Chapter I: Paradise lost 657

II—The Delaware prophet and Pontiac 662

III—Tenskwatawa the Shawano prophet 670

IV—Tecumtha and Tippecanoe 681

V—Känakûk and minor prophets 692

Känakûk 692

Pa′thĕskĕ 700

Tä′vibo 701

Nakai′-doklĭ′ni 704

The Potawatomi prophet 705

Cheez-tah-paezh the Sword-bearer 706

VI—The Smohalla religion of the Columbia region 708

Smohalla 708

Joseph and the Nez Percé war 711

VII—Smohalla and his doctrine 716

VIII—The Shakers of Puget sound 746

IX—Wovoka the messiah 764

X—The doctrine of the Ghost dance 777

Appendix:

The Mormons and the Indians 792

Porcupine’s account of the messiah 793

The Ghost dance among the Sioux 796

Selwyn’s interview with Kuwapi 798

XI—The Ghost dance west of the Rockies 802

XII—The Ghost dance east of the Rockies—among the Sioux 816

Appendix: Causes of the outbreak 829

Commissioner Morgan’s statement 829

Ex-Agent McGillycuddy’s statement 831

Statement of General Miles 833

Report of Captain Hurst 836

Statement of American Horse 839

Statement of Bishop Hare 840

XIII—The Sioux outbreak—Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee 843

Appendix: The Indian story of Wounded Knee 884

XIV—Close of the outbreak—The Ghost dance in the south 887

XV—The ceremony of the Ghost dance 915

Among the northern Cheyenne 915

Among the Sioux 915

Song rehearsals 918

Preparations for the dance 918

Giving the feather 919

The painting of the dancers 919

The ceremony 920

The crow dance 921

The hypnotic process 922

The area covered by the dance 926

Present condition of the dance 927

XVI—Parallels in other systems 928

The Biblical period 928

Mohammedanism 930

Joan of Arc 932

Dance of Saint John 935

The Flagellants 935

Ranters, Quakers, and Fifth-Monarchy men 936

French prophets 938

Jumpers 939

Methodists 939

Shakers 941

Kentucky revival 942

Adventists 944

Other parallels 945

Beekmanites 945

Patterson and Brown’s mission 946

Wilderness worshipers 946

Heavenly recruits 947

Appendix: Hypnotism and the dance among the Dervishes 948

The songs 953

Introductory 953

The Arapaho 953

Tribal synonymy 953

Tribal signs 954

Sketch of the tribe 954

Songs of the Arapaho 958

1. Opening song: _Eyehe′! nä′nisa′na_—O, my children! 958

2. _Sĕ′icha′ hei′ta′wuni′na_—The sacred pipe tells me 959

3. _Ate′bĕ tiăwu′nănu′_—When at first I liked the whites 961

4. _A′bä′ni′hi′_—My partner 962

5. _A′-nisûna′a′hu_—My father 962

6. _E′yehe′! Wû′nayu′uhu′—E′yehe′!_—They are new 963

7. _Hi′sähi′hi_—My partner! My partner 964

8. _Ä′-nani′ni′bi′nä′si waku′na_—The wind makes the
head-feathers sing 965

9. _He′! Näne′th bi′shiqa′wă_—When I met him approaching 965

10. _Häna′na′wunănu_—I take pity on those 966

11. _A-ni′qu wa′wanä′nibä′tia′_—Father, now I am singing it 966

12. _Ha′yana′-usi′ya′_—How bright is the moonlight! 966

13. _Ha′ti ni′bät_—The cottonwood song 967

14. _Eyehe′! A′nie′sa′na′_—The young Thunderbirds 968

15. _A′he′sûna′nini năya′qûti′hi_—Our father, the Whirlwind 970

16. _A′he′sûna′nini năya′qûti′_—Our father, the Whirlwind 970

17. _Ninaä′niahu′na_—I circle around 970

18. _Ha′nahawu′nĕn bĕni′ni′na_—The _Hanahawunĕn_ gave it to me 971

19. _Ate′be′ tana′-ise′ti_—When first our father came 971

20. _A-ni′änĕ′thăhi′nani′na_—My father did not recognize me 972

21. _Ni′-athu′-a-u′ ă′hakä′nith′iĭ_—The whites are crazy 972

22. _Na′ha′ta bi′taa′wu_—The earth is about to move 973

23. _Ahe′sûna′nini ächiqa′hă′wa-ŭ′_—I am looking at my father 973

24. _Ha′ănake′i_—The rock 973

25. _Wa′wa′na′danä′diă′_—I am about to hum 974

26. _A-te′bĕ dii′nĕtita′niĕg_—At the beginning of existence 975

27. _Tahu′na′änä′nia′huna_—It is I who make the thunder 976

28. _Ani′qu ne′chawu′nani′_—Father, have pity on me 977

29. _A-ni′niha′niahu′na_—I fly around yellow 977

30. _Niha′nata′yeche′ti_—The yellow hide 978

31. _A-bää′thina′hu_—The cedar tree 978

32. _Wa′wa nû′nanû′naku′ti_—Now I am waving an eagle feather 979

33. _A-ni′qana′ga_—There is a solitary bull 980

34. _A-nĕä′thibiwă′hană_—The place where crying begins 981

35. _Thi′äya′ he′năă′awă_—When I see the _thi′äya_ 981

36. _A-hu′hu ha′geni′sti′ti_—The crow is making a road 982

37. _Bi′taa′wu hu′hu′_—The crow brought the earth 983

38. _Ni′nini′tubi′na hu′hu′_ (I)—The crow has called me 983

39. _Nû′nanû′naa′tăni′na hu′hu′_ (I)—The crow is circling
above me 984

40. _I′yu hä′thäbĕ′nawa′_—Here it is, I hand it to you 984

41. _Ha′naě′hi ya′ga′ahi′na_—Little boy, the coyote gun 984

42. _He′sûna′ na′nahatha′hi_—The father showed me 985

43. _Nänisa′tăqu′thi Chĭnachi′chibä′iha′_—The seven venerable
priests 986

44. _Nä′nisa′tăqi Chĭ′năchi′chibä′iha′_—The seven venerable
priests 990

45. _Nû′nanû′naa′tani′na hu′hu′_ (II) 990

46. _Na′tănu′ya chĕ′bi′nh_—The pemmican that I am using 991

47. _Häĭ′nawa′ hä′ni′ta′quna′ni_—I know, in the pitfall 991

48. _Bä′hinä′nina′tä ni′tabä′na_—I hear everything 993

49. _A-bä′qati′ hä′nichä′bi′hinä′na_—With the wheel I am
gambling 994

50. _Ani′äsa′kua′na_—I am watching 995

51. _Ni′chī′ă i′theti′hi_—(There) is a good river 995

52. _Ni′nini′tubi′na hu′hu′_ (II) 996

53. _Anihä′ya atani′tă′nu′nawa′_—I use the yellow (paint) 997

54. _Ni′naä′niahu′tawa bi′taa′wu_—I am flying about the earth 997

55. _I′nita′ta′-usä′na_—Stand ready 998

56. _Wa′wäthä′bi_—I have given you magpie feathers 998

57. _Ani′qa hĕ′tabi′nuhu′ni′na_—My father, I am poor 999

58. _Nä′nisa′taqu′thi hu′na_—The seven crows 999

59. _Ahu′nä he′sûna′nĭn_—There is our father 1000

60. _Ga′awa′hu_—The ball, the ball 1000

61. _Ahu′ ni′higa′hu_—The Crow is running 1000

62. _Ya′thä-yû′na_—He put me in five places 1001

63. _Ni′naä′qa′wa chibä′ti_—I am going around the
sweat-house 1001

64. _Hise′hi_—My comrade 1002

65. _Na′tu′wani′sa_—My top, my top 1005

66. _He′nä′ga′nawa′nen_—When we dance until daylight 1006

67. _Ni′nä′nina′ti′naku′ni′na_—I wear the morning star 1006

68. _A-ne′na′ tabi′ni′na_—My mother gave it to me 1007

69. _Yĭ′hä′ä′ä′hi′hĭ′_—Gambling song (Paiute gambling songs) 1008

70. _Ni′qa-hu′hu′_—My father, my father 1010

71. _A′hu′nawu′hu′_—With red paint 1010

72. _Ani′qa naga′qu_—Father, the Morning Star 1010

73. _Ahu′yu häthi′na_—Closing song 1011

Arapaho glossary 1012

The Cheyenne 1023

Tribal synonymy 1023

Tribal sign 1024

Sketch of the tribe 1024

Songs of the Cheyenne 1028

1. _O′tä nä′nisĭ′näsists_—Well, my children 1028

2. _Ehä′n esho′ini′_—Our father has come 1028

3. _Nä′niso′näsĭ′stsihi′_—My children 1029

4. _Nä′see′nehe′ ehe′yowo′mi_—I waded into the yellow river 1030

5. _Wosi′vä-ă′ă′_—The mountain is circling 1030

6. _Ni′ha-i′hi′hi′_—My father, I come 1031

7. _Hi′awu′hi_—We have put the devil aside 1031

8. _Ni′ha e′yehe′!_—My father, my father 1031

9. _Ä′minû′qi_—My comrade 1032

10. _He′stutu′ai_—The buffalo head 1032

11. _Nä′mio′ts_—I am coming in sight 1034

12. _A′gachi′hi_—The crow is circling 1034

13. _Nä′nise′näsĕ′stse_—My children, I am now humming 1034

14. _Ogo′ch ehe′eye′!_—The crow, the crow 1035

15. _Tsĭso′soyo′tsĭto′ho_—While I was going about 1035

16. _Ni′ha e′yehe′e′yeye′!_—My father, my father 1036

17. _A′ga′ch ehe′e′ye′!_—The crow, the crow 1037

18. _Nä′niso′näsĭ′stsi he′e′ye′!_—My children, my children 1037

19. _A′guga-ihi_—The crow woman 1038

Cheyenne glossary 1039

The Comanche 1043

Tribal synonymy 1043

Tribal sign 1043

Sketch of the tribe 1043

Songs of the Comanche 1046

1. _Heyo′hänä häe′yo_ 1046

2. _Ya′hi′yû′niva′hu_ 1047

3. _Yani′tsini′hawa′na_ 1047

4. _Ni′nini′tuwi′na_ 1047

The Paiute, Washo, and Pit River tribes 1048

Paiute tribal synonymy 1048

Sketch of the Paiute 1048

Characteristics 1048

Genesis myth 1050

The Washo 1051

The Pit River Indians 1052

Songs of the Paiute 1052

1. _Nüvä ka ro′răni′_—The snow lies there 1052

2. _Dĕna′ gayo′n_—A slender antelope 1053

3. _Do tĭ′mbi_—The black rock 1053

4. _Päsü′ wĭ′noghän_—The wind stirs the willows 1053

5. _Pägü′nävä′_—Fog! Fog! 1054

6. _Wûmbĭ′ndomä′n_—The whirlwind 1054

7. _Kosi′ wûmbi′ndomä′_—There is dust from the whirlwind 1054

8. _Dombi′na so′wina′_—The rocks are ringing 1055

9. _Sû′ng-ä ro′yonji′_—The cottonwoods are growing tall 1055

Paiute glossary 1056

The Sioux 1057

Tribal synonymy 1057

Tribal sign 1057

Sketch of the tribe 1058

Songs of the Sioux 1061

1. Opening song: _A′te he′ye e′yayo_—The father says so 1061

2. _Michĭ′nkshi nañpe_—My son, let me grasp your hand 1061

3. _He tuwe′cha he_—Who think you comes there? 1064

4. _Wana′yañ ma′niye_—Now he is walking 1064

5. _Lechel miyo′qañ-kte_—This is to be my work 1065

6. _Michinkshi′yi tewa′qila che_—I love my children 1065

7. _Mila kiñ hiyu′michi′chiyana_—Give me my knife 1065

8. _Le he′yahe′_—This one says 1068

9. _Niya′te-ye′ he′u′we_—It is your father coming 1068

10. _Miyo′qañ kiñ wañla′ki_—You see what I can do 1068

11. _Michĭ′nkshi mita′waye_—It is my own child 1069

12. _A′te he′ u-we_—There is the father coming 1069

13. _Wa′sna wa′tiñ-kta_—I shall eat pemmican 1069

14. _A′te lena ma′qu-we_—The father gave us these 1069

15. _Ina′ he′kuwo′_—Mother, come home 1070

16. _Wa′na wanasa′pi-kta_—Now they are about to chase the
buffalo 1070

17. _He! kii′ñyañka a′gali′-ye_—He! They have come back
racing 1071

18. _Mī′ye wañma′yañka-yo!_—Look at me! 1071

19. _Maka′ sito′maniyañ_—The whole world is coming 1072

20. _Le′na wa′kañ_—These sacred things 1072

21. _Miyo′qañ kiñ chichu′-che_—I have given you my strength 1072

22. _Michĭ′nkshi take′na_—My child, come this way 1073

23. _Wana wichĕ′shka_—Now set up the tipi 1073

24. _A′te mi′chuye_—Father, give them to me 1074

25. _Hañpa wecha′ghe_—I made moccasins for him 1074

26. _Waka′ñyañ iñya′ñkiñ-kte_—The holy (hoop) shall run 1075

Sioux glossary 1075

The Kiowa and Kiowa Apache 1078

Kiowa tribal synonymy 1078

Kiowa tribal sign 1078

Sketch of the Kiowa 1078

The Kiowa Apache 1081

Songs of the Kiowa 1081

1. _Da′ta-i so′da′te_—The father will descend 1081

2. _Da′k̔i′ñago (ĭm) zä′nteähe′dal_—The spirit army is
approaching 1082

3. _Gu′ato ädâ′ga_—I scream because I am a bird 1082

4. _Da′ta-i nyä′hoănga′mo_—The father shows me the road 1083

5. _Dak̔iñ′a bate′yä_—The spirit (God) is approaching 1083

6. _Na′da′g äka′na_—Because I am poor 1084

7. _Ze′bät-gâ′ga igu′ănpa′-ima′_—He makes me dance with
arrows 1084

8. _Be′ta! To′ngyä-gu′adăl_—Red Tail has been sent 1085

9. _Da′ta-i änka′ñgo′na_—My father has much pity for us 1085

10. _Da′ta-i iñka′ñtähe′dal_—My father has had pity on me 1085

11. _Dak̔iñ′ago äho′ähe′dal_—The spirit host is advancing 1086

12. _E′hyu′ñi degi′ăta_—I am mashing the berries 1087

13. _Go′mgyä-da′ga_—That wind shakes my tipi 1087

14. _Dak̔iñ′a daka′ñtähe′dal_—God has had pity on us 1087

15. _Anso′ gyätä′to_—I shall cut off his feet 1088

Kiowa glossary 1088

The Caddo and associated tribes 1092

Caddo tribal synonymy 1092

Caddo tribal sign 1092

Sketch of the Caddo 1092

The Wichita, Kichai, and Delaware 1095

Songs of the Caddo 1096

1. _Ha′yo ta′ia′ ă′ă′_—Our father dwells above 1096

2. _Wû′nti ha′yano′ di′witi′a_—All our people are going up 1096

3. _Nûna ĭ′tsiya′_—I have come 1097

4. _Na′tsiwa′ya_—I am coming 1097

5. _Na′-iye′ ino′ ga′nio′sĭt_—My sister above 1097

6. _Na′a ha′yo ha′wano_—Our father above (has) paint 1098

7. _Wû′nti ha′yano ka′ka′na′_—All the people cried 1098

8. _Na′wi i′na_—We have our mother below 1098

9. _Ni′ ika′ na′a_—Our grandmother and our father above 1099

10. _Hi′na ha′natobi′na_—The eagle feather headdress 1099

11. _Na′ aa′ o′wi′ta′_—The father comes from above 1099

12. _Na′ iwi′ o′wi′ta′_—See! the eagle comes 1100

13. _A′nana′ hana′nito′_—The feather has come back 1101

14. _Na′ iwi′ ha′naa′_—There is an eagle above 1101

15. _Wi′tŭ′ Ha′sini′_—Come on, Caddo 1101

Caddo glossary 1102

Authorities cited 1104

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

+Plate+ LXXXV. Map of the Indian reservations of the United States
showing the approximate area of the Ghost dance 653
LXXXVI. The prayer-stick 698
LXXXVII. Chief Joseph 712
LXXXVIII. Map showing the distribution of the tribes of the
upper Columbia 716
LXXXIX. Smohalla and his priests 721
XC. Smohalla church on Yakima reservation 723
XCI. Interior of Smohalla church 727
XCII. Winter view in Mason valley showing snow-covered
sagebrush 769
XCIII. Sioux ghost shirts from Wounded Knee battlefield 789
XCIV. Sioux sweat-house and sacrifice pole 823
XCV. Map of the country embraced in the campaign against
the Sioux 850
XCVI. Map of Standing Rock agency and vicinity 855
XCVII. Map of Wounded Knee battlefield 869
XCVIII. After the battle 873
XCIX. Battlefield of Wounded Knee 875
C. Burying the dead 877
CI. Grave of the dead at Wounded Knee 879
CII. Battlefield after the blizzard 881
CIII. Arapaho ghost shirt, showing coloring 895
CIV. Arapaho ghost shirt—reverse 897
CV. Black Coyote 898
CVI. Biäñk̔i, the Kiowa dreamer 908
CVII. Biäñk̔i’s vision 910
CVIII. Kiowa summer shelter 913
CIX. The Ghost dance (buckskin painting) 915
CX. Sacred objects from the Sioux Ghost dance 916
CXI. Sacred objects from the Sioux Ghost dance 918
CXII. The Ghost dance—small circle 921
CXIII. The Ghost dance—larger circle 923
CXIV. The Ghost dance—large circle 925
CXV. The Ghost dance—praying 927
CXVI. The Ghost dance—inspiration 929
CXVII. The Ghost dance—rigid 931
CXVIII. The Ghost dance—unconscious 933
CXIX. The crow dance 935
CXX. Arapaho bed 962
CXXI. The sweat-lodge: Kiowa camp on the Washita 981
CXXII. Dog-soldier insignia 988

+Figure+ 56. Tenskwatawa the Shawano prophet, 1808 and 1831 670
57. Greenville treaty medal 671
58. Tecumtha 682
59. Harrison treaty pipe 688
60. Känakûk the Kickapoo prophet 693
61. Känakûk’s heaven 694
62. Onsawkie 698
63. Nakai′-doklĭ′ni’s dance-wheel 704
64. Smohalla’s flag 726
65. Charles Ike, Smohalla interpreter 728
66. Diagram showing arrangement of worshipers at Smohalla
service 729
67. John Slocum and Louis Yowaluch 746
68. Shaker church at Mud bay 758
69. Wovoka 764
70. Navaho Indians 810
71. Vista in the Hopi pueblo of Walpi 812
72. A Sioux warrior—Weasel Bear 844
73. Red Cloud 846
74. Short Bull 851
75. Kicking Bear 853
76. Red Tomahawk 856
77. Sitting Bull the Sioux medicine-man 858
78. Sketch of the country of the Sitting Bull fight,
December 15, 1890 859
79. Survivors of Wounded Knee—Blue Whirlwind and children 877
80. Survivors of Wounded Knee—Marguerite Zitkala-noni 878
81. Survivors of Wounded Knee—Jennie Sword 879
82. Survivors of Wounded Knee—Herbert Zitkalazi 880
83. Sitting Bull the Arapaho apostle 896
84. Two Kiowa prophecies (from a Kiowa calendar) 907
85. Poor Buffalo 908
86. Sitting Bull comes down (from a Kiowa calendar) 909
87. Ā′piatañ 912
88. Arapaho tipi and windbreak 957
89. Bed of the prairie tribes 963
90. Shinny stick and ball 964
91. Wakuna or head-feathers 964
92. The Thunderbird 969
93. Hummer and bull-roarer 974
94. Dog-soldier insignia—rattle and quirt 987
95. Diagram of awl game 1002
96. Sticks used in awl game 1003
97. Trump sticks used in awl game 1003
98. Baskets used in dice game 1004
99. Dice used in dice game 1005
100. Cheyenne camping circle 1026
101. Paiute wikiup 1049
102. Native drawings of Ghost dance—A, Comanche; B, Sioux 1060
103. Jerking beef 1066
104. Kiowa camping circle 1080

INDIAN RESERVATIONS
OF THE
UNITED STATES
IN 1890
Showing approximate area
of the Ghost Dance
]

THE GHOST-DANCE RELIGION

By +James Mooney+