Chapter LXXII: Section 3: , telephone 886 (2) 2709-2000, FAX 886 (2) 2702-7675, (7)

Liechtenstein:
NA kWh

Lithuania:
400 million kWh (1999)

Luxembourg:
6.201 billion kWh (1999)

Macau:
165 million kWh (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
75 million kWh (1999)

Madagascar:
0 kWh (1999)

Malawi:
0 kWh (1999)

Malaysia:
11 million kWh (1999)

Maldives:
0 kWh (1999)

Mali:
0 kWh (1999)

Malta:
0 kWh (1999)

Martinique:
0 kWh (1999)

Mauritania:
0 kWh (1999)

Mauritius:
0 kWh (1999)

Mexico:
1.047 billion kWh (1999)

Moldova:
1.916 billion kWh (1999)

Monaco:
NA kWh

note: electricity supplied by France (1999)

Mongolia:
363 million kWh (1999)

Montserrat:
0 kWh (1999)

Morocco:
705 million kWh (1999)

Mozambique:
68 million kWh (1999)

Namibia:
890 million kWh

note: supplied by South Africa (1999)

Nauru:
0 kWh (1999)

Nepal:
210 million kWh (1999)

Netherlands:
22.407 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands Antilles:
0 kWh (1999)

New Caledonia:
0 kWh (1999)

New Zealand:
0 kWh (1999)

Nicaragua:
100 million kWh (1999)

Niger:
215 million kWh (1999)

Nigeria:
0 kWh (1999)

Niue:
0 kWh (1999)

Norway:
6.467 billion kWh (1999)

Oman:
0 kWh (1999)

Pakistan:
0 kWh (1999)

Panama:
40 million kWh (1999)

Papua New Guinea:
0 kWh (1999)

Paraguay:
0 kWh (1999)

Peru:
1 million kWh (1999)

Philippines:
0 kWh (1999)

Poland:
3.491 billion kWh (1999)

Portugal:
3.628 billion kWh (1999)

Puerto Rico:
0 kWh (1999)

Qatar:
0 kWh (1999)

Reunion:
0 kWh (1999)

Romania:
1.1 billion kWh (1999)

Russia:
6 billion kWh (1999)

Rwanda:
70 million kWh (1999)

Saint Helena:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Lucia:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
0 kWh (1999)

Samoa:
0 kWh (1999)

San Marino:
NA kWh

note: electricity supplied by Italy

Sao Tome and Principe:
0 kWh (1999)

Saudi Arabia:
0 kWh (1999)

Senegal:
0 kWh (1999)

Seychelles:
0 kWh (1999)

Sierra Leone:
0 kWh (1999)

Singapore:
0 kWh (1999)

Slovakia:
1.4 billion kWh (1999)

Slovenia:
645 million kWh (1999)

Solomon Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Somalia:
0 kWh (1999)

South Africa:
2.457 billion kWh (1999)

Spain:
11.945 billion kWh (1999)

Sri Lanka:
0 kWh (1999)

Sudan:
0 kWh (1999)

Suriname:
0 kWh (1999)

Swaziland:
701 million kWh

note: supplied by South Africa (1999)

Sweden:
8.35 billion kWh (1999)

Switzerland:
21.723 billion kWh (1999)

Syria:
0 kWh (1999)

Tajikistan:
4.1 billion kWh (1999)

Tanzania:
43 million kWh (1999)

Thailand:
1.02 billion kWh (1999)

Togo:
426 million kWh

note: electricity supplied by Ghana (1999)

Tonga:
0 kWh (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago:
0 kWh (1999)

Tunisia:
165 million kWh (1999)

Turkey:
3.35 billion kWh (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan:
1.1 billion kWh (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Uganda:
1 million kWh (1999)

Ukraine:
2.2 billion kWh (1999)

United Arab Emirates:
0 kWh (1999)

United Kingdom:
14.5 billion kWh (1999)

United States:
43 billion kWh (1999)

Uruguay:
800 million kWh (1999)

Uzbekistan:
7.5 billion kWh (1999)

Vanuatu:
0 kWh (1999)

Venezuela:
0 kWh (1999)

Vietnam:
0 kWh (1999)

Virgin Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

West Bank:
NA kWh

Western Sahara:
0 kWh (1999)

Yemen:
0 kWh (1999)

Yugoslavia:
1.923 billion kWh (1999)

Zambia:
419 million kWh (1999)

Zimbabwe:
1.564 billion kWh (1999)

Taiwan:
0 kWh (1999)

======================================================================

@Electricity - production

Afghanistan:
420 million kWh (1999)

Albania:
5.332 billion kWh (1999)

Algeria:
23.215 billion kWh (1999)

American Samoa:
130 million kWh (1999)

Angola:
1.475 billion kWh (1999)

Anguilla:
NA kWh

Antigua and Barbuda:
95 million kWh (1999)

Argentina:
77.087 billion kWh (1999)

Armenia:
6.668 billion kWh (1999)

Aruba:
450 million kWh (1999)

Australia:
191.727 billion kWh (1999)

Austria:
59.283 billion kWh (1999)

Azerbaijan:
16.378 billion kWh (1999)

Bahamas, The:
1.465 billion kWh (1999)

Bahrain:
6.185 billion kWh (1999)

Bangladesh:
12.06 billion kWh (1999)

Barbados:
718 million kWh (1999)

Belarus:
24.911 billion kWh (1999)

Belgium:
79.829 billion kWh (1999)

Belize:
185 million kWh (1999)

Benin:
226 million kWh (1999)

Bermuda:
550 million kWh (1999)

Bhutan:
1.856 billion kWh (1999)

Bolivia:
3.625 billion kWh (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
2.585 billion kWh (1999)

Botswana:
610 million kWh (1999)

Brazil:
337.44 billion kWh (1999)

British Indian Ocean Territory:
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied
by the US military

British Virgin Islands:
42 million kWh (1999)

Brunei:
2.445 billion kWh (1999)

Bulgaria:
36.217 billion kWh (1999)

Burkina Faso:
285 million kWh (1999)

Burma:
4.813 billion kWh (1999)

Burundi:
141 million kWh (1999)

Cambodia:
147 million kWh (1999)

Cameroon:
3.47 billion kWh (1999)

Canada:
567.193 billion kWh (1999)

Cape Verde:
40 million kWh (1999)

Cayman Islands:
330 million kWh (1999)

Central African Republic:
102 million kWh (1999)

Chad:
90 million kWh (1999)

Chile:
38.092 billion kWh (1999)

China:
1.173 trillion kWh (1999)

Christmas Island:
NA kWh

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
NA kWh

Colombia:
43.574 billion kWh (1999)

Comoros:
17 million kWh (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
5.268 billion kWh (1999)

Congo, Republic of the:
302 million kWh (1999)

Cook Islands:
21 million kWh (1999)

Costa Rica:
5.805 billion kWh (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire:
4.06 billion kWh (1999)

Croatia:
10.96 billion kWh (1999)

Cuba:
14.358 billion kWh (1999)

Cyprus:
2.951 billion kWh (1999); Turkish Cypriot area: NA kWh

Czech Republic:
67.642 billion kWh (2000)

Denmark:
37.885 billion kWh (1999)

Djibouti:
180 million kWh (1999)

Dominica:
62 million kWh (1999)

Dominican Republic:
7.29 billion kWh (1999)

Ecuador:
10.065 billion kWh (1999)

Egypt:
64.685 billion kWh (1999)

El Salvador:
3.641 billion kWh (1999)

Equatorial Guinea:
21 million kWh (1999)

Eritrea:
165 million kWh (1999)

Estonia:
7.782 billion kWh (1999)

Ethiopia:
1.625 billion kWh (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
12 million kWh (1999)

Faroe Islands:
170 million kWh (1999)

Fiji:
510 million kWh (1999)

Finland:
75.792 billion kWh (1999)

France:
497.26 billion kWh (1999)

French Guiana:
440 million kWh (1999)

French Polynesia:
430 million kWh (1999)

Gabon:
1.02 billion kWh (1999)

Gambia, The:
75 million kWh (1999)

Gaza Strip:
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel

Georgia:
7.975 billion kWh (1999)

Germany:
531.377 billion kWh (1999)

Ghana:
5.466 billion kWh (1999)

Gibraltar:
95 million kWh (1999)

Greece:
46.432 billion kWh (1999)

Greenland:
250 million kWh (1999)

Grenada:
120 million kWh (1999)

Guadeloupe:
1.3 billion kWh (1999)

Guam:
800 million kWh (1999)

Guatemala:
3.785 billion kWh (1999)

Guernsey:
NA kWh

Guinea:
750 million kWh (1999)

Guinea-Bissau:
55 million kWh (1999)

Guyana:
455 million kWh (1999)

Haiti:
672 million kWh (1999)

Honduras:
3.319 billion kWh (1999)

Hong Kong:
27.726 billion kWh (1999)

Hungary:
36.75 billion kWh (1999)

Iceland:
7.069 billion kWh (1999)

India:
454.561 billion kWh (1999)

Indonesia:
78.674 billion kWh (1999)

Iran:
103.054 billion kWh (1999)

Iraq:
29.42 billion kWh (1999)

Ireland:
19.542 billion kWh (1999)

Israel:
35.437 billion kWh (1999)

Italy:
247.679 billion kWh (1999)

Jamaica:
6.53 billion kWh (1999)

Japan:
1.018 trillion kWh (1999)

Johnston Atoll:
approximately 1,000,000 kWh weekly; note - there are
six 25,000 kWh generators supplied by the base operating support
contractor (1999)

Jordan:
6.657 billion kWh (1999)

Kazakhstan:
44.36 billion kWh (1999)

Kenya:
4.225 billion kWh (1999)

Kiribati:
7 million kWh (1999)

Korea, North:
28.6 billion kWh (1999)

Korea, South:
250.287 billion kWh (1999)

Kuwait:
31.567 billion kWh (1999)

Kyrgyzstan:
12.981 billion kWh (1999)

Laos:
792 million kWh (1999)

Latvia:
3.996 billion kWh (1999)

Lebanon:
7.748 billion kWh (1999)

Lesotho:
0 kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (1999)

Liberia:
432 million kWh (1999)

Libya:
18.9 billion kWh (1999)

Lithuania:
13.567 billion kWh (1999)

Luxembourg:
648 million kWh (1999)

Macau:
1.355 billion kWh (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
6.395 billion kWh (1999)

Madagascar:
810 million kWh (1999)

Malawi:
1.025 billion kWh (1999)

Malaysia:
59.044 billion kWh (1999)

Maldives:
101 million kWh (1999)

Mali:
445 million kWh (1999)

Malta:
1.65 billion kWh (1999)

Martinique:
1.1 billion kWh (1999)

Mauritania:
151 million kWh (1999)

Mauritius:
1.26 billion kWh (1999)

Mayotte:
NA kWh

Mexico:
182.492 billion kWh (1999)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
NA kWh

Moldova:
4.155 billion kWh (1999)

Mongolia:
2.671 billion kWh (1999)

Montserrat:
10 million kWh (1999)

Morocco:
13.695 billion kWh (1999)

Mozambique:
2.3 billion kWh (1999)

Namibia:
1.198 billion kWh (1999)

Nauru:
30 million kWh (1999)

Nepal:
1.255 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands:
85.294 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands Antilles:
1.11 billion kWh (1999)

New Caledonia:
1.52 billion kWh (1999)

New Zealand:
37.952 billion kWh (1999)

Nicaragua:
2.349 billion kWh (1999)

Niger:
200 million kWh (1999)

Nigeria:
18.7 billion kWh (1999)

Niue:
3 million kWh (1999)

Norfolk Island:
NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands:
NA kWh

Norway:
121.084 billion kWh (1999)

Oman:
8.63 billion kWh (1999)

Pakistan:
62.078 billion kWh (1999)

Panama:
4.413 billion kWh (1999)

Papua New Guinea:
1.82 billion kWh (1999)

Paraguay:
51.554 billion kWh (1999)

Peru:
18.886 billion kWh (1999)

Philippines:
40.745 billion kWh (1999)

Pitcairn Islands:
NA kWh; note - electric power is provided by a
small diesel-powered generator

Poland:
134.351 billion kWh (1999)

Portugal:
41.696 billion kWh (1999)

Puerto Rico:
16.76 billion kWh (1999)

Qatar:
9 billion kWh (1999)

Reunion:
1.1 billion kWh (1999)

Romania:
49.036 billion kWh (1999)

Russia:
798.065 billion kWh (1999)

Rwanda:
132 million kWh (1999)

Saint Helena:
6 million kWh (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
90 million kWh (1999)

Saint Lucia:
110 million kWh (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
40 million kWh (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
82 million kWh (1999)

Samoa:
100 million kWh (1999)

San Marino:
NA kWh

Sao Tome and Principe:
17 million kWh (1999)

Saudi Arabia:
120 billion kWh (1999)

Senegal:
1.27 billion kWh (1999)

Seychelles:
160 million kWh (1999)

Sierra Leone:
240 million kWh (1999)

Singapore:
27.381 billion kWh (1999)

Slovakia:
22.582 billion kWh (1999)

Slovenia:
12.451 billion kWh (1999)

Solomon Islands:
30 million kWh (1999)

Somalia:
260 million kWh (1999)

South Africa:
186.903 billion kWh (1999)

Spain:
197.694 billion kWh (1999)

Sri Lanka:
6.026 billion kWh (1999)

Sudan:
1.76 billion kWh (1999)

Suriname:
1.937 billion kWh (1999)

Svalbard:
NA kWh

Swaziland:
375 million kWh (1999)

Sweden:
146.633 billion kWh (1999)

Switzerland:
66.768 billion kWh (1999)

Syria:
17.94 billion kWh (1999)

Tajikistan:
15.623 billion kWh (1999)

Tanzania:
2.248 billion kWh (1999)

Thailand:
89.431 billion kWh (1999)

Togo:
92 million kWh (1999)

Tokelau:
NA kWh

Tonga:
35 million kWh (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago:
4.9 billion kWh (1999)

Tunisia:
9.173 billion kWh (1999)

Turkey:
125.3 billion kWh (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan:
8.371 billion kWh (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
5 million kWh (1999)

Uganda:
1.326 billion kWh (1999)

Ukraine:
157.823 billion kWh (1999)

United Arab Emirates:
36.7 billion kWh (1999)

United Kingdom:
342.771 billion kWh (1999)

United States:
3.678 trillion kWh (1999)

Uruguay:
5.704 billion kWh (1999)

Uzbekistan:
42.876 billion kWh (1999)

Vanuatu:
35 million kWh (1999)

Venezuela:
81.215 billion kWh (1999)

Vietnam:
22.985 billion kWh (1999)

Virgin Islands:
1.02 billion kWh (1999)

Wake Island:
NA kWh

Wallis and Futuna:
NA kWh

West Bank:
NA kWh; note - most electricity imported from Israel;
East Jerusalem Electric Company buys and distributes electricity to
Palestinians in East Jerusalem and its concession in the West Bank;
the Israel Electric Company directly supplies electricity to most
Jewish residents and military facilities; at the same time, some
Palestinian municipalities, such as Nablus and Janin, generate their
own electricity from small power plants

Western Sahara:
90 million kWh (1999)

Yemen:
2.4 billion kWh (1999)

Yugoslavia:
34.455 billion kWh (1999)

Zambia:
7.642 billion kWh (1999)

Zimbabwe:
5.78 billion kWh (1999)

Taiwan:
139.676 billion kWh (1999)

======================================================================

@Electricity - production by source

Afghanistan:
fossil fuel: 35.71%

hydro: 64.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Albania:
fossil fuel: 3.81%

hydro: 96.19%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Algeria:
fossil fuel: 99.14%

hydro: 0.86%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

American Samoa:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Andorra:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Angola:
fossil fuel: 32.2%

hydro: 67.8%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Anguilla:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Antigua and Barbuda:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Argentina:
fossil fuel: 60.3%

hydro: 30.7%

nuclear: 8.75%

other: 0.25% (1999)

Armenia:
fossil fuel: 45.56%

hydro: 23.25%

nuclear: 31.19%

other: 0% (1999)

Aruba:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Australia:
fossil fuel: 89.93%

hydro: 8.36%

nuclear: 0%

other: 1.71% (1999)

Austria:
fossil fuel: 29.53%

hydro: 67.65%

nuclear: 0%

other: 2.82% (1999)

Azerbaijan:
fossil fuel: 86.46%

hydro: 13.54%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bahamas, The:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bahrain:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bangladesh:
fossil fuel: 93.7%

hydro: 6.3%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Barbados:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Belarus:
fossil fuel: 99.9%

hydro: 0.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Belgium:
fossil fuel: 40.01%

hydro: 0.42%

nuclear: 58.33%

other: 1.24% (1999)

Belize:
fossil fuel: 56.76%

hydro: 43.24%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Benin:
fossil fuel: 24.78%

hydro: 75.22%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bermuda:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bhutan:
fossil fuel: 0.05%

hydro: 99.95%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bolivia:
fossil fuel: 56.61%

hydro: 41.6%

nuclear: 0%

other: 1.79% (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
fossil fuel: 38.68%

hydro: 61.32%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Botswana:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Brazil:
fossil fuel: 5.28%

hydro: 90.66%

nuclear: 1.12%

other: 2.94% (1999)

British Virgin Islands:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Brunei:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bulgaria:
fossil fuel: 51.52%

hydro: 8.35%

nuclear: 40.12%

other: 0.01% (1999)

Burkina Faso:
fossil fuel: 71.93%

hydro: 28.07%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Burma:
fossil fuel: 68.56%

hydro: 31.44%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Burundi:
fossil fuel: 0.71%

hydro: 99.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Cambodia:
fossil fuel: 59.18%

hydro: 40.82%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Cameroon:
fossil fuel: 2.59%

hydro: 97.41%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Canada:
fossil fuel: 26.38%

hydro: 60%

nuclear: 12.31%

other: 1.31% (1999)

Cape Verde:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Cayman Islands:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Central African Republic:
fossil fuel: 20.59%

hydro: 79.41%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Chad:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Chile:
fossil fuel: 61%

hydro: 35%

nuclear: 0%

other: 4% (1999)

China:
fossil fuel: 79.82%

hydro: 18.98%

nuclear: 1.2%

other: 0.01% (1999)

Christmas Island:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Colombia:
fossil fuel: 22.27%

hydro: 76.19%

nuclear: 0%

other: 1.54% (1999)

Comoros:
fossil fuel: 88.24%

hydro: 11.76%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
fossil fuel: 2.05%

hydro: 97.95%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Congo, Republic of the:
fossil fuel: 0.66%

hydro: 99.34%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Cook Islands:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Costa Rica:
fossil fuel: 2.41%

hydro: 83.32%

nuclear: 0%

other: 14.27% (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire:
fossil fuel: 75.37%

hydro: 24.63%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Croatia:
fossil fuel: 40.89%

hydro: 59%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.11% (1999)

Cuba:
fossil fuel: 94.2%

hydro: 0.7%

nuclear: 0%

other: 5.1% (1999)

Cyprus:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Czech Republic:
fossil fuel: 77.8%

hydro: 3.43%

nuclear: 18.77%

other: 0% (2000)

Denmark:
fossil fuel: 88.4%

hydro: 0.07%

nuclear: 0%

other: 11.53% (1999)

Djibouti:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Dominica:
fossil fuel: 48.39%

hydro: 51.61%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Dominican Republic:
fossil fuel: 87.19%

hydro: 12.4%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.41% (1999)

Ecuador:
fossil fuel: 29.51%

hydro: 70.49%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Egypt:
fossil fuel: 76.59%

hydro: 23.41%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

El Salvador:
fossil fuel: 45.65%

hydro: 41.01%

nuclear: 0%

other: 13.34% (1999)

Equatorial Guinea:
fossil fuel: 85.71%

hydro: 14.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Eritrea:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Estonia:
fossil fuel: 99.72%

hydro: 0.09%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.19% (1999)

Ethiopia:
fossil fuel: 3.08%

hydro: 96.92%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Faroe Islands:
fossil fuel: 58.82%

hydro: 41.18%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Fiji:
fossil fuel: 17.65%

hydro: 82.35%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Finland:
fossil fuel: 41.88%

hydro: 16.77%

nuclear: 28.82%

other: 12.53% (1999)

France:
fossil fuel: 9.69%

hydro: 14.39%

nuclear: 75.43%

other: 0.49% (1999)

French Guiana:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

French Polynesia:
fossil fuel: 51.16%

hydro: 48.84%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Gabon:
fossil fuel: 29.9%

hydro: 70.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Gambia, The:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Georgia:
fossil fuel: 20.38%

hydro: 79.62%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Germany:
fossil fuel: 63.29%

hydro: 3.59%

nuclear: 30.3%

other: 2.82% (1999)

Ghana:
fossil fuel: 26.82%

hydro: 73.18%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Gibraltar:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Greece:
fossil fuel: 89.6%

hydro: 9.72%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.68% (1999)

Greenland:
fossil fuel: 41%

hydro: 59%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0%

note: Greenland is shifting its electricity production from fossil
fuel to hydroelectric power production (1999)

Grenada:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guadeloupe:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guam:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guatemala:
fossil fuel: 38.31%

hydro: 61.69%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guernsey:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Guinea:
fossil fuel: 46.67%

hydro: 53.33%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guinea-Bissau:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guyana:
fossil fuel: 98.9%

hydro: 1.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Haiti:
fossil fuel: 52.83%

hydro: 47.17%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Holy See (Vatican City):
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Honduras:
fossil fuel: 44.71%

hydro: 55.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Hong Kong:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Hungary:
fossil fuel: 61.09%

hydro: 0.51%

nuclear: 38.4%

other: 0% (1999)

Iceland:
fossil fuel: 0.07%

hydro: 84.64%

nuclear: 0%

other: 15.29% (1999)

India:
fossil fuel: 79.41%

hydro: 17.77%

nuclear: 2.52%

other: 0.3% (1999)

Indonesia:
fossil fuel: 80.36%

hydro: 14.63%

nuclear: 0%

other: 5.01% (1999)

Iran:
fossil fuel: 93.16%

hydro: 6.84%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Iraq:
fossil fuel: 97.96%

hydro: 2.04%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Ireland:
fossil fuel: 94.42%

hydro: 4.23%

nuclear: 0%

other: 1.35% (1999)

Israel:
fossil fuel: 99.89%

hydro: 0.11%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Italy:
fossil fuel: 79.09%

hydro: 18.08%

nuclear: 0%

other: 2.83% (1999)

Jamaica:
fossil fuel: 92.28%

hydro: 1.36%

nuclear: 0%

other: 6.36% (1999)

Japan:
fossil fuel: 58.91%

hydro: 8.35%

nuclear: 30.31%

other: 2.43% (1999)

Jordan:
fossil fuel: 99.79%

hydro: 0.21%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Kazakhstan:
fossil fuel: 87.12%

hydro: 12.65%

nuclear: 0.23%

other: 0% (1999)

Kenya:
fossil fuel: 31%

hydro: 67%

nuclear: 0%

other: 2% (1999 est.)

Kiribati:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Korea, North:
fossil fuel: 34.62%

hydro: 65.38%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Korea, South:
fossil fuel: 59.22%

hydro: 1.64%

nuclear: 39.12%

other: 0.02% (1999)

Kuwait:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Kyrgyzstan:
fossil fuel: 6.67%

hydro: 93.33%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Laos:
fossil fuel: 2.78%

hydro: 97.22%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Latvia:
fossil fuel: 31.78%

hydro: 68.22%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Lebanon:
fossil fuel: 91.29%

hydro: 8.71%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Lesotho:
fossil fuel: 0%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Liberia:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Libya:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Liechtenstein:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Lithuania:
fossil fuel: 23.89%

hydro: 3.43%

nuclear: 72.68%

other: 0% (1999)

Luxembourg:
fossil fuel: 36.88%

hydro: 53.09%

nuclear: 0%

other: 10.03% (1999)

Macau:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
fossil fuel: 82.25%

hydro: 17.75%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Madagascar:
fossil fuel: 37.04%

hydro: 62.96%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Malawi:
fossil fuel: 2.44%

hydro: 97.56%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Malaysia:
fossil fuel: 91.61%

hydro: 8.39%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Maldives:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mali:
fossil fuel: 44.94%

hydro: 55.06%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Malta:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Marshall Islands:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Martinique:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mauritania:
fossil fuel: 82.78%

hydro: 17.22%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mauritius:
fossil fuel: 91.27%

hydro: 8.73%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mayotte:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Mexico:
fossil fuel: 74.12%

hydro: 17.75%

nuclear: 5.21%

other: 2.92% (1999)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Moldova:
fossil fuel: 93.62%

hydro: 6.38%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mongolia:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Montserrat:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Morocco:
fossil fuel: 89.19%

hydro: 10.81%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mozambique:
fossil fuel: 13.04%

hydro: 86.96%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Namibia:
fossil fuel: 2%

hydro: 98%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Nauru:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Nepal:
fossil fuel: 9.56%

hydro: 90.44%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Netherlands:
fossil fuel: 90.25%

hydro: 0.11%

nuclear: 4.27%

other: 5.37% (1999)

Netherlands Antilles:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

New Caledonia:
fossil fuel: 78.95%

hydro: 21.05%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

New Zealand:
fossil fuel: 30.49%

hydro: 61.42%

nuclear: 0%

other: 8.09% (1999)

Nicaragua:
fossil fuel: 67.26%

hydro: 17.71%

nuclear: 0%

other: 15.03% (1999)

Niger:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Nigeria:
fossil fuel: 52.94%

hydro: 47.06%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Niue:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Norfolk Island:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Norway:
fossil fuel: 0.63%

hydro: 99.11%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.26% (1999)

Oman:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Pakistan:
fossil fuel: 63.38%

hydro: 36.51%

nuclear: 0.11%

other: 0% (1999)

Panama:
fossil fuel: 27.78%

hydro: 71.65%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.57% (1999)

Papua New Guinea:
fossil fuel: 54.95%

hydro: 45.05%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Paraguay:
fossil fuel: 0.07%

hydro: 99.79%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.15% (1999)

Peru:
fossil fuel: 23.04%

hydro: 76.43%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.53% (1999)

Philippines:
fossil fuel: 61.03%

hydro: 18.68%

nuclear: 0%

other: 20.29% (1999)

Poland:
fossil fuel: 96.43%

hydro: 3.16%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.41% (1999)

Portugal:
fossil fuel: 79.97%

hydro: 17.25%

nuclear: 0%

other: 2.78% (1999)

Puerto Rico:
fossil fuel: 98.45%

hydro: 1.55%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Qatar:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Reunion:
fossil fuel: 54.55%

hydro: 45.45%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Romania:
fossil fuel: 53.99%

hydro: 36.18%

nuclear: 9.81%

other: 0.02% (1999)

Russia:
fossil fuel: 66.31%

hydro: 19.79%

nuclear: 13.9%

other: 0% (1999)

Rwanda:
fossil fuel: 3.03%

hydro: 96.97%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Helena:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Lucia:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
fossil fuel: 73.17%

hydro: 26.83%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Samoa:
fossil fuel: 60%

hydro: 40%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

San Marino:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Sao Tome and Principe:
fossil fuel: 41.18%

hydro: 58.82%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saudi Arabia:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Senegal:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Seychelles:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Sierra Leone:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Singapore:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Slovakia:
fossil fuel: 37.56%

hydro: 18.27%

nuclear: 44.17%

other: 0% (1999)

Slovenia:
fossil fuel: 34.44%

hydro: 29.58%

nuclear: 35.98%

other: 0% (1999)

Solomon Islands:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Somalia:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

South Africa:
fossil fuel: 92.74%

hydro: 0.39%

nuclear: 6.87%

other: 0% (1999)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Spain:
fossil fuel: 57.71%

hydro: 12.1%

nuclear: 28.28%

other: 1.91% (1999)

Sri Lanka:
fossil fuel: 29.9%

hydro: 70.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Sudan:
fossil fuel: 42.05%

hydro: 57.95%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Suriname:
fossil fuel: 25.92%

hydro: 74.08%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Svalbard:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Swaziland:
fossil fuel: 53.33%

hydro: 46.67%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Sweden:
fossil fuel: 5.53%

hydro: 47.24%

nuclear: 45.42%

other: 1.81% (1999)

Switzerland:
fossil fuel: 3.44%

hydro: 59.16%

nuclear: 35.43%

other: 1.97% (1999)

Syria:
fossil fuel: 57.64%

hydro: 42.36%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Tajikistan:
fossil fuel: 1.9%

hydro: 98.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Tanzania:
fossil fuel: 22.24%

hydro: 77.76%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Thailand:
fossil fuel: 91.17%

hydro: 3.81%

nuclear: 0%

other: 5.02% (1999)

Togo:
fossil fuel: 97.83%

hydro: 2.17%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Tokelau:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Tonga:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago:
fossil fuel: 99.59%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.41% (1999)

Tunisia:
fossil fuel: 99.2%

hydro: 0.8%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Turkey:
fossil fuel: 71%

hydro: 29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan:
fossil fuel: 99.94%

hydro: 0.06%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Tuvalu:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Uganda:
fossil fuel: 0.98%

hydro: 99.02%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Ukraine:
fossil fuel: 47.67%

hydro: 9.65%

nuclear: 42.67%

other: 0.01% (1999)

United Arab Emirates:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

United Kingdom:
fossil fuel: 69.38%

hydro: 1.55%

nuclear: 26.68%

other: 2.39% (1999)

United States:
fossil fuel: 69.64%

hydro: 8.31%

nuclear: 19.8%

other: 2.25% (1999)

Uruguay:
fossil fuel: 3.86%

hydro: 95.44%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.7% (1999)

Uzbekistan:
fossil fuel: 86.4%

hydro: 13.6%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Vanuatu:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Venezuela:
fossil fuel: 32.16%

hydro: 67.84%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Vietnam:
fossil fuel: 47.71%

hydro: 52.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Virgin Islands:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Wallis and Futuna:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

West Bank:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Western Sahara:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

World:
fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Yemen:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Yugoslavia:
fossil fuel: 70%

hydro: 30%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Zambia:
fossil fuel: 0.55%

hydro: 99.45%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Zimbabwe:
fossil fuel: 69.98%

hydro: 30.02%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Taiwan:
fossil fuel: 67.26%

hydro: 6.32%

nuclear: 26.42%

other: 0% (1999)

======================================================================

@Elevation extremes

Afghanistan:
lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m

highest point: Nowshak 7,485 m

Albania:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

highest point: Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,753 m

Algeria:
lowest point: Chott Melrhir -40 m

highest point: Tahat 3,003 m

American Samoa:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Lata 966 m

Andorra:
lowest point: Riu Runer 840 m

highest point: Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m

Angola:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Morro de Moco 2,620 m

Anguilla:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Crocus Hill 65 m

Antarctica:
lowest point: Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,540 m

highest point: Vinson Massif 5,140 m

note: the lowest known land point in Antarctica is hidden in the
Bentley Subglacial Trench; at its surface is the deepest ice yet
discovered and the world's lowest elevation not under sea water

Antigua and Barbuda:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Boggy Peak 402 m

Arctic Ocean:
lowest point: Fram Basin -4,665 m

highest point: sea level 0 m

Argentina:
lowest point: Salinas Chicas -40 m (located on Peninsula
Valdes)

highest point: Cerro Aconcagua 6,960 m

Armenia:
lowest point: Debed River 400 m

highest point: Aragats Lerr 4,095 m

Aruba:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Jamanota 188 m

Ashmore and Cartier Islands:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 3 m

Atlantic Ocean:
lowest point: Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico
Trench -8,605 m

highest point: sea level 0 m

Australia:
lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m

highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m

Austria:
lowest point: Neusiedler See 115 m

highest point: Grossglockner 3,798 m

Azerbaijan:
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m

highest point: Bazarduzu Dagi 4,485 m

Bahamas, The:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Alvernia, on Cat Island 63 m

Bahrain:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m

highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m

Baker Island:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 8 m

Bangladesh:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Keokradong 1,230 m

Barbados:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Hillaby 336 m

Bassas da India:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 2.4 m

Belarus:
lowest point: Nyoman River 90 m

highest point: Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m

Belgium:
lowest point: North Sea 0 m

highest point: Signal de Botrange 694 m

Belize:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Victoria Peak 1,160 m

Benin:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Sokbaro 658 m

Bermuda:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Town Hill 76 m

Bhutan:
lowest point: Drangme Chhu 97 m

highest point: Kula Kangri 7,553 m

Bolivia:
lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m

highest point: Nevado Sajama 6,542 m

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

highest point: Maglic 2,386 m

Botswana:
lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers
513 m

highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m

Bouvet Island:
lowest point: South Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Olav Peak 935 m

Brazil:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m

British Indian Ocean Territory:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Diego Garcia 15 m

British Virgin Islands:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Sage 521 m

Brunei:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: Bukit Pagon 1,850 m

Bulgaria:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

highest point: Musala 2,925 m

Burkina Faso:
lowest point: Mouhoun (Black Volta) River 200 m

highest point: Tena Kourou 749 m

Burma:
lowest point: Andaman Sea 0 m

highest point: Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m

Burundi:
lowest point: Lake Tanganyika 772 m

highest point: Mount Heha 2,670 m

Cambodia:
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m

highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m

Cameroon:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Fako 4,095 m

Canada:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m

Cape Verde:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mt. Fogo 2,829 m (a volcano on Fogo Island)

Cayman Islands:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: The Bluff 43 m

Central African Republic:
lowest point: Oubangui River 335 m

highest point: Mont Ngaoui 1,420 m

Chad:
lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m

highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m

Chile:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Nevado Ojos del Salado 6,880 m

China:
lowest point: Turpan Pendi -154 m

highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (1999 est.)

Christmas Island:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Murray Hill 361 m

Clipperton Island:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Rocher Clipperton 29 m

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Colombia:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pico Cristobal Colon 5,775 m

note: nearby Pico Simon Bolivar also has the same elevation

Comoros:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Le Kartala 2,360 m

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pic Marguerite on Mont Ngaliema (Mount Stanley)
5,110 m

Congo, Republic of the:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Berongou 903 m

Cook Islands:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Te Manga 652 m

Coral Sea Islands:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Cato Island 6 m

Costa Rica:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Cerro Chirripo 3,810 m

Cote d'Ivoire:
lowest point: Gulf of Guinea 0 m

highest point: Mont Nimba 1,752 m

Croatia:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

highest point: Dinara 1,830 m

Cuba:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Pico Turquino 2,005 m

Cyprus:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Olympus 1,951 m

Czech Republic:
lowest point: Elbe River 115 m

highest point: Snezka 1,602 m

Denmark:
lowest point: Lammefjord -7 m

highest point: Yding Skovhoej 173 m

Djibouti:
lowest point: Lac Assal -155 m

highest point: Moussa Ali 2,028 m

Dominica:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Morne Diablatins 1,447 m

Dominican Republic:
lowest point: Lago Enriquillo -46 m

highest point: Pico Duarte 3,175 m

Ecuador:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Chimborazo 6,267 m

Egypt:
lowest point: Qattara Depression -133 m

highest point: Mount Catherine 2,629 m

El Salvador:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Cerro El Pital 2,730 m

Equatorial Guinea:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pico Basile 3,008 m

Eritrea:
lowest point: near Kulul within the Denakil depression -75
m

highest point: Soira 3,018 m

Estonia:
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m

Ethiopia:
lowest point: Denakil Depression -125 m

highest point: Ras Dejen 4,620 m

Europa Island:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 24 m

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Usborne 705 m

Faroe Islands:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Slaettaratindur 882 m

Fiji:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Tomanivi 1,324 m

Finland:
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point: Haltiatunturi 1,328 m

France:
lowest point: Rhone River delta -2 m

highest point: Mont Blanc 4,807 m

French Guiana:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Bellevue de l'Inini 851 m

French Polynesia:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Orohena 2,241 m

French Southern and Antarctic Lands:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Ross on Iles Kerguelen 1,850 m

Gabon:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Iboundji 1,575 m

Gambia, The:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 53 m

Gaza Strip:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Auda) 105 m

Georgia:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

highest point: Mt'a Mqinvartsveri (Gora Kazbek) 5,048 m

Germany:
lowest point: Freepsum Lake -2 m

highest point: Zugspitze 2,963 m

Ghana:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Afadjato 880 m

Gibraltar:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Rock of Gibraltar 426 m

Glorioso Islands:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 12 m

Greece:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Olympus 2,917 m

Greenland:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Gunnbjorn 3,700 m

Grenada:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Saint Catherine 840 m

Guadeloupe:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Soufriere 1,467 m

Guam:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Lamlam 406 m

Guatemala:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Volcan Tajumulco 4,211 m

Guernsey:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Sark 114 m

Guinea:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Nimba 1,752 m

Guinea-Bissau:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location in the northeast corner of the
country 300 m

Guyana:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Roraima 2,835 m

Haiti:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Chaine de la Selle 2,680 m

Heard Island and McDonald Islands:
lowest point: Southern Ocean 0 m

highest point: Big Ben 2,745 m

Holy See (Vatican City):
lowest point: unnamed location 19 m

highest point: unnamed location 75 m

Honduras:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Cerro Las Minas 2,870 m

Hong Kong:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: Tai Mo Shan 958 m

Howland Island:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 3 m

Hungary:
lowest point: Tisza River 78 m

highest point: Kekes 1,014 m

Iceland:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Hvannadalshnukur 2,119 m

India:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m

Indian Ocean:
lowest point: Java Trench -7,258 m

highest point: sea level 0 m

Indonesia:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Iran:
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m

highest point: Qolleh-ye Damavand 5,671 m

Iraq:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m

highest point: Haji Ibrahim 3,600 m

Ireland:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Carrauntoohil 1,041 m

Israel:
lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m

highest point: Har Meron 1,208 m

Italy:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) 4,807 m

Jamaica:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m

Jan Mayen:
lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m

highest point: Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg 2,277 m

Japan:
lowest point: Hachiro-gata -4 m

highest point: Fujiyama 3,776 m

Jarvis Island:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 7 m

Jersey:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 143 m

Johnston Atoll:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Summit Peak 5 m

Jordan:
lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m

highest point: Jabal Ram 1,734 m

Juan de Nova Island:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 10 m

Kazakhstan:
lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 m

highest point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m

Kenya:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 m

Kingman Reef:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 1 m

Kiribati:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Banaba 81 m

Korea, North:
lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m

highest point: Paektu-san 2,744 m

Korea, South:
lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m

highest point: Halla-san 1,950 m

Kuwait:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 306 m

Kyrgyzstan:
lowest point: Kara-Darya 132 m

highest point: Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobedy) 7,439 m

Laos:
lowest point: Mekong River 70 m

highest point: Phou Bia 2,817 m

Latvia:
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point: Gaizinkalns 312 m

Lebanon:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Qurnat as Sawda' 3,088 m

Lesotho:
lowest point: junction of the Orange and Makhaleng Rivers
1,400 m

highest point: Thabana Ntlenyana 3,482 m

Liberia:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Wuteve 1,380 m

Libya:
lowest point: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m

highest point: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m

Liechtenstein:
lowest point: Ruggeller Riet 430 m

highest point: Grauspitz 2,599 m

Lithuania:
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point: Juozapines/Kalnas 292 m

Luxembourg:
lowest point: Moselle River 133 m

highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m

Macau:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: Coloane Alto 174 m

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
lowest point: Vardar
River 50 m

highest point: Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,753 m

Madagascar:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Maromokotro 2,876 m

Malawi:
lowest point: junction of the Shire River and international
boundary with Mozambique 37 m

highest point: Sapitwa 3,002 m

Malaysia:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Gunung Kinabalu 4,100 m

Maldives:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Wilingili island in the Addu
Atoll 2.4 m

Mali:
lowest point: Senegal River 23 m

highest point: Hombori Tondo 1,155 m

Malta:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Ta'Dmejrek 253 m (near Dingli)

Man, Isle of:
lowest point: Irish Sea 0 m

highest point: Snaefell 621 m

Marshall Islands:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Likiep 10 m

Martinique:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Montagne Pelee 1,397 m

Mauritania:
lowest point: Sebkha de Ndrhamcha -3 m

highest point: Kediet Ijill 910 m

Mauritius:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Piton 828 m

Mayotte:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Benara 660 m

Mexico:
lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m

highest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,700 m

Micronesia, Federated States of:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Totolom 791 m

Midway Islands:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 13 m

Moldova:
lowest point: Nistru (Dnister) River 2 m

highest point: Dealul Balanesti 430 m

Monaco:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mont Agel 140 m

Mongolia:
lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m

highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m

Montserrat:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Chances Peak (in the Soufriere Hills) 914 m

Morocco:
lowest point: Sebkha Tah -55 m

highest point: Jbel Toubkal 4,165 m

Mozambique:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Monte Binga 2,436 m

Namibia:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Konigstein 2,606 m

Nauru:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location along plateau rim 61 m

Navassa Island:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on southwest side 77 m

Nepal:
lowest point: Kanchan Kalan 70 m

highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (1999 est.)

Netherlands:
lowest point: Prins Alexanderpolder -7 m

highest point: Vaalserberg 321 m

Netherlands Antilles:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Scenery 862 m

New Caledonia:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Panie 1,628 m

New Zealand:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Cook 3,764 m

Nicaragua:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mogoton 2,438 m

Niger:
lowest point: Niger River 200 m

highest point: Mont Greboun 1,944 m

Nigeria:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Chappal Waddi 2,419 m

Niue:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location near Mutalau settlement 68 m

Norfolk Island:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Bates 319 m

Northern Mariana Islands:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Agrihan 965 m

Norway:
lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m

highest point: Galdhopiggen 2,469 m

Oman:
lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m

highest point: Jabal Shams 2,980 m

Pacific Ocean:
lowest point: Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench
-10,924 m

highest point: sea level 0 m

Pakistan:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m

Palau:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Ngerchelchauus 242 m

Palmyra Atoll:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 2 m

Panama:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Volcan de Chiriqui 3,475 m

Papua New Guinea:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Wilhelm 4,509 m

Paracel Islands:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Rocky Island 14 m

Paraguay:
lowest point: junction of Rio Paraguay and Rio Parana 46 m

highest point: Cerro Pero (Cerro Tres Kandu) 842 m

Peru:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m

Philippines:
lowest point: Philippine Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Apo 2,954 m

Pitcairn Islands:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pawala Valley Ridge 347 m

Poland:
lowest point: Raczki Elblaskie -2 m

highest point: Rysy 2,499 m

Portugal:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in
the Azores 2,351 m

Puerto Rico:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Cerro de Punta 1,338 m

Qatar:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m

highest point: Qurayn Abu al Bawl 103 m

Reunion:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Piton des Neiges 3,069 m

Romania:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m

Russia:
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m

highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m

Rwanda:
lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m

highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m

Saint Helena:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Queen Mary's Peak on Tristan da Cunha 2,060 m

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Liamuiga 1,156 m

Saint Lucia:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Gimie 950 m

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Morne de la Grande Montagne 240 m

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Soufriere 1,234 m

Samoa:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mauga Silisili 1,857 m

San Marino:
lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m

highest point: Monte Titano 755 m

Sao Tome and Principe:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pico de Sao Tome 2,024 m

Saudi Arabia:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m

highest point: Jabal Sawda' 3,133 m

Senegal:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha 581 m

Seychelles:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Morne Seychellois 905 m

Sierra Leone:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m

Singapore:
lowest point: Singapore Strait 0 m

highest point: Bukit Timah 166 m

Slovakia:
lowest point: Bodrok River 94 m

highest point: Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m

Slovenia:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

highest point: Triglav 2,864 m

Solomon Islands:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Makarakomburu 2,447 m

Somalia:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Shimbiris 2,416 m

South Africa:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Njesuthi 3,408 m

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:
lowest point:
Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Paget (South Georgia) 2,934 m

Southern Ocean:
lowest point: -7,235 m at the southern end of the
South Sandwich Trench

highest point: sea level 0 m

Spain:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m

Spratly Islands:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Southwest Cay 4 m

Sri Lanka:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m

Sudan:
lowest point: Red Sea 0 m

highest point: Kinyeti 3,187 m

Suriname:
lowest point: unnamed location in the coastal plain -2 m

highest point: Juliana Top 1,230 m

Svalbard:
lowest point: Arctic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Newtontoppen 1,717 m

Swaziland:
lowest point: Great Usutu River 21 m

highest point: Emlembe 1,862 m

Sweden:
lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point: Kebnekaise 2,111 m

Switzerland:
lowest point: Lake Maggiore 195 m

highest point: Dufourspitze 4,634 m

Syria:
lowest point: unnamed location near Lake Tiberias -200 m

highest point: Mount Hermon 2,814 m

Tajikistan:
lowest point: Syrdariya 300 m

highest point: Pik Imeni Ismail Samani 7,495 m

Tanzania:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Kilimanjaro 5,895 m

Thailand:
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m

highest point: Doi Inthanon 2,576 m

Togo:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Agou 986 m

Tokelau:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Tonga:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m

Trinidad and Tobago:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: El Cerro del Aripo 940 m

Tromelin Island:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 7 m

Tunisia:
lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m

highest point: Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m

Turkey:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m

Turkmenistan:
lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81.00 m; note -
Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water
level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina
Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m)

highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m

Turks and Caicos Islands:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Blue Hills 49 m

Tuvalu:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Uganda:
lowest point: Lake Albert 621 m

highest point: Margherita Peak on Mount Stanley 5,110 m

Ukraine:
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m

United Arab Emirates:
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m

highest point: Jabal Yibir 1,527 m

United Kingdom:
lowest point: Fenland -4 m

highest point: Ben Nevis 1,343 m

United States:
lowest point: Death Valley -86 m

highest point: Mount McKinley 6,194 m

Uruguay:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Cerro Catedral 514 m

Uzbekistan:
lowest point: Sariqarnish Kuli -12 m

highest point: Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m

Vanuatu:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Tabwemasana 1,877 m

Venezuela:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Pico Bolivar (La Columna) 5,007 m

Vietnam:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: Ngoc Linh 3,143 m

Virgin Islands:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Crown Mountain 474 m

Wake Island:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 6 m

Wallis and Futuna:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Singavi 765 m

West Bank:
lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m

highest point: Tall Asur 1,022 m

Western Sahara:
lowest point: Sebjet Tah -55 m

highest point: unnamed location 463 m

World:
lowest point: Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,540 m

highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (1999 est.)

Yemen:
lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m

highest point: Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,760 m

Yugoslavia:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

highest point: Daravica 2,656 m

Zambia:
lowest point: Zambezi river 329 m

highest point: unnamed location in Mafinga Hills 2,301 m

Zimbabwe:
lowest point: junction of the Runde and Save rivers 162 m

highest point: Inyangani 2,592 m

Taiwan:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: Yu Shan 3,997 m

======================================================================

@Environment - current issues

Afghanistan:
soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of
the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building
materials); desertification

Albania:
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from
industrial and domestic effluents

Algeria:
soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming
practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum
refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the
pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in
particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and
fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water

American Samoa:
limited natural fresh water resources; the water
division of the government has spent substantial funds in the past
few years to improve water catchments and pipelines

Andorra:
deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes
to soil erosion; air pollution; wastewater treatment and solid waste
disposal

Angola:
overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable
to population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical
rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical
timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of
biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and
siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water

Anguilla:
supplies of potable water sometimes cannot meet increasing
demand largely because of poor distribution system

Antarctica:
in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic
ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square
kilometers; researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet
light coming through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an
antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin; ozone depletion earlier was shown
to harm one-celled antarctic marine plants

Antigua and Barbuda:
water management - a major concern because of
limited natural fresh water resources - is further hampered by the
clearing of trees to increase crop production, causing rainfall to
run off quickly

Arctic Ocean:
endangered marine species include walruses and whales;
fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from
disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack

Argentina:
environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of an
industrializing economy such as soil degradation, desertification,
air pollution, and water pollution

note: Argentina is a world leader in setting voluntary greenhouse
gas targets

Armenia:
soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; energy
blockade, the result of conflict with Azerbaijan, has led to
deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of
Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake
Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens
drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant
without adequate (IAEA-recommended) safety and backup systems

Aruba:
NA

Ashmore and Cartier Islands:
NA

Atlantic Ocean:
endangered marine species include the manatee,
seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales; drift net fishing is
hastening the decline of fish stocks and contributing to
international disputes; municipal sludge pollution off eastern US,
southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean
Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North
Sea; industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in Baltic Sea,
North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea

Australia:
soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development,
urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due
to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for
agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique
animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast
coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by
increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited
natural fresh water resources

Austria:
some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution;
soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air
pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power
stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria
between northern and southern Europe