Chapter X

THE REIGN OF EADWARD, FROM THE DEATH OF THE ÆTHELING TO THE DEATH OF
THE KING. 1057–1066.

§ 1. _The Ecclesiastical Administration of Earl Harold._ 1058–1062.
Dominant position of Harold; predominance of
ecclesiastical affairs; Harold in relation to the
Church 428–430
1058? Harold’s pilgrimage to Rome; he studies the politics
of the French Princes on his way 430–431
1057–1061 Succession of Popes; Stephen the Ninth; Benedict the
Tenth; Nicholas the Second 431–432
Benedict probably in possession at the time of
1058 Harold’s visit; he grants the pallium to Stigand,
probably through Harold’s influence 432
Temporary recognition of Stigand after his receipt
of the pallium; the new Bishops Æthelric and
Siward are consecrated by him 433
Harold returns to England 433–434
Second outlawry and return of Ælfgar 434–435
Ecclesiastical history of Gloucester; death of Abbot
681–1058 Eadric; Bishop Ealdred rebuilds and consecrates
the church and appoints Wulfstan Abbot 435–436
1058 Ealdred restores the See of Ramsbury to Hermann and
makes the pilgrimage to Jerusalem 436–437
April 23, Mannig resigns the abbacy of Evesham and is
1059 succeeded by Æthelwig 437–438
Deposition of Pope Benedict; its effect on the
position of Stigand 439
May 3, Consecration of Harold’s minster at Waltham
1060 439
Nature and importance of the foundation; its
character generally misunderstood 439–440
Harold’s acquisition of Waltham; he rebuilds the
church and founds a secular college 441–442
Distinction between the foundation of secular
colleges and of monasteries 442
Harold’s zeal for education; Adelard of Lüttich 443–444
Continuance of the struggle between regulars and
seculars; Harold a friend of the seculars; general
witness to his character borne by the foundation 444–446
The church consecrated by Archbishop Cynesige; the
foundation charter dated two years later 446–447
Dec. 22 Death of Cynesige 447
Dec. 25 Ealdred appointed Archbishop of York in the Gemót at
Gloucester 447–448
1060–1079 Ealdred resigns the See of Hereford and is succeeded
by Walter 448
1060–1088 Death of Duduc Bishop of Wells; he is succeeded by
Gisa 449–450
Later careers of Walter and Gisa; Gisa’s changes at
Wells; comparisons between the foundations of
Harold and Gisa 451–453
April 15, Gisa and Walter consecrated at Rome
1061 453–454
April Death of Wulfric, Abbot of Saint Augustine’s; his
18–May 26 successor Æthelsige receives the benediction from
Stigand 454–455
Journey to Rome of Ealdred, Tostig, and Gyrth 455–456
Pope Nicolas confirms the privileges of Westminster,
but refuses the pallium to Ealdred, and deprives
him of his See 456–457
Tostig and the Bishops robbed on their way home 457
They return to Rome, and the Pope yields the pallium
to the threats of Tostig 457–459
Ill effects of the practice of pilgrimage; Malcolm
invades Northumberland during the absence of
Tostig 459–460
Lent, 1062 Vacancy of the See of Worcester; papal legates in
England 460–461
Ealdred hesitates between Abbot Æthelwig and
Wulfstan Prior of Worcester 461–462
1012–1062 Life and character of Wulfstan 462–464
Easter Wulfstan elected Bishop; the election confirmed by
1062 the Witan 464–466
Sept. 8 Wulfstan consecrated by Ealdred, but makes
profession to Stigand 466–467
Easter The King’s charter to the College at Waltham.
1063 467
Ælfwig, uncle of Harold, appointed Abbot of New
Minster 467–468

§ 2. _The Welsh War and its Consequences._ 1062–1065.
Renewed ravages of Gruffydd; probable death of
1062 Ælfgar, who is succeeded in his Earldom by his son
Eadwine 468–469
Christmas Gemót at Gloucester; Harold’s sudden march to
1062–1063 Rhuddlan 468–470
Harold’s great Welsh campaign; its permanent effect
on men’s minds; testimony of John of Salisbury and
of Giraldus Cambrensis 470–471
May 26, Harold and Tostig invade Wales; Harold adopts the
1063 Welsh tactics; all Wales reduced to submission 472–474
August 5 Gruffydd murdered by his own people 475
The Welsh Kingdom granted to Bleddyn and Rhiwallon 475–476
Alleged legislation about Wales 476–477
1064? Harold marries Ealdgyth; the marriage probably a
political one 477–478
August 1, Harold builds a hunting-seat for Eadward at
1065 Portskewet 479
August 24 Caradoc son of Gruffydd of South Wales kills the
workmen 480

§ 3. _The Revolt of Northumberland._ 1065.
Oppressive government of Tostig in Northumberland 481
1064 Charges against him; murder of Gamel and Ulf 482
Dec. 28 Murder of Gospatric in the King’s Court; attributed
to Tostig and Eadgyth 482
Oct. 3, Revolt of Northumberland; rebel Gemót at York
1065 483
Constitutional position of Northumberland; frequent
absence of Tostig; his deputy Copsige 483–485
Acts of the rebel Gemót; vote of deposition and
outlawry against Tostig; Morkere elected Earl 485
Objects of Eadwine and Morkere; they aim at the
division of the Kingdom; constant treasons of
Eadwine 486–487
Oswulf Earl in Bernicia or Northumberland 487
The Northumbrians put to death Amund and Reavenswart 488
October 4 General massacre of Tostig’s followers and plunder
of his treasury 489
Morkere and the Northumbrians march to Northampton;
Eadwine joins them; presence of Welshmen in his
army 489–490
Ravages of the Northumbrians in Northamptonshire and
the neighbouring shires 490–491
Negotiations between the King and the rebels; Harold
carries a summons to lay down their arms and
submit their grievances to legal discussion 491
Answer of the Northumbrians 491–492
Eadward holds a Gemót at Bretford; debates in the
Council 492–493
Tostig charges Harold with stirring up the revolt;
Harold denies the charge on oath 493–494
Eadward’s eagerness for war; he is kept back by
Harold and others 494–495
Position of Harold; his public duty and private
interest in the controversy; complete agreement of
the two 495–498
Gemót of Oxford; acts of the York Gemót confirmed;
October 28 Waltheof made Earl of Northamptonshire and
Huntingdonshire; renewal of Cnut’s Law 498–500
Nov. 1 Banishment of Tostig; he takes refuge in Flanders 500–501

§ 4. _The Last Days of Eadward._ 1065–1066.
Eadward’s last sickness; his devotion to Saint Peter 501–503
His foundation at Westminster in honour of the
1051–1065 Apostle; reverse order of proceeding at
Westminster and at Waltham 503–504
653–1051 Early history of Westminster 504–505
Permanence of Eadward’s minster and palace; existing
remains of his buildings 506–508
1065 Completion of the church; the first great example of
Norman architecture in England 508–510
Legends 510–513
Sept. 1065 Consecration of Eadgyth’s church at Wilton 513
Dec. 25–28 Midwinter Gemót at Westminster; consecration of the
church 513–514
Jan. 5, Death of Eadward
1066 515
Jan. 6 Burial of Eadward and coronation of Harold 515
Summary 515–516