Chapter XVII: Science in the Twentieth Century (8)

Men, basal metabolism of, x, 271;
brain in, xv, 39;
color-blindness in, ix, 116, 340-1;
hats of, x, 309;
heart rate in, 334;
height of, xv, 38;
skull capacity, 40;
susceptibility of, x, 240;
voice vibration rates in, ix, 99

Mendel, Gregor, x, 231-2, 13, 333, xvi, 154;
experiments on peas, ix, 328, 333-4

Mendel's Law, xiii, 333, xvi, 157

Mendeléeff, chemical work, xvi, 134, 163;
classification of elements, viii, 177;
prediction of elements, 180

Mendelian Theory, xvi, 156

Mental Activity, insomnia due to, ix, 219;
seat of, 145-6;
temperature effects, i, 323-4

Mental Fatigue, ix, 137-8, x, 247, xi, 269

Mental Healers, x, 242-3, 365

Mental Hygiene, xi, 368-82

Mental-Nerve Diseases, x, 353

Mental Processes, in brain, ix, 145, 147-54;
similarity in all men, xvi, 42-3

Mental Tests, in diagnosis, x, 371;
in vocational guidance, xi, 359-60

Mental Types, xi, 152-9

Mercaptan, smell of, xi, 80

Mercerized Cotton, viii, 255

Mercuric Chlorides, viii, 170, 333

Mercuric Mercury, test for, viii, 287, 288

Mercuric Oxide, instability, viii, 101;
oxygen preparation from, 34, 170

Mercurous Mercury, test for, viii, 288

Mercury (metal), affinity intensity, viii, 128;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
barometric column of, iv, 30;
compounds, viii, 170;
density of, iv, 113;
electrical conductivity, 283;
expansion by heat, 135;
freezing point, 153;
heat capacity, 155;
light of, viii, 172;
melting point and requirements, iv, 162, viii, 384;
ores and production, iii, 370, viii, 198, 270;
properties and uses, iii, 370, viii, 126-7, 170;
specific gravity, 384;
specific heat, iv, 155;
use of, in syphilis, x, 60, 104;
use of, in thermometers, iv, 135, 137, 153

Mercury (planet), ii, 189-90;
atmosphere, 190, 246;
life on, 245-6;
"lucid" planet, 264;
motion at perihelion, 79, 81;
non-rotation theory, 377;
orbit, 39, 73, 162, 163;
size, 162;
weight, 76, 77

Mercury Arc Converters, vii, 365

Mercury Arc Lamp, vi, 281-3

Mercury Arc Rectifiers, vi, 331, 333-9

Mercury Fulminate, viii, 145

Mercury Vapor, viii, 309

Mergansers, xii, 257

Mergenthaler Linotype, v, 308-10, 381-2

Meridian Photometer, ii, 297

Mesaba Range, iii, 358

Mesas, iii, 140, 380, xiv, 81, 82

Mesenchyme, xii, 26-7

Mesentery, ix, 59

Mesopotamia, ancient empire of, xiv, 306;
astronomy of ancient, xvi, 70;
British campaign, i, 308;
cradle of human race and history, xvi, 46, 51;
food plant center, xiii, 221, xiv, 381-2;
mirage in World War, i, 173;
ostriches of, xii, 249;
photographic mapping, i, 47;
present desert character, xiv, 219;
scurvy in, during World War, x, 265;
wild wheat of, xiii, 210

Mesozoic Era, iii, 20, 208-20;
animal life in, 270, 272, 275, 285, 286;
birds of, xii, 239, 242;
divisions and species of, xv, 71;
mammals of, iii, 297, xii, 271;
marsupials in, 277;
plants of, iii, 255, 256, 257;
reptiles of, 286-95, xii, 183, 188, 194-5, 202-3;
sharks of, 143

Messages, primitive methods of sending, xv, 165-7

Messina Earthquake, xiv, 340-1

Mesue of Damascus, x, 32

Metabolism, ix, 37, x, 268;
calculation of, 269-70;
daily total in calories, ix, 296, 297;
disease in relation to, 302-4, x, 268-81;
fatigue caused by, ix, 80, 81;
food requirements for, 289, 295-301;
protein, x, 277-80;
protein effects on, ix, 301-2;
rate of, how influenced, x, 270-1;
studies of, 128, 382;
temperature effects on, ix, 37, 306-7
(see also Cell Metabolism, Basic Metabolism, Functional Metabolism,
Growth Metabolism)

Metal-Bearing Deposits, iii, 355-70

Metallography, vi, 78, viii, 273-4, xvi, 175-6

Metallurgy, viii, 269-74;
historical development, xvi, 51, 59, 74, 174-7

Metals, viii, 17, 126-74, 379;
affinities (electromotive series), 127-9;
affinity for sulphur, 76, 77;
atomic weights, vii, 384, viii, 383;
atomic weights in relation to activity, 133, 180;
chemical analysis, 286-9, 291-2;
colors of compounds due to, 312;
common states of, iv, 153;
compounds of, viii, 130, 146, 202;
corrosion of, 13, 100;
cutting of (see Cutting of Metals);
electrical conductivity, iv, 259;
electrification of, 257, 259;
electrochemical analysis, viii, 295;
electromotive positiveness, vi, 59;
expanding on solidifying, iv, 150;
extraction from ores, viii, 131, 269-72;
groups of, 181-2;
heat conductors, iv, 177, 178-9;
identification of, viii, 201, 202, 313;
industrial, 154;
internal structure, vi, 78-9;
in body, viii, 354;
in sea, 197;
melting point and requirements, iv, 162;
melting points, viii, 384;
occurrence, 129-31, 198-200;
occurrence due to igneous action, xiv, 234, 237-8, 329;
original form in earth, viii, 193;
periodic classification, 180-1;
plant uses of, 337, 341;
positive ionization of, 122;
potentials against hydrogen, vii, 383;
rare earths, viii, 182;
refining of, 272;
refining, electrolytic, vii, 319-21;
resistance (electrical), vi, 77-9;
resistance tables, vii, 384;
resistance reduced by low temperatures, i, 32;
specific gravity table, viii, 384;
thermoelectric powers, vii, 383;
valency, vii, 384;
welding by oxyacetylene blowpipe, 33;
X-ray examination, vii, 257

Metamorphic Rocks, iii, 13, 380, xiv, 18-19;
jointing of, 133;
land forms in, 44, 113;
ores in, 234, 237

Metamorphism, iii, 380;
by molten intrusions, xiv, 112;
fossils and, iii, 265

Metazoa, xii, 25, 26-7

Metchnikoff, x, 143, 201, 209-10, xi, 218

Meteoric Dust, i, 53, 56;
in deep-sea deposits, xiv, 285

Meteoric Iron, ii, 292

Meteorites, ii, 290-3;
energy from, ix, 25;
iron and dust from, iii, 55;
origin of life from, xii, 9

Meteorograph, i, 88, 377

Meteorological Instruments, i, 68-89;
public display, 266-7

Meteorological Observations, history and organization, i, 212-23;
marine, 272-3, 274-6

Meteorological Terms, i, 365-84

METEOROLOGY, Volume i

Meteorology, daily interest, xvi, 13;
defined, i, 7, 377, xvi, 37;
history of development, 114, 177;
organized, i, 212-23

Meteors, ii, 283-9;
carborundum found in, vii, 310;
cause of brontides, i, 196;
dust from, i, 53, 56;
former meaning, 7;
in relation to corona, ii, 224, 225;
in relation to solar system, 164;
orbits, 287, 288, 289;
photographic study, 134-5;
planetesimal theory, iii, 162
(see also Meteorites)

Meter, length unit, iv, 46, 69, viii, 27-8;
radio unit, vii, 272;
value in yards, iv, 70

Methane, viii, 51, 206;
combustion products, 61;
derivatives, 210, 230-1;
flame of, 60;
name of, 98

Methodism (medical), x, 26, 28, 29

Methyl, defined, viii, 379

Metric System, iv, 46;
adoption in French Revolution, 136;
advantage in specific measurements, 111;
units in, iv, 69-70, 80-1, 154, viii, 27-8

Meuse River, xiv, 89;
delta and shifts, 186

Mexico, ancient civilization (see Aztecs);
century plants, xiii, 355;
chocolate cultivation, 234;
climatic belts, xiv, 223;
copper production, iii, 360;
corn-growing in ancient, xiii, 212;
deserts of, xiv, 380;
first hospital, x, 81;
harbors and commerce, xiv, 265-6;
jaguars of, xii, 362;
lava fields, iii, 228;
lead production, 362;
new volcanoes in, xiv, 320;
oil output, iii, 350, 354, v, 173;
plateau and hot lands of, xiv, 221, 223;
rivers of, 195;
rubber plants, xiii, 248;
serpents of, xii, 214, 234, 235;
silver production, iii, 367-8;
vanilla production, xiii, 260;
yellow fever in, x, 163

Mexico, Gulf of, importance in rainfall distribution, xiv, 360;
sponges in, xii, 32

Meyer, Lothar, xvi, 163;
classification of elements, viii, 177

Mica, iii, 334;
in granite, 308;
chemical composition, viii, 90, 193

Mice, xii, 289-91;
snakes and, 220, 227

Michelangelo, anatomical work of, x, 51-2

Michelson, interferometer, ii, 151, 322-3;
standard length measurements, xvi, 130

Michigan, copper production, iii, 327, 360, 361;
gypsum deposits, 376;
iron ores, 357;
salt deposits, 375

Michigan, Lake, size, xiv, 204

Micron, wave length unit, iv, 359

Microline, iii, 328

Micrometer, use of, ii, 58, vii, 151

Micronesia, xiv, 277

Microscopes, iv, 343-4;
in chemical analysis, viii, 290-1;
in medicine, x, 67, 128, 132, xvi, 112-13

Middle Ages, astronomy in, ii, 37-41, 42;
comets of, 273;
constructive work, 12;
ermine fur in, xii, 350;
European commerce in, xiv, 240, 241, 307, 308;
falconry of, xv, 223;
hail and lightning prevention, i, 341;
hysteria epidemics in, x, 360;
intellectual character of, 34, 35, 43;
intellectual lethargy, ii, 11;
Jewish polygamy of, xv, 289;
magic, xvi, 79;
medicine in, x, 31, 34-42, 43;
meteoric showers of, ii, 287;
minstrels of, xv, 323;
painting in, 302-3;
poisoning in, 228-9;
science in, iv, 27-8;
science and philosophy, xvi, 99-105;
views of fossils in, iii, 14

Migrations, of birds, xii, 258, xiii, 55;
of forests, xiv, 375-6;
of plants, xiii, 348

Mikulicz-Rodecki, xvi, 183

Mil, wire measure, iv, 283, 382, vii, 373

Mil Foot, vi, 77

Military Meteorology, i, 306-15

Milk, amino acids in, x, 278;
boiling of, viii, 368;
calories in, ix, 299;
composition, value and products, viii, 363;
contamination and safeguarding of, ix, 347;
digestion of, 235, 292;
fat globules of, viii, 315;
food constituents in, ix, 300;
for infants, 33-4, 346-7;
germs in, x, 193;
milk sugar in, viii, 227;
pasteurized, x, 139-40, 263, xiii, 71, ix, 347;
snakes and, xii, 222-3;
sour, and longevity, xiii, 172;
souring of, 71;
souring, lactic acid developed, viii, 223;
typhoid fever from, x, 287, 288;
vitamines in, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 266;
vitamines and lime salts in, ix, 33-4, 347;
water in, how measured, iv, 113

Milking Machines, vii, 227

Milk Sugar, viii, 226, 227, 363;
digestion of, ix, 292

Milkweeds, flowers, xiii, 50;
plumes, 343-4

Milky Way, ii, 350-6;
discovery of separate stars, 96;
Egyptian knowledge of, xvi, 69;
Galileo's observations, 103
(see also Galaxy)

Miller, Hugh, xvi, 169

Miller, Prof. W. J., author GEOLOGY, Vol. iii

Milliken, Dr., vi, 121

Milling Machines, v, 47, 53, 378, 381

Millipedes, xii, 87, 88-9

Mills, Milling, development of, xv, 237-41

Mind, activities of, xi, 12, 25, 32, 236;
body and, relations, 13-14, 61, 369-75;
care and right use, 375-82;
character of a good, 377-80;
complexity, 206;
conscious and subconscious, 47;
differences and classes of, 152-9;
difficulty of study of, x, 356;
diseases of, 354-63;
dominant traits, xi, 208-9;
Emerson on common, 152;
environment effects on, x, 237, 242-4;
fatigue of, xi, 269;
impairment by physical ills, 369-75;
kinetic theory, 57-61, 123;
meaning, 12, 13, 23-5, 32, 236;
mechanism, meaning, 12-14;
origins, 45;
psychology as science of, 10-14;
qualities revealed in smiles, 357;
similarity in all men, xvi, 42-3

Mind of the Crowd, xi, 323-33

Mineral Matter, in animal and plant tissues, viii, 354-5;
in ground water, xiv, 142-3, 144;
in human body, viii, 348;
in plants, 337, 339, 341, xiv, 65-6;
in sea and surface waters, iii, 52, 127;
in soils, viii, 338, 339, xiv, 68-9

Mineralogy, iii, 307-41, viii, 200-3;
daily interest, xvi, 23, 29;
defined, 38;
history of development, 112, 126, 169, 173

Minerals, concentrations of, viii, 192, 195-200, xvi, 173;
definition, iii, 307-8, 380, viii, 192, 200, 379;
description of various, iii, 321-41;
distinguished from living things, xii, 13-14;
groups of, viii, 200-1;
number of species, iii, 308, 315, viii, 200;
properties and identification, iii, 309-21, viii, 201-3, 313;
silicates, importance, viii, 193;
veins, how formed, iii, 126

Mineral Salts, need of, in food, x, 256, ix, 33

Mineral Springs, xiv, 142-5;
limestone deposits of, 146
(see also Hot Springs)

Mines, Mining, coal dust explosions, i, 63;
compressed air uses, 26, 27, iv, 129;
deep shafts, iii, 120, v, 259-60;
explosions caused by oxygen, i, 322, xiv, 12, 15;
hot water in, 144;
importance of faults, iii, 88, xiv, 37;
mountains and, 237-8;
oxygen in air, i, 322;
science of, xvi, 36;
temperature limitations, xiv, 15;
underground water in, iii, 116;
water-blasting in, v, 100

Mining Machinery, compressed air in, v, 128-9;
sonic wave transmission, 108

Mining Schools, xvi, 126

Mink, xii, 349, 350

Minnesota, iron ores, iii, 357-8;
lakes and lake basins, xiv, 200, 212;
newness of topography, 158;
moose of, xii, 318

Minnows, xii, 161, 163

Minstrels, mediæval, xv, 323

Mint Family, xiii, 204;
petals in, 190

Miocene Epoch, iii, 221;
species surviving from, xv, 71;
tortoise of, xii, 191

Mira, classification, ii, 115;
oldest known variable, 325
(see Omicron Ceti)

Mirages, i, 172-4, 377, iv, 328-9

Mirrors, ancient, v, 109-10;
fire generation by, xv, 232;
images formed by, iv, 335-7;
making of, viii, 171

Missing Link, xv, 56, 91

Mississippi-Missouri System, xiv, 153, 189

Mississippi River, aerial mapping, i, 47;
course changed, iii, 98;
delta, xiv, 53;
depth and dredging at mouth, 270;
discovery and exploration, 192;
flood plain slope, 162;
former steamboats, 193;
harnessing of, v, 81-3;
in American history, xiv, 192-3;
meanders of lower, 162, 165;
mineral matter in solution, iii, 127;
overflow question, xiv, 71;
paddle-fish of, xii, 151;
salt content, viii, 139;
sediment carried by, iii, 31, xiv, 53;
upper, superimposed, 171

Mississippi Valley, alluvial soils of, xiv, 71;
bowfins of, xii, 152;
coal fields, iii, 348;
development due to rivers, xiv, 31;
earthquakes of 1811, 203;
forests of, 378;
French in, 192;
geological history, iii, 35, 182-3, 187, 195, 206, 207, 231;
growth of population, xiv, 193;
loess deposits, i, 54, xiv, 72;
panthers formerly in, xii, 363;
precipitation in, xiv, 360;
thermal springs absent, 143-4;
thickness and composition of strata, 228-9;
turtles of, xii, 187, 193;
volcanic action in, xiv, 318;
yellow fever epidemic, x, 160

Mississippian Period, iii, 20, 197-8, 380;
animals of, 268-9;
plants of, 252-3;
sea extensions in, 193

Missouri, Ice Age in, iii, 239;
loess deposits, xiv, 72;
mining products, iii, 362, 364;
sunk country, 98

Missouri River, course changed, iii, 245;
in western emigration, xiv, 195;
upper Mississippi, xiv, 153

Mist, i, 377, Brocken specters in, 184-5

Mistakes, analysis of, xi, 340, 379
(see also Errors)

Mistletoe, xiii, 15, 100

Mistpoeffers, i, 195, 377

Mistral Winds, i, 133, 377

Mitchell, John, x, 116

Mitchell, Mount, xiv, 97, 168

Mites, xii, 98

Mixtures, compared with compounds, viii, 15;
explosions of, 62;
heat and cold production by, iv, 174-5;
separation by vapor pressure, viii, 305

Mizar, double star, ii, 123, 334

Mocking Bird, xii, 269

Modesty, clothing and, xv, 253;
custom and, 254-5

Mohammed Ibn Musa, xvi, 103

Mohammedan Astronomy, ii, 37-9

Mohammedanism, development of, xv, 199;
polygamy allowed by, 289

Mohawk Valley, importance of pass, xiv, 194;
origin, iii, 232;
rock faulting, 91

Moissan, electrical work, xvi, 176;
Arc Furnace, vii, 303

Moisture (atmospheric) climate determined by, xiv, 351-6;
temperature effects, 352-4;
vegetation determined by, 364, 366, 372, 377-8, 380, 381;
atmospheric (see Humidity)

Molar Solutions, viii, 118-19, 379

Molasses, production and use, viii, 242, 243, xiii, 215;
vitamines in, x, 262

Mold, cause of formation, i, 61;
disease-producing, x, 196;
reproduction, xiii, 164
(see also Fungi)

Molecular Theory, viii, 23-5;
history of development, xvi, 91, 133-4

Molecular Weight, viii, 92;
boiling point and, 299-300;
diffusibility and, 108;
differences, to what due, iv, 110;
found by vapor pressure, viii, 305;
in relation to actual weight, 109;
of proteins, 351

Molecules, iv, 21, vi, 109, viii, 379;
arrangement in relation to crystals, 203, xvi, 164;
attraction of, viii, 306;
possible variations in, iv, 143;
condition at absolute zero, iv, 142-3;
discrimination from atoms by Dumas, xvi, 162;
dissipation of energy, 134;
electrical balance and unbalance, i, 142, 143;
electrical charges of, viii, 121;
escape from liquids, iv, 167;
ether in, iv, 181;
formulæ of, viii, 91;
fundamental vibrations of, iv, 363;
in solids, liquids and gases, iii, 309, iv, 22, 131-3, 152-3, 363,
viii, 23-4, 106;
in solutions, 311-12;
invariability law, 110;
laws of, 106-10;
magnetization of, iv, 245, 253;
momentum, viii, 109-10;
monatomic, 309;
motions of, iv, 132-3, 363, viii, 23-5, 305-6;
motion increased by heat, iv, 138-9, 144, 152-3, viii, 25, 37-8, 107,
108, 309, 310;
number, vi, 112;
number of, in gases, iv, 133, viii, 25, 108-9;
polymerization, 219;
size, vi, 112, viii, 24, 306;
structure, 25-7, 306;
structure, chain and ring, 233;
structure, ether, 217, 224;
structure in hydrocarbons, 51;
structure in proteins, 351;
structure and color, 258, 259, 312;
structure and physical state, 207, 298;
structure in relation to boiling and freezing points, 298-9;
structure revealed by polariscope, 309;
velocity of, iv, 133, viii, 24

Moles, xii, 366, 367-8

Molluscoids, iii, 259, 263, 270;
origin of name, xii, 47

Mollusks, iii, 260, 272-6, xii, 57-80;
deep sea, 23;
in sea plankton, 19;
sponges and, 32

Molybdenum, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383;
use and occurrence, xiv, 238

Moments of Force, iv, 382

Momentum, iv, 62-3, 66-7

Monadnock, Mount, iii, 232

Monadnocks, iii, 35

Monads, xvi, 117, 118

Mondeville, Henri de, x, 39, 40

Mongolian Orongo, xii, 327

Mongols, hair of, xv, 37, 38 (fig.);
in yellow race, 37

Mongooses, xii, 351, 352

"Monitor," Ericsson's, v, 380

Monitors (lizards), xii, 208

Monkeys, xii, 376-9;
embryological resemblances, xv, 54;
expression of feelings by, 64-5;
fear in, xi, 136;
feet of, iii, 301 (fig.), xv, 61;
first appearance, iii, 301;
jaguars and, xii, 362;
lemurs and, 374, primates, 373;
resemblance to man, xv, 57;
thumb in, 60

Monkshood, xiii, 196;
aconite from, 252

Monochord, xvi, 82

Monocotyledons, defined, xiii, 60;
evolution, 181;
families, 181-9;
first appearance, 319;
leaves and flowers, 176, 179;
stem formation, 177 (fig.);
relative antiquity, 207;
subdivisions, 179, 180

Monoecious Plants, xiii, 46

Monogamy, xv, 285, 289-94, 295;
among birds, 276-7

Monorail Car, v, 342-3

Monosaccharides, viii, 223-6

Monotony, of work, xi, 275-6, 277-8, 280

Monotype, v, 310-12, 383

Monros, physicians, xvi, 179, 181, 186

Monsoons, i, 130-1, 377, xiv, 350-1;
conditions resulting from, 359-60;
use of, in early trade, 307

Montana, bad lands of, xiv, 82;
fossils found, iii, 250;
grasslands and cattle, xiv, 222-3;
mining products, iii, 360, 361, 364, 368

Montauk Point, birds at, xiii, 342

Mont Cenis Tunnel, xiv, 240, 241;
drills used, i, 27

Montenegro, mountaineers of, xiv, 243

Monte Nuovo, eruption of, xiv, 316, 320

Montpellier, University, x, 36, 38

Montreal, harbor of, xiv, 270

Moodus, Conn., brontides, i, 196, 360

Moon, ii, 193-205;
acceleration of, iv, 98;
atmosphere, ii, 200, 204, 232;
coronas, i, 183;
distance, ii, 64, 197-8;
earthshine on, 41;
eclipses, 32, 206-8;
erratic amplitude, 25;
falling motion, 64, 65;
Galileo's studies, 54, 96, xvi, 103;
Halley on motions of, ii, 87;
halos, i, 100, 103, 178, 180, 181;
Hevelius's studies, ii, 57;
influences of, 201;
irregularities in motions, 32, 34, 73-4;
life on, 204-5, 247;
light and heat of, 168, 200;
light of, Egyptian knowledge, xvi, 69;
non-rotation theory, ii, 376, 377;
path around earth, xiv, 292-3;
photographic studies, ii, 130;
quartering, 28, 194-5;
size, 198-9, 230;
size as observed by ancients, 27-8, 32;
solar corona and, 221, 222;
spectrum lines, 112;
stereograms of, xi, 181;
telescopic views of, iv, 346;
theories of origin, ii, 375-6;
tides caused by, 70;
tides caused by, xiv, 291, 292-3

Moonbeams, measurement of heat of, iv, 301

Moon Dogs, i, 180, 377

Moon-Pillar, i, 376

Moonstone, iii, 329

Moor Fires, i, 56

Moors, astronomy of, ii, 11, 38;
in Mediterranean group, xvi, 49;
medical influence of, x, 37-8;
science of, xvi, 100, 106

Moose, xii, 318-19;
antlers of, 316

Moraines, iii, 67-8, 380, xiv, 59;
lakes formed by, iii, 144-6, xiv, 202

Morality, beginnings of, xv, 356;
civilization and, xvi, 43-4, 45, 47-8;
primitive, limited to tribes, xv, 374;
religion and, 355-7;
varying conceptions of, 285-6

Morgagni Giovanni, x, 97-8

Moriceau, François, x, 79, 80

Morning Glories, climbing stems, xiii, 27;
roots, 18;
tendrils, 111

Moro, Lazzaro, xvi, 126

Morphine, xiii, 253;
an alkaloid, viii, 240;
use of, in pain, x, 381

Morro Velho, mine shaft, v, 259-60

Morse, S. F. B., telegraph inventor, vi, 24, vii, 108, xvi, 188

Morse Systems, vii, 108, 109-11

Mortar, lime in, viii, 150

Mortar and Pestle, xv, 238

Mortars (military), v, 368

Mortmain, meaning, xi, 44

Morton, William, ether introduction, x, 124-5, xvi, 185

Mosaic Laws, medical importance of, x, 15

Mosasaurs, iii, 288, xii, 203

Moselle River, xiv, 89, 90, 165

Mosenthal's Test, x, 379

Mosquitoes, campaign against, x, 299-301;
in fly family, xii, 120;
kinds of, x, 156;
malaria spread by, 154, 156-9, 299-301;
singing of, cause, xii, 103;
yellow fever and, x, 160, 161-2, 173

Moss Animals, xii, 46-7

Mosses, alternation of generations, xvi, 166;
character and kinds, xiii, 68-70;
reproductive process, 160-3

Mosso, Prof., experiment of, xi, 285;
on mountain sickness, i, 328

"Mother Carey's Chickens", xii, 252

Mother-Family, xv, 295

Mother-of-Pearl, xii, 63;
iridescence of, 245

Mother Shipton, iv, 104

Mothers, rule of, under polyandry, xv, 294-5;
transmission of hereditary traits, ix, 340-1;
transmission of nervous influences, 343-4

Mother's Milk, infants' digestion of, ix, 346

Moths, xii, 114-16, 118-20;
appearance in Tertiary, 104;
evolution of, 107;
in flower fertilization, xiii, 142-3;
number of species in New York, xii, 99;
Pronuba, adaptation in, xvi, 152-3

Motion, as sign of life, ix, 9-11, 14;
bodily, different kinds of, 82-3;
of animals, means of, 73-4;
sense of, ix, 90, xi, 123-8
(see also Movement)

Motion (mechanics), energy of (see Kinetic Energy);
force in relation to, iv, 56-69, 71-2, v, 182-3;
forms of, iv, 85-6;
Galileo's investigations, iv, 19;
laws of (see Newton's Laws of Motion);
quantity of, iv, 62;
rapid, not explained by Newton's theory, ii, 80, 81;
relativity of, iv, 16-17, xvi, 85;
science of, iv, 25;
time and, Newton on, 15;
uniform and difform, ii, 80;
Zeno's theories, xvi, 84-5

Motor Cycles, cooling of cylinders, v, 160;
gyroscopic action, 343;
generators in, vi, 215-16

Motor-Generator Sets, vi, 332-3, 342-3;
efficiency in electric furnaces, vii, 306

Motor-mindedness, xi, 222

Motor Nerve Cells, ix, 125, 126, 129, 160;
connections, 130 (fig.), 131, 147, 148 (fig.)

Motor Nerves, at birth, ix, 348

Motor Neurones, xi, 21, 22, 24;
development in embryo, 34, 35

Motor Response, defined, xi, 123-4;
method of, 26-7;
sensation dependent on, 27-8, 43, 63, 66, 74-5, 102-3, 110-11, 118-21,
202-3;
to contact and distance senses, ix, 95, 121, 140;
violence in emotions, xi, 134
(see also Final Common Path, Reactions, Reflex Actions)

Motors, iv, 308-9, vi, 217-63, vii, 367, 373;
advantages over engines, 223;
air-driven, v, 129-30;
alternating-current, vi, 240-63;
automatic regulation, 218, 224-9, 232;
automobile, v, 156-61;
compressed-air effects, 128;
compression and non-compression, 157;
constant-speed, vi, 231;
direct-current, 217-39;
direction of revolutions, 56;
earliest form, 21;
efficiency, 228;
efficiency in cold weather, vii, 194;
electromagnetic, vi, 95-6;
for farm purposes, vii, 223-4, 225-6, 228;
heat, Clausius's principle, xvi, 135;
individual machine, vii, 52;
in household appliances, 74, 78, 83-4, 86;
interchangeability with dynamos, iv, 54;
multiple cylinder, v, 159;
of electric cars, vii, 182-3, 185, 186;
of electric locomotives, 196, 200;
popular applications of, iv, 10;
power, on what dependent, vi, 223;
ratings, 192-4;
self-regulation of voltage, 226-8;
single-cylinder, v, 157;
speed variation and constancy, vi, 240-1;
starting and starters, 235-9, 250-5, 262-3;
synchronous, 241;
three-phase system, 206-7;
torque of, iv, 309, vi, 224-7;
toy, 95-9;
voltage generated, 247;
water and air-cooled, v, 159-61;
waterproof in U. S. Navy, vii, 332

Motor Tractors, v, 214, 215-218, 243

Motor Trucks, v, 214;
advantages to farmers, vii, 231;
growing use, 195

Motor Type of Men, xi, 155, 157, 158-9

Mott, Valentine, x, 121-2

Motus Peculiaris, ii, 346

Mound Builders, weaving of, xv, 248 (fig.)

Mountain-and-Valley Breezes, i, 131, 132, 377

Mountain Goats, xii, 325

Mountain Health Resorts, i, 322

Mountain Lions, xii, 363

Mountain Observatories, ii, 139-51

Mountain Passes, formation of, xiv, 58, 176

Mountains, Mountain Ranges, xiv, 224-6;
atmospheric pressure on, i, 28, iv, 114-15, 170, ii, 245;
block, iii, 138-9, xiv, 117, 226;
boiling point of water on, viii, 303;
Brocken specters, i, 184-5;
cirques of corries on, xiv, 58;
civilization of, xv, 129-31;
cloud caps and banners, i, 104-5;
coast lines and, xiv, 248, 249;
distinguished from plateaus, 28;
economic importance, 237-9, 245;
ephemeral character, iii, 11, 12, 130, xiv, 235;
faulted, iii, 138-9, xiv, 226;
folded, iii, 131-8, xiv, 36, 93-4, 96, 226-34;
forests on, xiv, 238-9;
formed by erosion of plateaus, iii, 139-40, xiv, 225, 226;
formation complex, iii, 140-1;
granite cores of, 112, xiv, 110-11;
heights determined by barometers, 124;
hot springs of, 143;
igneous intrusions, 228, 230, 232-3, 234;
influence of, on human history, 10, 236-45, xv, 136, 137-8;
lightning dangers, i, 156;
making of in various eras, iii, 187-91, 205-6, 213-14, 218-19, 224-6;
metamorphism in, xiv, 234;
old and young, 235-6;
ores and mines, 234, 237-8;
peoples of, 245, xv, 129-31;
plants and animals of, xiii, 321, 381, xiv, 365-6, 370, 376-7;
rainfall and, i, 111, xiv, 354-5;
rime on, i, 121-2;
rock weathering on, iii, 23, 24, xiv, 40, 233-4;
ruggedness due to erosion, 234;
St. Elmo's Fire, i, 157;
shadows in sky, 169-70;
snow-line on, iv, 183-4;
solar radiation on, i, 210;
sound intensity on, 186;
structural topography of, xiv, 94;
stunted trees, xiii, 367;
temperature on high, i, 19;
volcanic, iii, 139, xiv, 225-6, 327
(see also Volcanic Cones);
weighing of, ii, 68-9;
wind types, i, 132-3

Mountain Sickness, i, 328, ii, 144, 150

Mountain Streams, harnessing of, v, 79-81;
material transported by, xiv, 52, 233-4

Mountain Systems, xiv, 227

Mount Wilson Observatory, ii, 147-8;
program and equipment, 152-61

Mouse-hunter (weasel), xii, 349

Mousterian Implements, xv, 100, 105, 107-8

Mouth, cavity as resonance chamber, iv, 232;
dryness of, in fear, ix, 166;
germs in, x, 201, 202, 219, 289;
grasping organ, ix, 82;
opening of, in concussions, xi, 101;
"watering" of, cause, ix, 165

Movement, perceptions of, xi, 165, 166, 170-1, 184, 185
(see also Motion)

Moving Bodies, deflection by earth's rotation, i, 124-5, xiv, 32, 348;
old theory of, ii, 63

Moving Pictures, iv, 347-9;
business men and, xi, 340;
color reproduction in, iv, 369;
facial expressions in, xv, 63;
of eclipses, ii, 212

Moving Picture Machines, v, 329-31;
mercury arc rectifiers in, vi, 333

Moving Star Clusters, ii, 341-4, 379

Mozambique Channel, xiv, 273

Mudfish, xii, 152

Mud Hens, xii, 262

Mud Puppy, xii, 171

Mufflers, automobile, v, 165

Mulberry Tree, fruit, xiii, 55, 226;
paper from, v, 290

Mule Killers, xii, 167

Mullein, hairy covering, xiii, 105

Müller, Johann (1801-58), x, 117-18;
pupils of, 118, 127, 128, 131

Müller, Johann, ii, 13 (see Regiomontanus)

Multiple Proportions, law of, viii, 110

Multiplex Telegraphy, vi, 87, vii, 112-18, 373

Mummies, Egyptian, linen wrappings of, xv, 243;
scars of tuberculosis in, x, 290;
wheat grains found with, ix, 17, xiii, 211

Muriatic Acid, viii, 87

Murrayville Well, iii, 355

Muscle-and-Joint Sense, ix, 80, 90-1, 153

Muscle Cells, ix, 74-5;
action of, 78-9;
fatigue in, 81;
number unchanging, 48, 348

Muscles, action of, ix, 77-9;
action in posture, 83-4;
adrenalin effects, 171, xi, 273;
at birth, ix, 348;
blood supply, how controlled, 216-17, 220;
blood supply in emotion, xi, 136-7;
cell constitution of, ix, 22 (See Muscle Cells);
communication with sense organs, 19-20, 122, 124, 137, 139, 140;
connection with nervous system, 124-37, xi, 19, 20, 24;
control of, by brain, ix, 139-40, 141, 147, 148 (fig.);
cramps in, 313;
development and overdevelopment, x, 304;
development in embryo, xi, 34, 35;
efficiency of, ix, 296;
energy release and restoration, xi, 24-5;
exercise effects, x, 270, 303;
fatigue in, 247, xi, 271, 273-4, ix, 79-81, 83-4;
fear and anger effects on, 166-7, xi, 132, 133;
flexibility and tensions, effects, 337, 339-40, 371, 372, 374;
flexion strength, 41-2;
flexors and extensors, 54, 166, 262-3, ix, 76-7;
force of, 75;
functions in kinetic system, xi, 60;
fundamental purposes of, ix, 86;
injuries to tissues, 287, 348;
irritability of, x, 87;
mechanical action of, 71-2;
kinaesthetic sensations from, xi, 123-8;
kinds of, ix, 74-5;
metabolism of, measurement in calories, 296, 297;
motion sense in, 90-1;
origin from coelom, xii, 27;
pain in relation to, xi, 118-21;
range of effort, ix, 79;
reciprocal innervation, xi, 86;
responses (see Motor Response);
response to contact & distance sensations, ix, 95, 121, 140;
soreness of, 80-1;
strength and capacity, on what dependent, 75-6, 79;
structure, 75;
thickness and length, 75-6;
uses, different kinds of, 82-4;
wasted in starvation, 297-8
(see also Heart Muscle, Skeletal Muscles, Smooth Muscles)

Muscle (Muscular) Senses, ix, 90-1, xi, 63, 64;
in infants, ix, 350;
organs of, 125

Muscular Motion, electricity from, vi, 16-17, 63-4

Mushrooms, character of, xiii, 43, 70;
origin, 223;
reproductive processes, 163-5

Music, fatigue diminished by, x, 247;
Hawaiian, xv, 315;
light transformed to, v, 332-5;
pitch modulations in, iv, 209;
primitive, xv, 312-15

Musical Chords, xi, 106-8

Musical Insects, xii, 109-10

Musical Instruments, development of, xv, 315-18, 325;
quality differences, iv, 233;
reed mouthpieces, 234-5;
stringed, 222-4;
wind, 231

Musical Scale, iv, 206-9, xi, 105-6;
tones in Indian, xv, 314

Musical Terms, from Italian, xv, 161

Musk, source of, xii, 322;
spread of odor of, iv, 131, xi, 80

Musk Deer, xii, 322

Muskox, xii, 328;
in glacial period, xiv, 376

Muskrats, xii, 289, 290

Mussels, xii, 58-67;
in lakes, xiv, 211-12

Mustangs, xii, 307

Mustard, effects on stomach, ix, 243-4;
origin, xiii, 265

Mustard Family, xiii, 197

Mustard Gas, viii, 263, 264, x, 187

Mustard Plant, fruit, xiii, 57 (fig.);
leaf, 38

Mustard Seed, xiii, 60

Mutants, Mutation, ix, 342-3, xiii, 333-4, xv, 23-4, xvi, 155

Mutilations, of body, xv, 257-60;
regeneration of, xii, 170

Muybridge, Edward, v, 330

Myer, Gen. Albert J., i, 217, 220

Myopia, ix, 112

Myotomes, xi, 34, 35

Myrtles, antiquity, xiii, 324-5

Mythology, beginnings of, xv, 357-8

Myxedema, x, 272, 349-50, 351

Nacre, xii, 59

Naias, fertilization, xiii, 151-2

Naids (Naidae) xii, 53-5, 65-6

Nails, former making of, by smiths, iv, 49

Nails (body) cells of, ix, 13

Names, and perceptions, xi, 160-1

Naphthalene, viii, 51, 240, 253

Napier, John, logarithm invention, xvi, 104

Naples, Bay of, crustal movements about, iii, 80-1

Napoleon, dissolution of Salerno University, x, 36;
Egyptian campaign, mirage, i, 172;
indigestion before Waterloo, ix, 238;
Italian campaign, xiv, 244;
military road over Alps, 241;
Russian campaign, i, 306-7;
vaccination order, x, 102-3

Napoleon III, brain weight, xv, 39

Narragansett Bay, oysters of, xii, 61;
scallop fisheries, 65

Narrow-mindedness, muscular causes, xi, 372;
of grinds and thrill-hunters, 376

Narwhales, xii, 297

Nassa, xii, 70

Nassir Eddin, ii, 39

Nasturtium, leaves, xiii, 33 (fig.);
roots, 16 (fig.);
water-dripping by, 108

Natal, forests and grasslands, xiii, 375, 376;
hailstorm, i, 119

Naticas (mollusks), xii, 73

Native Shrubs, advantages, xiii, 273;
planting table, 274-89

Natural Bridges, iii, 127 (fig.), 128

Natural Gas, iii, 354;
composition, viii, 208;
exhaustion of supply, v, 173;
found with petroleum, iii, 350-3, 354, 355;
low luminosity, viii, 60;
origin and occurrence, iii, 354-5;
waste, 355

Natural History School, of medicine, x, 113

Naturalism, development, xvi, 111, 115

Natural Sciences, xvi, 139-48

Natural Selection, x, 135, 136, xv, 23, 24, xvi, 150-1, 152;
disease and, xv, 48;
in man, xv, 47-8;
working of, xii, 293, xiii, 334-5, 346, xv, 24-5
(see also Struggle for Existence, Survival of Fittest)

Nature, actions of, former theories, iv, 18-19, 26;
complexity and interdependence in, xv, 22;
curative powers, of, x, 21, 73, 75-6, 84-5, 367, vii, 240;
cycles in, viii, 349;
efficiency of, vi, 96;
life-renewing instinct, xiii, 116-17;
Longfellow's lines, xvi, 43;
man and, contrasted by language, xi, 224;
personification of, xv, 357;
prodigality (see Prodigality of Nature);
savage attitude toward, xv, 321, 329, 331, 339;
science and the forces of, vii, 235

Nature-Philosophy School, x, 113

Naunyn, Bernard, xvi, 184

Nausea, ix, 91;
cause of, xi, 39;
visceral sense, 63

Nautical Almanacs, ii, 13, 40, 216, 263;
of Greenwich, xvi, 125

Nautilus, pearly, iii, 273-5, xii, 75-6

"Nautilus," submarine, v, 198

Navajo Indians, weaving of, xv, 247 (fig.)

Naval Architecture, problems of, v, 194

Naval Warfare, projectiles in, v, 373

Navigation, chronometers in former, v, 66;
historical development, 182, 188-9, xv, 261-5;
meteorology in, i, 271-83;
wireless applications, vii, 284-5

Neanderthal Cave, xv, 95 (fig.)

Neanderthal Man, xv, 96-8;
disappearance of, 99;
implements of, 107, 108;
period of, iii, 302, xv, 102;
skull of, iii, 304 (fig.)

Neap Tides, ii, 70, xiv, 292

Nearsightedness, ix, 112, xi, 85

Nebraska, potash supplies, viii, 279, xiv, 67;
volcanic ash deposits, 327;
water beneath, iii, 114

Nebulæ, ii, 357-60;
distribution, 352;
double, 377;
Herschel's conception, 16, 368-9;
in connection with new stars, 332, 333;
in relation to Galaxy, 355, 364-5;
in relation to stars, 308-9, 365, 381;
motions, 364;
photographic study, 135-7;
spectra, 116;
types, ring and spiral, iii, 160-1
(see also Spiral Nebulæ)

Nebular Hypothesis, ii, 367-72, 374-5, 380, iii, 159-61;
anticipated by Swedenborg, ii, 367;
applied to asteroids, 258;
in relation to earth's heat, iii, 108, 178, 184-5

Nebulium, ii, 359

Neck, arteries of, ix, 196-7;
pulse in, 311

Necropsies, x, 98

Nectar, of flowers, xiii, 124, 125

Needles, primitive, xv, 81;
threading of, ix, 118

Negative, electrical meaning, vi, 57, 124

Negative Electricity, i, 141, 142, iv, 258, 265, vi, 287, 288;
electrons as, viii, 187-8;
in atmosphere, i, 143

Negroes, color of skin, xv, 36;
hair of, 38;
in Tropics, xiv, 356;
in U. S., 218-19;
language of, xv, 159;
nose index and nostril shape, 46;
prepotency in crosses, x, 230;
susceptibility to lung diseases, xv, 50;
type characteristics, 35
(see also Black Race)

Negroes (African), belief in Reincarnation, xv, 334;
idea of soul, 330;
ideas of sleep, 332;
priests of, 350-1

Nematodes, xii, 45

Neodymium, atomic weight and symbol, viii, 383

Neolithic Period, domestic animals of, xii, 346;
implements of, iii, 302, 306, v, 14, xv, 103, 109-10

Neon, in atmosphere, i, 11, 12;
production and use, i, 33;
symbol and atomic weight, viii, 383

Neotomy, xii, 173

Nephoscope, i, 86, 377

Neptune (planet), ii, 268-9;
atmosphere, 250;
comet families, 271;
discovery, 67, 79, 86, 189, 268, 272;
distance from sun, iii, 159;
habitability, ii, 250;
orbit, 270, 163;
photographic study, 133;
planets beyond, 270-3;
retrograding motion, 271;
size, 163;
rotation period, 377;
weight, 77

Nerve Cells, functions and structure, ix, 122-4, 125;
growth of, 48;
of brain, 140
(see also Connective, Motor and Sensory Nerve Cells)

Nerve Centers, of brain stem, ix, 168, 257

Nerves, color effects, vi, 274-5;
at birth, ix, 348-9;
composition and color, 124, 159-60, xi, 17;
cranial, 29-31 (see Cranial Nerves), ix, 131, 132;
distribution to muscles, 124-5, 127;
electrical excitation, vi, 63-4;
spinal, ix, 131-2, xi, 25-6;
to glands and smooth muscles, ix, 159-60, 162, 164-5
(see also Nerve Cells, Neurones)

Nerve Trunks, ix, 131-2

Nervous Actions, complex, ix, 139-54;
simple, 132-7;
special, 155-72

Nervous Activity, fundamental laws, xi, 18-23, 27-8

Nervous Diseases, electrical treatment, vi, 17, 63-4, 284-5;
electrical treatment, vii, 235, 238-9;
habit in, xi, 248;
hot baths in, x, 311;
physical attendants, 353;
physical causes, xi, 370-2;
suppressed emotions and, 140

Nervous Fatigue, ix, 137-8

Nervous Fluid Theory, x, 85-6

Nervous Prostration, x, 248

Nervous System, xi, 16-32, ix, 122-38;
brain connections in, ix, 142-4, 147-51;
complexity and mental activity, xi, 13, 20;
control of body functions by, x, 346-7, 352-3;
control of glands and smooth muscles by, ix, 159-60, 162-3, 164-5, 168;
development in embryo, 343, 344, 348-9, xi, 34-6;
emergency effects on, ix, 166-7, 171;
examination methods, x, 371;
fatigue effects, xi, 272, 274;
function (Crile), 58;
functional unit, 20;
habit in, 248;
hereditary diseases of, x, 234;
in sleep, xi, 286-8;
part of, in maintaining life, ix, 20, 21, 23;
reciprocal innervation in, xi, 86;
sympathetic, x, 352-3, xi, 134-5;
thyroid effects on, ix, 303, 304
(see also Central Nervous System)

Net Goods, v, 277

Netherlands, delta formation of, xiv, 186

Nettle, hairs of, xiii, 42

Net-veined Leaves, xiii, 32, 34, 176, 178, 183 (fig.);
classification of plants with, 60-1

Networks, electric, vii, 27, 373

Neuralgia, barometric effects, i, 329

Neurasthenic Abscess, Amatus' cure of, x, 58-9

Neurones, xi, 17-18, 20-1, 22
(see also Nerve Cells)

Neurotomes, xi, 34, 35

Neutral Coasts, xiv, 248, 254, 263-4

Nevada, mining products, iii, 366, 368, 370;
"pogonip" fogs, i, 96;
rainfall, 112;
silver mines, viii, 198;
topography, xiv, 42

Névé, granulated snow, iii, 59

New Brunswick, N. J., radio plant, vii, 274-5

Newcomen's Engine, v, 144, xvi, 125

New England, agriculture and manufacturing in, xv, 132;
building stones, iii, 371, 372;
clock making, v, 50;
cod fisheries, xii, 164;
cotton mills, xiii, 236;
"dark days", i, 56-7;
forest trees of, xiv, 372;
geological history, iii, 219, 231-2, 234, 235, 240;
glacial bowlders, 70, xiv, 59;
glacial soil of, 70;
glacial topography, 56, 60;
gorges, iii, 44;
igneous rock formations, xiv, 111, 112;
January thaws, i, 363, 376;
Labrador current effects, xiv, 305;
lakes of, 200;
mussels on coast, xii, 65;
opossums in, 275;
peneplain of southern, iii, 35;
plateau of southern, xiv, 216-17, 221, 236;
"Vineland" as, 261;
water power and manufactures, 31

Newfoundland Banks, cod fisheries of, xii, 164;
fogs, i, 93-4, 94, xiv, 305
(see also Grand Banks)

New Guinea, animals of, xii, 249, 272, 279;
bird of paradise of, xv, 275;
cockatoo of, v, 9-10;
continental island, xiv, 276;
rain forests of, 369

New Jersey, coast of, xiv, 256, 262, 263;
coast destruction, 45, 302;
coastal plain water supply, 138;
dunes on coast, iii, 71;
former copper mines, xiv, 112;
former volcanoes, 318;
igneous rock formations in, 107, 111, 112;
pine barrens, xiii, 371;
silk industry of, xiv, 269;
streams of southern, 160;
zinc production, iii, 363, 364

New Madrid Earthquake, iii, 95, 98

Newman, Cardinal, on change, xiii, 325-6, 336

New Mexico, arid topography of, xiv, 42;
mesas of, 82;
volcanic fields of, 102, 315, 317, 318;
wife auctioning by Indians, xv, 283-4

"New Mexico" (battleship), electrical operation, vii, 327-8;
induction motors, vi, 248

New Orleans, acquisition of, xiv, 193;
founding of, 192;
growth, 219;
harbor of, 270;
yellow fever epidemic, x, 160

New Orleans Inner Harbor Canal, v, 259

Newspapers, printing and presses, v, 301-5, 306;
typesetting by machine, 307-8

Newsprint, making of, v, 292, 298

New Stars (see Novae)

New Testament, sounding lines mentioned in, xiv, 284

Newton, Sir Isaac, ii, 14, 62, iv, 19-20;
forerunners of, ii, 58-9;
gravitation discovery and laws, 63-72, iv, 20, 95-8, xvi, 115-16;
Halley and, ii, 88;
influence of, on mechanics, iv, 11;
laws of motion, ii, 62-3 (see Newton's Laws);
light experiments, ii, 111, iv, 357, xvi, 119;
light theory of, iv, 47;
mathematical work, ii, 14-15, xvi, 115-16;
methods, ii, 71;
on comets, 85;
on conservation of energy, xvi, 131;
on mountain observatories, ii, 139, 140;
on precession, 70-1;
on refracting telescopes, 100, 140;
on shape of earth, 69;
on tides, 70;
on time, iv, 15;
on what gravitation is, ii, 78;
"Principia", 13, 63, 67-8, 88, xvi, 105, 115;
sound velocity law, iv, 198;
telescopes, ii, 102, 103

Newton's Laws of Motion, ii, 62-3, 66, iv, 61-9;
anticipated by Galileo, ii, 56, iv, 19;
applicability, 86;
based on absolute space and time, 16, 18;
discovered under apple tree, v, 109

Newts, xii, 169, 170-3

New Vienna School, x, 113

New York (City), Beach's subway, v, 138;
Broadway lighting, vii, 340-1;
croton bugs of, xii, 107;
Croton Dam, iv, 119;
crowds after Lincoln's death, xi, 323;
Edison system, vi, 151, xvi, 188;
five-cent fare, vii, 198;
garbage value, viii, 330;
geological changes around, iii, 78, 79;
growth, to what due, xiv, 267-8;
"hobble-skirt" cars, vii, 184;
insects around, xii, 99;
magnetism of earth at, iv, 247, 249, 250, 252;
Penn. R. R. station, xiv, 146;
region west of, iii, 211 (fig.);
sewage disposal, viii, 325;
submachine guns for police, v, 368;
subway excavating, 261;
subways, air-brake system, 132-3;
subways, dust, i, 325;
subways, electrolytic corrosion, vi, 66;
synchronized electric service, 384;
telephone connections with Los Angeles, 367-8;
telephone exchanges, vii, 103;
telephones in, 75;
telephones, automatic, vi, 87, vii, 92, 106;
temperature range, xiv, 346;
terminals electrified, vi, 162, vii, 181-2, 193-4;
underground wire systems, 12, 14, 24;
water supply, viii, 317, xiv, 140;
weathering in climate of, iii, 23;
wireless device in Times Square, vii, 280

New York Harbor, developing shore lines, iii, 58;
dredging of Ambrose Channel, v, 257-8;
formation of, xiv, 255, 268;
lighterage conditions, 266-7;
sedimentary deposits, 268-9;
wireless piloting, vii, 284-5

New York (State), drumlins, iii, 69, xiv, 60;
finger lakes, 203, 211;
forest trees of, 372;
geological history, iii, 195-6, 231-2, 234-5, 219, 240, 243-5;
glacial bowlders, 70;
glacial soil of, xiv, 70;
glacial topography, 56, 60, 61;
gorges, iii, 44, 243, xiv, 50, 52, 171-2, xiv, 50, 52, 171-2;
gypsum deposits, iii, 376;
lakes, how formed, 143-4, 145;
lakes, number, xiv, 200;
oyster industry, xii, 61;
salt deposits, iii, 375, viii, 140;
weather observations, organized, i, 215

New Zealand, coasts, xiv, 258, 264;
geological history, 275-6;
Maori of (see Maori);
native carvings in, xv, 300;
ratite birds of, xii, 249;
sheep plant, xiii, 379;
sheep-raising in, xiv, 384;
snakes absent from, xii, 217;
spinach in, xiii, 224;
travertine terraces, xiv, 146;
tuatera of, xii, 183-4

Niagara Falls, electric furnace industries at, vii, 302;
harnessing of, vi, 368-70;
origin and history, iii, 45-7, 243;
rate of recession, 246;
verticality due to undermining, xiv, 133;
working power, vi, 47

Niagara Falls Power Plant, vi, 368-78;
load factor and charges, 381;
phased with Canadian plant, 384

Niagara Limestone, iii, 192

Niagara River, drop in, vi, 368;
due to Ice Age, iii, 243;
first impressiveness, vii, 202;
gorge of, xiv, 51

"Niagaras," Electric, i, 342, 343-4

Nickel, viii, 126-7, 154;
affinity strength, 128;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
classification place, 178, 183;
electrical conductivity, iv, 283, vi, 77;
fusibility, viii, 384;
in earth's interior, xiv, 11;
in steel alloys, xiv, 238;
magnetic susceptibility, iv, 251;
melting point and requirements, iv, 162;
ores of, viii, 198, 270;
positiveness, vi, 59;
source, xiv, 238;
test for, viii, 287, 289

Nickel-Iron Batteries, vi, 149-51

Nickel Plating, vii, 314, 316-17

Nicol's Prism, iv, 354

Nieve Penitente, i, 117, 377

Niger River, furrow of, xiv, 287;
Park's explorations, xvi, 123

Night, cooling of earth at, i, 121;
"falling" of, xi, 173;
plant conduct at, xiii, 88-9, 113, 114, 126

Night Adders, xii, 232

Night-Blooming Plants, fertilization, xiii, 152-3

Nightingales, xii, 269

Nightjar Family, xii, 267

Nightshade, xiii, 250

Nile River, aerial photography, i, 46-7;
ancient harnessing, v, 19;
annual overflow of, xiv, 53, 70-1;
bichir of, xii, 151;
Bruce's exploration, xvi, 123;
connections with Congo system, xiv, 186-7;
course of, 120, 155;
crocodiles of, xii, 199;
dominance of Egyptian life, ii, 26;
Egypt gift of, xiv, 71;
gobar of upper region, i, 96;
hippopotamus of, xii, 310;
length and volume, xiv, 189;
rafts used on, xv, 264-5;
veneration in Egypt, v, 18;
water supply of, xiv, 182-3

Nile Valley, antiquity of man in, xv, 84;
fertility, xiv, 71;
sand-abrasion of granite bluffs, 77

Nimbus Clouds, i, 98, 101, 103, 377

Ninevah, burying of, iii, 75

Ninevah Eclipse, ii, 209

Nipissing Lakes, iii, 150, 151

Nirvana, xv, 334

Niton, viii, 185;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
in atmosphere, i, 11, 12

Nitrate Group, viii, 93;
in explosives, 71

Nitrates, cellulose forms, viii, 254-5;
Chilian deposits, i, 35;
viii, 64, 197, xiv, 66;
commercial production, i, 35-6, vii, 322, 323-4, viii, 74;
formation in soil, i, 35, viii, 340, 345, xiii, 98;
metal occurrence in, viii, 130;
test, 290;
uses, 72;
arterial spasm, x, 381
(see also Potassium, Silver, Sodium Nitrates)

Nitric Acid, character and uses, viii, 71-3, 115, 116;
in atmosphere, i, 13;
production of, 36, vii, 322, 323-4, viii, 74, 137, 275;
solubility, 112;
strength, 115

Nitro, defined, viii, 379

Nitrocellulose, viii, 255, 256, 261

Nitro Compounds, viii, 237;
in explosives, 71

Nitrogen, viii, 18, 64-8;
agricultural needs and sources, i, 34, vii, 321, viii, 73-4, 75, 280,
340, 341, 343, 345-6, xiv, 64-5, 66;
atmospheric, i, 10, 11, 34, vii, 321-2, viii, 67;
atomic weight and symbol, 383;
boiling and freezing points, iv, 173;
chemical inertness, i, 12-13;
critical temperature, 29, iv, 173;
derivatives, viii, 229-30
(see also Amines);
elimination from body, 353-4, x, 342;
fixation, natural and artificial, i, 13, 33, 34-7, 153, vii, 301,
321-4, 352-3, viii, 66, 73-5, 153, 345-6, x, 193-4, xiii, 98,
xiv, 66, xvi, 165;
freed by combustion and decay, viii, 61, 330, 345-6;
in blood effects, i, 329, v, 120, x, 346;
in chlorophyll, xiii, 80;
in explosives, viii, 63, 345-6;
in garbage, 330;
in proteins, 64-5, 340, 351, ix, 29, 279, 282, 284, x, 270, 277;
industrial uses, i, 33, 34;
liquefaction of, iv, 171;
melting point, 162;
preparation from air, viii, 65-6;
production from liquid air, i, 30, 32, 34, viii, 67, 68, 274;
solubility in water, 40, 111;
spectrum of, i, 161

Nitrogen Compounds, viii, 64, 68-74;
by-products of coke, 46-7;
in air, i, 13;
in animal body, viii, 353-4;
instability, 66;
organic, 229-30;
vitamines, 369

Nitrogen Cycle, viii, 73, 334, 335, 349;
practical applications, 325-6, 330, 340, 345-6

Nitrogenous Waste, x, 270

Nitroglycerine, viii, 63, 247-8, 260, 261

Nitrous Acid, viii, 115;
in atmosphere, i, 13;
production, 36

Nitrous Oxide, viii, 70-1;
as anesthetic, x, 123-4;
critical temperature and pressure, iv, 172

Nobody Crabs, xii, 89

Noctilucent Clouds, i, 17-18, 58, 377

Nodes, of moon, ii, 197

Nodes, of vibrations, iv, 217

Noguchi, Hideyo, x, 173

Noises, awe roused by, xi, 147;
qualities of, 104

Nomadic Life, xv, 128, xiv, 141

Nonconductors, (electrical) iv, 259, vi, 77, 294, vii, 373;
nonmetals as, viii, 126

Nonmetals, viii, 17-19, 84, 126, 379;
in body tissues, 354;
manufacture and uses, 274-5;
negative ionization, 122;
oxides of, 20, 39;
periodic classification, 181;
plants needs of, 337, 341;
tests, 289-90;
union with metals, 20, 32

Nordic Group, xvi, 48-9, 50

Norfolk, Va., harbor of, xiv, 268

Noria, ancient use of, v, 19

Normals, meteorological, i, 204, 378

North Africa, civet cat of, vii, 353;
civilization in, xiv, 196;
mormoids of, xii, 154;
vultures of, 260;
zoölogy of, xiv, 291

North America, ancient camels of, xii, 313;
animals (carnivora), 340, 342-3, 349;
birds of, 268-9;
climate of eastern, xiv, 346-7;
climate on opposite coasts, 345;
coasts, Atlantic and Pacific, 25-6, 40, 247-8, 249-50;
cyclones and tornadoes, i, 137;
drainage systems, xiv, 190;
exploration and settlement, 196-7, 310-11;
forests of, 371, 372-4, 375-6;
former connection with Asia, xii, 313, xiii, 351, xiv, 30;
former connection with Europe, 290;
frogs of, xii, 180;
fur animals of, 350;
geological history, iii, 164-248;
Ice Age and resulting topography, 62, 236-48, xiv, 3, 30, 43, 59-62,
200, xv, 74-6;
indigenous plants, xiv, 382;
no absolute deserts in, xiii, 377;
Northmen in, xiv, 261;
rainfall of, 360;
rivers in history, 31, 190-5, 196-7;
snails of, xii, 69, 71;
tobacco used by natives, xiii, 256;
trees of, xiv, 375-7;
Urodela of, xii, 170-2

North American Basin, xiv, 288-9

North Atlantic Ocean, birds of, xii, 251, 252, 253;
currents of, xiv, 304;
deep sea life in, xii, 23;
formation of, xiv, 290;
giant squids of, xii, 79-80;
herring fisheries, 156;
limacina of, 19;
sharks of, 145, 146;
temperature of, xiv, 297;
walruses of, xii, 334;
weather charts, i, 275, 276

North Beach, Florida, wave power at, xiv, 300

North Cape, level changes at, xiv, 34

North Carolina, Appalachian Mts. in, xiv, 97, 168;
coast of, 264;
thermal belts, i, 259;
trap dikes of, xiv, 112-13

Northern Hemisphere, cradle of flowering plants, xiii, 319;
deflection of motion in, i, 125;
dip of magnetic needle in, iv, 245-6;
forests of, xiv, 371;
land in, 20;
winds of, i, 125, 127, 128, 137, xiv, 345-6, 348

Northern Lights, i, 158 (see Aurora)

Northmen, history of, xiv, 261-2

North Pole, rain at, i, 109

North Sea, commerce development in, xiv, 308;
formation of, 287;
formerly land, xv, 76;
herring fisheries, xii, 156

Norway, barley ripening in, xiv, 365;
civilization of, xv, 131;
coasts, iii, 57, 79;
coasts, xiv, 247, 258, 259
(see also Fjords);
glaciers of, 55;
Gulf Stream effects, 304;
latitude of, 315;
nitrogen fixation, i, 36, vii, 324, viii, 74;
plain on west coast, xiv, 47

Nose, adaptation to odors, xi, 80;
bones of, ix, 62;
cartilage in, 57;
cleanings of, x, 312;
cold effects on, ix, 311;
functions and diseases of, x, 341;
germ infection through, 198, 202, 219;
in infants, xv, 61;
nerve connections, xi, 81-2;
organ of smell, 62, 78;
passages, 77;
plastic surgery of, x, 57, 189;
racial types, xv, 45-6;
smell organs in, ix, 96;
violent blowing, danger, xi, 101;
X-ray examinations of, x, 373

Nose Rings, xv, 259 (fig.), 260

Nostrils, of monkeys, xii, 376;
racial shapes of, xv, 46

Notes, musical, iv, 206-9, xi, 105-6;
of Indian scale, xv, 311;
pitch and intervals, iv, 205-6, ix, 99-100;
pitch changes by motion, iv, 210;
quality of, to what due, 233

Notochord, xii, 128;
in lancelets, 129

Novae, or New Stars, ii, 331-3;
explanation, 329;
in class of variables, 324;
location, 328;
outbursts, 328-9

Nova Scotia, coal beds, iii, 199;
Vineland as, xiv, 261

Nuclei, chemical, xvi, 162

Nuggets, iii, 367

Numbers, development of systems of, xv, 180-4;
Pythagorean theory, xvi, 80

Numerals, Arabic, xvi, 103;
Babylonian, 60-1

Nummulites, iii, 235

Nut Butter, source, xiii, 10, 220

Nuthatches, xii, 268

Nutmeg, xiii, 261-2

Nutrition, chemistry of, viii, 348-72;
defective, due to under-chewing, ix, 228;
deficiency of, disease from, x, 255-68, 314;
problem of, in therapy, 382;
stimulated by light, 253
(see also Diet, Food)

Nuts, food value, viii, 366;
oil in, 246

Nymphs (aquatic larvæ), xii, 106

Oak-Hazel Copses, xiii, 369-70

Oak Trees, antiquity, xiii, 324-5;
family, 193;
fertilization, 148;
flowers without petals, 190;
index plants, i, 255;
in American forests, xiv, 373;
in Danish Peat bogs, xv, 87;
in landscaping, xiii, 271-2;
northern limit, 367;
rate of increase of, xv, 19, 21

Oaths, judicial, xv, 373-4

Oats, food value, viii, 364;
native of Old World, xiii, 182;
vitamines in, x, 262

Obelisks, Egyptian, ii, 24

Obesity, x, 272-5

Obsequent Streams, xiv, 160, 174

Observatories, ancient, ii, 37, 38, 39;
mountain, 139-51;
first European, xvi, 100

Occupational Diseases, x, 244-6

Occupational Fatigue, xi, 270

Occupational Postures, xi, 371, 372

Ocean, Oceans, annual discharge of rivers into, xiv, 135;
atmospheric conditions over, i, 13, 14, 143-4, vii, 212;
basins and shoal water line, xiv, 24-6, 287-8;
basins, topographical features, iii, 52, xiv, 27, 286-90;
birds of, xii, 251-4, 258, 264;
chemical elements in, xiii, 196-7;
circulation of water in, xiv, 298-9, 303-5;
color of, viii, 40;
coloring, to what due, xii, 17, xvi, 147;
density of water in, v, 195-6, xii, 21-2;
deposits on floor, iii, 52-5, 168, xiv, 284-6;
depths, iii, 51, xii, 21, xiii, 72, xiv, 23-4, 26-7, 288-9, 290 (see
also Deep Sea);
depths still a mystery, v, 202;
divisions, xiv, 22;
earthquakes in, 336-7;
erosive work (see Ocean Waves);
evaporation, vii, 212;
exploration of, xiv, 283-4;
extent of distribution, 20-3, iii, 51;
faulting in bed of, xiv, 39;
floors, general flatness, iii, 52, xiv, 24, 284;
floor level changes, iii, 83, 168, 206, xiv, 34, 253;
floors never land, iii, 55, xiv, 290;
floor, ooze of, xii, 17-18;
former extensions, iii, 12, 54, 55, 130, 132, 165-224 (maps), 235,
xiii, 298-9, xiv, 19;
heating and cooling of, 346;
historical importance, 305-11;
metals found in, viii, 148;
meteorology of, i, 271-83;
organic life of, xii, 16-24, xvi, 146-8;
organic life in relation to salts, ix, 174, 175;
phosphorescence of, xii, 18-20, 84;
potassium compounds in, viii, 143, 279;
power from, v, 174 (see Tides, Ocean Waves);
pressure of water in, v, 95, 201;
salinity, iii, 51-2, viii, 138-9, 195, 196, 279, xiv, 295-6;
salt of early, ix, 175-6;
soundings, xiv, 284;
surface form and tides, 291-5;
temperature layers, xii, 21-2, xiv, 297-9;
theories of origin, iii, 160, 163;
thunder audibility, i, 193;
volcanoes in, xiv, 285-6;
wind and pressure belts, i, 128-9;
wind charts, 271-6

Ocean Commerce, development of, xiv, 305-11

Ocean Currents, xiv, 303-5;
altering courses, i, 345;
charts, 271-6;
deflection by earth's rotation, xiv, 32;
plant and animal distribution by, 277, 278;
seed-dispersal by, xiii, 346-8

Oceanic Islands, xiv, 276-9;
plants of, xiii, 348

Ocean Steamers, development, v, 192-4;
strains on, 194;
turbines in, 153-4

Ocean Waves, base level of erosion, xiv, 254;
cause, 299;
coast destruction by, iii, 55-7, xiv, 44, 45, 46, 299-303;
length, vi, 269;
motion, v, 124;
power uses, 174;
quelled by compressed air, 124-5

Ocelots, xii, 364

Octopus, xii, 77

Odorous Oils, in mint plants, xiii, 205

Odors, ix, 97;
adaptation to, 97, xi, 80-1;
agreeable, enjoyment of, ix, 98;
classification, xi, 79;
digestion and, x, 320;
inhibition effects, xi, 81;
perception of, ix, 96, 97;
spread of, iv, 131

Odyssey, historic value of, xv, 323-4

Oersted, Hans Christian, vi, 19-20;
electromagnetic discovery, iv, 276;
on waterspouts, i, 356

Ogden River Canyon, iii, 39;
thrust faults in, 92

Ohm, Dr. S. G., vi, 21-2

Ohm's Law, iv, 281-2, vi, 22, 74-5, vii, 373;
applied in meter construction, 157-8;
anticipated by Cavendish, vi, 17;
for alternating currents, 164-5, 169-70

Ohmmeter, vi, 80

Ohms, electrical resistance unit, iv, 282, 284, vi, 71, 74-5, 170, 171,
vii, 373;
method of measuring, 165-6 (see Ohm's Law)

Ohio, corn-crops and weather, i, 245-8;
glacial drift in, xiv, 170

Ohio River, drainage changes, iii, 245;
water supply and sewage, viii, 318

Ohio Valley, floods, i, 110-11

Oil, fuel on battleships, vii, 328;
Crude (see Petroleum), films of, colors in, iv, 377;
shark's, xii, 146-7;
turtle, 194;
use in lessening friction, v, 203

Oildag, vii, 300

Oil of Vitriol, iii, 336, viii, 83

Oil Pools, iii, 380

Oils, defined, viii, 244

Oils, Fatty, viii, 244, 245, 246, 247;
as food, 363;
hydrogenation of, 232, 247;
insolubility, 112;
preserving of, 371;
vegetable (see Vegetable Oils)

Oil Wells, drilling of, v, 265-7;
from diatom deposits, ix, 28;
gushers, iii, 353-4;
productiveness and life of, 353

Okapi, xii, 321-2

Okeechobee, Lake, xiv, 200

Old Age, cause of degeneration in, x, 201;
feelings of time in, xi, 194;
jaws in, ix, 57

"Old Probabilities", i, 216-17

Old Testament, hygienic laws in, x, 15;
morality of, xv, 374

Old Vienna School, x, 77, 104

Old Wives' Remedies, xiii, 249

Oleic Acid, viii, 221

Olfactory Nerve, ix, 142, xi, 29-30, 81-2

Oligoclase, iii, 329

Olive Oil, chemical nature, viii, 231;
making of, by plants, ix, 28, xiii, 95;
substitutes for, viii, 363

Olives, acquired taste for, xi, 72, 73;
origin, xiii, 226

Olivine, iii, 334

Omega Centauri, ii, 136, 336-7, 338-9

Omens, belief in, xv, 355

Omicron Ceti, type of variables, ii, 324-5, 327

Onions, antiscurvy vitamines in, x, 266;
bulb, xiii, 25 (fig.);
in lily family, 184;
origin, 223;
underground, stems, 23

Ontario, glacial soil of, xiv, 70, 170;
Keewatin series, iii, 169;
lakes, 143;
oldest fossils in, 250

Ontario, Lake, increasing altitude, iii, 82

Oozes, deep-sea, iii, 54, xii, 18, 19, xiv, 285

Opals, iii, 334-5

Opaque Bodies, iv, 324;
X-ray examination, vii, 253-5

Open Hearth Furnaces, v, 320-2, 323

Open-Hearth Process, viii, 160, 269

Opium, history and sources, xiii, 253-4;
use of, in tropics, xv, 126-7

Oppolzer, Johannes von, x, 113

Opossums, xii, 274-6, 278;
embryological resemblances, xv, 54;
instinct of, xi, 46

Optical Illusions, iv, 323, xi, 184-90;
due to atmospheric refractions, i, 171-4, iv, 326-9

Optic Nerve, ix, 110 (fig.), 124, 142, xi, 29-30, 84-5;
discovery, xvi, 82;
retina and, iv, 346;
stimuli affecting, x, 118

Optics, atmospheric, i, 164-85;
"father of physiologic", x, 97;
history of development, xvi, 101, 119