Chapter XXII: Introduction: A.D

Preliminary Remarks 1 Aborigines of Spain 2 Silius Italicus 2 Lucan 2 The Senecas 2 The Roman Power in Spain annihilated by the Visigoths 3 Anecdotes of the Goths 3 Conquest of Spain by the Moors 3 The University of Cordova founded by Abdorhaman III. 4 Settlement of the Jews in Spain 4 Arabic Authors 5 The Romances Moriscos 5 Troubadours 5 Mosen Jordi de Sant Jordi 6 The Redondillas 7 The Cancionero general and the Romancero general 9 Quotation from Doctor Bowring's Translation of the Redondillas 9 Romances of Chivalry 10 1325. Vasco Lobeira 10 Alphonso X., surnamed the Wise 11 The Cultivation which he bestowed on the Castilian Language 11 His Works 11 The Alphonsine Tables 11 Alphonso XI. 11 Spain desolated by Civil Wars 12 Juan Ruiz 12 1407. John II., his disastrous Reign 12 The Marquis of Villena institutes Floral Games 13 1434. His Death 13 Marquis of Santillana 13 Marcias, his melancholy Fate 13 1412. Juan de Mena, the Ennius of Spain 14 His Birth 14 His Origin 14 He studies at the University of Salamanca 14 His Works 15 1456. His Death 15 Quintano, his Opinion of the "Labyrinto" 15 Juan de Enzina, Author of the first Spanish Plays 17 His Birth 17 His Songs and Lyrics 18 His Name becomes proverbial in Spain by his Song of Contraries or Absurdities 18 A Quotation from Doctor Bowring's Translation 18 Union of the Crowns of Castile and Arragon 19 Castilian adopted as the classic Language of the Country 20

BOSCAN.

The first Spanish Poet who introduced the Italian Style 21 1500. His Birth 21 His noble Descent 21 His Marriage 21 Chosen Governor to the Duke of Alva 22 1525. Andrea Navagero, the Venetian Ambassador 22 His Arrival at the Court of Charles V. at Toledo; he meets with Boscan and Garcilaso 22 He induces them to quit their national Redondillas 22 This Circumstance referred to by Boscan in the Dedication of his Poems to the Duchess of Soma 23 A Translation of one of Garcilaso's Poems 24 Translation of the Epistle of Boscan to Don Diego Hurtado de Mendoza 26 1543. Petrarch and Boscan compared 34

GARCILASO DE LA VEGA.

His illustrious Descent 36 1503. His Birth 37 Accession of Charles V. 38 Death of Cardinal Ximenes 38 Election of Charles to the Imperial Crown, and his intended Departure for Germany 38 Revolution in Spain in consequence 38 Garcilaso distinguishes himself at the Battle of Pavia 39 1528. His Marriage 39 1532. Invasion of Hungary by Solyman 39 Garcilaso falls into Disgrace at Court 39 His Exile 39 His Ode in Commemoration of his Imprisonment 40 Muley Hassan driven out of Algiers by Barbarossa, who possesses himself of it 40 He fortifies the Citadel 41 Algiers invested by the Emperor Charles 41 Garcilaso serves in the Imperial Army; his Gallantry nearly proves fatal to him 41 Return of Charles to Italy 41 Garcilaso, his Residence at Naples 41 Quotation from his Elegy to Boscan 42 1535. (5th of August.) Cardinal Bembo, his Letter to a Friend in Commendation of Garcilaso 42 His Letter to Garcilaso 44 Charles V. enters France; he recals Garcilaso, and confers on him the Command over eleven Companies of Infantry 45 Epistle of Garcilaso to Boscan from Vaucluse 45 1536. Death of Garcilaso while attacking a Tower 46 His Character 47 His Children 47 His second Eclogue 47 Quotation from it 49 Translation of his Ode to the "Flower of Gnido" 53

MENDOZA.

His numerous Titles 58 1500. His Birth 58 His noble Extraction 58 Originality of his Genius 59 He studies Theology in the University of Salamanca 59 He leaves the Clerical Profession 59 Appointed Ambassador to Venice 59 1545. Deputed to attend the Council of Trent 60 1547. He is made Governor and Captain General of Siena 60 The Salvi 60 1545. A new Oligarchy erected in Siena 61 Revolt of Siena 61 Mendoza, his Government; he leaves Siena; on the Death of Paul III. he repairs to Rome to watch the Progress of the Conclave 62 The Sienese take Advantage of his Absence, and solicit the Aid of the French King 63 Mendoza applies to the Pope for Assistance; he evades his Request 63 1552. Loss of Siena to the Emperor 63 1554. Recal of Mendoza to Spain 64 1557. Battle of St. Quentin 65 Mendoza present at it; characteristic Adventure related of him 65 He composes his Work on "The History of the War of the Moriscos in Granada" 65 1776. A complete Edition of his Works published 67 1775. Death of Mendoza; his Character 67 Critique on his Poetry 68

LUIS DE LEON.

Preliminary Remarks 70 1527. His Birth 71 His Childhood 71 Becomes Doctor of Theology to the University of Salamanca 72 1561. His Election to the Chair of St. Thomas 72 His Enemies 72 1572. He translates the Song of Solomon into Spanish, for which he is imprisoned by the Inquisition at Valladolid 72 His Odes to the Virgin written during his Imprisonment 73 1576. His Liberation 76 He visits Madrid 76 1591. He is elected Vicar-General of his Province 76 (23d of August.) His Death 76 His Person 76 His Character 77 His Theological Works 78 His Translations 78 A Quotation from one of his Odes, and a Translation of it 79

FERNANDO HERRERA.

An Account of him by Rodrigo Caro 83 Opinions of different Spanish Writers on his Poems 86 His "Ode to Sleep" 87

SAA DE MIRANDA.

1494. His Birth 88 Style of his Poetry 88

JORGE DE MONTEMAYOR.

1520. His Birth 89 Origin of his Name 89 He emigrates to Castile 89 His Work "Diana," critical Remarks on it 89 1661. Supposed Time of his Death 92

CASTILLEJO.

1580. Fernando de Acuna 92 1550. Gil Polo 92 Cetina 93 1596. Cristoval Castillejo 93 His Satires 93

THE DRAMATISTS.

"Celestina, Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea" 95 The Plot of this Play 95 1515. A Translation of the Amphitryon of Plautus, printed, and of the Electra of Sophocles 96 Perez de Oliva 96 Obscurity of the earliest regular Dramas written in Spanish 97 Bartolomé Torres Naharro, his Dramatic Writings 97 Lope de Rueda, his Birth 98 Account of him by Cervantes 98 His Plays 99 State of Literature under Charles V. 100 Originality the Distinctive of the Spanish Character 101

ERCILLA.

Preliminary Remarks 103 1533. (7th of March.) Don Alonso de Ercilla; his Birth 104 His Ancestors 104 His Education 104 He is made Page of Honour to Prince Philip 104 Ambition of Charles V. 105 Insurrection of the Araucanos in South America 105 The Charge of subduing them committed to Geronimo de Alderete 105 Ercilla leaves the personal Service of the Prince, and follows the Adelantado to the East 106 Expedition of Don Garcia against the Araucanos 106 Ercilla distinguishes himself in the Indian War 107 Philip II. succeeds to the Throne of Spain 108 Ercilla escapes an early and disastrous End 109 Cruelties committed by Lope de Aguirre on the Indians at Venezuela 110 1562. Ercilla returns to Spain; his Marriage 111 He is appointed Chamberlain to Maximilian II. 112 1580. His Destitution and Abandonment 112 1595. The supposed Time of his Death 113 His Character 113 His "Araucana;" Analysis and partial Translation of it 115 Critique on it 116

CERVANTES.

Preliminary Remarks 120 1547. (9th of October.) His Birth 123 His Origin 123 His early Studies 123 1569. Death of Isabella of Valois, Wife of Philip II. 124 Lopez de Hoyos 124 Cervantes quits Madrid 125 1568. He enters the Service of the Cardinal Acquaviva 125 1569. He visits Rome 126 He enlists under General Antonio Colonna in the Campaign against the Turks 126 1571. The combined Fleets of Venice, Spain, and the Pope assemble at Messina 126 (7th of October.) Battle of Lepanto 127 Gallant Conduct of Cervantes 127 He is wounded, and remains in the Hospital at Messina six Months 128 1572. Don John of Austria 128 Second Campaign against the Turks 128 The Spaniards alone prosecute the War 128 Attempted and unsuccessful Assault on the Castle of Navarino 128 1573. The Venetians sign a Peace with Selim 129 Cervantes enters Tunis with the Marquis de Santa Cruz, and returns to Palermo with the Fleet 129 Cervantes obtains leave to return to Spain 129 The Galley he embarked in attacked by an Algerine 129 Squadron 129 He is taken Prisoner by the Arnaout Captain 130 Piracies carried on by the Algerine Corsairs 131 Their System 131 Interesting Details of the Captivity of Cervantes 131 His Tale of the "Captive" 131 1576. His first Attempt at Escape with some of his Companions 133 Its Failure 133 Gabrièl de Castañeda ransomed; he brings Letters from Cervantes to his Father 133 1577. His Father unable to procure Money to ransom both him and his Brother; Cervantes gives up his Share to secure the Freedom of his Brother 134 He arranges another Plan of Escape 134 1578. He is purchased by Hassan Aga 137 1579. He concerts a new Plan of Escape with the Renegade Abd-al-Rhamen 138 Is again betrayed 138 His Liberation 140 He refutes certain Calumnies, of which he was the Object 141 1581. Landing of Cervantes in Spain 142 He again enters the Army; he embarks in the Squadron of Don Pedro 143 1582. He serves in a naval Battle under Santa Cruz 143 1583. Also at the Taking of Terceira 143 1584. He publishes his "Galatea" 145 His Marriage 145 1588. He accepts the Situation of Commissary to the Invincible Armada 147 1593. His Office abolished 148 He manages the Affairs, and becomes the Friend, of Don Hernando de Toledo 148 His two Sonnets 149 The Subject of the first 149 1598. A magnificent Catafalque erected in the Cathedral of Seville on the Death of Philip II. 149 Sonnet of Cervantes to the Monument of the King at Seville 151 1594. Anecdote of a mercantile Casualty which happened to Cervantes; financial Annoyance 151 1597. Another Anecdote 152 1603. He removes to Valladolid 153 He becomes the Victim of litigious Proceedings 154 He composes his "Don Quixote" 155 1604. He returns to Spain 156 A Story respecting the Dedication of "Don Quixote" to the Duke of Bejar 157 1605. Disputes respecting the Existence of the "Buscapié" 158 Satires against "Don Quixote" 160 James I. of England sends Lord Howard to present a Treaty of Peace to Philip III., and to congratulate him on the Birth of his Son 161 An Account of these Festivities, written by Cervantes 161 An Event occurs by which Cervantes is greatly distressed 161 1606. He follows the Court to Madrid 163 Despotism and Bigotry extend their Influence over Spain 163 Kindness of Don Bernardo de Sandoval, Archbishop of Toledo, to Cervantes 163 1610. Count of Lemos made Viceroy of Naples 164 The Argensolas, surnamed the Horaces of Spain 164 Disappointment of Cervantes at their Neglect 164 Anecdote of Philip III. 165 1615. The Censorship of "Don Quixote" intrusted to Francisco Marquez Torres 166 His Account of the Neglect with which the Spaniards treated Cervantes 166 1608. Preface to the "Twelve Tales" of Cervantes 167 1614. He publishes his "Voyage to Parnassus" 168 Preface to his Work, "Comedias y Entremeses" 169 1615. Poetic Games 170 The "Don Quixote" of Avellanada 170 Indignation of Cervantes on its Publication 171 Illness of Cervantes 172 1616. His Excursion from Esquivias to Madrid 172 His Adieu to the World 173 His Dedication to his Protector, the Count of Lemos 174 (23d of April.) His Death 174 His Will 174 His Character 175 His "Galatea" 175 His "Numantia;" the Plot of this Play 176 His Comedy of "A Life in Algiers" 178 Godwin's Opinion of "Don Quixote" 182 Remarks on "Don Quixote" 182 Extracts from "Voyage to Parnassus" 184

LOPE DE VEGA.

His Career and that of Cervantes compared 189 Epithets of Praise heaped on him 190 1562. His Birth 190 His Parentage 191 His Boyhood 191 An Adventure related of him while at School 192 He becomes the Protégé of Geronimo Manrique, the Grand Inquisitor 193 He enters the University of Alcala 193 He enters the Service of the Duke of Alva 194 His "Arcadia;" a Detail of the Story 195 1598. Publication of the "Arcadia" 198 Lope de Vega leaves the Duke's Service 198 His Marriage 199 He is engaged in a Duel, which causes him to go to Valencia 199 He returns to Madrid; Death of his Wife 200 1588. He becomes a Soldier, and joins the Invincible Armada 200 His Eclogue to Claudio 200 1604. His Sonnets 200 A Translation of two of his Sonnets 202 Some Account of his "Dorotea" 204 Sanguine Expectations of the Invincible Armada 209 Piratical Expeditions of Drake and Hawkins excite the Animosity and Vengeance of the Spaniards 209 An animated Description of the setting forth of the Invincible Armada, by Lope de Vega 210 He composes "The Beauty of Angelica" 210 1590. He returns from the Armada, and enters the Service of Count Lemos 211 His second Marriage 211 1620. His Work, "The True Lover" 212 Extracts from his Epistles 213 Uncertain Dates of the various Events of his Life 216 1598. Canonisation of St. Isidro 217 The Reputation of Lope de Vega awakens the Enmity of Rivals and Critics 217 His War with Gongora 218 1616. His unexampled Popularity 219 1621. His Novel 219 His "Soliloquies on God" 220 His Poem on the Death of Mary Queen of Scots 220 Exaggerated Account of the Quantity of his Writings 220 Anecdote of him and Montalvan 221 Extract from his Poems 222 1635. His Presentiments of his approaching Dissolution 225 (18th of August) His Death 226 His Funeral 226 His Person 227 His Character 227 The "Dragon tea" 228 The "Jerusalem" 229 Difficulties of establishing the Theatre in Spain 230 Spanish Theatres 231 Analysis of the "Star of Seville," by Lord Holland 233 Sacred Dramas and Autos Sacramentales of Lope de Vega 235 Incongruities of his Plots 236

VICENTE ESPINEL. ESTEVAN DE VILLEGAS.

The Poetry of Spain 238 1544. Birth of Vicente Espinel 239 His Parentage 239 1634. His Death 240 1595. Birth of Estévan Manuel de Villégas, named the Anacreon of Spain 240 His Parentage 240 1618. His original Anacreontics published 240 1626. His Marriage 241 1669. His Death 241 Translation of one of his Sapphics 242

GONGORA.

1561. (11th of July.) His Birth 243 His Parentage 243 A cursory Review of his Life 243 1627. (24th of May.) His Death 244 His Person and Disposition 245 His early Poetry 245 His Style 245 His "Song of Catherine of Arragon" 246 Extract from his Songs 247 His System 248 Quotations from Lope de Vega, showing the Absurdity of Gongora's Style 248 The "Polyphemus" of Gongora 252 Extract from his "Solitudes" 252

QUEVEDO.

The Talent and Genius of the Spaniards during the fourteenth and fifteenth Centuries 255 Their Energies and Genius blighted by the Infamy of the Political Institutions 256 1580. (September.) Birth of Quevedo 256 His Parentage 256 He enters the University of Alcalà 256 A Circumstance occurs which obliges him to quit the Court 257 He takes refuge in Italy 258 Don Pedro Giron Duke of Osuna 258 His Character 258 The Court of Philip III. 258 Quevedo sent as Ambassador to Madrid 259 His Success; a Pension bestowed on him 259 Duke of Osuna advanced to the Viceroyalty of Naples; his Victories over the Turks 259 The Spanish Power threatens to become omnipotent in Italy 260 Charles Emanuel endeavours to make head against it 260 The Duke of Osuna opposes the Venetians 260 The lawless and dishonourable Means he takes 260 He protects the Uscocchi against the Venetians 260 The Merchants of Naples and the French make Representations at the Court of Madrid in consequence 260 Osuna ordered to suspend Hostilities 260 1618. The Bedmar Conspiracy 261 Quevedo and Osuna supposed to be implicated in the Plot 262 Quevedo escapes from Venice 262 Osuna continues Viceroy of Naples; he is suspected of intending to arrogate Power independent of the King 263 He is ordered to return to Madrid 263 Cautious proceedings of the Court with respect to him 264 Cardinal Don Gaspar de Borgia is named his Successor 264 Return of Osuna to Spain 264 1624. His Imprisonment and Death 264 1620. Quevedo, his attachment to Osuna 264 He is suspected of participating in his treasonable Designs 265 His Imprisonment in consequence 265 His Liberation 265 1632. He is made Secretary to the King 266 1634. He leaves the Church, and marries 266 His Wife dies 266 His own Words, alluding to his evil Fate 267 1641. He is suspected of being the Author of certain Libels; is arrested and imprisoned in Consequence 268 Two Letters of his 269 His Memorial to Count Olivarez 270 His Liberation 271 1647. (September 8th.) His Death 272 His Person 272 His Character 272 His Style 273 A singular Circumstance appertaining to his literary Career 274 Critique on his Prose Writings 275 His "Vision of Calvary" 276 His "Alguazil possessed" 277

CALDERON.

Misrule and Oppression destroy the Spirit and Intellect of Spain 278 Luzan 278 Moratin 278 1601. Birth of Calderon 279 His illustrious Descent 279 He enters the University of Salamanca 279 1620. He leaves Salamanca 280 1626. He enters the Military Service 280 He serves in the Milanese and Flanders 280 1637. He is recalled to Court 280 Innumerable Dramas appear under the patronage of Philip IV. 280 He summons Calderon to his Court 281 1650. Marriage of Philip VI. with Maria Ana of Austria 281 Calderon quits the military Career, and becomes a Priest 281 1654. He becomes Chaplain to the Royal Chapel at Toledo 282 1687. (May 29th.) His Death 282 His Character 282 Characteristics of his Plays 283 Character of his Poetry 285

THE EARLY POETS OF PORTUGAL RIBEYRO--GIL VICENTE--SAA DE MIRANDA--FERREIRA.

Original Portuguese Tongue 288 Alphonso Henriquez, Founder of the Portuguese Monarchy 288 Portuguese Poetry 289 1487. Bartolomeo Diaz doubles the Cape of Good Hope 289 Vasco de Gama visits the Shores of India 289 A Portuguese Kingdom founded in Hindostan 290 Bernardim Ribeyro, the Ennius of Portugal 290 Saa de Miranda, Founder of Portuguese Poetry 291 Gil Vicente, the Portuguese Plautus 292 Antonio Ferreira, the Portuguese Horace 292 1569. His Death 293 His Style 293

CAMOENS.

Camoens and Cervantes, their Destiny similar in many Respects 295 1817. The "Lusiad," Translation of it 295 Origin of the Family of Camoens 295 Derivation of his Name 296 1370. Vasco Perez de Camoens takes the Part of Castile against Portugal 297 1524. Birth of Camoens 298 1308. Foundation of the University of Coimbra by King Diniz 299 1537. Camoens enters the University of Coimbra 300 Extract from his fourth Canzone 301 Another Extract from another 301 1545. He leaves Coimbra 302 His Arrival at Court 302 He falls in Love; his Sonnet in Commemoration of this Occasion 303 The Poetry of Camoens and Petrarch compared 304 Translations of Camoens' Sonnets, by Doctor Southey 306 Exile of Camoens from the Palace 306 Writes several of his Lyrics during his Banishment 307 Lord Strangford's Translation of an Elegy written at this Time 307 1550. Bravery of Camoens while with the Troops at Ceuta 310 Loses one of his Eyes in a naval Engagement in the Straits of Gibraltar 310 1553. He embarks for India 310 Don Alfonso de Noronha, Viceroy of Goa 312 Camoens joins the Armament sent from Goa against the King of Cochin 312 Returns to Goa 312 Death of Antonio de Noronha 312 Camoens' Letter to a Friend, inclosing a Sonnet and Elegy on his Death 313 1554. Dom Pedro Mascarenhas succeeds Noronha in the Viceroyalty of Goa 315 Cruising of the Mahometans detrimental to the Portuguese 315 Expedition of de Vasconcellos to protect the Merchantmen 315 Camoens joins this Expedition 315 1555. Returns to Goa, and writes his ninth Canzone 315 Extortion and Tyranny of the Portuguese Government 316 Causes Camoens to write his Satire, "Follies of India" 316 1556. Departs from Goa in the Fleet which Barreto despatched to the South 317 Is appointed Commissary 317 Description of Camoens' Grotto at Macao 318 He composes the "Lusiad" 318 On his Return to Goa he is wrecked on the River Mecon 319 Arrives at Goa; the Kindness with which he is received by the new Governor, Dom Constantine de Braganza 320 Accused of Malversation in the Exercise of his Office at Macao 320 Extract from the "Lusiad" 320 Camoens pursues his military Career in India 321 He commemorates the Death of Dona Catarina de Atayde 322 Pedro Barreto appointed Governor of Sofala in the Mozambique 323 Camoens accompanies him 323 His dependent State 323 Quarrels with Barreto 323 Arrival of his Indian Friends, who supply his Wants, and invite him to accompany them 324 Barreto refuses to let him go until he paid 200 Ducats 324 He accompanies his Friends home 325 1569. Arrives at Lisbon 325 The Plague at Lisbon 325 Political State of the Kingdom disadvantageous to Camoens 325 1571. The "Lusiad" published 326 Melancholy Circumstances attending the last Days of Camoens 327 1578. Defeat of Sebastian in Africa 328 Its Effect on Camoens 328 1579. Last Scene of Camoens' Life 328 His Tomb 329 His Person 329 A Review of his Life 330 Extract from the "Lusiad," and a Critique on it 332

INDEX

A.

ABDORBHAMAN III., his efforts for the advancement of literature, III. 4.

Abreu, Duarte de, III. 324.

Acciajuolo, the seneschal, of Naples, I. 142.

Acquaviva, cardinal, III. 125.

Aga, Hassan, dey of Algiers, III. 138.

Aguirre, Lope de, III. 110.

Agyropylo, Giovanni, I. 163.

Alfieri, Vittorio, his birth and parentage, II. 250. His early education; placed at a public school at Turin, 252. System of education pursued at the academy, 253. Progress of his education, 255. Circumstances of his life greatly altered, 256. Anecdote characteristic of the obstinacy of his disposition, 258. Visits his mother at Genoa, 259. Admitted as ensign into the provincial regiment of Asti, 260. Visits Rome and Naples under the care of an English catholic, 261. Regards coldly those objects which render Rome a city of absolute enchantment, 262. Visits France and England, 263. Singularities of his character, 261. Circumstances of his entrance into Paris, 265. His enthusiasm on visiting London, 266. Becomes really in love, 267. Disappointed in a matrimonial project proposed to him by his brother-in-law, 268. Comes of age, according to the laws of his country, and sets out on his travels with an income of 1200_l_. a-year, and a large sum in ready money, 268. Visits England; his attachment to a lady of rank, 269. Is challenged by her husband, 270. Leaves his unworthy mistress, and pursues his travels, 271. Anecdote characteristic of the violence of his temper, 272. Becomes a cavalier servente to a lady of rank, 273. Determines to break off the disgraceful intercourse, 274. Gives the first token of the spirit of composition, in a sonnet in commemoration of the freedom he had acquired, 274. At the age of seven and twenty, enters into the difficult engagement with the public and himself, to become the writer of tragedies, 275. Difficulties which he had to overcome, 276. Resolves to pass six months in Tuscany, to learn, hear, and feel Tuscan only, 277. His labours in literature confined chiefly to formation of style, 278. Commencement of his friendship with Gori, 279. Commencement of his attachment to Louisa Stolberg, countess of Albany, 280. Energy and conciseness the distinguishing marks of his dramas, 282. Outline of his tragedy, entitled "Philip," 284. Takes up his residence at Rome, 286. Remarks on his sacred dramas, 287. His continued intimacy with the countess of Albany, 288. Goes into voluntary exile, to prevent any actual measures of prohibition and banishment, 290. Returns to Italy after two years, absence, 291. Outline of his tragedy, entitled "Myrrha," 292. Accompanies the countess of Albany to Paris, and establishes himself there, 293. Betakes himself to writing the memoirs of his life, 294. Remarks on his translation of the Æneid, 295. Driven from France by the revolution of 1791, 296. Returns to Florence with the countess of Albany, 297. His translation of "Sallust," an excellent specimen of style, 293. At the age of forty-six, applies himself with ardour to the study of the Greek language, 299. His melancholy increased by the irritation caused by political events, 300. His last illness and death, in the fifty-sixth year of his age, 301. Translation from a sonnet, in which he describes his own person, 302.

Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, I. 207.

Allegri, Francesco, I. 145.

Alphonso X., his zeal for literature; his poetry, III. 11.

Alphonso XI., his poems, III. 12.

Amalasunta, the Gothic queen of Spain, III. 3.

Andrea, prince of Hungary, I. 91.

Angelo, Michael, I. 34.

Angulo, doctor Gregorio de, III. 201.

Antiquário, Jacopo, I. 165.

Aquinas, Thomas, I. 9.

Archimedes, II. 3.

Aretino, I. 11.

Ariosto, Ludovico, his birth, parentage, and early education, I. 196. Composes a drama on the story of Pyramus and Thisbe, 197. Becomes eminent among his contemporaries for the critical skill with which he elucidated obscure passages in Horace and Ovid, 198. The golden age of his life shortened by the death of his father, 199. Obliged, at the age of four and twenty, to turn from quiet to active duties, and exchange Homer for waste books and ledgers, 200. Remarks on his satires, 201. Courted, admired, applauded, and of course envied, in the first circle of Italian society, both for his conversation, his learning, and his poetry, 202. Remarks on his work, entitled "Astolpho's Journey to the Moon," 203. Remarks on his "Orlando Furioso," 204. Sent by the duke of Ferrara, as ambassador to Rome, to pacify the wrath of Julius II., 205. His second embassy to Rome, and uncourteous reception from the pontiff, 206. Singular manner in which the duke retaliates for the indignity shown to himself and his representative, 207. Causes for the principal interruptions in his literary labours, 208. Refuses to accompany the cardinal Hippolito to visit his archbishopric in Segovia, 209. His whimsical letter to his brother Alessandro on the subject, 212. Persuaded to enter into the service of the duke of Ferrara, 217. His literary pursuits retarded by his struggles against the solicitudes, discomforts, and mortifications of narrow and precarious circumstances, 218. His curious reasons for not taking priest's orders, 219. Is patronised by Leo X., 219. His own account of Leo's ingratitude, 220. Extracts from his satires, 222. His description of his visit to Rome, and his specious reception by Leo, 223. Further extracts from his satires, 224. Simple, yet facetious, style of his fables, 225. Appointed to the government of Graffagnana, a mountainous district, lying between Modena and Lucca, 226. Story of a rencontre with some of his uncouth neighbours, 227. Extract from his Fifth Satire, 229. Invited to accept a third embassy to Rome, 230. His reason for refusing, as given in the Seventh Satire, 231. After three years, being released from the cares of his government, he returns with entire devotion of his time and talents to the "Sacred College of the Muses," 232. Anecdote, characteristic at once of his phlegm and his acuteness in his art, 233. Critique on his Seven Satires, 233. His last illness and death, 234. His person and character, 236. No poet of any age has more inseparably identified his conception with his language, 238. Impossibility of translating them, 239. Anecdote of, 241. Whimsical peculiarities of his personal habits, 242. His last hours, 243. Monuments to his memory, 244. Remarks on his works in general, 245. Review of his "Orlando Furioso," 250. Immoral tendency of his writings, 254.

Aristotle, II. 5.

Attila the Hun, I. 2.

Audibert de Noves, I. 68.

Ayala, III. 12.

B.

Barbariccia, I. 15.

Barbato, the chancellor of the king of Naples, I. 120.

Bardi, cavalier de, I. 6.

Barlaam, Bernardo, I. 91.

Barreto, Pedro, governor of Sofala, III. 323.

Barrili, Giovanni, I. 120.

Basseville, Hugh, II. 314.

Bazan, Don Alvaro, III. 113.

Beatrice Portinari, I. 6.

Bella, the mother of Dante, I. 2.

Bellarmine, cardinal, II. 33.

Bembo, Bernardo, I. 35.

Bembo, cardinal, I. 204.

Benavides, don Diego de, III. 141.

Bene, Sennucio del, I. 90.

Benedict XII., pope, I. 89.

Bermudez, Geronimo, a monk of the order of St. Dominic, author of the first original tragedy published in Spain, III. 97.

Berni, Francesco, his birth and early life, I. 188. Notice of his writings, 189.

Bianchi, I. 18.

Bibbiena, cardinal, I. 188.

Boccaccio, Giovanni di, his birth and parentage, I. 116. His early education, 117. His sensations on visiting the tomb of Virgil, 119. His first meeting with Petrarch, 120. His own account of his attachment to the lady Mary, natural daughter of Robert, king of Naples, 121. Description of her person, 122. Outline of his poem, entitled "Filocopo," 123. The first to render the _ottava rima_ familiar to the Italians, 124. Obliged to return to Florence, 125. The "Decameron," a model of the Tuscan dialect, 125. Writes his "Ameto," a composition of mingled prose and verse, the first of the kind, 126. Returns to Naples on his father's second marriage, 126. His description of the plague in Florence, 129. His works preached against and prohibited by Salvanorola, 130. Returns to Florence on the death of his father. Commencement of his intimacy with Petrarch, 131. Sent on various embassies, 132. His political negotiations, 133. His letter to Petrarch, expressing his regret and disappointment on his having taken up his abode at Milan, under the protection of Giovanni Visconti, 133. Petrarch's moderate answer, 134. Popularity of the "Decameron," 134. His disinterested love of letters, and extraordinary efforts to create and diffuse a knowledge of the Greek language and writers, 135. Spends large sums of money in the acquisition of ancient manuscripts, 136. Anecdote illustrative of his anxiety for the possession of them, 136. His unwearied and successful labour in the cause of Hellenic literature, 137. Obtains a decree from the Florentine government for the erection of a Greek professorship in their university, 138. Beneficial change in moral habits brought about by the admonitions and example of Petrarch, 138. The work begun by Petrarch, achieved by a singular circumstance, 139. His letter to Petrarch on the subject, 140. Adopts the clerical dress, and endeavours to suppress those writings which scandalised the pious, 142. Retreats from Florence, and takes up his abode at the castle of Certaldo, 143. Brief review of his later works, 144. Appointed, on two occasions, ambassador to pope Urban V., 145. His letter to Petrarch, describing his visit to the daughter and son-in-law of that poet, 146. Retires to the quiet of Certaldo, where he busies himself in the publication of his work of the "Genealogy of the Gods," 147. Appointed by the Florentine government to the professorship for the public explanation of the "Divina Commedia," 148. His last illness and death, 149.

Bojardo, Matteo Maria, his birth, parentage, and early life, I. 181. His marriage and death, 182. Abstract of the story of his "Orlando Innamorato," 183.

Boniface, pepe, VIII., I. 66.

Borgia, Cæsar, his early life, I. 265. His remorseless cruelty, 267. His conversations with Machiavelli, 268. Anecdote characteristic of his system of government, 279. His downfal, 281. His imprisonment and death, 284.

Boscan Almogaver, Mosen Juan, the first Spanish poet who introduced the Italian style, III. 21. Outline of his life, 22. Circumstances which induced him to introduce the Italian style, 23. His translation of Castiglione's "Libro del Cortigiano," 24. Commencement of his friendship with Diego de Mendoza, 25. Translation of his epistles in imitation of Horace, 26. His death, 32. His person, 33. Review of his writings, 34.

Boutervek, III. 8.

Bowring, Dr. his translation of the Spanish Cancionero, III. 9.

Bozzole, Federigo da, II. 66.

Bracciolini, Poggio, I. 151.

Brossana, Francesco, I. 105.

Bruni, Leonardo, I. 18.

Bruno, Giordano, II. 4.

Bubwith, Nicholas, bishop of Bath, I. 8.

Bulgarelli, Marianna, the prima donna, II. 191. Her friendship for Metastasio, 192. Her death, 198.

Buondelmonte, Zanobi, I. 304.

Burchiello, the word "burlesque" derived from his name and the style of his writings, I. 180.

Burney, Dr., his account of his visit to Metastasio in 1772, II. 210.