Chapter LXXIV: Section 3: , telephone 886 (2) 2709-2000, FAX 886 (2) 2702-7675, (9)

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Endangered Species, Marine
Dumping

Kyrgyzstan:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Laos:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Latvia:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Lebanon:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

Lesotho:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine
Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping

Liberia:
party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change, Environmental
Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation

Libya:
party to: Climate Change, Desertification, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Law of the Sea, Nuclear
Test Ban

Liechtenstein:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea

Lithuania:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous
Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Luxembourg:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur
85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber
83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Environmental Modification

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
party to: Air
Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Madagascar:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Malawi:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Malaysia:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Maldives:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mali:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear
Test Ban

Malta:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Marshall Islands:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Mauritania:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mauritius:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mexico:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Micronesia, Federated States of:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Moldova:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants

Monaco:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Mongolia:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Morocco:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

Mozambique:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Namibia:
party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nauru:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nepal:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

Netherlands:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol

New Zealand:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic Seals, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Nicaragua:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Niger:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the
Sea

Nigeria:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Niue:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Norway:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Oman:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Pakistan:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban

Palau:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Panama:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Papua New Guinea:
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol

Paraguay:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Peru:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Philippines:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Poland:
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Portugal:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban

Qatar:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Romania:
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol

Russia:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol

Rwanda:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saint Lucia:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Samoa:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

San Marino:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Nuclear Test Ban

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution

Sao Tome and Principe:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ship
Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saudi Arabia:
party to: Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Senegal:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping

Seychelles:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Sierra Leone:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law
of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Singapore:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Slovakia:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol

Slovenia:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Solomon Islands:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Somalia:
party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban

South Africa:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine
Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Southern Ocean:
the Southern Ocean is subject to all international
agreements regarding the world's oceans; in addition, it is subject
to these agreements specific to the Antarctic region: International
Whaling Commission (prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees
south [south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees
west]); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (limits
sealing); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (regulates fishing)

note: many nations (including the US) prohibit mineral resource
exploration and exploitation south of the fluctuating Polar Front
(Antarctic Convergence) which is in the middle of the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very
cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the
north

Spain:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification

Sri Lanka:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Sudan:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Suriname:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Swaziland:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Desertification, Law of the Sea

Sweden:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Switzerland:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine
Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea

Syria:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Tajikistan:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tanzania:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Thailand:
party to: Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Law of the Sea

Togo:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tonga:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law
of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Trinidad and Tobago:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber
83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tunisia:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Turkey:
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Environmental Modification

Turkmenistan:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone
Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tuvalu:
party to: Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Law of the Sea

Uganda:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ukraine:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol

United Arab Emirates:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

United Kingdom:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands,
Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

United States:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes

Uruguay:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban

Uzbekistan:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Vanuatu:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Venezuela:
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping

Vietnam:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear
Test Ban

Western Sahara:
party to: none of the selected agreements

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Yemen:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Yugoslavia:
party to: Air Pollution, Climate Change, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity

Zambia:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Zimbabwe:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Taiwan:
party to: none of the selected agreements

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

======================================================================

@Ethnic groups

Afghanistan:
Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups
(Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) 12%, Uzbek 6%

Albania:
Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs,
and Bulgarians) (1989 est.)

note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from
1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)

Algeria:
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%

American Samoa:
Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%,
other 5%

Andorra:
Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other
6% (1998)

Angola:
Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed
European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%

Anguilla:
black

Antigua and Barbuda:
black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian

Argentina:
white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo,
Amerindian, or other nonwhite groups 3%

Armenia:
Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi
Kurds) 2% (1989)

note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated
from Armenia

Aruba:
mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%

Australia:
Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%

Austria:
German 98%, Croatian, Slovene, other (includes Hungarians,
Czechs, Slovaks, Roma)

Azerbaijan:
Azeri 90%, Dagestani 3.2%, Russian 2.5%, Armenian 2%,
other 2.3% (1998 est.)

note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh
region

Bahamas, The:
black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%

Bahrain:
Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%

Bangladesh:
Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)

Barbados:
black 80%, white 4%, other 16%

Belarus:
Byelorussian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish, Ukrainian, and
other 7.4%

Belgium:
Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%

Belize:
mestizo 43.7%, Creole 29.8%, Maya 10%, Garifuna 6.2%, other
10.3%

Benin:
African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon,
Adja, Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500

Bermuda:
black 58%, white 36%, other 6%

Bhutan:
Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35%, indigenous or migrant tribes
15%

Bolivia:
Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mestizo (mixed white and
Amerindian ancestry) 30%, white 15%

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
Serb 31%, Bosniak 44%, Croat 17%, Yugoslav
5.5%, other 2.5% (1991)

note: Bosniak has replaced muslim as an ethnic term in part to
avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

Botswana:
Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,
including Kgalagadi and white 7%

Brazil:
white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish,
Polish) 55%, mixed white and black 38%, black 6%, other (includes
Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 1%

British Virgin Islands:
black 90%, white, Asian

Brunei:
Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%

Bulgaria:
Bulgarian 83%, Turk 8.5%, Roma 2.6%, Macedonian, Armenian,
Tatar, Gagauz, Circassian, others (1998)

Burkina Faso:
Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,
Fulani

Burma:
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon
2%, Indian 2%, other 5%

Burundi:
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,
Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000

Cambodia:
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%

Cameroon:
Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,
Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other
African 13%, non-African less than 1%

Canada:
British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European
15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed
background 26%

Cape Verde:
Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%

Cayman Islands:
mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of
various ethnic groups 20%

Central African Republic:
Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia
21%, Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%, Europeans 6,500 (including 1,500 French)

Chad:
Muslims, commonly referred to as "northerners" or "gorane"
(Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi,
Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba); non-Muslims, commonly referred to as
"southerners" (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei,
Massa) including nonindigenous 150,000 (of whom 1,000 are French)

note: ethnicity and regional background more commonly used to
identify Chadians than religious affiliation

Chile:
white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%

China:
Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%

Christmas Island:
Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%, no
indigenous population

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
Europeans, Cocos Malays

Colombia:
mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed
black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%

Comoros:
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
over 200 African ethnic groups of
which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,
Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about
45% of the population

Congo, Republic of the:
Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke
17%, Europeans NA%; note - Europeans estimated at 8,500, mostly
French, before the 1997 civil war; may be half that of 1998,
following the widespread destruction of foreign businesses in 1997

Cook Islands:
Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European
7.7%, Polynesian and non-European 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%

Costa Rica:
white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,
Chinese 1%, other 1%

Cote d'Ivoire:
Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes
16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (1998)

Croatia:
Croat 78.1%, Serb 12.2%, Bosniak 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%,
Slovenian 0.5%, Czech 0.4%, Albanian 0.3%, Montenegrin 0.3%, Roma
0.2%, others 6.6% (1991)

Cuba:
mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%

Cyprus:
Greek 78% (99.5% of the Greeks live in the Greek Cypriot
area; 0.5% of the Greeks live in the Turkish Cypriot area), Turkish
18% (1.3% of the Turks live in the Greek Cypriot area; 98.7% of the
Turks live in the Turkish Cypriot area), other 4% (99.2% of the
other ethnic groups live in the Greek Cypriot area; 0.8% of the
other ethnic groups live in the Turkish Cypriot area)

Czech Republic:
Czech 81.2%, Moravian 13.2%, Slovak 3.1%, Polish
0.6%, German 0.5%, Silesian 0.4%, Roma 0.3%, Hungarian 0.2%, other
0.5% (1991)

Denmark:
Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,
Somali

Djibouti:
Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian
5%

Dominica:
black, Carib Amerindian

Dominican Republic:
white 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%

Ecuador:
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,
Spanish and others 7%, black 3%

Egypt:
Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%,
Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and
French) 1%

El Salvador:
mestizo 90%, Amerindian 1%, white 9%

Equatorial Guinea:
Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio
Muni (primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish

Eritrea:
ethnic Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho
(Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%

Estonia:
Estonian 65.1%, Russian 28.1%, Ukrainian 2.5%, Byelorussian
1.5%, Finn 1%, other 1.8% (1998)

Ethiopia:
Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,
Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
British

Faroe Islands:
Scandinavian

Fiji:
Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian
admixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas
Chinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)

Finland:
Finn 93%, Swede 6%, Sami 0.11%, Roma 0.12%, Tatar 0.02%

France:
Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,
Indochinese, Basque minorities

French Guiana:
black or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian,
Chinese, Amerindian 12%, other 10%

French Polynesia:
Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,
metropolitan French 4%

Gabon:
Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang,
Eshira, Bapounou, Bateke), other Africans and Europeans 154,000,
including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality

Gambia, The:
African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola
10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%

Gaza Strip:
Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%

Georgia:
Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%,
Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz 1.8%, other 5%

Germany:
German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of
Serbo-Croatian, Italian, Russian, Greek, Polish, Spanish)

Ghana:
black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba
16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%), European and other 0.2%

Gibraltar:
Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese

Greece:
Greek 98%, other 2%

note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in
Greece

Greenland:
Greenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danish
and others 12% (January 2000)

Grenada:
black 82% some South Asians (East Indians) and Europeans,
trace Arawak/Carib Amerindian

Guadeloupe:
black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese,
Chinese less than 5%

Guam:
Chamorro 47%, Filipino 25%, white 10%, Chinese, Japanese,
Korean, and other 18%

Guatemala:
Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish or assimilated
Amerindian - in local Spanish called Ladino), approximately 55%,
Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian, approximately 43%, whites
and others 2%

Guernsey:
UK and Norman-French descent

Guinea:
Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups
10%

Guinea-Bissau:
African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%,
Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%

Guyana:
East Indian 49%, black 32%, mixed 12%, Amerindian 6%, white
and Chinese 1%

Haiti:
black 95%, mulatto and white 5%

Holy See (Vatican City):
Italians, Swiss, other

Honduras:
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian
7%, black 2%, white 1%

Hong Kong:
Chinese 95%, other 5%

Hungary:
Hungarian 89.9%, Roma 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak
0.8%, Romanian 0.7%

Iceland:
homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts

India:
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)

Indonesia:
Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal
Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Iran:
Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,
Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%

Iraq:
Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%

Ireland:
Celtic, English

Israel:
Jewish 80.1% (Europe/America-born 32.1%, Israel-born 20.8%,
Africa-born 14.6%, Asia-born 12.6%), non-Jewish 19.9% (mostly Arab)
(1996 est.)

Italy:
Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and
Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and
Greek-Italians in the south)

Jamaica:
black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%,
mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%

Japan:
Japanese 99.4%, Korean 0.6% (1999)

Jersey:
UK and Norman-French descent

Jordan:
Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%

Kazakhstan:
Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek
2.5%, German 2.4%, Uighur 1.4%, other 6.6% (1999 census)

Kenya:
Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%,
Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European,
and Arab) 1%

Kiribati:
predominantly Micronesian with some Polynesian

Korea, North:
racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese
community and a few ethnic Japanese

Korea, South:
homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)

Kuwait:
Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,
other 7%

Kyrgyzstan:
Kirghiz 52.4%, Russian 18%, Uzbek 12.9%, Ukrainian 2.5%,
German 2.4%, other 11.8%

Laos:
Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung
(highland) including the Hmong ("Meo") and the Yao (Mien) 9%, ethnic
Vietnamese/Chinese 1%

Latvia:
Latvian 56.5%, Russian 30.4%, Byelorussian 4.3%, Ukrainian
2.8%, Polish 2.6%, other 3.4%

Lebanon:
Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%

Lesotho:
Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,

Liberia:
indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa,
Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and
Bella), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of immigrants from the
US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5% (descendants of
immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)

Libya:
Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,
Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians

Liechtenstein:
Alemannic 87.5%, Italian, Turkish, and other 12.5%

Lithuania:
Lithuanian 80.6%, Russian 8.7%, Polish 7%, Byelorussian
1.6%, other 2.1%

Luxembourg:
Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,
Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kososvo) and European
(guest and resident workers)

Macau:
Chinese 95%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry),
Portuguese, other

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
Macedonian 66.6%,
Albanian 22.7%, Turkish 4%, Roma 2.2%, Serb 2.1%, other 2.4% (1994)

Madagascar:
Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers
(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -
Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,
Creole, Comoran

Malawi:
Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,
Ngonde, Asian, European

Malaysia:
Malay and other indigenous 58%, Chinese 27%, Indian 8%,
others 7% (2000)

Maldives:
South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs

Mali:
Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,
Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Malta:
Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and
Phoenicians, with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean
stock)

Man, Isle of:
Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton

Marshall Islands:
Micronesian

Martinique:
African and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%,
East Indian, Chinese less than 5%

Mauritania:
mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30%

Mauritius:
Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,
Franco-Mauritian 2%

Mayotte:
NA

Mexico:
mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or
predominantly Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%

Micronesia, Federated States of:
nine ethnic Micronesian and
Polynesian groups

Moldova:
Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%,
Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 est.)

note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian
region

Monaco:
French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%

Mongolia:
Mongol (predominantly Khalkha) 85%, Turkic (of which
Kazakh is the largest group) 7%, Tungusic 4.6%, other (including
Chinese and Russian) 3.4% (1998)

Montserrat:
black, white

Morocco:
Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%

Mozambique:
indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, Chokwe,
Manyika, Sena, Makua, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans
0.2%, Indians 0.08%

Namibia:
black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%

note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%
to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara
7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%

Nauru:
Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European
8%

Nepal:
Brahman, Chetri, Newar, Gurung, Magar, Tamang, Rai, Limbu,
Sherpa, Tharu, and others (1995)

Netherlands:
Dutch 91%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 9% (1999 est.)

Netherlands Antilles:
mixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, East
Asian

New Caledonia:
Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,
Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%

New Zealand:
New Zealand European 74.5%, Maori 9.7%, other European
4.6%, Pacific Islander 3.8%, Asian and others 7.4%

Nicaragua:
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%,
black 9%, Amerindian 5%

Niger:
Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri
(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200
French expatriates

Nigeria:
Nigeria, which is Africa's most populous country, is
composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most
populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba
21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%

Niue:
Polynesian (with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans)

Norfolk Island:
descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New
Zealander, Polynesians

Northern Mariana Islands:
Chamorro, Carolinians and other
Micronesians, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, Korean

Norway:
Norwegian (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic), Sami 20,000

Oman:
Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,
Bangladeshi), African

Pakistan:
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir
(immigrants from India at the time of partition and their
descendants)

Palau:
Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)
70%, Asian (mainly Filipinos, followed by Chinese, Taiwanese, and
Vietnamese) 28%, white 2% (2000 est.)

Panama:
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and
mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%

Papua New Guinea:
Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian,
Polynesian

Paraguay:
mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%

Peru:
Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%,
white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Philippines:
Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%,
other 3%

Pitcairn Islands:
descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their
Tahitian wives

Poland:
Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Byelorussian 0.5%
(1990 est.)

Portugal:
homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African
descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less
than 100,000

Puerto Rico:
white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,
Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%

Qatar:
Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%

Reunion:
French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian

Romania:
Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 7.1%, Roma 1.8%, German 0.5%,
Ukrainian 0.3%, other 0.8% (1992)

Russia:
Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%,
Bashkir 0.9%, Byelorussian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1%

Rwanda:
Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Saint Helena:
African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
predominantly black some British, Portuguese,
and Lebanese

Saint Lucia:
black 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian
6%, Carib Amerindian 2%

Samoa:
Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and
Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%

San Marino:
Sammarinese, Italian

Sao Tome and Principe:
mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan
slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract
laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children
of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)

Saudi Arabia:
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%

Senegal:
Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka
3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%

Seychelles:
Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)

Sierra Leone:
20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,
other 30%), Creole 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who
were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),
refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of
Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians

Singapore:
Chinese 76.7%, Malay 14%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4%

Slovakia:
Slovak 85.7%, Hungarian 10.6%, Roma 1.6% (the 1992 census
figures underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which is about
500,000), Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1%, Ruthenian and Ukrainian
0.6%, German 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, other 0.2% (1996)

Slovenia:
Slovene 88%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Bosniak 1%, Yugoslav 0.6%,
Hungarian 0.4%, other 5% (1991)

Solomon Islands:
Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 1.5%,
European 0.8%, Chinese 0.3%, other 0.4%

Somalia:
Somali 85%, Bantu, Arabs 30,000

South Africa:
black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6%

Spain:
composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Sri Lanka:
Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and
Vedda 1%

Sudan:
black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

Suriname:
Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their
ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the
19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,
"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in
the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)
10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%

Svalbard:
Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%
(1998)

Swaziland:
African 97%, European 3%

Sweden:
indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami
minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,
Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks

Switzerland:
German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other
6%

Syria:
Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Tajikistan:
Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because
of emigration), other 6.6%

Tanzania:
mainland - native African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu
consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian,
European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, native African, mixed Arab and
native African

Thailand:
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%

Togo:
native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe,
Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

Tokelau:
Polynesian

Tonga:
Polynesian, Europeans about 300

Trinidad and Tobago:
black 39.5%, East Indian (a local term -
primarily immigrants from northern India) 40.3%, mixed 18.4%, white
0.6%, Chinese and other 1.2%

Tunisia:
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Turkey:
Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20%

Turkmenistan:
Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazakh 2%,
other 5.1% (1995)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
black

Tuvalu:
Polynesian 96%

Uganda:
Baganda 17%, Karamojong 12%, Basogo 8%, Iteso 8%, Langi 6%,
Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Bunyoro 3%, Batoro 3%,
non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 23%

Ukraine:
Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%

United Arab Emirates:
Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South
Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)
8% (1982)

note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)

United Kingdom:
English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh
1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%

United States:
white 83.5%, black 12.4%, Asian 3.3%, Amerindian 0.8%
(1992)

note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the
US Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin
American descent (especially of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican
origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group
(white, black, Asian, etc.)

Uruguay:
white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian, practically
nonexistent

Uzbekistan:
Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak
2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)

Vanuatu:
indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, Vietnamese, Chinese,
Pacific Islanders

Venezuela:
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,
indigenous people

Vietnam:
Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Cham,
mountain groups

Virgin Islands:
black 80%, white 15%, other 5%

note: West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born
elsewhere in the West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%,
other 8%

Wallis and Futuna:
Polynesian

West Bank:
Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%

Western Sahara:
Arab, Berber

Yemen:
predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians,
Europeans

Yugoslavia:
Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian
3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)

Zambia:
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

Zimbabwe:
African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), mixed and
Asian 1%, white less than 1%

Taiwan:
Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,
aborigine 2%

======================================================================

@Exchange rates

Afghanistan:
afghanis per US dollar - 4,700 (January 2000), 4,750
(February 1999), 17,000 (December 1996), 7,000 (January 1995), 1,900
(January 1994), 1,019 (March 1993), 850 (1991); note - these rates
reflect the free market exchange rates rather than the official
exchange rate, which was fixed at 50.600 afghanis to the dollar
until 1996, when it rose to 2,262.65 per dollar, and finally became
fixed again at 3,000.00 per dollar in April 1996

Albania:
leke per US dollar - 146.08 (December 2000),143.71 (2000)
137.69 (1999), 150.63 (1998), 148.93 (1997), 104.50 (1996); note -
leke is the plural of lek

Algeria:
Algerian dinars per US dollar - 74,813 (January 2001),
75.260 (2000), 66.574 (1999), 58.739 (1998), 57.707 (1997), 54.749
(1996)

American Samoa:
the US dollar is used

Andorra:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367
(1997), 5.1155 (1996); Spanish pesetas per US dollar - 149.40
(1998), 146.41 (1997), 126.66 (1996)

Angola:
kwanza per US dollar - 17,910,800 (January 2001), 10,041,000
(2000), 2,790,706 (1999), 392,824 (1998), 229,040 (1997), 128,029
(1996); note - in December 1999 the kwanza was revalued with six
zeroes dropped off the old value

Anguilla:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate
since 1976)

Antigua and Barbuda:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000
(fixed rate since 1976)

Argentina:
Argentine pesos per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)

Armenia:
drams per US dollar - 554.29 (1 February 2001), 539.53
(2000), 535.06 (1999), 504.92 (1998), 490.85 (1997), 414.04 (1996)

Aruba:
Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.7900 (fixed rate
since 1986)

Australia:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001),
1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773
(1996)

Austria:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); Austrian schillings per US dollar - 11.86 (January
1999), 12.91 (1999), 12.379 (1998), 12.204 (1997), 10.587 (1996)

Azerbaijan:
Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,579 (1 February
2001), 4,342 (October 1999), 4,373 (1999), 3,869 (1998), 3,985.38
(1997), 4,301.26 (1996)

Bahamas, The:
Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed rate
pegged to the dollar)

Bahrain:
Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.3760 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)

Bangladesh:
taka per US dollar - 54.000 (January 2001), 52.142
(2000), 49.085 (1999), 46.906 (1998), 43.892 (1997), 41.794 (1996)

Barbados:
Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2.0000 (fixed rate
pegged to the US dollar)

Belarus:
Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 1,180 (yearend 2000),
730,000 (15 December 1999), 139,000 (25 January 1999), 46,080
(second quarter 1998), 25,964 (1997), 15,500 (yearend 1996); note -
on 1 January 2000, the national currency was redenominated at one
new ruble to 2,000 old rubles

Belgium:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); Belgian francs per US dollar - 34.77 (January 1999),
36.229 (1998), 35.774 (1997), 30.962 (1996)

Belize:
Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2.0000 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)

Benin:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),
583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is
pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Bermuda:
Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)

Bhutan:
ngultrum per US dollar - 46.540 (January 2001), 44.942
(2000), 43.055 (1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996);
note - the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee which
is also legal tender

Bolivia:
bolivianos per US dollar - 6.4071 (January 2001), 6.1835
(2000), 5.8124 (1999), 5.5101 (1998), 5.2543 (1997), 5.0746 (1996)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
marka per US dollar - 2.086 (January 2001),
2.124 (2000), 1.837 (1999), 1.760 (1998), 1.734 (1997), 0.015 (1996)

Botswana:
pulas per US dollar - 5.4585 (January 2001), 5.1018
(2000), 4.6244 (1999), 4.2259 (1998), 3.6508 (1997), 3.3242 (1996)

Brazil:
reals per US dollar - 1.954 (January 2001), 1.830 (2000),
1.815 (1999), 1.161 (1998), 1.078 (1997), 1.005 (1996)

note: from October 1994 through 14 January 1999, the official rate
was determined by a managed float; since 15 January 1999, the
official rate floats independently with respect to the US dollar

British Virgin Islands:
the US dollar is used

Brunei:
Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.7365 (January 2001),
1.7240 (2000), 1.6950 (1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100
(1996); note - the Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore
dollar

Bulgaria:
leva per US dollar - 2.0848 (January 2001), 2.1233 (2000),
1.8364 (1999), 1,760.36 (1998), 1,681.88 (1997), 177.89 (1996)

note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July
1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev

Burkina Faso:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95
(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999,
the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Burma:
kyats per US dollar - official rate - 6.5972 (January 2001),
6.5167 (2000), 6.2858 (1999), 6.3432 (1998), 6.2418 (1997), 5.9176
(1996); kyats per US dollar - black market exchange rate - 435
(yearend 2000)

Burundi:
Burundi francs per US dollar - 782.36 (January 2001),
720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999), 477.77 (1998), 352.35 (1997), 302.75
(1996)

Cambodia:
riels per US dollar - 3,909.0 (January 2001), 3,840.8
(2000), 3,807.8 (1999), 3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997), 2,624.1
(1996)

Cameroon:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar
- 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95
(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999,
the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Canada:
Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.5032 (January 2001),
1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997), 1.3635
(1996)

Cape Verde:
Cape Verdean escudos per US dollar - 123.080 (December
2000), 115.877 (2000), 102.700 (1999), 98.158 (1998), 93.177 (1997),
82.591 (1996)

Cayman Islands:
Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.83 (3 November
1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)

Central African Republic:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs
(XAF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70
(1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1
January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF
per euro

Chad:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),
583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is
pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Chile:
Chilean pesos per US dollar - 571.12 (January 2001), 535.47
(2000), 508.78 (1999), 460.29 (1998), 419.30 (1997), 412.27 (1996)

China:
yuan per US dollar - 8.2776 (January 2001), 8.2785 (2000),
8.2783 (1999), 8.2790 (1998), 8.2898 (1997), 8.3142 (1996)

note: beginning 1 January 1994, the People's Bank of China quotes
the midpoint rate against the US dollar based on the previous day's
prevailing rate in the interbank foreign exchange market

Christmas Island:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January
2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997),
1.2773 (1996)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995
(January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439
(1997), 1.2773 (1996)

Colombia:
Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,241.43 (January 2001),
2087.90 (2000), 1,756.23 (1999), 1,426.04 (1998), 1,140.96 (1997),
1,036.69 (1996)

Comoros:
Comoran francs per US dollar - 524.41 (January 2001),
533.98 (2000), 461.77 (1999), 442.46 (1998), 437.75 (1997), 383.66
(1996)

note: prior to January 1999, the official rate was pegged to the
French franc at 75 Comoran francs per French franc; since 1 January
1999, the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677
Comoran francs per euro

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
Congolese francs per US dollar -
50 (January 2001), 4.5 (January 2000), 4.02 (1999), 1.61 (1998),
1.31 (1997), 0.50 (1996)

note: on 30 June 1998 the Congolese franc was introduced, replacing
the new zaire

Congo, Republic of the:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)
per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999),
589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January
1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Cook Islands:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January
2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997),
1.4543 (1996)

Costa Rica:
Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 318.95 (2001),
308.19 (2000), 285.68 (1999), 257.23 (1998), 232.60 (1997), 207.69
(1996)

Cote d'Ivoire:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95
(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999,
the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Croatia:
kuna per US dollar - 8.089 (January 2001), 8.277 (2000),
7.112 (1999), 6.362 (1998), 6.101 (1997), 5.434 (1996)

Cuba:
Cuban pesos per US dollar - 1.0000 (nonconvertible, official
rate, for international transactions, pegged to the US dollar);
convertible peso sold for domestic use at a rate of 1.00 US dollar
per 22 pesos by the Government of Cuba (January 2001)

Cyprus:
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.6146 (January 2001), 0.6208
(2000), 0.5423 (1999), 0.5170 (1998), 0.5135 (1997), 0.4663 (1996);
Turkish liras per US dollar - 677,621 (December 2000), 625,219
(2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997), 81,405 (1996)

Czech Republic:
koruny per US dollar - 37.425 (January 2001), 38.598
(2000), 34.569 (1999), 32.281 (1998), 31.698 (1997), 27.145 (1996)

Denmark:
Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001), 8.083
(2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1996); note
- the Danes rejected the Euro in a 28 September 2000 referendum

Djibouti:
Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.721 (fixed rate
since 1973)

Dominica:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate
since 1976)

Dominican Republic:
Dominican pesos per US dollar - 16.888 (January
2001), 16.415 (2000), 16.033 (1999), 15.267 (1998), 14.265 (1997),
13.775 (1996)

Ecuador:
sucres per US dollar - 25,000 (January 2001), 24,988.4
(2000), 11,786.8 (1999), 5,446.6 (1998), 3,988.3 (1997), 3,189.5
(1996)

note: on 7 January 2000, the government passed a decree
"dollarizing" the economy; on 13 March 2000, the National Congress
approved a new exchange system whereby the US dollar is adopted as
the main legal tender in Ecuador for all purposes; on 20 March 2000,
the Central Bank of Ecuador started to exchange sucres for US
dollars at a fixed rate of 25,000 sucres per US dollar; since 30
April 2000, all transactions are denominated in US dollars

Egypt:
Egyptian pounds per US dollar - market rate - 3.8400 (January
2001), 3.6900 (2000), 3.4050 (1999), 3.3880 (1998), 3.3880 (1997),
3.3880 (1996)

El Salvador:
Salvadoran colones per US dollar - 8.755 (fixed rate
since 1993)

Equatorial Guinea:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per
US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999),
589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January
1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro