Chapter XVII: Science in the Twentieth Century (10)

Profiteers, and farmers, vii, 220, 221

Prognathic Angle, xv, 44 (fig.)

Prognosis, Hippocrates on, x, 78

Progress, cumulativeness of, xvi, 41;
due to experience of past, ix, 153, xv, 30-1;
due to individuals, xi, 333;
in organic life, xvi, 152;
language and, xv, 68, 145-6;
rhythm in, xvi, 46, 116;
scientific (see Science, progress);
summary of mechanical, v, 376-84;
transportation and, 18

Projectiles, atmospheric resistance, v, 369;
explosives for throwing, viii, 260-1;
flight, i, 312-13;
from aeroplanes, v, 372-3;
handling on battleships, vii, 334;
meteorological corrections, i, 312-13;
sound, i, 193-4;
World War, v, 372

Prometheus, story of, viii, 89

Promontories, formation of, xiv, 256

Pronghorns, xii, 322-3

Proof by Induction, xi, 242

Propane, viii, 210

Propellers, iv, 34;
electric drives, v, 105-6, 153-4;
mechanical and electric drives, vii, 329-30;
most efficient speed, 329;
of early steamboats, v, 189-90;
suction applications of, iv, 127

Proper Motion of Stars, ii, 121-2, 304-5;
determined by spectrum analysis, 119-20;
Eddington on, 344;
Halley's discovery of, 84, 86-7;
in relation to spectral type, 307-9;
origin, 308

Property, inheritance systems, xv, 289-90, 294

Prophylaxis, x, 213, 318 (see Immunity)

Propionic Acid, viii, 220

Proportional, defined, iv, 63

Proprioceptive Senses, xi, 63

Propyl Alcohol, boiling point, viii, 212, 299

Propylene Glycol, boiling point, viii, 299

Prosauria, xii, 182, 183, 203

Prosepny, geological work, xvi, 172-3

Protagoras, on relativity, xvi, 85, 87;
theory of knowledge, 87

Proteases, viii, 357

Protective Coloration, xv, 17-18;
in amphibians, xii, 170;
in birds, 245-6;
in lizards, 204;
in lions and tigers, 359-60;
in rabbits, 287

Protective Devices (electrical), vii, 32-50

Protective Methods in Plants, flower buds, xiii, 45;
leaf-buds, 34;
leaves, against sunlight, 89;
leaves, hairy covering, 104-5;
nettles against animals, 42

Protective Motions, of animals, ix, 21

Proteins, viii, 380;
amount in daily diet, 366-7, ix, 300-1;
amount needed in foods, ix, 281-4, x, 255-6, 278-9;
anaphylaxis from injection of, x, 213, 214, 223;
animal and plant, ix, 278-9, 280, 287;
animal and plant percentages, viii, 348, 349, 351;
antigenic properties of, x, 205;
body heat production by, ix, 309;
body needs of, ix, 33, 34-5, 278, 287-8, x, 255-6, 277-8, xi, 279;
body percentage, viii, 348;
calories in, 361, x, 269;
chemical composition and properties, viii, 351-2, 357, ix, 29, 279,
287;
classification, viii, 352-3;
different kinds, ix, 278-9;
digestion and utilization of, 235, 242, 243, 244, 245, 279-84, x, 204,
270, 277-80, 319, 326, 329, 330, 342;
energy value, ix, 300;
excess of, in food, 283-6;
human, 279, 280, 287;
in blood, 176-7, 181, 183, 184, 194-5;
injections of, effects, x, 204, 213, 214, 223;
injections of, in therapy, 226;
in plants, iii, 344, viii, 348, 349, 350, 351, ix, 278, 280, 287;
in protoplasm, 32-3, 34, 278;
in various foods, viii, 362, 363, 364, 366, ix, 300, xiii, 213;
likeness and differences, ix, 278-9;
making of, by plants, viii, 336, 349, 350, ix, 29, 278, xiii, 95;
metabolism effects, ix, 301-2;
molecular structure, viii, 217-18;
need of, in diet, x, 255-6, 268, 278-9;
nitrogen in, viii, 64-5, 73, 340, x, 270, 277, 342;
plant, ix, 278-9, 280, 287;
plant percentages, viii, 348, 349, 351;
storage of, by body, x, 272;
wool and silk as, viii, 256

Proterozoic Era, iii, 20, 174-8;
plants and animals, 251, 261-2, 262-3, 264-5, 270, 271, 276

Proterozoic Rocks, iii, 174-8

Prothallus, xiii, 157, 158, 160, 162

Protonema, xiii, 156, 162, 163

Protoplasm, x, 228;
basis of life, ix, 13, 17, x, 228, xiii, 74;
body percentage of, ix, 31;
chemical composition and processes, viii, 356, ix, 32-3, 34, xvi, 155;
chlorophyll and, xii, 14;
color in nerve cells, ix, 124;
conditions necessary to, ii, 243;
constitution and functions, ix, 41-3;
control of activities of, 39-40;
differences of, in plants and animals, 278-9;
inactivity when cooled, 306-7;
maintenance and growth, 34-6, 278-84;
making of new, 32, 33, 38-9, 287-8;
motion by, 73;
occurrence and nature, xii, 13;
origin of, xiii, 300;
salts in relation to, ix, 32, 174;
signs of life, 13-17;
studies of, xvi, 166;
wastage of, in body, ix, 34, 282-3;
water in, effects on metabolism, 37-8

Protopterus (fish), xii, 166

Prototheria, xii, 271, 272-4

Protozoa, iii, 259, 263, 265-6, xii, 25, 26;
disease-producing, x, 199, 200, 204;
in plankton, xvi, 147;
origin of, xii, 12;
reproduction in, 26

Prout's Hypothesis, viii, 177, 187

Prunes, as antiscorbutic, x, 266;
eating of, ix, 251

Prussia, vaccination in, x, 103

Pruth River, xiv, 185

Psuchrainometer, i, 319, 379

Psyche, xvi, 17

Psychiatry, x, 356, 357

Psychic States, motor character, xi, 58-9, 61

Psychor Analysis, x, 243, 363-5

PSYCHOLOGY, Volume xi

Psychology, complexity of science of, x, 368;
concrete science, xvi, 42;
daily applications, 17-19;
defined, 37, xi, 10-14;
field of applied, 9-10, 367;
medicine and, x, 369;
origin of name, xvi, 17

Psycho-neuroses, x, 359-60

Psychoses, of adolescence, x, 236-7

Psychrometers, i, 78-9, 379

Pteranodons, iii, 294

Pteridophytes, iii, 251, 252, 253, 256

Pteridosperms, iii, 251, 252, 254-5

Pterodactyls, xii, 202, 203 (fig.)

Pteropoda, xii, 18, 19

Pterosauria, xii, 182, 202

Ptolemaic System, ii, 10, 34-6, xvi, 93;
Bacon's criticisms, 101;
Copernicus and, ii, 49;
dissatisfaction with, 40, 42;
Galileo and, 54;
Regiomontanus and, 40;
persistence, 45

Ptolemy, ii, 32;
Almagest, 10, 33-6;
Aristotle and, 42;
conception of moving bodies, 63;
debt to earlier astronomers, 29;
ideas of cosmos, 367;
remarks on geography of, xiv, 3;
works of, xvi, 93-4

Ptomaines, viii, 215

Ptyalin, ix, 230, 235-6

Puberty, mental diseases following, x, 236-7;
need of health instruction at, 283

Public Halls, ventilation methods, ix, 269

Public Health, campaign for, x, 171, 172;
science of, viii, 317-33

Public Health Service, U. S., x, 190-1

Public Lands, (U. S.), xiv, 384

Public Opinion, power of, xv, 374-5, 380

Public Speakers, and audiences, xi, 216;
pitch of voice in, iv, 232

Puccini, reference to, xv, 297

Pudding-stone, sedimentary rock, xiv, 18

Puddled Clay, xiv, 137

Puddling Process, invention, v, 316-17

Pueblo Pottery, xv, 249 (fig.)

Puerperal Fever, x, 114-15

Puff Adder, xii, 231-2

Puffballs, fungous, xiii, 71

Puffins, xii, 264-5

Puget Sound, harbors of, xiv, 268;
salmon in, xii, 157

Pugnacity, derivation of word, xi, 43-4;
instinct of, 56

Pulleys, v, 33-5;
action of, like levers, iv, 89;
friction in, 93

Pull-out Loads, of motors, vi, 260

Pulmonary Artery, ix, 199, 201 (fig.);
capillaries of, 254;
elasticity of, 210

Pulmonary Vein, ix, 199, 201 (fig.);
blood in, 260

Pulmonates, xii, 68-71

Pulp, in paper-making, v, 291-5

Pulse, ix, 211;
former ideas of, x, 62, 63;
Galileo's measurement, v, 64-5;
rate of, x, 334

Pulsilogia, Galileo's, v, 65

Pumas, xii, 363-4

Pumice, from Krakatoa eruption, iii, 101, xiv, 325;
in ocean, iii, 55, xiv, 285-6

Pumpelly, climate studies, xiv, 29, 361;
on loess accumulations, 73-5

Pumpkin, xiii, 54-5, 223

Pumps, centrifugal, vi, 363;
chain, iv, 26;
electric and automatic, vi, 99-100, vii, 86-7;
for deep wells, v, 114-15;
force, 113-14;
suction, 112-13;
reciprocating, motors used, vi, 234;
suction, iv, 26-7, 126

Punching Machines, chisel form, v, 46;
motors used, vi, 235

Pupil, of eye, ix, 109, 110 (fig.);
dilation of, in fear, 166;
size changed by smooth muscle, 162

Purbach of Vienna, ii, 40

Purchase, marriage by, xv, 283-5

Pure Breeds, in animal breeding, ix, 337;
from crosses, 335, 336

Pure Food Law, viii, 370

Puritanism, suppression of emotions, xi, 140

Purmann, Matthaeus, x, 78

Purple Dyes, sources of, xii, 68, 72

Purple Light, of sunsets, i, 167, 379-80

Purple Loosestrife, xiii, 140-1

Purpose, motor character, xi, 61 (see Will)

Purslane, xiii, 15

Pus, formation of, ix, 186-7;
former conception of, x, 39-40, 41, 43;
modern attitude towards, 145, 147

Pus Pockets, ix, 187, 188

Pus-producing Germs, ix, 186-8, x, 195, xiii, 71;
infections by, x, 198, 207, 221;
vaccination against, 218

Putrefaction, cause, xvi, 143;
intestinal, ix, 249-50

Pycraft, Prof., on chameleons, xii, 209-10

Pyemia, x, 198

Pygmies of Africa, xv, 38-9

Pyorrhea, of gums, x, 202, 219, 222

Pyramids of Egypt, ii, 24, xv, 269-71;
civilization exhibited, xvi, 66-7, 71;
orientation, ii, 26;
rocks used in, iii, 235;
weathering of, xiv, 78

Pyrene Extinguisher, vi, 101

Pyrenees Mts., as barrier between Spain and France, xiv, 239-40;
geranium of, xiii, 136;
geological history, iii, 235, 236, 240;
recent formation, xiv, 235

Pyrheliometer, i, 88, 380

Pyridine, viii, 240, 253

Pyrite, iii, 335-6;
gold in, 366
(see also Iron Pyrites)

Pyrogallol, viii, 288

Pyrosoma, xii, 19-20

Pyroxene, composition of, viii, 193

Pyroxene Group, iii, 336

Psycho-Analysis, x, 243, 363-5

Pythagoras, conception of universe, ii, 10, 42-3, xvi, 80, 81-2;
mathematics of, 79-81;
medical work of, x, 17-18

Pythagorean Theory, xvi, 81-2

Pythonomorpha, xii, 182, 202-3

Pythons, xii, 213-15

Qobar, i, 380

Quacks, Barton on, x, 76, 367, 374-5;
cures of, vii, 240-1

Quadruplex Telegraphy, vii, 112, 117

Quagga, xii, 308

Quahogs, xii, 66-7

Quails, xii, 261

Qualitative Analysis, viii, 285-91

Quantitative Analysis, viii, 285, 291-5

Quantum Dynamic Theory, xvi, 134-5

Quarrying, in ancient Egypt, xvi, 67-8;
joints in, xiv, 128-9

Quart, compared with liter, viii, 28

Quartz, iii, 336-8;
fused, manufacture and uses, vii, 311-12;
gangue mineral, viii, 199;
gold found with, iii, 366, 367;
in granite, 27, 308;
in iron ore, 356;
in soils, 27, 28;
insolubility, viii, 112

Quartzite, iii, 381;
origin, 169, 189

Quaternary Period, iii, 20, 236-48;
appearance of man, 302, 303, xv, 72;
differentiation of races in, 95;
divisions of, 71;
Ice Age (see Ice Age)

Quaternion Analysis, invention, ii, 72

Quatrefages, morphology studies, xvi, 140-1

Quebec, harbor of, xiv, 270;
plateau of, 221, 236

Quebec Bridge, construction, v, 100-1

Queen Anne's Lace Plant, xiii, 201

Queensland, barramunda of, xii, 165

Queensland Hemp, xiii, 244

Questions, suggestion by form of, xi, 308-10

Quetelet, xvi, 153

Quicklime, iii, 373, viii, 149-50

Quickness, in different types of men, xi, 156-9

Quicksand, excavating through, v, 115-18, 123

Quicksilver (see Mercury)

Quinces, origin, xiii, 226

Quinine, an alkaloid, viii, 240;
from tropical forests, xiv, 383;
history and production, xiii, 250-2;
importance of discovery, 9;
sulphate of, iv, 356, 379;
use in malaria, x, 154-5, 158, 381

Quipus, xv, 165 (fig.), 166

Ra, Egyptian sun-god, ii, 24;
horns of, xii, 326

Rabbits, xii, 286-8;
direction perception by, ix, 117;
embryological development, xv, 55;
fear in, xi, 136;
heart of, x, 332;
nest-making by, xi, 56;
protective coloration in, xv, 17, 18;
rate of increase and destructiveness, 20

Rabelais, François, x, 45

Rabies, germ of, x, 200;
Pasteur's cure of, 141, 142-3

Raccoon Creek, Ohio, xiv, 185

Raceme, flower form, xiii, 50

Racemic Acid, Pasteur's studies of, x, 137

Racers (snakes), xii, 218, 219, 220

Races of Mankind, xv, 32-4;
brain and skull, differences, 41-3, 62;
contact of inferior, xvi, 50;
characteristic diseases, xv, 47-52;
differences in, due to proteins, ix, 279;
European, xvi, 48-50;
extinction of, xv, 98-9;
intermixture of, 32, 35-6;
language and, 159;
mental characteristics, 36;
physical characteristics, 36-47;
separate origin theory, 69-70;
subdivisions of, xiii, 173;
type characters, 34-6;
vanished and weak, xvi, 64

Races, Tidal, xiv, 294

Race Type, xv, 34-5

Racing Cars, speed, v, 214

Radial Velocities of Stars, ii, 120, 122;
of nearest stars, 319;
of star clusters, 337, 339;
photographic study, 137, 158-9

Radiant Energy, iv, 322, 366, ix, 114-15;
of sun and stars, ii, 170, 383-4, iv, 181-2, 194
(see also Radiation)

Radiant Matter, iv, 54-5

Radiation, heat, iv, 180-4, 366;
light production by various kinds, of, 378-80;
penetrating, i, 143-4, 146, 379;
terrestrial, volcanic dust effects, 59;
therapeutical uses of, x, 383

Radiation Emanation, vi, 269-70

Radiative Equilibrium of sun and stars, ii, 382, 383-4

Radiators, heat of, iv, 186, 187

Radicals, Chemical, viii, 93, 380;
method of expressing, xvi, 160-1;
valences of, viii, 94
(see also Groups)

Radioactive Substances, viii, 184-9;
emanations of, i, 143, 330;
fluorescence produced by, iv, 380;
helium produced by, xvi, 194;
in nature, i, 143, xvi, 193;
ionization by, i, 143-4

Radioactivity, viii, 184-9, 307;
climatic effects, i, 211;
discovery of, iv, 55, xvi, 165, 193;
explained by electron theory, iv, 23;
of meteorites, ii, 292;
light theory, iv, 50;
physical phenomena of, viii, 307

Radio Communication, vii, 258-98
(see also Wireless)

Radio Compass, i, 191

Radio Control, of aeroplanes and ships, vii, 283-4

Radio Corporation of America, vii, 274-5

Radio Generators, vii, 273-8;
in aeroplanes, 282-3

Radiographs, X-ray, vii, 253-4, x, 185-6

Radiolarians, xii, 17-18;
in plankton, xvi, 147

Radio Stations, aeronautical services, i, 292;
distress signal system, vii, 284;
intercommunication, 261;
remote control from, 283-4;
weather reporting, i, 281, 282

Radio Theory, vii, 285-98

Radiotherapy, x, 383-4

Radio Waves, conversion by vacuum tubes, vi, 339-41;
damped and undamped, vii, 273-4, 289-90;
generation and detection, iv, 314-15, vi, 163, 215, vii, 273-8,
286-91, 293-8;
generation in aeroplanes, 282-3;
length, iv, 315, vi, 269, vii, 260;
length, by what determined, 266;
lengths used, 272, 274, 275;
measurement of length and frequency, 291-5;
measured in meters, 272;
remote control by, 283-4;
transmission, 261, 263-73, 278-80
(see also Radio Communication);
vibrations in æther, vi, 119, 163, vii, 250

Radish, xiii, 197, 223

Radium, viii, 184-5, 186;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
discovery and occurrence, xvi, 193;
disintegration into niton, viii, 185;
emanation (see Niton);
energy from disintegration, viii, 186-7;
fluorescence and luminosity from, iv, 380;
increase, xvi, 194;
in soil, i, 143;
therapeutic uses of, x, 383-4

Radium Compounds, viii, 184

Radium Watch Dials, iv, 380

Radius Vector, ii, 51

Raffia, origin and product, xiii, 244

Raffles, Sir Stanford, xiii, 363

Rafflesia Arnoldii, xiii, 364;
illustration, 352

Rafts, xv, 264-5

Rage, emotion of, xi, 138, 139

Rags, paper from, v, 290-1, 292

Ragweed, pollen of, xiii, 118

Rahbeg, Arabia, charting of harbor, i, 47

Rahu, Chinese dragon, ii, 209

Railroads, air brakes on, iv, 129, v, 130-2;
block signal systems, vii, 355-9;
coal using, v, 172;
early, 207, 208, 377, 378-9;
effects on rivers and water power, xiv, 31, 191;
electrification (see Electrification of Railroad);
in tropical regions, xiii, 359;
present inadequacy, vii, 194-5;
snow removal, i, 117;
weather and climate problems, 267-8

Railroad Terminals, electrification, vi, 162, vii, 181-2, 193, 197-8

Railroad Ties, walking on, ix, 89

Railroad Tracks, expansion by heat, iv, 134;
outer rail on curves, 73;
pneumatic tamping, v, 135;
reduction of friction, 206;
sound transmission by, iv, 199;
traction of, v, 207

Rails (birds), xii, 261-2

Rails (Railroad), manufacture of, v, 322-3

Rain, i, 108-9;
artificial production, 332, 333-4, 336-40, 345;
"blood showers," 55;
business effects, 264, 265;
dust depositing by, 55;
explanation, 93;
formation of drops, 112-13;
formation in hot afternoon storms, vii, 217;
from cloudless, sky, 119;
gray suit sets and, 166;
large drops in thunderstorms, vii, 215-17;
low pressure areas and, i, 237;
no region without, 210;
rainbow predictions, 177;
red, 358;
rock-weathering by, xiv, 39, 41-2, 49, 62, 63, 77, 105-6;
salt deposited, by, i, 59-60;
sounds as prognostics of, 187;
yellow, 61
(see also Raindrops, Rainfall)

Rain Balls, i, 104, 380

Rainbow, i, 175-7, 380, iv, 374-6;
colors of, ix, 115;
Keats on, i, 346

Rain Clouds (see Nimbus, Cumulo-Nimbus Clouds)

Raindrops, formation, i, 112-13;
rainbows due to, 175, 176;
size, 113-14;
speed of fall, 113, 114

Rainey, George, xvi, 145

Rainfall, i, 380;
ascending air currents and, xiv, 354-6;
changes in historic period, 362;
climate determined by, 351-2, 355-6;
corn-crops and, i, 247, 248;
distribution and intensity, 109-12, 208;
economic importance, 263;
examples of excessive, 109-11, 111-12;
forests dependent on, xiii, 367, 372, 373-4, 376, xiv, 377-8, 379;
in desert regions, xiii, 377, 380;
in tropical forests, 358, 360;
measurement, i, 79-82;
measurements, ancient, i, 68;
mountains and, 111, xiv, 354-6;
plant types determined by, xiii, 357-8, xiv, 369;
soil elements affected by, 68-9;
solar radiation and, ii, 187-8;
sun-spots and, 186;
statistics, importance of, i, 110-11;
water in inch of, 109;
water table dependent on, xiv, 136
(see also Precipitation)

Rainfall Charts, i, 206

Rain Forests, xiii, 358-66, 372, xiv, 368-9

Rain Gauges, i, 68-9;
kinds and uses, 80-2, 380;
on Mt. Waialeale, 112

Rain Gods, Australian, xv, 195

Rainier, Mount, xiv, 225;
beauty of, 100-1, 315;
glaciers of, iii, 60-1;
snow honeycombs, i, 117;
vapors of, xiv, 313, 314;
volcanic origin, iii, 106, 226

Rain Insurance, i, 270

Rain-making (see Rain, artificial production)

Rains, curious, i, 355-9;
of toads, xii, 177

Rainstorms, gathering of, viii, 304;
water in, 109-10

Rain Tree, i, 349-52, 380

Rain Water, nitrogen compounds in, i, 13

Rainy Regions, factors determining, i, 111

Rainy Weather, splitting of tomatoes in, xiii, 94

Raisins, eating of, ix, 251

Rakers, automatic, v, 246, 247, 379

Raleigh, Sir Walter, introduction of potato by, xiii, 218

Rameses, monument, xvi, 67;
sacrifice made by, xv, 347

Ramie, cellulose composition, viii, 254;
origin and product, xiii, 244

Rams, horns of, xii, 325-6

Ramsay, Sir William, discovery of elements, i, 12;
discovery of argon, viii, 67;
helium discovery, xvi, 194

Ranches, cattle, xiv, 383-4

Range Finders, principle, xi, 179-80

Ranges, electric, vii, 88-9

Rankin, Angus, quoted, i, 158

Raoulia Cushions, xiii, 379-80

Raphael, anatomy advanced by, x, 51-2

Rapids, in new and old regions, xiv, 48, 49

Rapid Sand Filters, viii, 320

Rare Earths, viii, 182

Raspberries, origin, xiii, 226

Rate, technically defined, iv, 383

Ratings, of electrical machines, vi, 192-4, 212, 317

Rationalizations, xi, 244-5

Ratite Birds, xii, 243, 249

Rats, xii, 289-91;
bubonic plague and, x, 163, 165-7;
cannibalism of, ix, 280-1;
dangerousness of, 12, 285-6;
sleeping sickness organism in, x, 168;
snakes and, xii, 219, 220, 222;
war against, x, 171

Rattan Cane, xiii, 244

Rattan Palm, xiii, 27, 361, xiv, 368

Rattlesnakes, xii, 234-8;
prairie dogs and, 227;
tongue of, 212

Ravenna, formerly on coast, xiv, 53

Raw materials of Plant Life, xiii, 79;
Sources of, 80, 81

Ray, natural history work, xvi, 116, 126

Ray Flowers, xiii, 206

Rayleigh, Lord, discovery of argon, i, 12, viii, 67;
light theory, xvi, 137-8;
on ultra-violet light, i, 16;
sound studies of, iv, 52

Rays (fish), xii, 148-50;
eyes of, 138

Rays, of flowers, xiii, 44, (fig.), 49;
of light and electricity, iv, 383

Razor Fish, xii, 59

Reactance, condenser, vi, 171;
current-limiting, vii, 49;
inductive, vi, 170;
in alternating currents, 170, 172;
in induction motors, 248;
in oscillating circuits, vii, 289

Reaction, principle of equal, v, 143-4 (see Action and Reaction)

Reactions (physical) outgoing and withdrawing, xi, 54-6
(see also Motor Responses)

Reaction Types and Times, xi, 152-9

Reactors, current-limiting, vii, 49

Read, Commander, on aeroplane safety, i, 50

Reading Glasses, ix, 111

Reading Machines, v, 332-5

Reagent, defined, viii, 381

Reality, Aristotle on, xvi, 88;
in pragmatic philosophy, 196

Reaping Machines, v, 240, 244-9, 379

Reason, Reasoning, xi, 237-46;
in man and animals, xv, 65-6, 67-8;
in sleep, xi, 286, 287;
instinctive, 46, 47;
meanings of, 233-4, 237-9

Rèaumur, René, A. F. de, x, 88, xvi, 174;
thermometer, scale of, iv, 136, 137

Rebus, game of, xv, 168-9

Receivers, telephone, vii, 94, 96-7

Recency, in associations, xi, 204-5

Receptacle (botanical), xiii, 153

Reception Halls, lighting, vii, 70-1

Receptor Neurones, xi, 21, 22, 26, 27, 30;
in embryo, 34, 35

Receptor Organs, of various senses, xi, 63, 116-17

Recessional Moraines, iii, 67

Recession of Spring Heads, xiv, 176

Recessives, in crosses, x, 231

Reciprocal Accumulation, vi, 298

Reciprocal Innervation, xi, 86

Reciprocating Engines, compared with turbines, v, 152-3;
control, 153;
disadvantages, 148;
waste of heat energy, 155

Recoloration (see Afterglow)

Recording Meters, vii, 177-8

Recreation, psychology of, xi, 269-70

Rectifiers, mineral contact, vii, 268-9;
mercury arc, vi, 331, 333-9;
vacuum tube, 339-41

Rectilinear Coordinates, iv, 16

Recurrence, Weather, i, 362-3, 380

Recurrent Images, xi, 221

Red, complementary color of, iv, 367;
effects of blood pressure, xi, 63;
heat colors, iv, 361;
of sunset and rise, i, 166, 168;
penetration of ocean by, xii, 22;
primary color, iv, 366;
seeing of, in color-blindness, ix, 116;
stimulating effects, vi, 274;
vibration rate, ix, 115;
wave lengths, i, 165, iv, 360, 365

Red Beds, iii, 202, 204, 208

Red Cedar, spread, xiii, 340

Red Clay, on sea floor, iii, 54, xiv, 285, 286

Red Coral, xii, 43

Red Corpuscles, ix, 181-4, 275;
blood transfusion in relation to, x, 338;
carbon monoxide effects on, viii, 50-1;
held by capillary walls, ix, 194;
oxygen-carrying by, ix, 182-3, 258-9, x, 338-9;
reduced in anemia, 337

Red Cross, Pringle's idea, x, 104

Red Crust Polyzoans, xii, 47

Redfield, W. C., i, 215

Red Fire, viii, 301

Red Flash, of sun, i, 171

Red Hot, temperature of, iv, 361

Redi, Francesco, xvi, 114

Red Lead, viii, 162

Red Light, photographic uses, viii, 171

Red Marrow, ix, 183

Red Pepper, source, xiii, 221

Red Race, xv, 32, 37;
diseases of, 51;
separate origin theory, 70

Red Rain, i, 358

Red River of the North, xiv, 158, 201

Red Sea, in Great Rift Valley, xiv, 117-18;
origin of color, xvi, 147;
salt in, viii, 139, xiv, 296-7;
sharks of, xii, 145

Red Snow, i, 358

Red Test, of kidneys, x, 378

Red Thread (worm), xii, 54

Reduction (chemical), viii, 381

Redwood Forests, fog drip, i, 351

Redwoods, former distribution, xiii, 320;
of California, xiv, 374

Reed, Dr. Walter, x, 160, 162, 200

Reed Instruments, iv, 284-5

Reed Boat, xv, 264 (fig.)

Reefs, oceanic, defined, xiv, 286;
of seaweed deposits, iii, 250, 251
(see also Coral Reefs)

Refining of Metals, viii, 272
(see also Electro-Refining)

Reflection of Light, iv, 324-5, 330-1;
by mirrors, 335-7;
total, 373-4

Reflectors (heat), iv, 182

Reflex Actions, ix, 185-6, 258, xi, 20, 26-7, 62-3, xv, 65;
development in embryo, xi, 35-6;
grasping reflex, 40-3;
hypnotic suggestion of, 317;
in glands and smooth muscle, ix, 163;
in infants, 349;
in vasomotor system, 311;
in sleep, xi, 26-7, 286;
instincts as, 48;
law of final common path, 22;
mind as sum of, 23-5;
shivering, ix, 309-10;
some special, 155-9, 163, 168-72
(see also Chain Reflex, Circular Reflex, Conditioned Reflex)

Reflex Arc, x, 20-8;
time factors, 154

Refracting Telescopes, ii, 96-101, 103-4, 108, 202

Refraction of Light, iv, 325, 326-9, 330, 331, 373-4;
astronomical, i, 167, 380;
by lenses, iv, 337-9;
index of, in chemical analysis, viii, 310;
Newton and Huygens' studies, xvi, 119;
terrestrial, i, 171, 380

Refraction of Sound, iv, 286-7

Refractories, furnace, vii, 306-8

Refractory Phase, of nervous excitation, xi, 21

Refrigerating Machines, v, 346-7, 350, 351-8, 380, vii, 85-6, viii, 59

Refrigeration, ammonia system, iv, 187-8;
battleship system, 331-2;
domestic, 85, 86;
electric, 85, 229-30;
evaporation methods, iv, 174, 187;
expansion and brine methods, vii, 85-6, 328;
freezing mixtures and solutions, iv, 175; ice, iv, 178;
ice, objections to, vii, 230;
liquid air, i, 30, 31-2;
salt used in, viii, 140
(see also Refrigerating Machines)

Refrigerator Cars, v, 346-7

Regelation, iv, 165-6, 383

Regeneration, power of, xii, 170

Regenerative Brakes, vii, 200

Regiomontanus, ii, 13, 40-1

Regnault's Constant, iv, 142

Regular Coasts, xiv, 250-2, 256, 262;
unfavorable to commerce, 265

Regulators, Induction, vi, 328-9, 346

Regulus (star), ii, 295

Rehabilitation, of World War disabled, x, 189-91

Rehoboam, wives of, xv, 289

Reign of Algæ, xiii, 314, 323

Reincarnation, belief in, xv, 333, 334

Reindeer, xii, 319-20;
horns of, 316;
in glacial period, xiv, 376;
in Cro-Magnon art, xv, 114;
relics of, in Spain, 100 (fig.)

Reindeer Moss, xii, 320

Reinhold, astronomical tables, ii, 44

Reis, telephone of, vii, 92

Rejuvenation (geological), definition, iii, 36, 381;
examples, 219, 230, 231, 232-3;
of folded areas, xiv, 96-8
(see also Elevation)

Reka River, xiv, 150

Relapsing Fever, diagnosis of, x, 216

Relative Time, Newton on, iv, 15

Relative Wind, i, 289, 299, 380

Relativity, doctrine of, iv, 16-18;
Einstein theory, ii, 80-2, xvi, 196-8;
of knowledge and perception, 85, 87, 195-6;
of motion, 12, 85

Relaxation, xi, 339-40, 371-2;
after meals, 374-5

Relay Circuits, vii, 39-48

Relay Regulators, vii, 148-50

Relays, in telegraph lines, iv, 293-4, vii, 110, 374

Relief Features, making and leveling of, xiv, 80;
of new and old areas, iii, 33, 34, 34-5, xiv, 47-9;
of sea bottom, iii, 52, xiv, 286-7;
orders of magnitude, 27

Relief Models, vertical exaggeration of, xiv, 9-10

Religion, Religions, Babylonian and Assyrian influences, xvi, 51-2;
beginnings and development of, xv, 326-59, xvi, 44;
development of, at cattle-raising stage, xv, 199;
fear and, 185;
fire in, 234;
marriage and, 291, 292-3;
meanings of, 326;
medicine and, x, 12, 16, 34, 242-3;
morality and, xv, 355-7, xvi, 43-4, 45, 48;
psychological factors, xi, 130, 151, 204;
science and, iv, 27-8, xvi, 42, 44-5;
similarities in, 43;
universality of instinct, 43, 47

Religious Fanatics, exaltation of, xi, 120;
hysteria of, x, 360

Religious Words, from Hebrew, xv, 161

Remedies, quack, vii, 240-1, x, 76, 367;
specific, 49-50, 75

Remembering, process of, xi, 209 (see Memory)

Remington Typewriter, v, 313, 381

Remora, dorsal fin of, xii, 133;
used in catching turtles, 139-40

Remote Control, vi, 99-101;
by radio waves, vii, 283-4;
in power plants, vi, 360

Renaissance, medicine of, x, 43-60;
science in, iv, 28, ii, 11-12, 12-13, 42

Rennin, enzyme, ix, 235

Repetition, psychological effects, xi, 21-2;
in advertising, 348;
in learning, 214-15

Repletion, sensation of, ix, 91

Repression, of ideas, x, 355-6, 361, 364, 365
(see also Suppression)

Reproach, sentiment of, xi, 149

Reproduction (organic), x, 228;
cells in, ix, 43, 324-5, 332-3, xv, 54, xvi, 156, 157-8;
germ cells in, x, 232;
in primitive animals, xii, 26, 31, 34, 53-4, 60;
rapidity of, in plants and animals, xv, 19-21

Reproduction of Plants, xiii, 43-6, 48-53, 116-67;
transitional form, 309, 316;
without mating, 165-7, 182-3, 215, 217-18

Reproductive Instinct, xi, 56

Reproductive Tissues, cell development in, ix, 48, 287

Reptiles, xii, 182-238;
age of, iii, 20, 21, 286, 292-3, xv, 71;
birds and, iii, 295, 296, xii, 239;
classification place, iii, 260;
egg-laying of, xv, 275;
evolution of, iii, 283, 285-6;
first appearance, xv, 71;
mammals and, xii, 271;
Mesozoic, iii, 286-95, xii, 183, 188, 194-5, 202-3;
origin of, 168;
temperature variations, i, 317;
tracks preserved in rocks, iii, 16

Repugnance, emotional, xi, 275

Repulsion, instinct of, xi, 55
(see also Disgust)

Réseau, i, 221, 380

Réseau Mondial, i, 220, 380

Reservoirs, puddled-clay bottoms, xiv, 137

Residual Magnetism and Voltage, vi, 191, vii, 372

Residual Soils, iii, 26-8, xiv, 68, 145

Residue (chemical), viii, 381

Resignation, as intellectualized reproach, xi, 149

Resinous Electricity, iv, 258, vi, 12

Resins, electrical conductivity, iv, 259;
electrification of, 257

Resistance, electrical, iv, 281-3, vi, 74-9, vii, 374-5;
in dynamo armatures, vi, 185-6;
in electric cells, 135-7;
in electric wires, 79-80;
in magnetic circuit, 93-4;
in wireless circuits, vii, 286, 287, 290, 296, 297, 298;
of various wires, vi, 77, vii, 378-80, 384;
Ohmic, vii, 373;
reduced by liquid air, i, 32;
unit (see Ohms);
variations with temperature, iv, 301

Resistance, Heat, vii, 337

Resistance (mechanical), relation to force, iv, 11, 90, 92

Resistance Coils, vii, 364

Resistance Furnaces, vii, 303-4

Resolution, and will, xi, 259-60

Resolution of Forces, iv, 76-7

Resonance, iv, 225-6;
in sound, 226-32;
in wireless currents, vii, 267, 289-90

Resorcinol, viii, 238

Respiration, chemistry of, viii, 36, 49-50;
discovery of physiology of, x, 29, 88-9;
of fishes, xii, 135;
of insects, 103;
of chelonian reptiles, 187;
processes and disorders of, x, 338-42
(see also Breathing)

Respiration Calorimeter, viii, 361, 367

Respiratory Center, ix, 257;
control of, 264-5, 266

Respiratory Diseases, susceptibility to, xv, 51

Respiratory Quotient, x, 270

Respiratory System, laughter by, xi, 355, 356-7

Rest, as cure for fatigue, x, 247-8;
efficiency and, xi, 363;
necessity of, time used in, ix, 80;
need of, in all things, xi, 21;
nervous fatigue and, ix, 137-8
(see also Relaxation)

Resting Arrow Argument, xvi, 85

Resting Metabolism (see Basic Metabolism)

Resultant, of forces, iv, 76, 99

Retail Sales, and weather, i, 264

Retaliation, Law of, xv, 371

Retina, of eye, iv, 346-7, ix, 109, 110 (fig.), xi, 30, 62, 84, 89-97;
color perception by, ix, 116-17

Retrospect, time lengths in, xi, 194

Retting Process, xiii, 239, 241-2, 243

Revenge, sentiment of, xi, 150

Reverberatory Furnace, v, 316-17

Reverdin, thyroid studies, x, 349

Reverence, sentiment of, xi, 147-8

Reversed Faults, xiv, 114

Revival of Learning (see Renaissance)

Revolution of Earth, ii, 43;
known to Aristarchus, 28;
orbit, changes in eccentricity, 73, 74-5;
orbit, measurement, 121, 162, 263;
orbit, speed in, 91-2, 163;
proved by aberration orbits of stars, 92;
year measured by, iv, 15

Revolutionary War, Bushnell's submarine, v, 197;
muskets in, 361;
surgeons of, x, 104

Revolutions, geological, xiv, 29

Revolving Turret, patented by Timby, v, 380

Rex Begonia, reproduction, xiii, 165-6

Reymond, Emil du Bois, x, 126-7

Reynolds, Osborne, xvi, 132

Rhazes, Arab writer, x, 32

Rheas, xii, 243, 249

Rheostat, iv, 383, vii, 375;
invention, vi, 23

Rheticus, friend of Copernicus, ii, 43

Rheumatism, Rheumatic Fever, x, 223-4;
acute, ix, 187-8;
barometric effects, i, 329;
germ of, x, 195, 221, 223;
leaking heart valves from, ix, 207;
lightning cures, i, 153;
salicylates in, x, 381;
uric acid and, 343

Rhine River, changes in course and connections, xiv, 185-6;
channel of, 87 (map), 117, 167;
falls at Schaffhausen, 132-3;
varied course, 155

Rhine Valley, xiv, 87 (map), 90, 117, 185-6;
wine industries of, viii, 249

Rhinoceros, xii, 304-6;
ancient remains, iii, 16, 303;
formerly in Europe, xv, 76, 79, 92;
Merck's, 100 (fig.), xii, 305 (fig.), 306

Rhizoids, xiii, 156, 157, 158

Rhodes, ancient importance, xiv, 281-2

Rhodesia, climate of, xiv, 224

Rhodium, viii, 173;
symbol and atomic weight, 383

Rhododendrons, difficulty of obtaining, xiii, 289;
in heath family, 202;
in southern forests, 367;
seed, 344

Rhodora, flower, xiii, 202

Rhubarb, origin, xiii, 223;
oxalic acid in, viii, 222

Rhynchocephalia, xii, 183

Rhythm, idea of, in man, xv, 251, 310;
In human organism, xi, 281;
in learning, 214;
in scientific progress, xvi, 46, 116

Ria Coasts, xiv, 257-8

Rib Cage, ix, 63, 65 (fig.)

Ribs, of body, ix, 63 (fig.), 65;
connections with breastbone, ix, 71

Rice, ancestral home, xiii, 182, 221;
calories in, ix, 299;
eating of, in relation to stature, xiii, 172;
food value, viii, 364;
fruit for seed dispersal, xiii, 54;
history and uses, xiii, 213-14;
importance, 10, 211;
in grass family, 179;
origin, xiv, 382;
starch from, viii, 243;
transplanting, in Java (illus.), xiii, 208;
vitamines, in hulls of, viii, 369, ix, 35-6, x, 258, 259, 260

Rice Paper, source, xiii, 214

Richer, astronomer, ii, 59, 69

Richet, anaphylaxis studies, x, 212-13

Richter, J. B., chemical work, xvi, 160

Rickets, x, 264-5, 314

Rifles, xv, 218-19;
improvements in, v, 362, 379;
machine gun types, 366-8;
standardization, 50

Rift Valleys, xiv, 117-21, 123

Rigg's Disease, x, 315-16

Right, original meaning, xi, 190

Right Ascension, ii, 299, 300, 305

Right-Hand Rule, vi, 55, 89-90

Rights, grasping instinct and, xi, 44

Rime, i, 108, 380;
formation, 121-2

Ringhals, xii, 227

Ring Hypothesis (see Nebular Hypothesis)

Ring Spinning Machine, v, 273, 276, 378

Ring Structure (molecules), viii, 233, 240, 381

Rio de Janeiro, Corcovado peak, xiv, 112;
harbor of, 268

Rio Negro, connections of, xiv, 187

Rises, ocean, xiv, 286, 288, 290

Ritchey, astronomer, ii, 107-8, 148, 333, 336

River Beds, tunneling through, v, 121-4

River Man, iii, 302

Rivers, alterations in courses (historical), xiv, 183-6;
ancient veneration of, v, 75;
annual discharge of, xiv, 135;
antecedent, 164-70;
base-level of, 40, 49;
"beheaded," 182;
channels, gorges, and valleys, iii, 40-4, xiv, 49-52, 167-8;
classification of, 153-5;
connection of systems, 186-7;
consequent, 157;
courses changed by earthquakes, xiv, 335;
courses determined by rock structure, 43-4, 131-2, 160, 175, 187-8;
deltas (see Deltas);
development of, 155-88;
erosive work of, iii, 30-44, xiv, 39-40, 49-54, 158-63, 198, 233;
forest regulation of, xiii, 372, xiv, 379;
harbors in mouths, 270-1;
headward extension, iii, 38-9, xiv, 175-6;
homogeneous and heterogeneous, 154-5;
importance, xv, 129;
importance, by what determined, xiv, 189;
importance, historical and industrial, 31, 190-7;
in clayey country, 137;
in new and old areas, iii, 33-4, xiv, 48, 49, 155-63;
in regions of subsidence, iii, 37, xiv, 40, 163-4;
in rejuvenated regions, iii, 36, 232-3, xiv, 40, 163, 164-70;
longitudinal and transverse, 153-4;
marine and continental, 153;
metaphorical names of parts, xv, 158;
mineral matter in, viii, 196, xiv, 206;
obsequent, 160;
"piracy," 177-83, iii, 38-9;
potholes in beds, 39-40;
power of currents, 30-1, xiv, 39-40, 198;
power utilization, 5, 75-93;
recession of spring heads, xiv, 176;
sedimentary deposits of, xv, 84;
sediment carried by, iii, 31-3, xiv, 52-3, 161;
seed dispersal by, xiii, 346;
sewage systems, viii, 325;
sources of water, xiv, 182-3;
subsequent, 159;
superimposed, iii, 39, 137, 233-4, xiv, 170-4;
topography produced by, 49-54;
trunk and branch, 153;
underground, iii, 116, xiv, 149-50;
use in industry, vi, 352, 353, 361, 366-7;
water supply from, xiv, 140, 141
(see also Drainage Systems)

River Terraces, formation of, xv, 84

River Traffic, past and future, xiv, 31, 190-1

River Valleys, civilization in relation to, xv, 122, 128, 129;
development, xiv, 49-52;
general character, 56-7;
in old and new regions, iii, 33-5, 36-7, xiv, 48, 49, 57;
in stratified rock, 80-1, 82-3;
soils of, 70, 71, 218;
tributaries, 57;
usually excavated by their streams, 123-4

Riveters, pneumatic, iv, 129, v, 129

Roads, good, and farmers, vii, 230-1;
motor traffic and, v, 214-15;
rough and smooth, in relation to traffic, 206-7

Roaring Forties, i, 128, 380

Robert, Nicholas Louis, v, 291, 377

Roberts, astronomer, ii, 135-6, 361

Roberval, xvi, 104, 114

Robins, westward spread of, xii, 53

Robinson Cup Anemometer, i, 83

Roche, astronomer, ii, 157, 380

Rochelle Salts, from baking powder, viii, 136

Rochester, N. Y., drumlins near, xiv, 60

Roches Moutonnées, xiv, 56

Rock, Rocks, iii, 382, xiv, 17;
ages, how determined, iii, 17-19;
blasting of, v, 100, 261;
blocks and joints in, xiv, 128-30;
carbon dioxide absorbed by, viii, 49;
chemistry of, 192-5;
classes, iii, 12-13, xiv, 17-19;
coloring, iii, 25-6, 44;
color changes, viii, 194;
composition, 192-3;
disintegration, chemical, and physical, viii, 194-5, 338 (see
Weathering of Rocks);
erosion of (see Erosion);
formations, iii, 379;
fracturing and folding (see Faults, Folding);
geology the study of, iii, 9, 12;
geological history, 164-248;
ground water effects on, xiv, 141;
in interior earth, iii, 108, 110;
joints, 23, xiv, 128-9;
land forms determined by, 43-4, 80-113, 125-7;
metal-bearing, iii, 355-70;
non-metalliferous, 370-6;
oldest, 160, 163, 168-9;
permeability of, xiv, 137;
plucking of, iii, 29;
primary and secondary, viii, 191-2;
rotten and bed, iii, 26, xiv, 64;
specific gravity, 11;
stream adjustment to, 160, 175;
striation, iii, 63, xiv, 56;
structure, defined, iii, 383;
structural changes, 83-98;
subsurface exploration, v, 262-3;
undermining or sapping of, xiv, 131;
weathering of (see Weathering)

Rockaway Beach, iii, 58

Rock Basins, iii, 142-3, xiv, 202-3

Rock Crystal, iii, 337

Rock Debris, as deep sea deposit, iii, 55;
carried by ice, 68;
carried by winds, 73

Rock Drills (see Drills)

Rockefeller Foundation, International Health Board of, x, 171-6

Rocket Lightning, i, 149, 152

Rockets, in aerology, i, 22-3

Rock Flour, xiv, 69

Rock Gypsum, iii, 331, 375-6

Rocking Stones, iii, 70

Rock Pigeon, xii, 265

Rock Rabbits, xii, 304

Rock Salt, iii, 374-5, xiv, 209

Rock Saws, ancient, xvi, 67

Rock Slides, earthquakes and, xiv, 333-4

Rocky Hill Sill, xiv, 109, 111

Rocky Mountain Forest, xiv, 373-4

Rocky Mountain Revolution, iii, 218, 219;
dinosaurs destroyed by, 298

Rocky Mountains, age of, iii, 191, xiv, 235;
birth of, iii, 218-19;
coal areas, 348;
forming agencies, 230;
fossils found in, 263;
geological strata, 138, 177, 184;
glaciers of, 240, xiv, 54-5;
granite-cored, 111, 228;
lakes in, iii, 143;
mineral wealth of, xiv, 237;
plateau west of, 220, 380;
red beds, iii, 208;
rejuvenation in Tertiary time, 231;
rock weathering in, xiv, 76;
sea over, iii, 130, 181, 184, 195, 197, 213;
thrust faulting in, 90;
volcanic activity, 229

Rodents, xii, 285-96

Rods, of eye, xi, 84, 89-90, 96

Rods, vibration of, iv, 213-15, 223-4

Roemer, discovery of speed of light, ii, 50-60, 91;
transit instrument, 58

Roentgen, Prof., vii, 249;
X-ray discovery, iv, 55, 317, x, 184, xvi, 192-3

Roentgenography, x, 185-6, 373

Rogers, Samuel Baldwin, xvi, 174

Rohlfs, explorer, i, 210

Rokitansky, Carl, x, 113

Roller-bearings, v, 205-6

Roller Mills, introduction, v, 381

Rollers, friction-saving by, v, 204-5, 205-6;
not found in nature, 16, 215

Rolling Country, iii, 34

Rolling Friction, v, 203-4, 207, 214-15

Romance Languages, descent from Latin, xv, 160

Romanche Deep, xiv, 289

Roman Empire, Alps Mts. and, xiv, 240;
growth and fall, 307;
metal supplies, 237;
medicine under, x, 25-31;
survey of, xvi, 98

Roman History, Alps Mountains in, xv, 137-8

Roman Numerals, xv, 183

Romans, character and civilization, xvi, 97-8;
divisions of day, v, 57;
elephants of, xii, 302;
gods of, xv, 344;
knowledge of loadstone, vi, 28;
plants known to, xiii, 215, 216, 253;
superstitions of, xv, 355;
taste and smell, cultivation by, ix, 98

Roman Soldiers, javelins of, xv, 213

Rome, civilization of, xv, 122;
copyists and books of, xv, 178-9;
fire veneration in, 234;
lampreys in ancient, xii, 130-1;
policy with conquered peoples, xv, 155-6;
sleeping sickness in, x, 301

Römer, Ole, thermometer of, i, 69

Rondeleti's Shark, xii, 145

Rood, O. N., i, 146

Roofing, copper, viii, 163

Rooms, appearance of filled and empty, xi, 187;
ventilation of, ix, 268, 269

Room Temperature, iv, 137 (fig.)

Roonhuyze, Hendrik, x, 80

Roosevelt, Theodore, African trip, xvi, 16;
on rain forests, xiii, 365;
on the caribe, xii, 159

Root, C. J., wheat studies, i, 253

Rootcap, xiii, 17-18

Root Hairs, xiii, 17, 91-4

Rootless Plants, xiii, 15

Roots of Plants, xiii, 15-22;
downward growth, 84-6;
functions, 15-22, 61, 80, 91-4;
galls, 98;
nitrogen absorption, 98;
of scavenger and parasitic plants, 99, 100;
sugar storage in, ix, 27-8

Rootstalks, xiii, 22-3;
potatoes as, 24 (fig.);
reproduction from, 43, 182-3, 215, 217-18

Ropes, materials of, xiii, 10, 239, 240, 241

Rosales, antiquity, xiii, 324-5

Rose Apples, origin, xiii, 226

Rose Beetles, and magnolias, xiii, 130-1

Rose Bugs, xii, 124

Rose Family, xiii, 197-8

Rosemary, source, xiii, 205

Rosenau, quoted, i, 328, 329

Rose of Sharon, xiii, 200

Rose Quartz, silica in, viii, 90

Roses, generic and specific names, xiii, 170-1;
leaf arrangement, 37, 38;
petal arrangement, 190

Rose's Fusible Metal, iv, 162

Rosetta Stone, xv, 172

Ross, Sir Ronald, x, 156-7;
article on, 155 note

Ross Antarctic Expedition, xvi, 142

Rosse, Lord, discovery of spiral nebulæ, ii, 361, 372, 380;
Leviathan reflector, 16-17, 105-6

Rossignol, Jules, i, 348

Rotary Converters, vi, 342-8, vii, 199, 365

Rotary Engines, v, 148

Rotary Press, v, 301, 305-6, 378, 379

Rotation, iv, 85-6;
energy of, 83-5;
magnetism of, ii, 178;
researches in dynamics of, 166-7

Rotation of Crops, viii, 342-6

Rotation of Earth, ii, 43;
ancient Greek beliefs, 28, 36, xvi, 81;
changing speed, ii, 74, 375, 376, 377;
De Cusa on, xvi, 102;
deflection of moving bodies by, i, 124-5, xiv, 32, 303, 348, 351;
effect on earth's shape, ii, 69;
effect on gyroscope, iv, 255;
effect on weights, ii, 69, iv, 74-5;
measure of day, 15-16;
precession in relation to, ii, 71;
proved by aberration orbits of stars, 92;
rising of sun due to, xvi, 12

"Rotten" Plants, xiii, 99-100

Rotten Rock, iii, 26, xiv, 64

Rotterdam, Holland, xiv, 271

Roughness, sensation of, xi, 128

Roundheads, racial division, xvi, 49

Roundworm, x, 200

Rousseau, philosophy of, xvi, 111, 117

Routine, in relation to will, xi, 261

Roux, antitoxin work of, x, 396;
pupil of Pasteur, 143

Roving, cotton, v, 272-3

Rowland, Prof. Henry A., heat work of, iv, 49-50;
on atoms, viii, 187

Rowntree, categories of therapy, x, 380;
kidney test, 378;
on therapeutic science, 334

Royal Families, origin of, xv, 366

Royal Society of England, xvi, 111-12;
Duchess of Newcastle's visit to, iv, 53

Rozier, M. de, v, 220-1

Rubber, artificial, viii, 257;
chemistry and manufacture of, 257-8;
electrification of, iv, 257, 259;
economic importance, xiii, 11, 208;
history and production, 245-9;
source of, xiv, 383

Rubbers, wearing of, x, 306

Rubber Trees, xiii, 245, 247-8

Rubidium, viii, 128, 132, 133;
spectrum of, 302;
symbol and atomic weight, 383

Rubies, variety of corundum, iii, 327

Ruby Glass, viii, 282

Rudolphine Tables, ii, 44, 216

Rulers, origin of, xv, 263-7

Rum, making of, viii, 250

Rumford, Count, heat theory of, iv, 47-8;
on friction and heat, xvi, 125, 131

Ruminants, xii, 311-12

Rumor, autosuggestion in, xi, 304

Runge, chemist, xvi, 163

Runners, in transportation, v, 214-15

Running, as exercise, x, 304;
reflex processes in, ix, 155-6

Rusby, H. H., on Amazon region, xiii, 360

Rush, Benjamin, x, 104

Rushes, ancient, iii, 254;
origin and products, xiii, 244

Russell, giant and dwarf star theory, ii, 150-1, 153, 309, 310, 382, 384;
photographic work, 130;
studies of binaries, 326, 328, 329

Russia, agricultural meteorology, i, 249-50;
beet sugar production, xiii, 216;
bison of, xii, 329;
elk in, 318;
forests and grasslands, xiv, 380-1;
gold production, iii, 365;
harbors closed by ice, xiv, 267;
loess deposits, 72;
meteorological service, i, 223, 228;
Napoleon's invasion, 306-7;
oil output, iii, 350, 354;
plains of, xiv, 217;
rainfall of, 355;
rodents of, xii, 294;
sleeping habit of peasants, xi, 285;
steppes
(see Steppes);
wheat cultivation, xiii, 211;
winters in, xiv, 347;
"Young Women's Summer", i, 362

Russian Alphabet, xv, 176

Russian Language, xv, 162

Rust, of wheat, xiii, 13, 71

Rusting, of iron, iii, 25, viii, 9, 10, 155-6

Rutabaga, xiii, 19, 223

Ruthenium, viii, 173;
symbol and atomic weight, 383;
valence of, 178, 180

Rutherford, chemical work, xvi, 120, 177

Rye, food value, viii, 364;
native of Old World, xiii, 182;
phosphate requirements, xiv, 67

Sabbath, among early Jews, x, 15

Sables, xii, 350

Sacandaga River, iii, 245

Saccharide, viii, 381

Saccharose, viii, 226-7, 242-3 (see Cane Sugar)

Sacrifices, religious, xv, 347-8, 354, 358-9

Sacrum, ix, 64 (fig.), 66

Saddle (meteorology), i, 238, 380

Safety Devices, vii, 32-3

"Safety First," vii, 33, 355, xi, 365

Safety Matches, viii, 88

Safety Valve, earliest use of, iv, 171

Saffron, origin, xiii, 255

Sagebrush, xiv, 380

Sagitta, xii, 18

Sago, source of, viii, 243

Sago Palm, xiii, 309

Sahara Desert, antelopes of, xii, 327;
depressions of, xiv, 205;
dust from, i, 55, iii, 54;
harmattan, i, 134;
impenetrability of, xv, 136;
largest desert, xiii, 377;
rain and snow in, i, 210;
sand storms, iii, 73

Sailing, against wind, iv, 77 (fig.), v, 182, 186-8

Sailing Vessels, historical development, v, 75, 111, 182, 188-9;
relative decline of, i, 37

Sails, evolution of, xv, 265

St. Anthony Falls, xiv, 171;
rate of recession, iii, 246

St. Cæsarius, i, 132

St. Elias Range, volcanoes of, xiv, 315;
youthfulness of, 96, 235

St. Elmo's Fire, i, 157-8, 380;
as ignis fatuus, 347

St. Gothard Tunnel, xiv, 240, 241;
heat encountered in, iii, 121

Saint Helena, groundsel of, xiii,345;
volcanic origin, xiv, 277, 289, 316

St. Helens, Mount, xiv, 315

St. John, astronomer, ii, 82, 154

Saint John's Bread, xiii, 226

Saint Lawrence, Gulf of, iii, 235;
Bird Rock of, xii, 253;
lows (cyclones) in relation to, i, 137

St. Lawrence River, discovery of, xiv, 310;
historical importance, 191;
white whales of, xii, 297

St. Lawrence Valley, geological history, iii, 78, 195, 232, 234, 235

St. Louis, early growth, xiv, 219;
power supply from Keokuk, v, 83;
water supply, viii, 326

St. Malo, Gulf of, tidal system, v, 176

St. Martin, Alexis, ix, 240, x, 121

St. Martin's Summer, i, 362, 381

St. Mihiel Salient, xiv, 91

St. Patrick, legend of, xii, 217

St. Pierre, destruction, iii, 103, xiv, 325

St. Vincent, eruption of La Soufrière, xiv, 28

Saint Vitus, x, 360

St. Vitus Dance, rheumatism and, 224
(see also Cholera)

Saké, Japanese, xiii, 213

Sakhalin, separation from Asia, xiv, 274

Salads, food value of, x, 273

Salamanders, xii, 169, 170-3, iii;
ancient, 285;
evolution of, xii, 167, 168;
regeneration in, 170;
sense organs in, 169

Sal Ammoniac, solution of, temperature produced, iv, 136, 175

Sal Ammoniac Cell, iv, 297, 298 (fig.), vi, 59

Salerno University, x, 36-7, 38, 77, xvi, 100

Salesmanship, psychology of, xi, 334-42

Saliceto, surgeon, x, 38-9

Salicylates, in rheumatism, x, 381

Salicylic Acid, viii, 236, 239, 372

Saline Lakes, xiv, 206-9, 212

Salisbury, Prof., relief classification, xiv, 27

Saliva, conveyance to digestive canal, ix, 189-90;
in digestion, viii, 358, ix, 227-30, 235-6, x, 319;
of infants, ix, 346;
secretion of by chewing, 163;
thirst relief by, 89

Salivary Glands, blood supply of, ix, 197;
fear effects on, 166, 221, xi, 132;
reflex control of, ix, 163, 165;
response to tastes, xi, 74, 76

Salmon, xii, 154, 156-8;
canned, calories in, ix, 299;
eggs, number of, xv, 20;
instinct of, xi, 46;
river habits of, ix, 174-5;
shooting of, xv, 227

Salpae, xii, 19-20, 129

Salsify, origin, xiii, 223

Sal Soda, viii, 135

Salt, Common (see Common Salt)

Salt Lake City, site of, xiv, 208

Salt Lakes, viii, 139;
persistency of, xiv, 199

Salt Pork, calories in, ix, 299

Salton Sink, iii, 156, xiv, 204-5

Salts, defined, viii, 381;
digestion of, 356;
electrolytes, 125;
esters, 221;
formation and nature, 114, 115-18;
formers (halogens), 84;
in body fluids, ix, 174, 175-6;
in blood, filtered by kidneys, 272, 273;
in fabrics, viii, 256;
in sea and inland waters, 138-9, 195-7, xiv, 295-7;
in sea, gradual accumulation, ix, 175-6;
ionization in solution, viii, 119-25, 300-1;
most important, 130;
natural deposits, 138, 195-7, 275;
nomenclature, 98;
organic life in relation to, ix, 174-6;
positive and negative elements, viii, 126;
protoplasm dependence on, ix, 32, 174;
uses, viii, 146

Salvador, Izalco volcano, xiv, 321;
public health fellowships, x, 172

Salversan, x, 381

Salvia, corolla, xiii, 201;
flower, 48, 204, 205;
petal arrangement, 190

Samara, winged fruit, xiii, 58

Samarium, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383

Samoan Islands, native prayers, xv, 345-6

Sampson Cell, vi, 138, 144

Samson, Hebrew sun-god, ii, 20

Sanctorious, Santoro, x, 70-1

Sand, corrasion by, iii, 72, xiv, 77;
form of rock, 18;
rock formed from, iii, 13 (see Sandstone);
wind-carrying of, 71, 72 73, 74-5

Sand Bars, iii, 57, 58;
effect on waves, v, 124

Sand Blast, iv, 129-30, v, 135-6;
natural, xiv, 77

Sand Cherries, origin, xiii, 226

Sand Dunes, iii, 71;
migration, 74;
vegetation xiii, 149

Sand Filters, viii, 319-20

Sand Hogs, v, 117

Sand Hoppers, xii, 82, 85

San Diego, Cal., North Island station, i, 48

Sand Myrtle, petals, xiii, 202

Sandpaper garnet, iii, 330

Sandpipers, xii, 262

Sand Saucers, xii, 73

Sandstone, iii, 13, 382, xiv, 18;
bad conductor of heat, 12;
frost destruction of, 77;
jointing in, 133;
occurrence, iii, 372;
permeability, xiv, 137;
quartzite from, iii, 169, 189;
weathering of, 25, 27

Sandstone Belt, of eastern U. S., xiv, 107, 111-12

Sandy Hook, iii, 58

Sandy Regions, sledges used, v, 214-15

Sanford, F., on ignis fatuus, i, 249

San Francisco, bubonic plague in, x, 164;
harbor of, xiv, 268-9;
latitude and climate, 345;
power supply, vi, 363

"San Francisco," wreck of the, i, 272

San Francisco Bay, xiv, 257-8, 268-9

San Francisco Earthquake, iii, 94-7;
cause of, xiv, 128, 340;
experience with building types, 343;
faulting at time of, iii, 89;
lateral displacements in, xiv, 335;
origin of fault, iii, 224

San Francisco Mountains, xiv, 102

Sanguine Temperament, xi, 153, 159, 205

Sanitary Chemistry, viii, 317-33

Sanitary Sewage, viii, 324

Santa Maria Eruption, xiv, 314, 325-6, 328-9;
earthquakes preceding, 338

Santo Domingo, sugar cultivation, xiii, 215

Santorin, volcano, xiv, 317, 319

Santorin Islands, xiv, 319

Santos-Dumont, v, 227-8, 382

Sao Paulo University, Brazil, x, 172

Sap of Plants, xiii, 80, 81;
distribution, 23, 24, 25-6;
functions, ix, 27

Saplings, in temperate forests, xiii, 369

Sapodilla, origin, xiii, 225, 226

Saponification, viii, 221, 381

Sapote, origin, xiii, 226

Sapper, on Santa Maria eruption, xiv, 328

Sapphires, iii, 327;
electrification, vi, 12

Sapping, of rocks, xiv, 131

Saprophytes, xiii, 99-100;
in heath family, 202;
orchids as, 185

Sapwood, xiii, 24, 25, 26, 177

Sarasin, P. & F., i, 58

Saratoga Springs, carbon dioxide in waters, xiii, 49;
known to Indians, xiv, 145;
seaweed reefs near, iii 251;
stream changes around, 243-4

Sarawak, war play of natives, xv, 307-8

Sardinian Rise, xiv, 291

Sargasso Sea, xiii, 73;
ianthina of, xii, 19;
temperature of waters, 21

Sargon the First, writings of, ii, 19-20

Saros, Chaldean, ii, 27, 209-10, 215

Särs, naturalist, xvi, 148

Sarsaparilla, source, xiii, 188, 255

Sassafras Family, xiii, 196-7

Sassafras Tree, antiquity of species, xiii, 324-5;
distribution, 351;
earliest appearance, 318;
northern limits, 367;
stamens and pistils, 120

Satellites, in solar system, ii, 163;
habitability, 249-50, 262;
of various planets, 241, 249-50, 261-4, 268;
of moon, 208;
orbits of, 197;
theories of origin, 370, 371, 374, 380;
weighing of primaries by, 75-6

Satin Spar, iii, 331, 332

Saturated Air, i, 14, viii, 67

Saturated Color, xi, 90

Saturated Vapor, iv, 167-8, v, 140;
temperature table, iv, 173

Saturation, chemical, viii, 206, 230-1

Saturn (planet), ii, 264-6;
comet families, 271;
"great inequality," 87;
life on, 249;
photographic study, 133;
rings, 133, 264-6;
rings, discovery, 54, 96, 109;
rings, Cassini on, 59;
rings, Huygens on, 54, 57;
rings, Keeler on, 120-1;
rings, Laplacian theory, 370, 372;
rotation period, 377;
satellites, 249-50, 264;
satellites, discovery, 85, 104, 146;
size and orbit, 162, 163;
weight, 77

Saurians, xii, 182, 203

Sauropods, iii, 288-9

Savages, æsthetic arts of, xv, 296;
attitude toward nature, 329;
body mutilations among, 257-60;
brain in, 63-4;
canoe-making, 262;
child-bearing among, 278;
clothing of, 252, 254, 255;
cooking methods, 283;
counting ability, ii, 9, xv, 180;
dances of, 305-6, 310-12;
dramatic art of, 303-10, 322;
feet of, 61;
fire sources and generation, 230-1;
fire worship, 234;
fish-catching methods, xv, 227;
grouping tendency, 363;
hair decorations, 260-1;
hunting methods, 222-3;
hunting stage of present, 187, 192-6;
keenness of senses in, 228;
leaders and rulers, xv, 363-6;
life of, remarks on, 9-10;
marriage among, 278-82, 283-5;
marriage ceremonies, 292;
musical scales of, iv, 206;
music of, xv, 312-15, 316, 318;
natural selection among, 47;
obedience to customs and laws, 374-5;
painting of body, 255-6;
poetry of, 319-21;
poison uses by, 227-8;
polygamy among, 287;
rain-makers, i, 334;
religious ideas, xv, 234, 292, 304-6, 326-59, 375, 380;
salt esteemed by, ix, 95;
sex relations among, xv, 277-8;
similarity to ourselves, 9;
songs of, 319-21;
time divisions, v, 57;
tribal morality of, xv, 374;
war dances, 307;
writing a mystery to, 164

"Savannah", steamship, v, 192-3, 378

Savannah River, shad time in, xii, 155

Savory, source, xiii, 205

Sawfish, xii, 148-9;
teeth of, 134

Sawflies, xii, 125

Saws, chisel form, v, 46;
electric, on farms, vii, 229;
gang, xi, 268

Saxon Chronicle, eclipse recorded in, ii, 210

Scale, musical, iv, 206-9 (see Musical Scale)

Scale Insects xii, 112

Scales, of fishes, xii, 134-5

Scallops, xii, 59, 60, 65

Scandinavia, coasts concordant, xiv, 249;
early seamanship in, 261-2;
lakes of, 200;
level changes in, iii, 80, xiv, 33-4, 35-6;
rock formations, iii, 172, 178

Scandinavian Languages, xv, 162

Scandinavians, in Nordic group, xvi, 48

Scandium, discovery of, viii, 180;
symbol and atomic weight, 383

Scaphopoda, xii, 58, 74

Scarabs, xii, 123

Scarf Clouds, i, 104, 381

Scarlet Fever, effects on ear drum, ix, 103;
immunity to, x, 207;
virus of, 141

Scarpa, surgeon, x, 104

Scarring, of body, xv, 257-8

Scars, xi, 248;
formation of, ix, 48, 287;
treatment of disfiguring, x, 189

Scar Tissue, ix, 348

Scepters, xv, 207-8

Schadenfreude, xi, 351

Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, xvi, 120-1, 177

Schiaparelli, studies on Mars, ii, 229, 235, 237

Schiff, thyroid studies, x, 350

Schiffli Machines, v, 286, 287

Schiller, skull capacity, xv, 40

Schist, iii, 169, 189, 382;
jointing of, xiv, 133;
metamorphic rock, 19

Schizogony, x, 158

Schizopoda, xii, 19

Schleiden, Matthias, x, 119, 120, xvi, 142

Schleswig-Holstein, föhrden of, xiv, 259

Schlick, Dr., v, 342, 384

Schmidt, Dr. William, i, 193

Schneefresser, i, 133

Schoharie Creek, xiv, 179

Scholastic Philosophy, xvi, 99, 100

Schönbein, xvi, 163

Schönlein, Johann Lucas, x, 113

Schools, seats and desks in, ix, 56-7;
teaching of hygiene in, x, 283-4;
ventilation, ix, 97

Schuchert, quoted, iii, 205, 278, 293, 297

Schultze, Max, x, 131;
on protoplasm, xvi, 166

Schuster, astronomer, ii, 178, 224

Schwann, Theodor, x, 119, xvi, 142

Schweitzer's Reagent, viii, 256

Science, Airy on progress of, ii, 82;
Aristotle on, xvi, 88;
art and, iv, 9;
birth of true, ii, 9-10, 86;
exact and complex, x, 368;
field of, xvi, 35;
history of, xvi, 39-198;
imagination in, xvi, 58-9;
importance and interest, xvi, 9-34;
industry and, v, 15;
invention and, iv, 44-5;
"laws" of, iv, 19;
meaning of, vi, 10, xvi, 39-40;
measures and units in, iv, 45-6;
methods of, 26, vi, 10, xvi, 10, 34-5;
philosophy and, 112, 115;
principles of, remarks on, iv, 9-10;
progress, means and ways, xvi, 30, 41, 46, 75, 76, 98, 116, 118;
realm of, vi, 107;
religion and, iv, 27-8, xvi, 42, 44-5;
St. Augustine on, 99;
specializing axiom, x, 43;
understanding of, xvi, 10-11, 30-4;
unity, 34, 35

Sciences, abstract and concrete, xvi, 42;
development of, iv, 9-11;
historical sequence, xvi, 35;
interrelations and boundaries, 35, 42;
summarized, 36-8

Scientific Expeditions, xvi, 123, 140, 142

Scientific Laws, iv, 19, vi, 106;
principle of final common path in, xi, 23

Scientific Research, in World War, v, 360

Scientific Tendency, growth of, vi, 330

Scientists, methods of, xvi, 10, 11, 41;
realm and aim of, vi, 107

Scoresby, Capt. William, i, 173, 361

Scoriæ, of volcanoes, xiv, 323

Scorn, facial expression of, xi, 133;
sentiment of, 148

Scorpion Flies, xii, 106

Scorpions, xii, 89-90;
ancient, iii, 278

Scotch Fir, in Danish peat bogs, xv, 87

Scotch Mist, i, 108, 377

Scotland, bag-pipes of, xv, 317;
corries of, xiv, 58;
fjord coasts, 258, 259;
former volcanoes, 318;
Gulf Stream effects, 304;
Highlands, conquest of, 243;
Highlands, geology of, iii, 172, 178, xiv, 122-3, 272;
lakes of, 200;
latitude of, 345;
lava plateau, 103-4;
lowlands, 123;
scurvy and potato crop, x, 266;
shoals on west coast, xiv, 47;
wave pressure on coasts, 300;
wild deer of, xii, 317

Scott, explorer, death of, x, 252

Scott, Prof. W. B., author PHYSIOGRAPHY, Vol. xiv;
quoted, iii, 17, 18, xii, 332

Screens, shadows of, doubled, iv, 332-3

Screw, v, 37-9;
Archimedes, iv, 26, 27 (fig.);
form of inclined plane, 90;
friction with, 93;
gimlet-pointed, v, 379;
mechanical advantage of, iv, 91-2

Screw and Cogged Wheel, iv, 92, 93 (fig.)

Screw Pines, xiii, 187, 354

Scribes, ancient and modern, xv, 177 (fig.), 178

Scrub Vegetation, xiv, 378-9

Scud, cloud form, i, 101, 381

Scully, William C., on snakes, xii, 214-15, 227-8, 231-2

Sculpture, beginnings and development of, xv, 108-9, 111 (fig.), 117-20,
300-2

Schultetus, surgeon, x, 78

Scum, of pools, xiii, 13, 73

Scurvy, x, 264, 265-6;
vitamines to prevent, 261, 262, 263

Scythes, development, v, 240-1