Chapter V

Vallière, mademoiselle de la, favourite of Louis XIV., I. 112. 119. 162. 225. 236.

Vega, Lope de, his "Verdad Sospechosa," I. 51. 102.

Vendôme, duke of, II. 6.

Versoi, village of, II. 100.

Verville, Béroalde de, his "Moyen de Parvenir," I. 36.

Victoire, the abbé de la, I. 263.

Villars, maréchale, de, II. 17.

Villars, duchess de, II. 9. 45.

Villette, M. and madame de, II. 102.

Virgil, extraordinary commentary on a line of, II. 144.

Vitart, M., uncle of Jean Racine, I. 301.

Voiture, his poetry addressed to Julie d'Angennes, I. 108. Fabulous adventure in punishment of his insolence towards her, 108. Is styled _Alcovist_, 109. His conceits, 153. Anecdote relative to, 159.

Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet de, observations of, I. 30. His pillage of Rabelais, 34. His Commentary on the "Cid," 45, n. 61. Patronises a lady descended from the daughter of Corneille, 61. His observation on the duke of Rochefoucauld's "Maxims," 63. His opinion of Molière, 146. On Pascal, 203, n. Of madame de Sévigné, 255. His censure of Boileau, 264, n. His "Siècle de Louis XIV.," 345, n. His letters, II. 1. His infidel principles, 2. Distinction between Christianity and that religion known as the church of Rome, 2. His birth in 1694, 4. Educated in the college of Louis-le-Grand, 5. Introduced to Parisian society, 6. His love for mademoiselle du Noyer, 8. His reconciliation with his father, M. Arouet, 9. Is placed as pupil with M. Alain, attorney, 9. Is enamoured with madame de Villars, 9. He visits M. de Caumartin, 10. His return to Paris, the duke of Orléans being regent, 11. Is sent to the Bastille for verses imputed to him, 11. Liberated on the mistake being proved, 11. Writes the "Henriade," 12. Its interest, 14. His tragedy of "Œdipus." 15. 19. His mode of life, 16. Visits the châteaux of the nobility, 16. Has the small-pox, 16. His tragedy of "Mariamne," 16. Visits Holland, 17. His quarrel with J. J. Rousseau, 17. Is insulted by Chev. de Rohan, challenges him; but is sent to the Bastille, banished, and visits England, 18. Studies Locke and Newton, 18. An edition of the "Henriade," in London, enriches him, 19. 20. Returns to Paris, 19. Success of his tragedies, 19. The priests detest him, 19. Acquires some wealth by his pen and by inheritance, 20. Purchases the estate of Voltaire, and assumes that name, 21. His attachment for madame du Châtelet, 21. His "Brutus" and "Eryphile" unsuccessful tragedies, 22. Pathos of his "Zaire," 22. Rapidly composed, 22. Its success, 22. Increase of his fame, 22. His "Charles XII.," 23. "Siècle de Louis XIV.," 23. 25. 30. 60. 64. Is constrained to withdraw into Normandy, having offended the clergy, 64. His "Lettres sur les Anglais," 64. Lettre de cachet issued against him for that publication, 24. 32. Conceals himself at the marquis du Châtelet's in Champagne, 32. His "Mérope," "Mahomet," &c., 25. He acts in a private theatre, 25. Writes the "Pucelle d'Orléans," 25. 28. 33. Revisits Cirey and the marquis du Châtelet, 26. 28. His conduct towards madame de Graffigny, 33. His "Correspondence" with Frederic the Great, 35. 37. The poet and king flatter and quarrel, 36. Visits Frederic in Germany, 39. "Mahomet" performed at Lille, 43. Desires a seat in the French Academy, 44. 56. Cabal to oppose him, 45. Success of his "Mérope," 45. Is sent to the Hague and to Berlin as an envoy from Louis XV., 46. He returns to France, 47. Visits the duchess du Maine, and writes "Zadig," 48. Acts at Sceaux the part of Cicero in his "Rome Sauvée," 48. He visits king Stanislas at Luneville, 49. 51. His "Semiramis," 49. Ill of fever at Chalons, 50. "Catiline," 51. He settles in Paris, and receives his niece madame Denis to preside in his house, 55. 55. Private theatre in his house, 55. Account of Voltaire by Le Kain, 54. Visits Frederic at Potsdam, 57. Is appointed chamberlain by that monarch, 58. A pension granted him, 59. Discontents, 61. Frederic requiring a strict attention to his injunctions, 69. Voltaire rendered suspicious, 63. Becomes indignant, 66. Satirizes Maupertuis, 66. 67. His amicable interview with the monarch, 68. He repairs to Saxe Gotha, 69. Meets madame Denis at Frankfort, 69. Is arrested, 69. Letter of the king, 70. 71, n. His journey to Lyons, 71. Consults Dr. Tronchin at Geneva on his health, 72. Purchases a house near Geneva named "Les Delices," 71. 74. Composes tragedies, and writes "Candide," 74. His "Manners and Spirit of Nations," 74. Some dangers impend over him, 75. Force of his satire, 75. His château of Ferney on the borders of France and Geneva, 76. The "Encyclopédie," begun by Diderot and d'Alembert, 77. Voltaire writes some literary articles for it, 77. Case of Jean Calas, broken on the wheel on a false accusation, 79. Voltaire succeeds in proving his innocence, 81. Exculpation and relief of the surviving family, 82. Case of the Sirven family, 83. Case of the chevalier de la Barre, 84. Heaps ridicule on Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 88. His conversation delightful, 90. Visited by Marmontel, 91. By the countess de Genlis, 94. Attempted persecution of, by the bishop of the diocese, 99. Residence of Voltaire, through his active spirit of charity and improvement, a blessing to the district, 100. He repairs to Paris in 1788, 102. His tragedy of "Irene," 103. Honourable reception of the poet, 103. His profession of faith, 104. His death, 106. His friendly and forgiving nature, 107. Criticism on his works, 109. His plays, 109. Was visited at Ferney by Condorcet and d'Alembert, 176.

W.

Wagner, M., secretary of Voltaire, II. 105.

Walpole, Horace, his fictitious letter on the subject of Rousseau, II. 159. 161. His contempt of Rousseau, 164.

Warens, countess de, II. 117. Her history told by Jean Jacques Rousseau, 117-128. 137.

Winterfeld, baron de, II. 9.

Winterfeld, baroness de, formerly Mlle. du Noyer, II. 8. 9.

Wycherly, his comedy, "The Country Girl," imitated from Molière, I. 117.

THE END.

TABLE,

ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,

TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF

LIVES OF

EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.

DANTE ALEGHIERI.

A. D.

His Descent 1 1265. His Birth 2 His Mother's Dream 3 Brunetto Latini 4 Story of his early Love for Beatrice 6 1290. Her Death 7 "Vita Nuova" 7 Uncertain Traditions concerning the early Part of Dante's Life 9 His Marriage with Madonna Gemma 10 The Guelfs and Ghibelines 13 1289. The Battle of Campaldino 14 Dante serves in the Cavalry 14 Extract from his Inferno, Canto XXII., giving an Account, of this Conflict 15 He again takes the Field at the Siege of Caprona 15 Extract from the Inferno, Canto XXI. 15 He is chosen chief Prior of his native City 16 Origin of the Schism between the Bianchi and the Neri 17 The Cerchi and the Donati 18 Banishment of the principal Instigators of the Neri and the Bianchi 19 Dante suspected of favouring the Bianchi Party 20 He vindicates himself 20 Entrance of Charles into Florence 20 The Recal of the Neri 20 Six Hundred of the Bianchi driven into Exile 21 Embassy of Dante to Rome 21 Boccaccio accuses him of Self-confidence and Disparagement of others 21 Confiscation of Dante's Property 22 His Banishment 22 He joins the Confederates of the Bianchi at Arezzo 23 Their unfortunate Expedition against Florence 23 Pietro Petracco 23 Dante quits the Confederacy 23 His personal Humiliation 24 Extract from his "Purgatorio" 24 1308. Henry of Luxembourg raised to the Throne of Germany 26 Dante professes himself a Ghibeline 26 1313. Henry of Luxembourg poisoned 26 Dante dedicates his "De Monarchia" 26 He wanders from one petty Court to another 27 Busone da Gubbio affords him shelter at Arezzo 27 Anecdote of him while at Verona 28 Guido Novello da Polenta, Lord of Ravenna 29 Mental Sufferings of Dante 30 His Letter to a Friend who had obtained Leave for him to return to his Country 31 Extracts from his "Paradiso" 32 His Residence at Ravenna 32 1321. His Death 33 A Copy of his "Divina Commedia" embellished by Michael Angelo 34 Dante--his Tomb at Ravenna 35 Restoration of his Property to his Family 35 The "De Monarchia" publicly burnt at Rome, by Order of the Pope 35 Description of Dante by Boccaccio 36 Musical Talents of Dante 37 Extract from his "Purgatorio" 37 His two Sons the first Commentators 39 Lyrics of Dante 41 Origin of the "Divina Commedia" 43 Observations on the Title of the "Divina Commedia" 44 Extracts from the "Inferno" 46 Strictures on it 51 And on the "Inferno" 53

PETRARCH.

1302. His Progenitors 61 Their Banishment from Florence 61 1305. Petrarch and his Mother return from Banishment 62 1312. They remove to Pisa 62 They proceed to Avignon 62 1315. They quit this for Carpentras, where Petrarch becomes acquainted with Settimo 63 1319. He enters the University of Montpellier 63 His Father destines him for the Law 63 His Aversion to it 64 1323. He goes to Bologna 64 His Recal to France, on the Death of his Father; he abandons the Law 64 He resides with his Brother at Avignon; he becomes a Favourite with the Nobles 65 His Person 65 His Friendship for John of Florence 65 Giacomo Colonna; his illustrious Descent 66 His Friendship for Petrarch 67 Character of Petrarch 68 1327. (April 6th.) His Acquaintance with Laura 68 His Devotion to her 70 His poetic Life commences 71 His Patriotism 72 1330. Giacomo Colonna made Bishop of Lombes; Petrarch accompanies him to his Bishoprick 72 His Friendship for Lello and Louis 72 1331. He makes the Tour of France, Flanders, and Brabant 73 He meets with a Disappointment at Lyons 75 His Arrival at Rome 76 (August 6th.) He returns to Avignon 76 His Excursion to Mont Ventoux 76 His Letter to Father Dionisio Robertis 77 His Retirement to the Valley of Vaucluse 78 A Description of it 78 Version of one of Petrarch's Canzoni, by Lady Dacre 80 Criticisms on Petrarch's Italian Poetry 81 Philip de Cabassoles, Bishop of Cavaillon, becomes the Intimate of Petrarch 83 Letter of Petrarch to Giacomo Colonna 84 1340. Petrarch receives Letters from Rome and Paris, inviting him to accept the Crown of Poetry; he accepts the former 85 1341. His Reception at the Court of King Robert of Naples 86 (April 17th.) His Coronation 86 He leaves Rome and arrives at Parma 87 He meets Azzo Correggio 87 Death of Giacomo Colonna 87 Early Death of Thomas of Messina 87 Petrarch's Grief for the Loss of these Friends 88 He and Rienzi sent on an Embassy to Rome, on the Accession of Pope Clement VI. 89 He meets Laura at Avignon 89 His Confidants 90 1343. Death of Robert, King of Naples 91 He is succeeded by his Daughter Giovanna 91 Mission of Petrarch to Queen Giovanna 92 1345. Nicola di Rienzi seizes upon the Government of Rome, and assumes the Name of Tribune 92 Change produced by him in the State of the Country 92 Petrarch offered a Bishoprick, which he refuses 93 1347. He leaves Avignon, and repairs to Parma 94 Downfal of Rienzi 94 1348. The Plague in Italy 94 (January 25th.) An Earthquake 94 (April 6th.) Death of Laura 94 Petrarch's Account of it 94 1350. He visits Rome on Occasion of the Jubilee 98 Assassination of Giacomo da Carrara, Lord of Padua 98 1351. Restitution of Petrarch's paternal Property 99 Arrival of Petrarch at Avignon 100 His Letter to Pope Clement VI. on the Choice of a Physician 100 He revisits Vaucluse 100 1352. Death of Pope Clement VI. 100 Petrarch visits the Carthusian Convent 101 His Treatise "On Solitary Life" 101 1353. He crosses the Alps, and visits Milan 101 1354. Is invited by Charles, Emperor of Germany, to visit Mantua 102 He exhorts Charles to deliver Italy 102 1355. Petrarch at Milan 103 He is sent on two Missions--one to Venice, the other to Prague 103 1360. Invasion of France by the English 103 Petrarch sent to congratulate King John on his Return from Imprisonment 103 He returns to Italy 104 His Letter to Settimo 104 1361. Italy again visited by the Plague 105 Death of Petrarch's Son 105 Marriage of Francesco, Daughter of Petrarch 106 The Poetry of Dante and Petrarch compared 106 "The Triumph of Death" 107 Petrarch's Description of Laura's Death 107 1363. Boccaccio, his Attachment for Petrarch 110 Leonzio Pilato's Death 110 1367. Petrarch's Letter to Pope Urban V. 110 His Reply 110 1369. Petrarch suffers from Fever 110 1372. (January.) His Letter to a Friend who had asked him, "how he was" 112 1374. His Opinion of the Decameron of Boccaccio 113 His Death 114 His Will 114

BOCCACCIO.

Origin of his Family 115 1313. His Birth 116 1329. He enters on the Study of the Canonical Law 117 1333. His Dislike for this Study 117 He goes to Naples 117 1338. He visits the Tomb of Virgil 118 A Description of it 118 Boccaccio--his Admiration of it 119 1341. Another Circumstance occurs which confirms his Predilection for Literature 120 Commencement of his Attachment for Lady Mary 121 Some Account of her 121 Her Person 122 His first Book, "Filocopo" 123 The Story of it 123 His Style 124 1342. His Recal to Florence on the Death of his Father 125 His "Ameto" 126 1344. He returns to Naples 126 Death of King Robert 126 Queen Jane and her Court 126 "Filostrato," of Boccaccio 126 His "Amorosa Fiammetta" and "Amorosa Visione" 127 1348. He writes "The Decameron" 127 The Preface 127 Description of the Plague in Florence 128 Critique on the "Decameron" 130 1497. Burning of the "Decameron" 130 1527. The "Ventisettana" and "Delphin" edition of the "Decameron" published 130 1350. Return of Boccaccio to Florence 131 His various Embassies 131 1351. He visits Petrarch at Padua 132 He is sent to Bohemia to Louis of Bavaria 133 1354. Again sent on a Mission to Avignon 133 His violent Party Feelings 133 His Letter to Petrarch 133 Petrarch's Answer 134 Boccaccio--his enthusiastic Love for the Study of the Ancients 135 His celebrated Copy of Dante 136 He visits Petrarch at Milan 137 Moral Change in him 137 1361. A singular Circumstance occurs which achieves this moral Work 139 He communicates this Circumstance to Petrarch 140 Petrarch's Letter in Answer 140 1363. Power and Influence of Acciajuolo, Seneschal of Naples 142 He invites Boccaccio to his Palace 142 His unworthy Treatment of Boccaccio 143 He removes from his Palace in consequence 143 He returns to Florence 143 His Residence at Certaldo 144 His Work, "De Casibus Virorum et Færainarum Illustrium" 145 1355. His Embassy to Pope Urban V. 145 He projects a Visit to Venice 145 His Letter to Petrarch, whom he missed seeing 145 1370. His Visit to Niccolo di Montefalcone, Abbot of the Carthusian Monastery of San Stefano, in Calabria 147 1372. He visits Naples 147 1373. He returns to his Retreat at Certaldo 147 His Work on "The Genealogy of the Gods" 147 The Professorship for the Public Explanation of the "Divina Commedie" conferred on him 148 1374. Petrarch's Death 149 Grief of Boccaccio 149 1375. (December 21st.) Death of Boccaccio 149

LORENZO DE' MEDICI.

Ficino, Pico Della Mirandola, Politian, the Pulci, &c. 151 1438. Platonic Doctrines in Italy 151 Gemisthus Pletho 151 The Medicean Library founded by Cosmo 152 1464. His Death 152 Lorenzo de' Medici succeeds to his Father's Wealth and Influence 152 1478. The Pazzi Conspiracy 152 1479. Pope Sixtus VI. leagues all Italy against Florence 152 1480. Lorenzo de' Medici--his Firmness and Talents 152 He induces the King of Naples to conclude a Treaty with Florence 153 A Yearly Anniversary of Plato's Death instituted 153 Lorenzo de' Medici--his Commentary on his first Sonnet 155 Extract of a Translation of one of his Sonnets 156 His "Nencia da Barbarino" 157 And another, "Canzoni Carnaleschi" 157 His descriptive Poems 158 1492. His Death 159

MARSIGLIO FICINO.

1433. His Birth 159 He is adopted by Lorenzo de' Medici 160 His "Platonic Institutions" 160 His "Treatise on the Origin of the World" 160 1468. He assumes the Clerical Profession 160 1475. He obtains the Cure of two Churches and Cathedral of Florence 160 1499. (October 1st.) His Death 161

GIOVANNI PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA.

1463. His Birth 161 His Parentage 161 He visits Rome 161 His 900 Propositions published 162 1494. His Persecution and Death 162

ANGELO POLIZIANO.

1454. (July 24th.) His Birth 162 In Florence, he attracts the Attention of Lorenzo de' Medici 163 He engages him as Tutor to his Children 164 He obtains the Professorship of Greek and Latin in the University of Florence 165 1492. His Letter to Jacopo Antiquário 165 Disasters which befell the Medici 166 Politian's Monody on Lorenzo 166 1494. (September 24th.) Politian.--His Death 167

BERNARDO PULCI.

His Origin 167 His Works 167

LUCA FULCI.

His Works 167

LUIGI PULCI.

Author of the "Morgante Maggiore" 168 Critique on "Morgante Maggiore" 168 The Family of the Heroes of Romance 169 Extract from the "Morgante Maggiore" 171 The Subject of the Poem 172

CIECO DA FERRARA.

1509. Author of "Mambriano" 179

BURCHIELLO.

1448. His Death 180

BOJARDO.

Matteo Maria Bojardo; his Ancestors 181 1434. His Birth 181 His Parents 181 His Education 181 1469. He is sent out as one of the Noblemen to welcome Frederic III. to Ferrara 181 1471. Borso, Marquess of Ferrara, created Duke 181 Bojardo accompanies him to Rome on his Investiture 181 1472. Marriage of Bojardo to Taddea 182 1473. Bojardo selected by the Duke of Ercole to escort his Wife to Ferrara 182 1478. He is made Governor of Reggio 182 1494. His Death 182 His Lyrical Poetry 182 His Classical Works 182 An Extract from his "Orlando Innamorato" 183

BERNI.

Francesco Berni 188 His Birth 188 His early Life 188 The Vignaiuoli established at Rome by Oberto Strozzi 188 1526. Rome plundered by the Colonna 188 1536. (July 26th.) Death of Berni 189 Publication of his "Rifacimento" 189 Alterations made by Berni in "Orlando Innamorato" 192 His introductory Stanzas which he appended to each Canto 193 His Person and Disposition 193 An Extract as a Specimen of his Humour 194 Bernese Poetry 195

ARIOSTO.

1474. (September 8th.) Ludovico Ariosto, his Birth 196 His Lineage 196 His early Studies 197 Latin the universal Language of Writers 198 The Transmutation and Transfusion of the dead Languages into modern Tongues 199 Death of Ariosto's Father 199 His pecuniary Difficulties in consequence 199 His filial and paternal Affection 200 His Brothers Gabriele and Galasso 200 His Sisters 200 A Quotation from his second Satire, alluding to his Mother 201 His Bagatelles 202 He composes his "Orlando Furioso" 203 His Answer to Cardinal Bembo, who advises him to write it in Latin 204 The Duke of Ferrara threatened with the Thunders of the Vatican 204 Ariosto sent as Ambassador to Rome on this Occasion 205 Julius II. enters into a League with the Venetians 205 The Papal Forces defeated at Ravenna 205 The Capture and Dispersion of the Republican Squadron on the River Po 205 Ariosto, his gallant Conduct on this Occasion 205 His second Embassy to Rome 206 His uncourteous Reception by the Pontiff 206 Emperor Alfonso, his fruitless Negotiations with the implacable Julius 207 And the perfidious Treatment he receives 207 The singular Manner in which he retaliates 207 1515. The first Edition of the "Orlando Furioso" 208 Succeeding Reprints and Variations of it 208 1532. The last Edition 208 Ariosto refuses to accompany Cardinal Hippolito to his Bishoprick 208 Their consequent Estrangement 209 A Story of Hippolito, his natural Brother, and a Lady to whom they both paid their Addresses; the infamous and unnatural Conduct of the Cardinal 209 Independence of Ariosto 210 Ease, Freedom, and Independence necessary to the Life of a Poet 210 Letter of Ariosto to his Brother Alessandro 212 Ariosto enters the Service of Duke Alfonso 217 Discomforts and Mortifications of his precarious Circumstances 218 His Reasons for not taking Orders 219 Pope Leo X. issues a Bull in favour of the "Orlando Furioso" 219 What Claims had Ariosto on the Bounty of Leo X.? 220 Extracts from his Satires 221 The Dignity and Ease he enjoys at the Court of Alfonso 226 His Government of Graffagnana 226 His Rencontre with some of his uncouth Neighbours 227 Baretti, his Version of this Anecdote 228 Extract from his Satires 229 He is invited to accept a third Embassy to Rome 230 His Answer to Bonaventura Pistolfo 230 His Release from his Government 232 He perfects his "Orlando;" his Dramatic Works 232 A curious Anecdote of him when a Child 232 Remarks on his Writings 234 1532. Ariosto, his last Illness 234 Apocryphal Traditions of him 235 His Person 235 His Character 236 His Sons 237 His Elegies, Sonnets, and Madrigals 237 A Translation of one of his Sonnets 238 Difficulty of translating his Works 239 English Versions of his "Orlando Furioso" 239 His Recitation 240 Anecdote of him 240 His whimsical Peculiarities; his Habits 241 His Reveries 242 His last Hours 243 His Monument 244 Sketch of the Outline of the "Orlando Furioso" 245 Critical Remarks on it 247 A Sequel and Imitation of it 250

MACHIAVELLI.

850. Origin of his Family 256 1469. (February 3d.) His Birth 257 His Parentage 257 Nothing known of his Childhood and Education 257 Paul Jovius 257 1494. Machiavelli Secretary under Marcellus Virgil 257 1497. Florence agitated by the Prophet Salvanorola 258 Marcellus Virgil elected High Chancellor 258 1498. Machiavelli made Chancellor of the Second Court 258 Is Secretary of the Council of Ten 259 His Missions to various Sovereigns and States 259 1492. Italy convulsed by foreign Armies and domestic Quarrels 259 Ludovico Sforza invites Charles VIII. of France into Italy, instigating him to assert his Right to the Neapolitan Crown 260 1493. Entrance of the French into Italy; causes great Commotion in Florence; the Overthrow and Exile of the Medicean Family 260 Italy overrun by Charles 260 The Italian System of Warfare 260 1498. Death of Charles VIII. 261 Louis XII. succeeds him; his speedy Conquest of Milan 261 1501. Pisa, under the Rule of Florence, repines at its Servitude; they implore Charles to restore their Independence 261 1500. Pisa besieged by the Florentines 262 Machiavelli and Francesco della Caza employed by the Republic as Envoys to the French Court; curious Style of their Instructions 262 They fail in their Object, and return to Italy 263 Machiavelli, his Mission to Cæsar Borgia 263 Roderigo Borgia chosen Pope; he assumes the Name of Alexander VI. 264 His Character 264 Cæsar Borgia raised to the Rank of Cardinal; his Dislike to the Church 264 His Jealousy of his Brother, the Duke of Candia, whom he causes to be waylaid and murdered 264 He abdicates the Cardinal's Hat, and obtains the Duchy of Valence in France 265 He determines to form the Principality in Italy 265 His Encroachments supported by an Alliance with Louis XII. 265 His Attack on Bologna 266 Revolt of his chief Condottieri 266 Conspiracy of Magione 267 1502. Arrival of Machiavelli at Imola 268 His Interview with Caesar Borgia 268 His Opinion of him 268 Cæsar Borgia, his Method of defending himself 269 His Policy 269 Paolo Orsino, his Arrival at Imola 269 Machiavelli, his Letter to the Signoria of Florence 269 His Conversation with Cæsar Borgia 270 His Admiration of Borgia's Talents 271 Machiavelli solicits to be recalled 271 Treaty between Caesar Borgia and the Confederates 271 Letter of Machiavelli on this Subject 272 Borgia leaves Imola 273 Machiavelli follows the Court to Cesena 273 His Letter 273 He again writes from Cesena 274 The Confederates sent to Sinigaglia 275 Arrival of Borgia at Sinigaglia 275 He causes the Orsini and Vitellozzo to be taken Prisoners 275 Machiavelli, his Account of this Transaction 275 His Letter 275 Treacherous and cruel Revenge of Borgia on the Confederates 276 (January 8th.) Machiavelli, his Letter to the Republic 277 1503. His Recal to Florence 278 His Description of the Method used by the Valentian Duke in putting to death Vitellozzo Vitelli 278 The "Decenal" 278 An Anecdote of Cæsar Borgia 279 Narrow Escape of Cæsar Borgia at Rome, it is supposed from Poison 280 (August 28th.) Sudden Death of his Father, Pope Alexander 281 Accession of Pope Pius III. 281 Fall of the Fortunes of Cæsar Borgia 281 Machiavelli's Embassy to Rome to influence the Consultations concerning the future Destination of Cæsar Borgia 281 Julius II. 281 Borgia sent to Romagna in the Name of the Holy See 282 Cardinal Volterra sent after him with a Requisition; Borgia refuses to comply; he is arrested in consequence, and sent on board a French Galley 283 He is brought back to the Vatican; he is liberated 283 He goes to Naples 283 He forms new Schemes, is again arrested, and confined in the Fortress of Medina del Campo 284 1506. His Escape and Death 284 1504. Machiavelli leaves Rome, and goes to France 284 Peace between France and Spain 284 1506. Formation of a native Militia in Florence 285 Pope Julius II., his Projects 285 The Florentines delegate Machiavelli to the Court Militant at Rome; his Letters 285 1507. Francesco Vettori treats with the Emperor Maximilian at Trent 286 1508. Machiavelli sent with the Ultimatum of the Florentines to Trent 286 On his Return, writes his "Account of Germany" 286 1509. Pisa besieged by the Florentines 286 Machiavelli sent to assist them 286 Enmity between Louis XII. and the Pope 287 1510. Machiavelli, his Mission to Louis; his Letters 287 His Audience with the King at Blois 288 1511. Pietro Soderini elected Doge of Florence 288 Louis determines to dethrone him; Florence offers him Pisa for it 288 Terrified by the Menaces of the Pope, they send Machiavelli to recal this Offer 288 Disastrous War, the Consequence 289 1512. Diet of Mantua 289 Overthrow of the existing Government of Florence 289 Restoration of the Medici 289 Machiavelli deprived of his Place 291 Conspiracy against the Medici 291 Machiavelli supposed to be implicated; is thrown into Prison in consequence 291 He is included in an Amnesty of the new Pope, Leo X. 291 1513. His Letter to Francesco Vettori; his Liberation 291 Letter of Vettori to Machiavelli 292 His Letter in Reply 292 Vettori, his Endeavours in behalf of Machiavelli 293 Machiavelli, his Letter to Vittori 294 Analysis of his Work, called the "Prince" 297 Machiavelian Policy 300 His Essays on the first "Decade of Livy" 304 His "Art of War" 304 His "Belfegor" 304 His Comedies 304 1514. His Letter to Vettori 305 1519. Address of Pope Leo X. to Machiavelli; his Advice 306 Machiavelli, his Reply 306 His "Essay on the Reform of the Government of Florence" 306 1521. Machiavelli Ambassador to the Minor Friars at Carpi 306 Letter of Francesco Guicciardini on his Appointment; Machiavelli, his Reply 307 1524. Cardinal Julius commissions him to write the History of Florence 307 1526. Cardinal Julius becomes Pope Clement VII.; he makes Machiavelli his Historiographer 308 Deplorable State of Italy 308 Constable Bourbon at Milan 308 Machiavelli sent by the Pope to inspect the Fortifications at Florence 309 1527. Arrival of Bourbon at Bologna 309 A Truce concluded between Clement VII. and Charles V. 310 (6th of May.) Sack of Rome 310 Machiavelli assists the Italians in relieving the Pope, who is besieged in the Castel Sant' Angelo 310 He returns to Florence 310 His Death 311 His Wife and Children 311 His Person and Character 311 1782. Complete Edition of his Works published 312 His Descendants 312

TABLE

ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,

TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF

LIVES OF

EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.

GALILEO.

A. D

1564. (15th of February.) His Birth 1 His Ancestors 2 His early Years 3 1581. A Scholar of Arts at the University of Pisa 3 Studies Medicine under Andrew Cæsalpinus 3 His Work on the Hydrostatical Balance 4 Guido Ubaldi engages him to investigate the Centre of Gravity of solid Bodies 4 Appointed Lecturer of Mathematics at the University of Pisa 4 1600. Giordano Bruno burnt 4 Galileo attacks by Argument and Experiment the Aristotelian Laws of Gravity 5 Opposition of the Aristotelians to his Discoveries 6 A Method of clearing out the Harbour of Leghorn proposed by Don Giovanni de' Medici 6 Galileo opposes this Opinion; is persecuted in consequence 6 1592. He obtains the Professorship of Mathematics at the University of Padua 6 1593. Account of his Conversion to the Copernican System 7 He meets with an Accident 9 He completes his first Engagement at Padua 9 1598. Is re-elected other six Years 9 Accusation brought against him with respect to Marina Gamba 10 1604. A new Star excites the Attention of Galileo 10 1606. Again re-elected to the Professorship of Padua 10 His increasing Popularity 10 His Examination of the Properties of the Loadstone 10 1500. Doctor Gilbert's Work, the "De Magnete," published 11 1603. His Death 11 Cosmo proposes to Galileo to return to Pisa 11 The Arrangements suggested by Galileo, and the Manner of urging them 12 Dutch Telescopes 13 Galileo constructs his first Telescope 13 Interest which the Telescope excited in Venice 14 The Art of cleaning and polishing Lenses very imperfect 15 Results of the Observations of Galileo on the Moon 16 His Examination of the fixed Stars 16 1610. The Satellites of Jupiter discovered by Galileo 18 Galileo's Work, the "Sidereal Messenger," published 18 Reception which these Discoveries met with from Kepler 19 Horky; his Work against the Discoveries of Galileo 20 Simon Mayer 21 Discovery of new Satellites 21 First Enigma of Galileo published 23 His Observations on Saturn and Venus 23 1611. His Reception at Rome; he erects his Telescope in the Quirinal Garden 24 (March.) He discovers the Solar Spots 24 1610. Thomas Harriot discovers the Solar Spots (in December) 25 Professor Scheiner; his Letters on the Subject of the Solar Spots 26 These Letters answered by Galileo 26 Faculæ or Luculi discovered on the Sun's Disc, by Galileo 26 His Observations on Saturn 27 The Subject of floating Bridges discussed 28 Galileo "On Floating Bodies" 28 1613. His Letter to the Abbé Castelli 31 Caccini attacks Galileo from the Pulpit 31 Luigi Maraffi apologises to Galileo for this Conduct 31 Galileo, his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christian 31 1615. (26th of February.) Galileo appears before the Inquisition 31 He renounces his Opinions 33 The Copernican System condemned by the Inquisition 34 1616. Interview of Galileo with Pope Paul V. 34 Letter of Querenghi to the Cardinal D'Este 34 Negotiations of Galileo with Spain 35 1618. Three Comets appear 36 1619. Discourse on Comets by Marco Guiducci 36 "The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance" 37 1623. Galileo, his Work "Il Saggiatore" 37 Accession of Cardinal Barberini to the papal Throne 37 1624. Galileo, his Visit to Pope Urban VIII. 38 His Reception 38 1629. Death of Cosmo 39 Pecuniary Difficulties of Galileo 39 1630. Work of Galileo demonstrating the Copernican System 41 1632. "The System of the World of Galileo Galilei" 42 Influence of this Work on the public Mind 43 Galileo summoned to appear before the Inquisition 44 1633. (14th of February.) He arrives at Rome 45 Is visited by Cardinal Barberini; his Kindness to him 46 Trial of Galileo 47 (22d of June.) His Sentence 48 His Abjuration 49 What Excuse is there for his Humiliation and Abjuration? 50 Imprisonment of Galileo 52 He leaves Rome 52 He returns to Arcetri 52 Death of his Daughter 53 His Indisposition and Melancholy 53 1638. He obtains Permission of the Pope to return to Florence 53 Continued Kindness of the Grand Duke of Tuscany for him 54 His "Dialogues on Local Motion" 54 Discovery of the Moon's Libration 55 1637. Blindness of Galileo 56 He is visited by a Number of Strangers 58 1642. (8th of January.) His Death 58 His Epitaph and Monument 95 His House 60 His domestic Character 60 His Person 60 His scientific Character 61

GUICCIARDINI.

1482. (6th of March.) His Birth 63 His Parentage 63 His Education 64 He obtains the Degree of Doctor of Laws 64 His Marriage 64 Sent as Ambassador, by the Republic, to Ferdinand King Aragon 65 He returns home 65 Leo X. visits Florence 65 Guicciardini sent to receive him at Cortona 65 He makes him Governor of Reggio and Modena 66 Death of Leo 66 Guicciardini, his memorable Defence of Parma 66 Made President of Romagna 67 His Administration 67 Made Lieutenant-general of the Pontifical Army 67 The Power of the Medici becomes odious in Florence 67 Dangers to which Clement VII. is exposed 67 The Palace of Government seized by the younger Nobility 67 Federigo da Bozzole sent to treat for it 68 Guicciardini, his Zeal in the Cause of the Medici 69 Reconciliation between Charles V. and Pope Clement VII. 69 Their united Arms turned against Florence 69 Second Restoration of the Medici 70 Overthrow of the Liberties of Florence 70 The Office of Gonfaloniere established 70 Alessandro de' Medici named Duke 70 His disgraceful Birth 70 His Vices 71 Guicciardini resigns the Government of Romagna 71 Murder of the Duke Alexander by Lorenzino de' Medici 72 Cosmo raised to the supreme Power 72 Guicciardini retires to his Country Seat at Montici 72 1540. (27th of May.) His Death 74

VITTORIA COLONNA.

Women who aspired to literary Fame in Italy 75 1465. Cassandra Fedele born; Politian's Letter to her 76 1490. Vittoria Colonna, her Parentage 77 Her Marriage with the Marquess of Pescara 77 Pescara made General of the Army at Ravenna 77 His Testimony of Affection to his Wife 77 Her Answer 78 Death of Pescara 78 Vittoria Colonna, her Grief in consequence 79 Her Poetry 80 Her Friendship for Cardinal Pole and Michael Angelo 81 1547. Her Death 81

GUARINI.

1537. His Birth 82 Little known of his early Life 82 His Marriage 82 1565. His Embassy to Venice to congratulate the new Doge, Pietro Loredano 83 1571. His Embassy to Rome to pay Homage to Gregory XIII. 83 1573. His Mission to Poland to congratulate Henry of Valois on his Accession 83 On his Return made Chancellor and Secretary of State 83 His second Visit to Poland 83 1575. (25th of November). His Letter to his Wife during his Journey 83 His "Pastor Fido" 87 His Quarrel with Tasso 87 1582. He requests his Dismissal from the Duke; he retires to his Villa 88 1585. His "Pastor Fido" acted at Turin 91 1586. Guarini returns to his Post at Court; is made Secretary of State 92 His Missions to Umbria and Milan 92 His Quarrel with his Son 92 1590. He leaves the Court of Alfonso and goes to that of Savoy 93 He leaves Savoy, and goes to Padua 93 1591. He loses his Wife 93 His Letter to Cardinal Gonzaga 93 His Visit to Urbino 94 He retires to Ferrara, deputed by the Citizens to congratulate Paul Usur 95 1608. Nuptials of Gonzaga and Marguerite of Savoy 95 1612. (7th of October.) His Death 95

TORQUATO TASSO, SON OF BERNARDO TASSO.

Their Ancestors 98 1493. Bernardo Tasso appointed Secretary of State to Ferrante Sanseverino, Prince of Salerno 99 His Marriage with Portia Rossi 100 1544. (11th of March.) Torquato Tasso, his Birth 101 Bernardo Tasso joins his Patron in the War 102 Infancy of Torquato 103 Return of Bernardo from the War 103 1552. The Prince of Salerno and his Adherents declared Rebels 104 Bernardo, his Exile 104 Torquato Tasso, his Separation from his Mother; Lines written by him on this Occasion 105 He and Cowper compared 107 1556. Death of his Mother 108 Torquato Tasso at Rome with his Father 108 Is implicated in his reputed Treason 109 His Letter to Vittoria Colonna on the Marriage of his Sister Cornelia 110 Letter of Bernardo to his Daughter 110 Bernardo flies to Ravenna 111 He is invited to Pesaro 111 Vicissitudes of Bernardo Tasso 112 Torquato Tasso, his Studies 114 Boileau 115 "Joan of Arc" 117 "Curiosities of Literature" 118 Torquato translates his Father's Poems and Letters 118 "Amadigi" 119 Torquato Tasso studies Jurisprudence at Padua 122 His "Rinaldo" 122 Epic Poetry 125 "Gerusalemme Liberata" 126 Torquato leaves the Study of the Law, and repairs to Bologna 127 He returns to Padua and establishes the Degli Eterei 128 His "Discourses on Heroic Poetry" 130 1564. He visits his Father at Mantua 130 His Illness 131 1569. Bernardo Tasso, his Death 131 Torquato Tasso appointed one of the personal Attendants Cardinal D'Este 131 Zoilus 131 1565. Torquato Tasso at Ferrara, in the Service of Cardinal Luigi 132 Marriage of Alfonso Duke of Ferrara 132 Death of Pope Pius IV. 133 Torquato becomes acquainted with Lucretia and Leonora Este 133 A quotation from his "Aminta" 134 1568. Marriage of the Princess Anna of Este with the Duke Guise 136 Marriage of Lucretia D'Este with the Prince of Urbino 136 Torquato Tasso accompanies the Cardinal Luigi, as Legate, the Court of France 138 Two or three Anecdotes related of him 139 1572. Arrival of Tasso at Rome 140 His Reception by Pope Pius V. 140 Admitted into the Service of the Duke Alfonso 140 His "Aminta" 141 His "Torindo" and "Torrismondo" 143 His Illness 144 His Escape to Rome, with the Duke Alfonso's Consent 146 He returns to Ferrara 146 An Incident occurs to him which establishes him a Hero 147 His Malady 148 Is confined as a Lunatic by the Duke Alfonso 148 Efforts of the Duke to calm his Mind 149 His Love for the Princess Leonora 149 He visits his Sister 150 1579. Committed as a Lunatic to St Anne's Hospital 152 His Letter to Scipio Gonzaga 152 1581. Death of the Princess Leonora 156 Its Effect on Tasso 156 1586. Liberation of Tasso 157 His Controversy with the Della Cruscan Academy 158 His last Work, "Sette Giornate" 158 He recovers his Mother's Dowry 158 The Pope grants him a Pension 158 Manso, his Account of his Interview with Tasso during Time he supposed he was visited by a Spirit 159 1594. (25th of April.) Death of Tasso 161 His Works 161

CHIABRERA.

1552. His Birth 163 His Parentage 163 His Childhood 163 Enters the Service of Cardinal Comaro Camerlingo 164 His disastrous Residence at Rome 163 His Studies 164 His Style 165 His Elegiac Poems 166 A Quotation from Wordsworth's Translation 166 Generous Overtures of Charles Emanuel 167 He refuses 168 1637. His Death 168

TASSONI.

1565. His Birth 169 His early Life 169 1585. Obtains the Degree of Doctor of Laws at the University of Bologna 169 1597. Visits Rome; enters the Service of Cardinal Colonna; sent by him to obtain Permission of Pope Clement VIII. to accept the Viceroyalty of Aragon; his Success 170 1622. His Works 171 1635. His Death 173

MARINI.

1569. (18th of October.) His Birth 174 He opposes his Father's Wishes to become a Lawyer; turns him out in consequence 174 1589. Publishes his "Canzoni de' Baci" 174 Concerned in some youthful Scrapes 175 Accompanies Cardinal Aldobrandini to Turin 175 His literary Quarrels 175 Marini publishes his Poem on the Murder of the Innocents 176 He accepts the Invitation of Marguerite of France 176 Her Death before his Arrival 176 Is received by Mary de' Medici 176 1623. He publishes his "Adone" 177 He returns to Rome 178 1625. (25th of March.) His Death 179

FILICAJA.

1642. (30th of December.) His Birth 180 His Parentage 180 His Education 180 His Marriage 181 His Odes 181 Kindness and Liberality of Christina of Sweden to Filicaja 182 He is appointed Governor of Volterra 182 His Return to Florence; his Character: his "Ode to the Virgin" 183 1717. His Death 184

METASTASIO.

His obscure Origin 185 1698. (13th of January.) His Birth; his Name 185 His Adoption by Vincenzo Gravina 185 His first Tragedy, "Giustino" 186 His Letter to Algarotti 187 His Letter to Don Saverio Mattei 188 Death of his adopted Father Gravina 189 His Studies 189 His Imprudence 189 Commences the Study of the Law at Naples 190 He composes his "Orti Esperidi" 190 He quits his Legal Studies 191 And resides at the House of the Prima Donna Marianna Bulgarelli 191 He studies Music 192 1594. Operatic Dramas first introduced at Florence 192 1724. Metastasio composes his "Didone Abbandonato;" also his "Siroe" 192 He accompanies the Prima Donna to Rome 193 1727. He writes his Drama of "Cato" 193 1729. He is invited to become the Court Poet of Vienna 193 Apostolo Zeno 194 1730. Metastasio fulfils his Engagement to the Roman Theatre 194 He enters on his Employments at Vienna; Success of his Dramas 194 Becomes Treasurer of the Province of Cosenza, in Naples 195 His Letters to Marianna Bulgarelli 196 1733. Her Death 198 Metastasio's Letters to his Brother on her Death 198 His Style 200 His "Attilio Regulo" 201 "Themistocles" and "Olimpiade:" his Dramas 202 His Canzonetti 203 1740. Death of the Emperor Charles VI. 203 1745. Francis I. elected Emperor 204 Several European Sovereigns invite Metastasio to their Court 204 His Malady 204 His Letters 205 His Letter to his Brother on the Death of his Father 205 1770. Death of his Brother Leopold 208 1737. Farinelli 208 1746. Death of Philip V. of Spain 209 1763. Accession of Charles III. 209 Physical Sufferings of Metastasio 209 Death of the Empress Maria Theresa 209 1772. Doctor Burney's Account of Metastasio 210 1782. (12th of April.) Death of Metastasio 211

GOLDONI.

1707. His Birth 213 His Origin 213 1712. Death of his Grandfather; Pecuniary Difficulties of his Family 214 Education of Goldoni 215 His Departure with his Family from Perugia 216 Carlo Goldoni studies at Rimini 216 His Parents embark for Chiozza 216 Description of Chiozza 216 Goldoni escapes from Rimini 217 He arrives at Chiozza 218 He studies the Law under his Uncle, at Venice 219 1723. His Success at the University of Pavia 220 His Expulsion, and the Cause of it 221 Returns to his Parents 221 He pursues his Legal Studies at Modena 222 He determines to become a Monk 223 Prudent Conduct of his Parents on this Occasion 223 Goldoni becomes Coadjutor to the Chancellor of Feltri 224 He falls in Love 224 1731. He joins his Father at Ravenna 225 Death of the elder Goldoni 225 Goldoni enters the Profession of Barrister, at Venice 225 An Incident occurs which destroys his Prospects 226 His Tragedy of "Amalasunta" 228 Its Fate 229 Buonafede Vitali 229 1733. Siege of Milan 230 Journey of Goldoni to Modena 230 Disasters which he met with 231 1734. His "Belisarius" acted at Vienna 232 Good Fortune which he meets with at Genoa 233 His Marriage 233 He attempts to reform the Italian Theatre 233 The old Comedy of Italy 234 Goldoni obtains the Genoese Consulship at Venice 235 He meets with a Ragusan Adventurer 235 1741. His Play on the Subject 235 His Life at Rimini 236 His Journey to Cattolica, and the Misfortune that befell him 237 He becomes a Pleader at the Pisan Bar 238 His Comedies 238 His Style 239 The Plot of his "Donne Puntigliose" 240 Story of the "Donna Prudente" 241 His "Pettegollezzi" 241 The Subject of "Villeggiatura" and the "Smanie della Villeggiatura" 242 His other Comedies 243 1760. He receives an Offer from the French Court 245 1761. His Debût as an Author in the French Capital 246 1792. His Death 246

ALFIERI.

The Italian Poets of the early Ages 247 1749. (17th of January.) Birth of Vittorio Alfieri 250 His noble Origin 250 His Childhood 251 His Education 252 Account of the Academy of Turin 252 System of Education 253 Effect of Music on the Mind of Alfieri 255 Circumstances of his Life altered by the Death of his Uncle 256 1763. Change of his Situation in College 256 Effect of this on his Conduct 256 His Extravagance 257 His Confinement 257 1764. His Liberation on the Marriage of his Sister Julia 258 His Return to College 259 1765. His Journey to Genoa 259 1766. He enters the Provincial Army of Asti 260 His dislike of Military Discipline; he obtains Leave of Absence 260 His Tour 261 His second Leave of Absence; his second Tour 265 His first Entrance into Paris 265 His enthusiastic Feelings on visiting England 266 He returns to Turin, and resides with his Sister 267 1769. He takes another Tour 268 His second Visit to England; his Love Adventure 269 He returns to Paris 271 His Quarrel with his Servant 271 1772. Returns to Turin, and becomes a Cavaliere Servente 272 1774. He determines to break off this disgraceful Intercourse 274 His first Attempt at Composition 274 1777. He enters into an Engagement with the Public to write Tragedies 276 He visits Siena; his Friendship with Francesco Gori 278 He visits Florence 279 His Attachment for Louisa de Stolberg, Countess of Albany 280 He makes a Donation of his Property to his Sister Julia 280 The distinguishing Marks of his Dramas 282 Distinction between Shakspeare and other Dramatic Writers 283 Alfieri, his Tragedy of "Philip," its Subject 284 He continues the _Amico di Casa_ of the Countess of Albany 286 Cruel Conduct of her Husband 286 She is separated from him 286 Alfieri at Rome with the Countess 287 1782. He completes his fourteen Tragedies 288 His Intercourse with the Countess of Albany begins to excite Censure 289 He goes into voluntary Exile in consequence of his Sufferings 290 1783. He visits England to purchase Horses 290 He returns to Italy 291 His Visit to the Countess of Albany at Alsatia 291 He composes his "Agis," "Sofonisba," and "Mirra" 291 Death of his Friend Gori 292 Returns to Siena 292 Countess of Albany visits Paris 293 She goes to Baden, where she is joined by Alfieri 293 Residence of Alfieri at Colmar 293 1787. His Illness; visited by his Friend the Abbate Caluso 293 The Countess at Paris; Alfieri joins her 293 Death of her Husband 294 Corrected Editions of Alfieri's Tragedies 294 1790. His Translation of the Comedies of Terence 294 His Treatise on "Princes and Literature;" Critique on his Style 295 1791. He accompanies the Countess of Albany to England 296 They return to Paris 296 1792. (10th of August.) The French Revolution 296 Imprisonment of Louis XVI. 296 Departure of the Countess and Alfieri from Paris; their Furniture, Horses, and Books confiscated 297 They return to Florence 297 The Tragedy of "Saul" acted, Alfieri performing the Part of the King 298 He studies the Greek Language 299 Invasion of Italy by the French 299 Alfieri and the Countess leave Florence 299 French driven from Tuscany 299 Second Invasion of the French; Effect of these political Events on the Mind of Alfieri 300 (8th of October.) His Death 301 His Tomb 301

MONTI.

Arcadian Poetry 303 1754. (19th of February.) His Birth 305 His Parentage 305 Italian Farmers 305 Early Boyhood of Monti 306 Anecdote of him 306 His Studies at Faenza 307 Destined by his Father to Agricultural Labour; his Dislike of this Occupation 307 Ineffectual Attempts of his Father to overcome this 308 His first Italian Poem; he adopts Alighieri as his Model 308 His "Vision of Ezekiel" 308 Cardinal Borghese takes Monti under his Protection; he accompanies the Cardinal to Rome 309 1780. The Arcadians of the Bosco Parrasio celebrate the Quinquenalli of Pius VI. 309 Monti made Secretary to the Duke of Braschi 309 His want of political Integrity 310 His Ode on the Marriage of the Duke of Braschi 311 1779. His Ambition excited by the Emulation inspired by Alfieri 311 1787. His "Aristodemo" acted at Rome with great Success 312 Plot of this Tragedy 312 Marriage of Monti 313 Hugh Basseville 314 Sent by the French to spread their Revolutionary Tenets beyond the Alps 314 His History of the French Revolution 315 1793. His Assassination 315 (January 19th.) Louis XVI. beheaded 315 Monti, his Poem, the "Basvilliana" 315 His Poem on the French Revolution 316 His Plagiarism 316 Spread of French Republicanism 317 Defeat of the Austrians 317 1797. (January 3d.) Cisalpine Republic erected 318 Monti meets General Marmont at Rome 318 He proceeds with him to Florence 318 Monti, his Admiration of Napoleon 318 Made Secretary of Foreign Affairs at Milan 319 He suffers Persecution 319 A Law passed by the Cisalpine Republic 319 Monti loses his Situation in consequence 319 His "Musogonia" 319 Subject of his Poem entitled "Prometeo" 320 He obtains the Professor's Chair of Belles Lettres in Brera 321 1799. Suvaroff and the Austrians drive the French from Italy 321 End of the Italian Republics 321 Deplorable Destitution of Monti during his Exile 321 Goes to Pans on the Invitation of Mareschalchi 322 He composes a Hymn and an Ode on the Victory of Marengo 322 He returns to Italy 323 His Poem, the "Mascheroniana" 323 His Tragedy, "Caius Gracchus" 325 1802. The Cisalpine Congress meet at Lyons 326 Bonaparte made President 326 Monti, his Ode to Napoleon in the Name of the Congress 326 He obtains a Professorship at Pavia 327 Goes to Milan, where a Number of Offices are conferred on him 327 1805. Napoleon crowned King of Italy 327 Monti commanded to celebrate the Event 327 He composes his "Il Benificio" 328 His "Spada di Federico" 329 His "Palingenesi" 329 His "Jerogamia" 331 Remarks on "the Winged Horse of Arsinoe" 332 Translation of the Iliad 332 Visconti, his Praise of Monti's Iliad 333 1814. Overthrow of Napoleon 333 Monti loses all his public Employments 333 Pensions bestowed on him by the Emperor of Austria 333 He composes the "Mistico Omaggio" 334 His other Works 335 1812. Marriage of his Daughter 335 Her Poem "On a Rose" 335 The Della Crusca Controversy 336 Different Dialects of Italy 336 Bocca Romana 337 Florentine Dialect 337 Dispute of Monti with the Tuscans 338 Extracts from his Letters to his Friend Mustoxidi 338 Monti resides at Milan 340 Beauty of his Recitation 341 Extract of his Letters to a Friend on the Classic and Romantic Schools 341 1821-1822. Monti resides with his Daughter and Son-in-law, at Pesaro 343 1821. Monti, his Letter to his Wife 343 Another Letter to his Wife 344 1822. His Letter, giving a Picture of Italian Manners 345 His Visit to Pesaro on the Death of his Son-in-law 347 His Letter to his Friend Mustoxidi 347 1823. His Illness 348 1828. (13th of October.) His Death 350 His Character 350 His Person 351

UGO FOSCOLO.

1778. His Birth 354 His Origin 354 The Ionian Islands 355 Foscolo studies at Padua under Cesarotti 355 1797. His Tragedy of "Thyestes" represented at Venice 357 Foscolo becomes a voluntary Exile 357 His "Letters of Jacopo Ortis" 357 His Opinion of Bonaparte 359 He visits Tuscany 360 And Florence 360 He goes to Milan; Description of the Cisalpine Republic 361 Foscolo becomes acquainted with Monti 361 Likeness between him and his imaginary Hero, Ortis 362 His unfortunate Attachment for a Pisan Lady 362 He joins the Lombard Legion 363 1800. Invasion of the Austrio-Russians 363 Foscolo joins the French Army at Genoa 363 Siege of Genoa 364 Foscolo, his Letter to Bonaparte 364 (June 4th.) Surrender of Genoa 365 Conveyance of the Garrison to France by the English Fleet; Foscolo accompanies them 365 "Ortis" 366 Comparison between Goethe's "Werter" and "Ortis" 366 Person and Manners of Foscolo 369 1802. Meeting of a Congress at Lyons to reform the Cisalpine Republic 370 Foscolo, his "Oration to Bonaparte" 370 Foscolo holds a Commission in the Italian Legion 372 His Translation of Sterne's "Sentimental Journey" 373 1805. He becomes intimate with General Caffarelli 375 The Brescians 375 Foscolo, his "Ode on Sepulchres" 375 1808. He is made Professor of Eloquence in the University of Pavia; his Introductory Oration 377 He incurs the Displeasure of Bonaparte 378 Loses his Professorship, and retires to the Lake of Como 378 Description of the Lake 378 His Tragedy of "Ajax" 379 Its Politics found fault with; he is persecuted in consequence 380 He is exiled from Milan, and visits Tuscany 380 1813. Manifesto of Lord William Bentinek 382 Treaty of Fontainebleau 382 Foscolo, his Adherence to the Cause of Liberty 384 His Conversation with Pecchio 385 He resides in Italy 385 Lord Castlereagh 386 Arrival of Foscolo in England 386 His Retreat at St. John's Wood 387 1822. Pecchio visits him 387 Foscolo, his "Ricciarda" 388 The Story on which it is founded 388 Dedicated to Lord William Russell 388 1823. Lady Dacre interests herself in behalf of Foscolo 389 Description of Foscolo's House at South Bank 389 Imprudence of Foscolo; his pecuniary Difficulties 392 1827. (October 10th.) His Death 392 His Character 393

TABLE,

ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,

TO THE THIRD VOLUME OF

LIVES OF

EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.