 46;
peoples, 37;
separate origin theory, 69, 70;
skull shape, 42;
type characters of, 35

Black Sea, hanging valleys on shore of, xiv, 58;
importance of ports, 267;
salinity of, 296, viii, 139;
sturgeons of, xii, 152

Blacksnakes, xii, 218-19, 229

Blair, Henry, xvi, 187

Blanc, Mount, observatory on, ii, 142-9;
"resurrection," i, 168;
sound intensity on, 186

Blankets, warmth of, iv, 178

Blast Furnaces, v, 317-18;
air blast of, viii, 158;
ancient Egyptian, xvi, 74;
carbon uses, viii, 157;
cooling of air for, v, 347;
development of modern, 315-16, xvi, 174, 175, 176;
oxygen in, i, 33;
potash from dust, viii, 279

Blasting, v, 261-2;
explosives for, viii, 260;
with compressed air, i, 27;
with water, v, 100

Blasting Powders, viii, 137-8

Bleaching, chemistry of, viii, 86;
chlorine, 85-6;
hydrogen peroxide, 41, 86;
ozone, vii, 354;
sulphur dioxide, viii, 78, 146;
of wool, 256

Bleaching Powder, viii, 86-7, 146, 153, 274

Bleeders, Bleeding Sickness, ix, 181;
transmission of, x, 234

Bleeding, from arteries and veins, x, 39;
leeches used for, xii, 55;
stopping of, ix, 179-81

Blended Inheritance, ix, 334, x, 230-1;
in animal and plant breeding, ix, 337

Blériot, flight of, i, 43

Blight, cause of, xiii, 71

Blind, optophone reading for, v, 332, 334-5, 384;
space perception by, xi, 168-9

Blindness, black seen in, ix, 116;
cause, xi, 96-7;
from brain disease, ix, 146;
from cataract, 112

Blind Spot, xi, 87-9

Blish, Commander, v, 367-8

Blizzards, i, 133-4, 368;
device against, 345

Block and Tackle, v, 34-5

Block Mountains, iii, 138-9, xiv, 117, 226

Block Signal Systems, v, 211, vii, 355-9

Block Tin, viii, 161

Blood, absorption of digested food by, ix, 226, 243-6;
adrenalin effects, 171-2, xi, 137-8;
aeration of, by lungs, x, 62, 331;
amount in circulation, 337;
anemia, 337;
arterial, ix, 260, 263, 264;
carbon dioxide in, 190, 262-3;
effects, 264-7, x, 339;
carbon monoxide effects, viii, 50-1;
circulation of (see Circulation of the Blood);
clotting of, ix, 180, x, 88, 337;
coagulation after emotion, xi, 138-9;
coloring matter related to Chlorophyll, xii, 14;
color of, in relation to oxygen, ix, 259-61;
composition, 173-90;
control of vital processes by changes in, 168-72;
conveyer system, 191, 225;
corpuscle-forming tissues, growth of, 287;
distribution efficiency, x, 238-9;
emergency emotion effects, ix, 166, 171, 293, xi, 136-7;
fats in, ix, 289;
flow, how controlled, 215-16, 219-21;
functions, summarized, 50-1, x, 331-7;
germ destruction by white corpuscles, 197, 209-11;
in embryo, ix, 343;
interchange with tissue, fluids, 51 (fig.), 191, 193-5, 221-2;
iron and salts in, uses, viii, 354;
liver action on, x, 329;
maternal influences through, ix, 343-4;
mountain-sickness effects, i, 328;
neutrality or alkalinity of, x, 280-1;
oxygen supply and transportation, ix, 182-3, 198-9, 253-62, x, 338-9;
platelets of, ix, 188-9;
proteins of, 176-7, 194-5, 262-3;
rate of passage through heart, 210, 211, 212;
red corpuscles, 181-4 (see Red Corpuscles);
renewal of, 173;
sensations, effect on, xi, 68;
sleep effects, 283-5, 289;
soul in, Greek idea of, xv, 330;
sugar in, regulation and excess, ix, 290-3, x, 329, 330;
sugar increase in excitement, xi, 138;
temperature, v, 348-9;
temperature rise, effects, ix, 169, 315-16;
transfusion of, x, 337-8;
venous, ix, 263-4;
waste removal by and from, 271-6;
water absorption and supply, 247;
white corpuscles, 182 (fig.), 184-8
(see also White Corpuscles)

Blood-destroying Germ, x, 221

Blood Heat, i, 319

Blood Pressure, ix, 213-20, x, 334-6;
color effects, xi, 63, 96;
in sleep, 283-4

Blood Rains, i, 358

Blood Suckers, x, 91

Blood Vessels, ix, 191-3, 196-8;
classes and disorders of, x, 334-6;
climatic effects on efficiency, 238-9;
control of caliber of, ix, 161, 168, 215-16, 219-20, 311;
functions of, 50-1;
injuries, how mended, 180

Blooms, iron and steel, v, 317, 322

Blowers, electric, vii, 86

Blow Guns, xv, 216-17 (fig.)

Blowing Wells, i, 353-5, 368

Blowout, magnetic, vii, 37-9

Blue, complementary color of, iv, 367;
in birds' feathers, xii, 245;
in interior decoration, vi, 274;
of sky, i, 165, penetration of ocean by, xii, 22;
wave length of, iv, 365

Blueberries, xiii, 202, 224

"Blue Coal," v, 174

Blue Columbine, xiii, 126-8

Blue-grass Region, xiv, 68

Blue Grotto of Capri, iii, 81

Blue Gum Trees, xiii, 26, 94, 350;
leaves of, 106;
swamp draining by, xiv, 379
(see also Eucalyptus)

Blue Ridge Mountains, metamorphism in, xiv, 234

Bluffs, formation of, xiv, 84

Blunderbuss, v, 361

Boa Constrictor, xii, 215

Boas, family of, xii, 213, 215-16

Boats, evolution of, xv, 261-3;
propulsion of, 265

Bobcats, xii, 364-5

Bode's Law, ii, 254-5

Bodies, of matter, defined, iv, 12, 381

Body, anatomy and physiology of, ix;
care of against fatigue, xi, 279-80;
care of, instruction in, x, 282-5;
changes in, untransmitted, ix, 326;
chemical composition, viii, 348, 349, 353, 354-5;
construction features and units, ix, 12, 13;
dissection of, x, 30, 41-2, 45, 81;
efficiency of, viii, 367, ix, 306, x, 238-9;
electrical conductivity, iv, 259;
electricity effects, vii, 246-9, xi, 117;
emergency responses of, ix, 166-7, 171-2, 209, 220, 221, 293;
exercise effects, x, 303-4;
fatigue conditions, xi, 270-4;
fatigue results on resistance, x, 248;
food needs and utilization, (see Food);
functional disorders, x, 318-65;
functional regulation, 346-7, 352-3;
functions, chemical explanation of, xvi, 142;
functions, close connection of, xi, 31;
growth of (see Growth);
hair on, xv, 38;
hardening processes, x, 240;
infection portals, 198, 201-2;
kinetic system, xi, 57, 60-1;
living and nonliving parts, ix, 12, 13, 31;
machine parts suggested by, v, 20;
mechanisms of, 248;
metabolism (see Metabolism);
mind and, relations, xi, 13, 14, 61, 369-75;
motions, different kinds, ix, 82-3;
mutilations among savages, xv, 257-60;
painting of, 255-6;
poisonous effluvia of, ix, 269-70;
positions of, in relation to health, x, 241-2
(see also Postures);
pressures, xi, 53;
pressure of atmosphere on, i, 23;
proper clothing of, x, 306-10;
regulation to environment, 249-51;
reproduction from cells, ix, 324-5, 332-3;
resistance to disease germs, 177-9, 185-6, x, 203-12, 240, 248, 289,
292;
salt requirements, ix, 174;
seat of life in, 11, 12, 17;
shame of, xv, 254-5;
temperature, v, 348-9, ix, 306-7, 312, x, 250-1, 306;
temperature after hard work, ix, 317;
temperature equality, advantages of, 78-9;
temperature in different scales, iv, 137 (fig.);
temperature in fever, ix, 317-19;
temperature regulation, i, 316-17, 320-1, 322, v, 348-9, viii, 331,
ix, 169, 305-23, x, 310;
temperature rise from excitement, xi, 140;
temperature rise in dense atmosphere, iv, 31;
tissues (see Tissues);
unstable chemical organization, xi, 134;
wastage and repair of, ix, 278-86;
waste elimination in tropics and cold climates, xv, 49, 50;
water functions in, viii, 355-6, wonders of, vi, 272;
X-ray effects, vii, 250
(see also particular parts and functions)

Body Cells, ix, 13, 41-3, xi, 15, 17, 49;
development of, ix, 43-8, 324-5, 332-3;
different kinds, 13, 39, 42-3, 277, 329;
living and nonliving, 12-17;
maintenance and growth, 34-6, 38-9, 189, 278-84, 287-9;
metabolism of (see Cell Metabolism);
oxygen needs and supply, 182, 199, 253, 254, 260;
power development in, 16, 17, 22, 36, 40;
salt needs, 174;
size of, 12;
sugar and fat supplies, 289-91;
supply and renewal system, 49-52, 193-5, 221-2, 262, 271;
supporting tissue, 71-2;
waste of, in starvation, 298;
X-ray effects on, vii, 253
(see also Muscle Cells, Nerve Cells, Germ Cells, etc.)

Body Fluids, ix, 50-1, 173-90;
in connective tissues, 59;
sugar in, 290, 291
(see also Blood, Tissue Fluids)

Boë, Francis de la, x, 69, 70, xvi, 108

Boerhaave, Hermann, x, 76-7, 87, xvi, 112, 178

Boer War, kopjes in, xiv, 82

Boethius, xvi, 101

Bog Iron Ore, iii, 13, viii, 156

Bog Mosses, xiii, 68-9

Bogoslof Islands, xiv, 319

Bog Plants, xiii, 104, 381-2

Bogs, formed from filling lakes, xiv, 210-12

Bohemian Glass, viii, 281

Boiler Explosions, caused by electrolytic corrosion, vi, 64-6;
due to scale, xiv, 147;
violence, v, 140

Boilers, Steam, v, 139-42;
boiling point of water in, viii, 303;
hard water in, 151-2, 323, xiv, 147;
heat loss, v, 155;
pressure in, iv, 119, 170

Boiling, of foods, xv, 233;
of liquids, iv, 167-75

Boiling Point, iv, 168;
chemical composition and, viii, 298, 301;
in various thermometers, i, 73, iv, 136, 137, 141, viii, 27;
of various substances, iv, 173;
pressure effects on, 168, 169-70, v, 354, viii, 303-5

Boils, causes of, ix, 186, 187, x, 195, 201, 311

Bolivia, Chilean control of, xiv, 306

Bologna, University of, xvi, 100;
medical school of, x, 38

Bolometers, iv, 301, vii, 363;
in corona studies, ii, 212, 225

Bombay Duck, xii, 163

Bombing Machines, v, 233

Bombs, aerial, v, 372-3

Bombs, volcanic, xiv, 323

Bond, Dr. A. R., author Mechanics, Vol. v

Bonds (chemistry), defined, viii, 374

Bone Black, viii, 47

Bone Fertilizers, viii, 153, 280, 343

Bones, of body, ix, 59, 71;
cartilage beginnings of, 58;
condition of, in infants, 345-6;
food needed for, 33;
formation, structure, and growth, 54-7, 58;
inflammations of, x, 224;
lime salts in, ix, 57;
red marrow of, 183;
used in hearing, iv, 204;
X-ray pictures of, iv, 320, vii, 253-4, 255

Bonneville, Lake, iii, 153

Books, ancient making of, xv, 178-9;
printing and binding of, v, 306

Book Scorpions, xii, 90

Boomerangs, xv, 194, 208;
principle of, iv, 42

Bora Winds, i, 133, 368

Boracic Acid, viii, 89, 90, 372

Borates, preparation, viii, 117;
test, 290

Borax, composition, viii, 141;
deposits, 89, 90, 197, 275;
uses, 89, 141, 146, 333, 372

Boredom, in work, xi, 275-6, 277-8, 280

Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, x, 70, 71-2, 83

Boric Acid, natural sources, viii, 90, 118;
preservative, 89, 333, 372;
solid, 114

Boring Machines, v, 44, 376

Boring, deep, xiv, 11, 12
(see also Wells)

Borneo, continental island, xiv, 274;
coconut gathering in, xii, 378;
orang-utan of, 381;
rhinoceros of, 306;
sun bear, 337;
tattooing in, xv, 259;
tribal morality in, 374

Boron, viii, 19, 89, 90;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
in silicates, 193

Bosphorus, importance to Russia, xiv, 267

Boston, drumlins near, xiv, 60;
harbor of, 269;
sewage disposal, viii, 326;
water supply, 317, xiv, 140

Boston Ivy, xiii, 28

BOTANY, Volume xiii

Botany, xvi, 36;
binomial nomenclature in, x, 84;
daily interest, xvi, 20-2;
discovery of America, effects, x, 45;
history of development, xvi, 112, 116, 165-7;
public education in (France), 22

Bothnia, Gulf of, salinity, xiv, 296

Bow-and-Arrow, evolution of, xv, 213-15;
fish-shooting with, 227;
stringed instruments developed from, 317-18

Bowditch, Henry Pickering, x, 131

Bowels, care of, x, 316-17;
"yearning of," xi, 64, 131, 160 (see Intestines)

Bowfin, xii, 152;
nests of, 154

Bowlder Clay, iii, 67, xiv, 59

Bowlders, glacial, iii, 70, 237, 352 (pl. 20), xiv, 69, 70

Boyle, Robert, air pressure experiments, iv, 29, 125;
chemical work, xvi, 110, 111, 112, 115, 119, 177;
"Sceptical Chemist," quoted, 159

Boyle's Law, iv, 125-6, 133, 143, 156, viii, 106-7

Boys, education of, xi, 266-7;
food consumption by, viii, 367

Brachiopods, iii, 259, 263, 270-2, xii, 47-8;
deep sea 23;
illustration, iii, 256 (Pl. 14)

Bracken Fern, xiii, 350

Bracts, xiii, 43, 45, 206

Bradley, James, astronomical work, ii, 90-2, xvi, 124

Brahe, Tycho (see Tycho Brahe)

Braided Goods, v, 276-7

Brain, ix, 131, 144-7, xi, 15-32, 60;
areas for different functions, xv, 89-90;
as seat of life, ix, 11, 14, 17;
association fibers, xi, 200;
association region of, ix, 151;
auditory area, xi, 108;
blood supply of, ix, 197, 216-17;
cells of, 14;
changes caused by shock xi, 59;
condition of, at birth, ix, 351;
connections in nervous system, 142-4, 147-51;
convolutions of, xv, 62-3;
delayed nervous impulses in, ix, 140, 141-2, 145, 146-7;
diseases, results of, 146;
emotional processes in, 154, 200;
gray matter of, xv, 63;
in dreams, xi, 301;
in sleep, ix, 218, xi, 285, 286, 287, 289;
inflammation of, cause, x, 224;
insensitive to pain, xi, 118;
intellectual processes, ix, 147-53, 154;
magnetism effects, vii, 247;
mental incapacity from defects, xi, 13;
motor area, ix, 147;
of insects, xii, 103;
of men and lower animals, compared, xv, 62-3, 96;
of primitive men, iii, 302-3, 304, xv, 89-91, 96;
various animals of past, iii, 289, 290, 292, 298, 299;
overuse effects, xi, 288-9;
protection of, in infants ix, 345;
Sherrington on, xi, 12;
skull capacity in relation to, xv, 41;
stomach and, relations, xi, 370;
storehouse of past environment, 58;
tissues unaffected in starvation, ix, 298;
visual area, xi, 96-7;
waste of energy of, 377;
weight in man and apes, xv, 62;
weight in various men and races, 39-41;
wounds of, early treatment, x, 55, 56
(see also Brain Stem, Cerebellum, Cerebrum)

Brain Case, ix, 61;
face and, xv, 43, 62

Brain Power, development of, in man, xv, 190-1;
racial expressions and, 39, 63-4

Brain Stem, ix, 144-5, 146 (fig.);
vital process centers of, 167-9, 257, 315

Brain Work, energy consumed by, viii, 367;
fatigue from, ix, 138, x, 247

Brain Workers, ailments, xi, 371;
attractive foods for, ix, 242;
exercise needs, x, 304

Brakes, air (see Air Brakes);
electromagnetic, vi, 92, 94;
friction, iv, 93-4;
regenerative, vii, 200

Bramah, Joseph, hydraulic press, v, 98-9, 376;
planer, 377

Bran, in diet, x, vitamines in, 261, 266

Branches of Trees, as leaves, xiii, 378, 379;
why clear of ground, 86

Brandes, H. W., i, 215

Brasher, Philip, v, 124-5

Brass, alloy of copper, viii, 156, 164, 273;
electrical conductivity, iv, 283;
electric welding of, 312;
expansion and contraction of, 145-6, v, 72

Brave West Winds, i, 128, 368

Brazil, bushmaster snake of, xii, 234;
butterfly orchid of, xiii, 145;
coasts, xiv, 257;
coffee production, xiii, 232, 233;
coral reefs on coast, xiv, 305;
forests, xiii, 365, xiv, 366;
frogs of, xii, 178, 179;
glacial and coal deposits, iii, 203, 204;
interior unexplored, xiv, 26, 250;
jaguarundi of, xii, 364;
lizards of, 208;
matamata of, 193;
public health scholarships, x, 172;
rubber production, xiii, 246-7, 248;
shirt tree of, xv, 256;
soil depths, iii, 26;
tea cultivation, xiii, 228;
wolf of, vii, 342;
yellow fever in, x, 163

Brazilian Basin, xiv, 289

Brazilian Current, xiv, 304

Brazil Nut, source, xiii, 266

Bread, chemistry of, viii, 368-9;
digestion of, x, 326;
food value of, viii, 364, ix, 34-5, 299, x, 267, 268, 269, 273;
rising of, due to bacteria, 194;
yeast action in, ix, 248

Breadfruit, origin, xiii, 224

Breadfruit Trees, xv, 124

Breakwaters, pneumatic, v, 125;
strength of, xiv, 300, 301

Breath, holding of, ix, 256-7, 266;
holding of, in infants, 348;
shortness of, in heart failure, x, 340-1;
smell of, ix, 97;
soul in, savage idea of, xv, 330

Breathing, action and control of, ix, 256-8, 263-6, x, 339;
body heat regulation by, 251;
color effects on, xi, 96;
deep, value of, ix, 259;
deep, sensations from, 266-7;
how learned, xi, 36-7;
in fatigue, 272;
in sleep, 283;
muscles of, in voice production, ix, 83;
of insects, xii, 103;
periodic, x, 339-40;
quickened by exercise, 303;
rate of, in infants, ix, 347-8;
rib cage movements in, 65;
through mouth, effects, x, 341-2
(see also Respiration)

Breeding (animal and plant), blended inheritance and pure breeds, ix,
337;
in ancient Egypt, xvi, 72;
in captivity, xv, 197;
selective, ix, 327, xvi, 157-8

Brennan, Louis, v, 342

Brenner Pass, xiv, 240-1

Bretonneau, Pierre, x, 106, 110

Brewing, chemistry of, viii, 249

Bricks, invention of, xv, 268;
making of, in Egypt, 267 (fig.)

Bridges, steel, electrolysis in, vi, 64, 66;
strains on, v, 194;
sympathetic vibration of, iv, 225

Briggs, Henry, xvi, 104

Bright's Disease, x, 112, 225, 335, 340-1, 345, 346

Bristol Channel, tides of, xiv, 293

British Columbia, fjord coasts, xiv, 258;
no volcanoes or earthquakes in, 315, 331

British Gum, viii, 243

British Meteorological Office, i, 222;
aeronautical service, 230, 286;
forecasts, 241;
in World War, 310

British System of Units, iv, 46, 69-70, 79, 80

British Thermal Unit, iv, 154, v, 350-1;
erg and calorie equivalents, vii, 382

Brittle-stars, xii, 23, 49

Broadway, N. Y., display lighting vii, 340-1

Broca, Paul, x, 130

Brocken Specter, i, 184, 185, 382

Bromine, a halogen, viii, 18, 84;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
manufacture, 274;
properties and uses, 84-5, 86, 181, 297-8, 333;
test, 290

Bronchial Tubes, as infection center, x, 220, 224;
defence against germs, 202;
subdivisions of, ix, 255

Bronchitis, causes, x, 253, 295

Brongniart, Adolphe, 167, 169

Brontides, i, 195-6, 368

Brontosaurus, xii, 195

Brooklyn, water supply of, xiv, 140

Brooklyn Bridge, completion, v, 382;
corrosion of, vi, 66

Brooks Comet, ii, 134, 275, 286

Brook Trout, xii, 159

Broths, viii, 362, 369

Brounov, Prof. P., i, 249

Brown, John, medical work of, x, 89-90

Brown, Robert, xvi, 166

Brownian Movements, viii, 314, xvi, 166

Browning John M., v, 363, 366-7

Browning Machine Gun, v, 366-7, 384

Brown Paper, making of, v, 294;
source, xiii, 240

Brown Race, xv, 32;
diseases of, 51;
peoples of, 37;
separate origin theory, 70

Bruce, James, xvi, 123

Bruce Telescope, ii, 136, 302

Brush Discharge, vii, 10-11, 363

Brushes, dynamo, vi, 178, vii, 363

Brussels Sprouts, xiii, 197, 222;
mutant nature, 333-4

Buansuah, xii, 345

Bubonic Plague, x, 163-7;
native immunity to, xiv, 357;
Paré and, x, 153;
prevention of, 171;
spread by lice, 311

Buckwheat, xiii, 56;
family, 194;
flower, 46;
food, viii, 364;
life of, xiii, 53

Budapest, deep drilling, iii, 120-1

Buddhism, development of, xv, 199;
Nirvana of, 334

Buds, never on roots, xiii, 22, 23, 29;
of perennials, 53

Buenos Aires, harbor of, xiv, 270

Buffalo, N. Y., electric power system, vi, 377-8

Buffalo Bugs, xii, 123

Buffalo Dance, xv, 305-6

Buffaloes, xii, 328-9;
of Great Plains, xiv, 383

Buffalo Grass, xiii, 374

Buffalo Hot Springs, xiv, 145

Buffon, founder of modern natural history, xvi, 128;
lightning experiments, vi, 15;
"Natural History," xvi, 116;
on evolution of species, 139-40, 148

Bugles, sounding of, iv, 231

Bugs, xii, 110-14;
jaws and maxillæ in, 100

Buildings, development of, xv, 266-72;
dryness of air in American, i, 322, 323;
earthquake construction, xiv, 342, 343;
electric wiring, vii, 55-65;
weathering effects, iii, 22, 24

Building Stones, iii, 370-2

Bulgaria, long life of peasants, xiii, 172

Bull Durham Sign, Broadway, vii, 341

Bullets, form and flight, v, 362, 365

Bullfrogs, xii, 180-1

Bumps, in aeronautics, i, 293, 298, 368

Bunch Grass, xiv, 380

Bunsen, carbon arc, xvi, 189;
chemical work, 163;
solution of spectrum lines, ii, 112

Bunsen Burner, viii, 60-1

Buoyancy, law of, iv, 103-4, 105;
of air, 107, 108

Burbank, Luther, xvi, 167

Burdock, seed dispersal, xiii, 58

Burette, viii, 294, 295 (fig.)

Burma, elephant of, xii, 302;
rivers of, xiv, 195-6;
viper of, xii, 230

Burning Oils, viii, 209

Burns, of body tissues, x, 252;
from X-rays, vii, 250, x, 254

Burrels, xii, 326

Burs, chestnut and beech, xiii, 193;
seed dispersal by, 343

Bus Bars, vi, 358-9

Bushland, xiv, 378-9, 380, 381

Bushmen (African), xv, 133-5;
art of, 119 (fig.), 120-1, 298-300;
civilization at collection stage, 196;
hair of, 38;
height of, 39;
ostrich-hunting of, 212, 222;
use of baboons, in water searching, xii, 380

Bushmen (Australian), iii, 304

Bushnell, David, v, 197

Butane, derivatives, viii, 210

Butcher's Broom Plant, xiii, 29-30

Butte Mining District, iii, 361, 368

Butter, calory value, ix, 299, x, 269, 273;
composition, viii, 364;
digestion of, x, 326;
made by electricity, vii, 226, 227, 228;
pure food, ix, 300;
substitutes for, viii, 363, 364, x, 262, 267, 268;
vitamines in, 259, 261, 267

Buttercup Family, xiii, 196

Buttercups, double, xiii, 51;
petal arrangement, 190

Butter Fat, viii, 245, 246, 364;
in milk, 363;
vitamines in, 369

Butterflies, xii, 114-18;
antennæ of, 101;
earliest appearance, iii, 279, xii, 104;
evolution of, xii, 106-7;
jaws and maxillæ in, 100;
number of species in N. Y., 99, origin of name, xv, 157;
plant fertilization by, xiii, 123-4, 133-5, 142-3

Butterfly Orchid, xiii, 145

Buttes, made by erosion, iii, 140

Buttonball Tree, xiii, 343-4

Buttonhole Machine, invention, v, 382

Butyric Acid, viii, 220, 248

Buys Ballot's Law, i, 125, 134

Buzzards, xii, 261

Buzzards Bay, oysters of, xii, 61;
tidal race at, xiv, 294

Byron, skull capacity, xv, 40

Byssus, xii, 64

Cabbage, calories in, ix, 299;
in mustard family, xiii, 197;
origin and antiquity, 222;
sport plant, 333-4;
vitamines in, x, 261, 262

Cabbage Bug, xii, 114

Cables (ocean), breaks in, xiv, 284;
laying of, 283, (See also Atlantic Cables)

Cables, underground, vii, 12-13, 27

Cabot, John, birth and training, xiv, 310

Cacao, xiii, 234, 235

Cachalot, xii, 298-9

Cactus, characteristics of, xiii, 378, xv, 19;
leafless forms, xiii, 15;
leaves of, 378, xiv, 378;
prickly pear, xiii, 29 (fig.);
regions of dominance, 355;
stems of, 31;
water-storage by, 28, 106, 379

Cactus Family, xiii, 200;
restricted area, 320

Caddis Flies, xii, 106

Cadmium, symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383;
test for, 287, 288

Cæsar, Julius, scientific reforms, xvi, 98

Cæsarian Section, ancient practice of, x, 14, 27

Cæsium, chemical properties, viii, 128, 132, 133, 383;
spectrum, 302

Caffeine, composition, viii, 230;
polyuria induced by, x, 344

Caffre, xii, 355

Caimans, xii, 198

"Cain," picture, xv, 69

Caissons (pneumatic), iv, 30-2, v, 116-21;
pressure in, i, 329, iv, 129

Cake Urchins, xii, 50

Caladium, leaves of, xiii, 79

Calamus, of India, xiii, 361

Calamus Root, xiii, 188, 255

Calcite, iii, 325-6;
gangue mineral, viii, 199;
light polarization by, iii, 319, iv, 354

Calcium, viii, 148-9;
affinities, 31-2, 101-2, 128;
atomic weight and
symbol, 383;
compounds, 130, 138, 149-53, 195;
compounds in hard water, 318, 322-4;
electrolytic production, vii, 320-1;
fusibility, viii, 384;
in body tissues, 354;
in earth's crust, iii, 308, viii, 19, 129, 192, 195, 196;
in light metal group, 17, 127;
plant needs of, viii, 337, 341, 344;
specific gravity, 384;
test for, 287, 289

Calcium Carbide, viii, 153;
acetylene prepared from, 231;
in nitrogen fixation, 74, i, 36;
production and uses, vii, 312, xvi, 191

Calcium Carbonate, viii, 151-2;
composition, 117;
deposits of, 195;
lime from, 149, 150;
in soil sweetening, 150, 347;
in water, 40, 151, 322. (See also Limestone)

Calcium Chloride, viii, 152-3, 322-3;
mixture with snow, iv, 175

Calcium Group, viii, 148-53;
spectra, 302

Calcium Hydroxide, viii, 150, 347

Calcium Light, compared with sun's, ii, 169

Calcium Oxide, viii, 149-51. (See Lime)

Calcium Pentasulphide, viii, 333

Calcium Phosphate, viii, 89, 153, 279-80, 354

Calcium Stearate, viii, 143, 323

Calcium Sulphate, viii, 117, 149, 153;
in water, 40, 322-3

Calcium Sulphite, viii, 153, 372

Calcium Tungstate, color in X-rays, iv, 378

Calc Spar, iii, 325

Calculations, mathematical, development of, xv, 181-4, xvi, 61

Caldwell, Kansas, region, iii, 34

Calendar, Babylonian, xvi, 57-8;
Bacon's work, 101;
clothing in relation to, x, 309;
Egyptian, xvi, 70;
reforms of Cæsar, 98

Calibration, vii, 158, 363;
of condensers, 293-4

California, aerial fish patrol, i, 48;
Big Trees (see Big Trees);
borax deposits, viii, 89-90;
climate, xiv, 348-9, 358;
climatic changes in, 361, 362;
cretaceous deposits, iii, 216;
crustal movements in southern, 81-2, 225;
earthquakes and volcanoes, xiv, 331;
forests and trees, 374;
geese of, xii, 258;
gold production, iii, 226, 365, 367;
hot springs, xiv, 143;
live oaks of, 370;
lemon trees of, xv, 22;
mercury production, iii, 370;
ocean waves used for power, v, 174;
oil fields, iii, 350;
rainfall, i, 112;
raisin-drying industry, v, 257;
record temperature, 209;
redwood forests, fog drip, 351;
"road-runners" of, xii, 265;
sea elephant of, 335;
sea lions, 334;
southern, xiv, 42;
"Sunshine State," 86;
tin production, iii, 368;
valley of, xiv, 215

Callao, harbor of, xiv, 265

Callina of Spain, i, 96, 368

Calms of Cancer and Capricorn, i, 129, 368

Calomel, viii, 170

Caloric, iv, 47, 154, xvi, 125

Calories, definition and value, iv, 154, 312, vii, 369, viii, 361, 374,
ix, 295, x, 269;
electrical equivalents, vii, 382;
food requirements in, ix, 296-7;
in various foods, viii, 361, 366-7, ix, 299, x, 269;
major, viii, 361;
mechanical equivalent, ix, 295;
use of, in rating food values, iv, 48

Calorimeter, viii, 360-1, x, 269

Calumet Copper Mine, heat increase in, xiv, 12

Calyx, xiii, 44, 45;
absent in some plants, 46, 182;
incorporated in fruits, 54

Camber, of aeroplanes, i, 288

Cambium, xiii, 24, 26, 177 (fig.)

Cambrian Period, iii, 181-4, 377;
animals of, 263, 267, 268, 272, 273, 277;
climate, 184-5;
first life in, xv, 71;
fossils from, iii, 174;
metamorphism of rocks in, 189

Cambridge University, founding of, xvi, 100

Cambyses, burial of army of, iii, 73

Camels, xii, 313-15;
hoofs of, iii, 300;
trypanosome in, x, 168

Camera, iv, 339-40, ix, 106-9;
Langley on the, ii, 221;
power to pierce water, i, 47

Camphor, viii, 240, 252;
in celluloid, 255;
smell, xi, 80;
source, xiii, 255, 263

Cams, v. 39-40

Canada, animals of, xii, 287, 318, 320, 336, 348, 350, 351, 365;
Atlantic ports closed by ice, xiv, 267;
forests of, 371, 372;
French colonization of, 191;
geology, iii, 165, 167, 219, 231-2;
Glacial Epoch effects, xiv, 56, 61-2, 170;
Indian summer, i, 361;
lakes of, xiv, 200;
mining products, iii, 360, 365, 368, 376;
plains of, xiv, 217;
plutonic formations, 111;
rainfall of, 360;
tobacco production, xiii, 258

Canadian Rockies, formations in, xiv, 229;
glaciers of, 55

Canals, lift locks, v, 103

Canaries Current, xiv, 304

Canary Islands, xiv, 252, 289;
dragon tree of, xiii, 183-4

Cancer, cause, nature, and treatment, x, 119-20, 382, 383-4;
early knowledge of, 39, 41;
racial immunity and susceptibility to, xv, 48-9, 50, 51;
spread and cure by surgery, ix, 255

Candle, Candlepower, iv, 351-2;
compared with sun, ii, 169

Candles, blowing out of, viii, 57;
burning of, in caissons, iv, 31;
flame of, viii, 58, 59;
materials of, 247

Candy, boiling point, viii, 299;
dextrin in, 243;
glucose uses, 225

Cane Sugar, xiii, 83, 214-15;
chemical properties, occurrence, and use, viii, 226-7;
extraction and refining, 242;
fermentation, 225, 227;
large molecules, 356;
making of, by plant, 335;
solutions, freezing point, 299;
sweetness of, ix, 230;
testing of, by polarized light, iv, 356

Canned foods, vitamines lacking in, x, 262, 263, 266, 267-8

Cannel Coal, iii, 344, viii, 202

Cannibalism, remarks on, ix, 280-1

Cannon, Dr., medical work, x, 295, 327;
quoted, xi, 137-9

Canoes, primitive, xv, 262-4;
propulsion of, iv, 33-4

Canopus, gaseous state, ii, 382;
parallax and distance, 316

Canvas Buckets, use of, v, 350

Canyons, depth dependent on altitude, xiv, 159;
occurrence in dry climates, 51-2
(see also particular canyons under river names)

Caoutchouc, xiii, 245;
chemistry and manufacture, viii, 257-8 (see Rubber)

Capacity, electrical, iv, 267-8, viii, 363;
in overhead transmission, 104, 105;
in oscillating circuits, 286-7, 289;
measurement in oscillating circuits, 294-5, 296-7;
unit of, iv, 284, vii, 368

Cape Nome, Alaska, iii, 57

Capella, binary star, ii, 123;
color, 297;
solar star, 115

Cape of Good Hope, climate of, xiv, 358;
discovery of, 309

Cape Town, oak trees at, xiv, 370

Cape Verde Islands, xiv, 252, 289;
ocean deeps around, 289

Capillaries, ix, 54, 192-5;
in circulatory system, x, 63, 334;
oxygen diffusion through, ix, 260;
passage of blood through, 210, 212, 214, 215;
unknown to Galen & Harvey, x, 63

Capillarity, of soil water, viii, 37, xiii, 92-3

Capri, level changes at, iii, 81

Caproic Acid, viii, 220

Capsules, plant, xiii, 56, 69

Capuchin Monkeys, xii, 377-8

Capybaras, xii, 289

Caracels, xii, 356

Caraway Seed, xiii, 201, 265

Carbohydrate Industries, viii, 241-4

Carbohydrates, viii, 223-9, 374-5;
body fuels, xi, 271, 278;
daily consumption, viii, 366-7;
digestion and utilization of, 356, 357, 358-9;
food requirements and values, 361, 362, x, 268, 269, 271;
formation by plants, viii, 219, 335, 349, 350, xiii, 81;
storing of, in body, x, 272;
structure and hydrolysis, viii, 217-18;
use of by animals and vegetables, 246, 348, 349, 350

Carbolic Acid, viii, 238, 253, 333;
as antiseptic, x, 145

Carbon, viii, 18, 42-52;
affinity for oxygen, 12, 102;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
chemical energy, 186-7;
colors due to, 258;
combustion of, 12-13, 308, ix, 26, 190;
diamonds and graphite pure, iii, 328, 331, viii, 42, 43;
electrical conductivity, iv, 283;
electric positiveness, vi, 59, 61;
ignition of, viii, 53;
in body, elimination, 353;
loss in fatigue, xi, 271;
in hydrocarbons, viii, 205-7, 233, 234;
in iron, v, 316-17, 319, 320-1, viii, 157, 158;
in iron preparation, 157;
in neutral refractories, vii, 307;
in organic matter, viii, 42, 64, 204, 336-7;
in proteins, 351;
in steel, 159, 160;
luminosity of flame due to, 59-60;
melting point, iv, 162;
necessity of, to life, ii, 242-3;
percentages in coal series, iii, 345;
plant uses of, viii, 49, 340-1, xiii, 14, 80, xiv, 64-5;
potential energy in, iv, 82;
production of pure, xvi, 190

Carbonaceous Matter, in soils, viii, 340

Carbonaceous Strata, iii, 249-50

Carbonated Beverages, viii, 43, 50

Carbonated Waters, natural, xiv, 142, 146

Carbonate Group, viii, 93

Carbonate of Lime, ancient layers of, iii, 250, 251;
animal shells and skeletons of, 259, 266, 267, 268, 270;
hard water due to, 126;
limestone composed of, 25, 308;
in sandstone, 27
(see also Calcite, Calcium Carbonate, Limestone)

Carbonates, formation of, viii, 49;
in blood, x, 280;
metal compounds, viii, 130, 147, 198;
metal extraction from, 131, 271;
test of, 290

Carbon Compounds, viii, 42, 48-52, 61;
optical activity, xvi, 164

Carbon Cycle, viii, 49-50, 325-6, 334-5, 349-50

Carbon Dioxide, viii, 42, 48-50;
atmospheric, i, 10, 11, 13-14, 25, 322, viii, 48, 49, 67-8, 152, ix,
26, 254;
body production and elimination, ix, 190, 248, 253-4, 262-7, 268, x,
270, 280, 281, 338, 339;
boiling and freezing points, iv, 173;
critical temperature and pressure, 172, 173;
fatigue product, xi, 270-2;
in
blood, ix, 263, 264-7, x, 331, 339;
in blood, loss in mountain sickness, i, 328;
in Carbon cycle, viii, 334, 350;
in limestone, 42, 49, 152;
in minerals, 201;
in water, 40, 111;
leavening agent, 50, 136, 137;
plant uses of, 219, 335, 347, 349, ix, 26-7, xiii, 80-1, 82, xiv, 65;
product of combustion and decay, viii, 12-13, 26, 45, 61, ix, 26, 190;
produced by fermentation, 248;
production, commercial, viii, 48, 276;
rock disintegration by, 194-5;
thrown off by lungs, 353;
vitiation of air by, 331, 332, ix, 268, x, 238
(see also Carbonic Acid)

Carbon Disulphide, combustion of, viii, 61;
light refraction by, iv, 331;
refrigeration by, 174

Carbonic Acid, viii, 48-9, 101, 115;
atmospheric content affected by light, x, 253;
chemical action on rocks, iii, 24, 25, 27, viii, 194;
critical temperature and pressure, iv, 172;
early studies, xvi, 119-20;
elimination in sleep, xi, 283;
formation in body, x, 280;
heat absorption by, iii, 248;
in ground waters, xiv, 142, 146;
in sea water, iii, 54;
in sodium compounds, viii, 134-6;
in urea, 230, x, 279, viii, 61;
light refraction by, iv, 331;
refrigeration by, 174

Carboniferous Period, iii, 197;
animals of, xv, 71;
landscape of, xiii, 320;
length and antiquity, 314, 322;
plants of, 307-11, 315-17

Carbon Monoxide, viii, 50-1, 157

Carbon Tetrachloride, vi, 101, viii, 212

Carborundum, chemical composition, 90;
discovery, manufacture, and uses, vii, 300, 301, 309-11, xvi, 190;
refractory, vii, 308, 311;
in wireless detectors, 269

Carboxyl Group, viii, 220, 375

Carbuncles, cause of, x, 195, 311

Carburetors, vii, 124-8;
mixtures in, v, 156

Caribbean Sea, hurricane reports, i, 282, 309

Caribe (fish), xii, 159-60

Caribou, xii, 320;
horns of, 316

Carlsbad, Bohemia, xiv, 145, 152

Carlyle, dyspepsia of, xi, 369;
on work, 276;
on shame and clothing, x, 306

"Carnegie," magnetic survey ship, i, 193, vi, 39

Carnelian, iii, 337

Carnivorous Animals, xii, 332-65
(see also Flesh-eating Animals)

Carnot, mathematician, xvi, 125;
on heat, 135

Carolina Parakeet, xii, 266

Carolina Poplar, as index plant, i, 255

Carps, xii, 161

Carrel, antiseptic methods, x, 146, 181-3, 382

Carrel-Dakin Solutions, x, 181-3, 382

Carrion Crow, xii, 260

Carroll, Dr. James, x, 160, 161, 200

Carrots, flowers of, xiii, 49;
origin, 222;
swelled roots, 19;
taproot of, 17 (fig.);
vitamines in, x, 262, 266, 268;
wild, xiii, 353-4

Carthage, and Rome, xiv, 307;
destruction of fleet before, xv, 232

Carthaginians, elephants of, xii, 302;
in Iberian group, xvi, 49

Cartilage, ix, 57-8;
making of, 54;
rib connections made of, 71;
skeletons of, xii, 142

Cartridges, explosion of, v, 157;
hydraulic, 100;
lampblack, i, 33;
modern, v, 362, viii, 145, xv, 218

Cartright, power loom, v, 376-7, xv, 246

Cascade Mountains, cirques of, iii, 66;
Columbia river canyon, 39, xiv, 165-6;
former volcanic activity, iii, 226;
geology of, 106, 139, 213-14, 226, 227;
glaciers of, 60;
lakes, 143;
precipitation on opposite sides of, xiv, 355;
snowfall, i, 119;
volcanic cones of, xiv, 100-1, 225, 315

Casein of Milk, food value, x, 259, 278

Caspian Sea, area and depth, iii, 154, xiv, 204;
commercial importance, 212;
formation of basin, iii, 154, xiv, 203, 205;
monsoons, i, 131;
salinity, iii, 154-5, viii, 139, xiv, 206-7

Cassini, Domenico, astronomical work, ii, 13, 59, 85, 133, 227-8;
telescopes, 59, 99

Cassiopeia distortion from sun's motion, ii, 306;
new star in, 331

Cassiterite, iii, 326, 369

Cassowaries, xii, 243, 249

Castillo, Grotto of, xv, 100 (fig.);
picture from, 112

Castings, of different metals, iv, 150

Cast Iron, v, 316, 319, 320-2, viii, 157, 158

Catalan Forge, v, 315;
air compression for, 89

Catalpa Trees, xiii, 271-2

Catalyzers, viii, 102-3, 375;
discovery, xvi, 165;
effect on speed of reactions, viii, 310, 311;
enzymes as, 103, 357;
various applications, i, 36-7, viii, 81, 82, 86, 174, xvi, 165

Cataphoretic Medication, vii, 247-8

Cataract, of eyes, ix, 112, 116, x, 41;
ancient operations for, 27

Catarrh, germ of, x, 221

Catastrophism, xvi, 149

Cat Briers, xiii, 188

Caterpillars, xii, 115-16, 117 (fig.), 118, 119;
"rains" of, i, 356-7

Caterpillar Tractors, v, 216-18, 383

Catapults, xv, 219

Cat Family, xii, 354-65

Catfishes, xii, 161-2

Cathode, defined, iv, 317, 382, vii, 251, 363

Cathode Rays, iv, 317-18, x, 184;
discovery and nature, xvi, 193;
fluorescence from, iv, 380

Cathode Stream, vii, 252

Cation, defined, iv, 382

Catkin-bearing Trees, fertilization of, xiii, 148

Catkins, xiii, 190, 192, 193-4

Catnip, flowers of, xiii, 205