Chapter XIV: Preface (10)

Footnote 57:

For the Holland Purchase, see Buttrick’s _Voyages_, _ante_, note
4.—ED.

Footnote 58:

The tyrant.—EVANS.

Footnote 59:

The modern name is Tonawanda Creek. It rises near the northern
boundary of Wyoming County, New-York, and enters Niagara River ten
miles north of Buffalo. The Indian village was part of a reservation
containing seventy square miles retained by the Seneca, when in 1797
they sold their lands to the Holland Company.—ED.

Footnote 60:

A brief account of the Tuscarora migration may be found in Long’s
_Voyages_, vol. ii of our series, note 12.—ED.

Footnote 61:

The first building on the site of Lewiston was constructed by La
Salle’s party in December, 1678. In spite of the protests of Governor
Burnet of New-York, Joncaire established (1720) a small French trading
post at this point, “a kind of cabin of bark, where they displayed the
king’s colors.” It was soon replaced by a blockhouse inclosed by
palisades; but after Fort Niagara was rebuilt (1726), this post was
allowed to fall into decay. Lewiston was surveyed (1798) for a village
site by the Holland Company, and in 1800 contained about ten families.
It was a port of entry from 1811 to 1863.—ED.

Footnote 62:

For the early history of Fort Niagara, see Long’s _Voyages_, vol. ii
of our series, note 19.—ED.

Footnote 63:

Ninian Pinckney, brother of the statesman William Pinckney, was born
at Baltimore (1776), and entered the United States army in 1799.
Serving as aide to General Wilkinson in 1813, he was promoted the
following year to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He also gained some
fame as a writer, by publishing (1809) _Travels in the South of
France_, which “set all the idle world to going to France to live on
the charming banks of the Loire.” He died at Baltimore in 1825.—ED.

Footnote 64:

October 13, 1812, the American regular troops, Lieutenant Colonel
Christie commanding, crossed the Niagara River, and stormed and
captured Queenstown Heights, six miles from its mouth. General Brock,
hastening with reinforcements to the aid of the British, was killed
and his troops driven back. But the American militia refused to cross
the river to support the regulars and the battle being renewed, the
latter were finally surrounded and compelled to surrender. For a brief
biography of General Brock, see Buttrick’s _Voyages_, _ante_, note 6.

Colonel John Christie, born in New-York City in 1786, was a graduate
of Columbia College, and in 1808 gave up the study of law to enter the
army. For the courage and skill displayed in the battle of Queenstown
he was advanced to the rank of colonel, March, 1813. He died the
following July from the effects of a wound received in the battle.—ED.

Footnote 65:

It is the intention of the writer to attempt, as soon as he can make
the necessary arrangements, to penetrate to the North Pole, and to
find a North-West passage by land.—EVANS.

Footnote 66:

This is an island of Ontario in the channel between Lakes Superior and
Huron.—ED.

Footnote 67:

For an account of Fort George, see Buttrick’s _Voyages_, _ante_, note
7.

The village of Newark was about a quarter of a mile from this fort. It
was settled by Loyalists immediately after the Revolution, and was
then called West Niagara. When, in 1792, the province of Upper Canada
was created, it was made the capital, and Governor Simcoe took up his
residence there, changing the name to Newark. The Americans captured
it (May, 1813), and held the place until the following December.
Before leaving, Brigadier-general McClure ordered it to be burned, and
all the houses, to the number of one hundred and fifty, were laid in
ashes. When it was rebuilt after the war, the name Niagara was
adopted.—ED.

Footnote 68:

Bordering the river, five miles above Fort Niagara, is a flat more
than sixty feet lower than the surrounding territory. Here the British
landed on the night of December 18, 1813, and the following day
surprised and captured Fort Niagara.—ED.

Footnote 69:

August 17, 1814, a British force under Major-general Ross landed at
the mouth of the Potomac and marched leisurely toward Washington. The
city was entirely without defense. Two thousand men having been
collected from the surrounding country and a thousand regulars
assembled, the British were met (August 24) at Bladensburg—five miles
north-east of Washington. Resistance was brief, the Maryland militia
fled, followed by the remainder of the troops. Ross entered Washington
without further opposition, and burned the public buildings.—ED.

Footnote 70:

This is hardly a fair illustration. The difficulty was, that the
Seminole stronghold was on Spanish territory, and it was Jackson’s
boldness in invading neutral territory, pursuing the Indians into the
swamps, and seizing the Spanish posts, that ended the war. He entered
Florida late in March, 1818; after five days’ march, he reached and
destroyed the Indian village, Fowltown; took possession of St. Marks,
April 6, and then marched one hundred and seven miles across a swampy
wilderness to Suwanee—the town of the Seminole chief Bowlegs. The
Indians had been warned and had retreated, but he burned the village,
and the war was ended as far as the Seminoles were concerned.—ED.

Footnote 71:

When on the morning of November 7, 1811, the Indians attacked General
Harrison’s camp and thus opened the battle of Tippecanoe, the militia
were for a time thrown into confusion, while the Fourth United States
Infantry under command of George Rogers Clark Floyd, stood their
ground. After the campaign was ended the latter more than hinted that
had it not been for them the whole force would have been
massacred.—ED.

Footnote 72:

Major-general Brown having crossed Niagara River (July 3, 1814) and
captured Fort Erie, General Riall marched to attack him. The two
forces met (July 5) on the plains of Chippewa, midway between Forts
George and Erie, and after a sharp skirmish the British retreated to
Queenstown. The importance of the battle was overshadowed by that of
Lundy’s Lane, which occurred the same month.—ED.

Footnote 73:

It is held that Niagara Falls have receded seven miles from their
position when first known, the average yearly recession being from
four to six feet.—ED.

Footnote 74:

Augustus Porter, brother of General Peter Porter, was born at
Salisbury, Connecticut, in 1769. When twenty years of age, he left
home for western New-York, becoming a surveyor in the Phelps and
Gorham Tract, and later in the Holland Purchase. In 1806, he removed
with his family to Niagara Falls, where he continued to reside until
his death in 1825. In association with three others, he formed the
Portage Company, which leased from the state for fifteen years the
exclusive privilege of transporting property across the portage
between Lewiston and Schlosser. He was the first judge of Niagara
County, opening his first term at Buffalo in 1808. The unusual length
of his life enabled him to see the country, through which he had
travelled for days without meeting a white man, develop into a
populous agricultural and commercial region.—ED.

Footnote 75:

For a brief account of Black Rock and Buffalo, see Buttrick’s
_Voyages_, _ante_, notes 4 and 9.—ED.

Footnote 76:

The Oneida alone remained neutral, and in consequence suffered
severely at the hands of the Mohawk, who burned their villages and
drove them to seek shelter at Schenectady.—ED.

Footnote 77:

For the early history of Fort Erie, see Buttrick’s _Voyages_, _ante_,
note 5.

Eleazer Derby Wood, born in New-York City (1783), a graduate of West
Point (1806), served in the West during the early part of the war,
having conducted the defense of Fort Meigs, and commanded the
artillery at the battle of the Thames. He was killed in General
Brown’s sortie to raise the siege of Fort Erie (September 17, 1814),
and a monument to his memory was erected by that general at West
Point.

James Gibson, who also died from a wound received in this sortie, was
a native of Sussex County, Delaware, and a graduate of West Point. He
had been in the battle of Queenstown Heights; was made a colonel, and
in July, 1813, inspector-general of the army.—ED.

Footnote 78:

In 1750, Joncaire built a stronghold at the upper end of the Niagara
portage, which was known as Fort au Portage; but when, eight years
later, the English advanced to invest Fort Niagara, he blew it up and
retired across the river. At the close of the French and Indian War
(1763), the English built a fort at this point, which they named Fort
Schlosser, in honor of Captain Joseph Schlosser, its first
commander.—ED.

Footnote 79:

In retaliation for the burning of Newark, General Riall, upon the
capture of Fort Niagara (December, 1813) ordered his troops to destroy
all American settlements on the Niagara frontier. Buffalo, Black Rock,
Lewiston, Schlosser, and the friendly Seneca and Tuscarora villages
were accordingly burned, and the people driven to seek shelter at
Batavia.—ED.

Footnote 80:

The Seneca Indians were the most western of the Iroquois, and during
the Revolutionary War had their principal villages on the Genesee
River, one of them containing one hundred and twenty-eight houses.
These were completely destroyed by Sullivan’s expedition (1779); but
although the English invited them to cross into Canada with the
Mohawk, they refused to go, and a considerable number settled near the
mouth of Buffalo and Cattaraugus creeks. When in 1797 the Holland
Company purchased the Indian title to their lands, the Seneca retained
reservations at these points, also the Allegheny and Tonawanda
reservations already mentioned (_ante_, p. 153), and five smaller ones
in the Genesee valley. In 1838 pressure was brought to bear by the
Ogden Land Company, and certain chiefs signed a treaty ceding their
lands in New-York, Congress at the same time granting them lands in
Indian Territory. The body of the people, however, refused to move;
the New-York and Pennsylvania Friends interested themselves in their
behalf, and they were allowed to remain.—ED.

Footnote 81:

The history of the tribe known as the Erie or Cat Nation is obscure
and involved, and their habitat uncertain. See _Jesuit Relations_,
viii, p. 305; xxi, pp. 313–315.—ED.

Footnote 82:

For the early history of Presqu’ Isle, see Croghan’s _Journals_,
volume i of our series, note 62.—ED.

Footnote 83:

For the Grand, Cuyahoga, and Rocky Rivers, see Croghan’s _Journals_,
volume i of our series, notes 70, 72, and 73.—ED.

Footnote 84:

This stream drains Medina and Lorain counties, Ohio, entering Lake
Erie about thirty miles west of Cleveland.—ED.

Footnote 85:

For the Vermillion River, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume i of our
series, note 76.—ED.

Footnote 86:

The Huron River rises in northern Ohio, and flowing north-westward
empties into Lake Erie about nine miles east of Sandusky.—ED.

Footnote 87:

The Black Swamp, extending from the Sandusky to the Maumee River, and
covering an area of over one hundred and twenty miles in length and an
average of forty in width, was entirely avoided by early settlers in
northern Ohio. By the Indian treaty signed at Brownstown (1808), the
United States government acquired a strip of land to make a road
through the swamp; but nothing further than the preliminary surveys
being accomplished, the land was later transferred to the State, and
the first road completed in 1827. It was very little settled before
1830. In accordance with a state law passed in 1859, a system of
public ditches was introduced, which rapidly drained the swamp and
transformed it into a fertile agricultural region.—ED.

Footnote 88:

These rapids of the Sandusky River were located about eighteen miles
from where the river empties into Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie.—ED.

Footnote 89:

Upper Sandusky was formerly the seat of a Wyandot settlement. Near
there, Crawford was defeated by the Indians (June, 1782) and
subsequently tortured to death. General Harrison built a temporary
fort at that point during the War of 1812–15. For the Wyandot villages
on the Sandusky, see Weiser’s _Journal_, volume i of our series, note
26.—ED.

Footnote 90:

For the events leading up to the treaty, see _ante_, note 11. It was
signed (August 3, 1795) by ninety chiefs and delegates from twelve
tribes, and established the following Indian boundary line: up the
Cuyahoga River and across the Tuscarawas portage to a point near Fort
Laurens, thence south-west to Laramie’s Station, thence north-west to
Fort Recovery, and thence south-west to the Ohio, opposite the mouth
of the Kentucky River.—ED.

Footnote 91:

This stockade, better known as Fort Stephenson, was constructed in the
spring of 1813. In August following, it was attacked by General
Proctor as here related. The British troops stormed it fiercely for
two hours, all their officers and a fifth of their men being killed or
wounded.

George Croghan, a nephew of George Rogers Clark, was born at Locust
Grove, near Louisville, Kentucky, November, 1791. Graduating from
William and Mary’s College (1810) he entered the army and took part in
the battle of Tippecanoe. He so distinguished himself at the siege of
Fort Meigs that he was promoted to the rank of major, and placed in
charge of Fort Stephenson. For his gallant defense of this post, he
was voted a medal by Congress. After an unsuccessful attack on Fort
Mackinac (1814), he left the army for a short time and acted as
postmaster at New-Orleans. In 1823 he re-entered the army, was made
inspector-general with the rank of colonel, and later served with
distinction in the Mexican War. See Williams, “George Croghan,” in
Ohio Archæological and Historical Society _Publications_, xii, pp.
375–409.—ED.

Footnote 92:

Portage River, entering into Sandusky Bay from Wood County.—ED.

Footnote 93:

Across the river from the present Maumee City, Henry County, Ohio.
This fort, built in February, 1813, was twice besieged during that
year by the British and their Indian allies under Tecumseh, but was
not captured.—ED.

Footnote 94:

At the Raisin River, see _post_, note 63.—ED.

Footnote 95:

While General Proctor was besieging Fort Meigs (May, 1813), Colonel
Dudley with eight hundred Kentucky militia descended the rapids and
surprised the British, driving them from their battery and spiking
their cannon. But, too elated by success to enter the fort as ordered,
they pursued the enemy for nearly two miles into the woods and swamps,
and were finally surrounded and captured.—ED.

Footnote 96:

After the battle of Fallen Timbers, General Wayne (September, 1794)
proceeded to destroy the Miami villages at the junction of the St.
Mary and St. Josephs rivers, and there built Fort Wayne. It had long
been a centre of Indian trade, and the French had maintained a post
there through the first half of the eighteenth century. See Croghan’s
_Journals_, volume i of our series, note 87.—ED.

Footnote 97:

General Wayne destroyed the Indian villages at the confluence of the
Auglaize and Maumee rivers (August, 1794), and established Fort
Defiance at that point. On his march from Fort Recovery for that
purpose, he also built Fort Adams at the place where he crossed St.
Mary’s River, at Girtystown, an old Indian trading place twenty-five
miles north of Fort Recovery. For the history of the forts of Ohio,
see Graham, “Military Posts in Ohio,” in Ohio Archæological and
Historical Society _Publications_, vol. iii.—ED.

Footnote 98:

The building of Fort Miami by the British in a time of peace between
that nation and the United States (1794) was one of the grievances of
the frontiersmen. After Wayne’s victory, the Indians were chased to
the gates of Fort Miami. The British surrendered this fort with the
other North-west posts in 1796. The Americans made the post at this
place the rendezvous for the campaign of 1812–13.—ED.

Footnote 99:

This was probably the village at the mouth of Otter Creek, forty-two
miles south-west of Detroit. The land had been purchased from the
Indians and settlement begun in 1794.—ED.

Footnote 100:

This road, begun under the direction of the secretary of war, May,
1816, was built by soldiers stationed at Detroit. By November, 1818,
seventy miles had been completed. It was eighty feet wide and
contained over sixty causeways and many bridges.—ED.

Footnote 101:

In 1784 a small body of French Canadians purchased land from the
Indians and settled at the mouth of Raisin River, forty miles south of
Detroit. They traded in furs with the agents of the North-West
Company. In 1812 the village contained about forty-five French
families and a few Americans. It has now been incorporated in the city
of Monroe.—ED.

Footnote 102:

General Winchester, having reached the Maumee Rapids, did not wait for
the remainder of the army under Harrison, but proceeded to Frenchtown,
although his men had little ammunition and the town was unprotected,
save for a line of pickets. Proctor, the British general, crossed from
Malden and attacked him, January 22, 1813. A panic seizing one portion
of the army they fled to the woods where they were overtaken and most
of them scalped by the Indians; the militia at the same time
surrendering to Proctor. Without providing sufficient protection for
the wounded left at Frenchtown, this general hastened back to Canada,
and the following morning a horde of painted savages broke into the
town and shot and scalped the helpless prisoners.—ED.

Footnote 103:

Brownstown is situated on the Huron River, twenty-five miles south of
Detroit; Magagua (Monguagon) is about twenty miles south of Detroit.
The engagement at the former place occurred August 5; at the latter,
August 9, 1812.—ED.

Footnote 104:

For the early history of Detroit, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume i
of our series, note 18.—ED.

Footnote 105:

Lewis Cass was governor of Michigan from 1814 to 1831.—ED.

Footnote 106:

Alexander Macomb (1782–1841) was a lieutenant colonel in the regular
army at the outbreak of the War of 1812–15. Having served on the
Niagara frontier during 1813, he commanded the regular troops at the
battle of Plattsburg (September, 1814), and for his bravery was made a
major-general and received a gold medal from Congress. Upon the death
of General Brown in 1828, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the
army.—ED.

Footnote 107:

Either the common whitefish (_Coregonus clupeiformis_) or the blue
fins (_Coregonus nigripinnis_).—ED.

Footnote 108:

For an account of the North-West Company, consult the preface to
Long’s _Voyages_, volume ii of our series, p. 16.—ED.

Footnote 109:

Hog Island, about three miles above Detroit, was so named by the
French in the early years of discovery, because of the number of wild
swine found thereon. Near this island occurred the defeat of the Fox
Indians in 1712. See _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi, p. 283.
This island was purchased by William, father of General Macomb, in
1786.—ED.

Footnote 110:

For the Ottawa Indians, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume i of our
series, note 37.—ED.

Footnote 111:

This unimportant post was established (1765) and commanded by Patrick
Sinclair, a British army officer, who also purchased a large tract of
land along the river. Both fort and river were for a long time called
Sinclair, and as late as 1807 are so given in an Indian treaty drawn
up by Governor Hull. See _State Papers, Indian Affairs_, i, p.
747.—ED.

Footnote 112:

The battle of the Thames, in which Proctor was put to flight and
Tecumseh killed, was fought two miles west of Moraviantown, or about
sixty-five miles north-east of Detroit.—ED.

Footnote 113:

In 1793 Governor Simcoe made a trip to Detroit, and selected the
present site of London for the capital of Upper Canada. However, the
surrender of Detroit (1796), in accordance with Jay’s Treaty, rendered
such a plan impracticable, and York was chosen capital instead.
London, situated on the Thames one hundred and ten miles north-east of
Detroit, was laid out in 1826 and incorporated in 1840.—ED.

Footnote 114:

For the Delaware and Chippewa Indians, see Post’s _Journals_, volume i
of our series, note 57; Long’s _Voyages_, volume ii of our series,
note 42.—ED.

Footnote 115:

For a brief biography of General Arthur St. Clair, see F. A. Michaux’s
_Travels_, volume iii of our series, note 33. Evans would seem to
imply that the lake and river were named for this officer. The name
was assigned by La Salle’s expedition in 1679. See Hennepin, _A New
Discovery_ (Thwaites’s ed., Chicago, 1903), pp. 59, 108.—ED.

Footnote 116:

The English, upon their surrender of Mackinac in 1796, thinking the
Americans might claim St. Joseph Island, hastened to take possession.
A stockade was erected and subsequently a blockhouse, but the place
was not suited for a military station. In 1815, the buildings were
repaired and a garrison established; it was removed, however, to
Drummond’s Island the following year. For further information
regarding this island, see _Michigan Pioneer Collections_, xvi, p.
69.—ED.

Footnote 117:

For information concerning these lakes, see Long’s _Voyages_, volume
ii of our series, pp. 145, 191.—ED.

Footnote 118:

For the early history of Mackinac, see Thwaites, “Story of Mackinac,”
in _How George Rogers Clark won the North-west_ (Chicago, 1903).—ED.

Footnote 119:

A brief sketch of Fort St. Joseph is given in Croghan’s _Journals_,
volume i of our series, note 85.—ED.

Footnote 120:

Evans probably refers here to the fall five miles from the mouth of
Fox River, at De Pere (French, _Rapides des pères_), so called because
it was the site of a Jesuit Indian mission established in 1669–70. See
_Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi. Our author in his description
omits mention of the Lower Fox, flowing from Lake Winnebago into Green
Bay.—ED.

Footnote 121:

Fort Howard, named in honor of General Benjamin Howard, formerly
commander in the Western territory, was constructed (1816) a mile
above the mouth of Fox River, when the Americans took possession,
after the War of 1812–15. A French settlement, chiefly on the opposite
side of the river at Green Bay, had existed here since about 1745.—ED.

Footnote 122:

There were two villages of Winnebago (French Puans) on the lake of
that name: the principal one was situated on Doty’s Island, at the
mouth of the lake; the other at the junction of the Upper Fox and the
lake, near the waterworks station of the modern Oshkosh. This latter
was familiarly known to the French voyageurs as Saukière. The village
on the Menominee (Malhominis) River was, as Evans says, a mixed one,
composed principally of the tribe which gave name to the river. For
these two tribes, see Long’s _Voyages_, volume ii of our series, notes
81, 86. For the Potawatomi, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume i of our
series, note 84.—ED.

Footnote 123:

A piece of land six miles square situated on the Chicago River, having
been ceded to the United States by the treaty of Greenville (1795),
orders were issued by the War Department (1803) for the construction
of a fort on the north branch of the river. Fearing a combined English
and Indian attack, the garrison evacuated the fort August 15, 1812;
but had proceeded but a little way, when they were attacked by the
Indians and the greater number massacred. Fort Dearborn was rebuilt in
1816, and garrisoned for several years thereafter. It was torn down in
1857, and the last of the buildings connected with it were consumed in
the Chicago fire of 1871.—ED.

Footnote 124:

For a brief description of Sault Ste. Marie, consult Long’s _Voyages_,
volume ii of our series, note 38.—ED.

Footnote 125:

For these tribes, many of whom are merely clans of the larger tribes,
consult _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi, index.—ED.

Footnote 126:

See Franchère’s _Narrative_, volume vi of our series, note 205, for a
brief description of the Grand Portage.—ED.

Footnote 127:

For Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake, see Franchère’s _Narrative_,
notes 201, 204.

The maps of Evans’s period represent White Bear Lake as the source of
the Mississippi, and Red or Mississagan Lake as the origin of Red
River of the North. The latter retains its name. The former is
probably that now known as Leech Lake.—ED.

Footnote 128:

Illinois was admitted to the Union in 1818, and the part north of its
present boundary was annexed to Michigan Territory. For the various
divisions of the North-west Territory, see Thwaites, “Division of the
North-west,” in _How George Rogers Clark won the North-west_.—ED.

Footnote 129:

Grose Isle, nine miles in length and about a mile in width, was
purchased from the Indians in 1776 by William Macomb; it extends to
the mouth of Detroit Strait.—ED.

Footnote 130:

When Perry reached Erie, Pennsylvania, to take charge of naval affairs
(March, 1813), he found two vessels, the “Niagara” and the “Lawrence,”
already under construction. Working with tireless energy he equipped
his fleet of ten vessels by August 12, and sailing up the lake
anchored in Put-in-Bay to await the enemy. On the morning of September
10, the British squadron of six vessels, under Captain Barclay,
appeared and the battle began. The “Lawrence,” Perry’s ship, being
shot to pieces, he boarded the “Niagara,” and again attacked the
British at close range. At three in the afternoon, Barclay’s two large
vessels surrendered, and two others attempting to escape were
captured. This victory compelled the British to evacuate Detroit.—ED.

Footnote 131:

The “Wasp” under command of Johnston Blakely sailed from Portsmouth
for the British Channel (May, 1814), and began the destruction of
English merchantmen. June 28, the brig “Reindeer” bore down upon her,
but after twenty minutes of hard fighting was compelled to surrender.
Although suffering severely in this engagement, the “Wasp” continued
her ravages until October, when she disappeared and was never heard
from again.—ED.

Footnote 132:

Henry Langdon and Frank Toscan were both midshipmen on the “Wasp”
during her fight with the “Reindeer,” and died from wounds received in
the battle.—ED.

Footnote 133:

James Lawrence, born in Burlington, New Jersey (1781), served with
Decatur in the War with Tripoli, and as lieutenant on the
“Constitution.” In 1811 he was placed in command of the “Hornet,” his
most notable achievement with that vessel being the destruction (1813)
of the British ship “Peacock.” For this victory he was given command
of the “Chesapeake,” and accepting the challenge of the “Shannon,”
fought with her off Boston harbor, June, 1813. He fell, mortally
wounded, and the “Chesapeake” was compelled to surrender. His
countrymen, stirred by his dying cry, “Don’t give up the ship,” had
his body brought from Halifax, and buried with military honors in
Trinity Churchyard, New-York City.—ED.

Footnote 134:

General Anthony Wayne died at Erie, Pennsylvania, in December,
1796.—ED.

Footnote 135:

For a brief history of Fort Le Bœuf, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume
i of our series, note 65.—ED.

Footnote 136:

This was Fort Venango; see Croghan’s _Journals_, note 64. For
Meadville, see Harris’s _Journal_, volume iii of our series, note
25.—ED.

Footnote 137:

Consult Post’s _Journals_, in volume i of our series, notes 22, 89,
for these rivers.—ED.

Footnote 138:

Armstrong, nine miles north-east of Pittsburg, was named in honor of
Colonel John Armstrong. In 1756 he led an expedition against the
Delaware Indians who were ravaging the frontier, and destroyed their
town at Kittanning.

Lawrencetown, now Lawrenceville, is two miles east of Pittsburg.—ED.

Footnote 139:

For a brief account of this journey, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume
i of our series, note 45. Washington’s starting point was the Virginia
capital, Winchester. Fort Duquesne was not erected until 1754.—ED.

Footnote 140:

For information regarding these forts, see A. Michaux’s _Travels_,
volume iii of our series, notes 11, 12; F. A. Michaux’s _Travels_,
_op. cit._, note 20.—ED.

Footnote 141:

Regarding Grant’s defeat, see Harris’s _Journal_, volume iii of our
series, note 30.—ED.

Footnote 142:

For an account of Braddock’s defeat, see F. A. Michaux’s _Travels_,
note 19.—ED.

Footnote 143:

The Louisville-Portland Canal was completed in 1830.—ED.

Footnote 144:

For the Virginia-Pennsylvania boundary, consult F. A. Michaux’s
_Travels_, note 31.—ED.

Footnote 145:

For Wheeling, see A. Michaux’s _Travels_, note 15; for Grave Creek,
see Cuming’s _Tour_, volume iv of our series, note 78.—ED.

Footnote 146:

For Chartier River, see Weiser’s _Journal_, volume i of our series,
note 18; for the Little and Big Kanawha, see Croghan’s _Journals_,
_op. cit._, notes 98, 101; for Fish Creek, see Harris’s _Journal_,
volume iii of our series, note 37.—ED.

Footnote 147:

A brief account of Gallipolis may be found in F. A. Michaux’s
_Travels_, volume iii of our series, pp. 182–185. The settlement was
not entirely abandoned.—ED.

Footnote 148:

See Cuming’s _Tour_, volume iv of our series, note 67, for the early
history of Steubenville.—ED.

Footnote 149:

Three Legs town, so called from a famous Delaware Indian, was situated
at the junction of Tuscarawas Creek and the Muskingum, near the site
of the present Coshocton.

The portage path from the Cuyahoga to the Tuscarawas branch of the
Muskingum, a distance of eight miles, is probably one of the oldest
highways in the West, having been the route of the buffaloes across
the summit of the state. It formed part of the Indian boundary line in
the treaties of Fort McIntosh (1785), Fort Harmar (1789), and Fort
Wayne (1795). A road built between these two streams in 1898, followed
almost exactly this old portage trail. See Hulbert, “Indian
Thoroughfares of Ohio,” in Ohio Archæological and Historical Society
_Publications_, volume viii.—ED.

Footnote 150:

For the early history of Marietta and Fort Harmar, see A. Michaux’s
_Travels_, volume iii of our series, note 16.—ED.

Footnote 151:

On the Hockhocking River, consult Croghan’s _Journals_, volume i of
our series, note 99.—ED.

Footnote 152:

For a brief account of Chillicothe, see F. A. Michaux’s _Travels_,
volume iii of our series, note 35.—ED.

Footnote 153:

Regarding the early history of Cincinnati, see Cuming’s _Tour_, volume
iv of our series, note 166.—ED.

Footnote 154:

Fort Washington—afterwards within the limits of Cincinnati—was
established (1789) by Major Doughty opposite the mouth of the Licking
River, to protect the frontier from the Indians. Generals Harmar, St.
Clair, and Wayne used it as headquarters in conducting their Indian
campaigns.

About sixty-five miles north of Cincinnati, St. Clair built Fort
Jefferson (1791) as a base of operations during his Indian campaign.

Fort St. Clair was a stockade built by the general of that name in the
winter of 1791–92 to keep communication open between Fort Jefferson
and the Ohio River.

For Fort Greenville, see Buttrick’s _Voyages_, _ante_, note 32. After
constructing Fort Greenville, Wayne sent a detachment to the scene of
St. Clair’s defeat, twenty-three miles to the north, where they
established Fort Recovery, December, 1793.—ED.

Footnote 155:

For the Big Bone Lick, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume i of our
series, note 104.—ED.

Footnote 156:

An account of the early history of Nashville is given in A. Michaux’s
_Travels_, volume iii of our series, note 103.—ED.

Footnote 157:

For an account of Lexington, see A. Michaux’s _Travels_, note 61.—ED.

Footnote 158:

On the settlement of Louisville, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume i of
our series, note 106.

The plantation of “Locust Grove” was the estate of William Croghan,
Colonel George Croghan’s father. William Croghan (1752–1822) came to
America from Ireland when quite young, and embracing the American
cause, served through the Revolutionary War, being colonel of
Neville’s Fourth Virginia regiment in the battle of Monmouth. He
settled at “Locust Grove” soon after the Revolution, and became an
honored and respected citizen of Kentucky.—ED.

Footnote 159:

For Jeffersonville, see Flint’s _Letters_, volume ix of our series;
for Shippingsport, see Cuming’s _Tour_, volume iv of our series, note
171.—ED.

Footnote 160:

Fort Steuben (at first called Fort Finney) was a subordinate post
erected in 1786 upon the grant to the Illinois regiment not far from
Clarksville. From 1786 to 1790 Colonel John Armstrong was in command.
It was abandoned shortly after 1791. This must be distinguished from
the fort higher up the Ohio, that formed the nucleus of Steubenville.
Some remains of the old buildings connected with the former fort were
to be seen as late as the middle of the nineteenth century in Clark
County, Indiana. See English, _Conquest of the North-west_
(Indianapolis, 1896), ii, p. 863.—ED.

Footnote 161:

Brigadier-general Zebulon Montgomery Pike, born in New Jersey in 1779,
was a lieutenant in the United States army, when, in 1805, he was
given command of an expedition to trace the Mississippi River to its
source. Having made this journey and obtained land from the Indians
for a fort at the Falls of St. Anthony, he was sent the following year
to explore the Arkansas and Red rivers. Ascending the Arkansas to the
mountains, and discovering Pike’s Peak, but unable to find the source
of the Red, he came upon the Rio Grande, and there was taken prisoner
by the Spanish, and sent to Santa Fé. While in command of an
expedition against York (Toronto), Canada, in 1813, he was
accidentally killed by the explosion of a magazine.—ED.

Footnote 162:

For a brief account of Limestone, see A. Michaux’s _Travels_, volume
iii of our series, note 123.—ED.

Footnote 163:

Smithland, the capital of Livingston County, Kentucky, enjoyed
considerable trade with the interior of Tennessee, being a point for
the reshipment of goods up the Cumberland. Its prosperity was
shortlived, however; in 1850 the population was twelve hundred, and in
1890 five hundred and sixty.—ED.

Footnote 164:

These salt springs in the vicinity of Saline Creek, in south-eastern
Illinois, were ceded to the United States (1803) by an Indian treaty
negotiated by Governor Harrison at Fort Wayne. For several years they
were leased by the general government, but in the Illinois enabling
act were granted to that state. They were a subject of state
litigation for a period of thirty years, the last one being sold in
1847.—ED.

Footnote 165:

For an account of Vincennes, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume i of our
series, note 113.—ED.

Footnote 166:

With reference to the Swiss settlement at Vevay, see Bradbury’s
_Travels_, volume v of our series, note 164.—ED.

Footnote 167:

The Ohio buck eye or horse-chestnut is the _Æsculus glabra_; the Ohio
species is the mountain magnolia or _Magnolia acuminata_; the coffee
tree (_Gymnocladus canadensis_) resembles the black oak; the papaw
tree is the _Asimina triloba_.—ED.

Footnote 168:

The Theakiki is the Kankakee, a tributary of the Illinois, not of the
Wabash. Calumet River empties into Lake Michigan and does not connect
with the Wabash.—ED.

Footnote 169:

A fort was established by the French at Vincennes early in the
eighteenth century. Upon passing into the hands of the British, it was
renamed Fort Sackville. George Rogers Clark marched from Kaskaskia and
captured it (1779), changing the name to Fort Patrick Henry. In 1787,
Major Hamtranck was stationed there with a detachment of infantry, and
its name was once more changed to Fort Knox, in honor of the first
secretary of war.

For a brief account of the Ouiatanon (Watenans), see Croghan’s
_Journals_, volume i of our series, note 85.—ED.

Footnote 170:

The people of Indiana Territory believed the Indian chief Tecumseh and
his brother, the Prophet, were stirring up a general Indian war; and,
wishing to anticipate them, Governor William H. Harrison led an attack
on the Indian village at the confluence of Tippecanoe Creek and the
Wabash River, November 7, 1811. The Indians were driven back and the
village burned, but Tecumseh continued plotting, and took ample
revenge during the War of 1812–15. See Pirtle, _Battle of Tippecanoe_,
Filson Club _Publications_, xv.—ED.

Footnote 171:

Colonel Joseph Daviess was of Scotch-Irish descent, born in Virginia
in 1774. His parents removed to Danville, Kentucky, while Daviess was
a lad. He studied law with George Nicholas, and became one of the
ablest and most successful lawyers of the state, serving as United
States attorney 1800–07. During this period, Daviess brought in an
indictment against Aaron Burr (1806) which caused great excitement and
animosity. He was noted for his eccentricities as well as his courage,
and his death on the Indian battle-field won him wide fame. Counties
were named for him both in Kentucky and Illinois.—ED.

Footnote 172:

For the Kickapoo and Shawnee Indians, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume
i of our series, notes 108, 111.—ED.

Footnote 173:

A brief account of the early French settlements in Illinois may be
found in A. Michaux’s _Travels_, volume iii of our series, notes
132–136.—ED.

Footnote 174:

From the Des Plaines, the northern fork of the Illinois, one portage
led to the Chicago River, the other to the Calumet, which empties into
Lake Michigan at the present South Chicago.—ED.

Footnote 175:

The Kankakee River, called by the French Theakiki. For these early
routes of water travel, see _Wisconsin Historical Collections_, xvi,
p. 372.—ED.

Footnote 176:

The present Madison County in Illinois was explored about 1799, and
called Goshen. The village of that name, about five miles south-west
of Edwardsville, was begun in 1800.—ED.

Footnote 177:

For the founding of Shawneetown, see Croghan’s _Journals_, volume i of
our series, note 108.—ED.

Footnote 178:

On these Indian tribes, consult Long’s _Voyages_, volume ii of our
series, notes 85, 86.—ED.

Footnote 179:

For the early history of Fort Massac, see A. Michaux’s _Travels_,
volume iii of our series, note 139.—ED.

Footnote 180:

The “Muscle Shoal” Rapids fall within northern Alabama. The
improvement of the Tennessee at this point was long under discussion.
In 1825 commissioners were appointed by the governors of Tennessee and
Alabama to report thereupon; three years later a survey was made by
order of the department of war, relative to removing obstructions in
the channel. A canal around the rapids was begun (1829), but about
that time railroads began to absorb the attention of the Southern
states, and the War of Secession following, it has never been
completed. The necessary improvements in the river channel have
finally been made by the United States government.—ED.

Footnote 181:

The diplomatic negotiations leading to the purchase of Florida were
long and involved, and grew out of the attempt to fix the boundary
between West-Florida and the United States. The treaty was signed in
1819, Spain ceding East and West-Florida and the United States paying
five million dollars.—ED.

Footnote 182:

In 1803, President Jefferson secured a small appropriation from
Congress, which enabled him to carry out a long-cherished plan of
sending an exploring party across the continent. May 14, 1804, the
expedition of Lewis and Clark started up the Missouri River, reached
the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of the Columbia, November 1, 1805; and
returned to St. Louis, September, 1806. See _Original Journals of the
Lewis and Clark Expedition_ (Thwaites’s ed., New-York, 1904)—ED.

Footnote 183:

For St. Louis, see A. Michaux’s _Travels_, note 138; for Ste.
Genevieve, see Cuming’s _Tour_, note 174.—ED.

Footnote 184:

On the founding of New Madrid, see Cuming’s _Tour_, note 185.—ED.

Footnote 185:

See Cuming’s _Tour_, notes 188, 189, for information regarding these
bluffs.—ED.

Footnote 186:

An interesting description of these Southern Indian tribes may be
found in Roosevelt, _Winning of the West_ (New-York, 1889), i, pp.
49–69. See also, brief notes in our volumes i, pp. 34, 75; iv, p.
287.—ED.

Footnote 187:

Fort Pike was maintained for only a few years. The location proving
undesirable, the troops were removed to Fort Pickering.—ED.

Footnote 188:

In the day of the flatboat, a craft which went down stream and never
returned, it was customary for the boatmen to return by land. This
journey was often undertaken at unhealthy seasons of the year, and the
death of boatmen and raftsmen was common. As the travellers usually
carried large sums of money, their routes were beset by robbers who
could, undoubtedly, have explained many a grave on these lonely
roads.—Hulbert, _Historic Highways of America_, ix, pp. 125, 126.—ED.

Footnote 189:

For Fort Pickering, see Cuming’s _Tour_, note 192.—ED.

Footnote 190:

Fort Stoddard was built in 1799 by Captain Shaumburg, U. S. A., on the
Mobile River, at the Spanish boundary line provided in the treaty of
1795, and was named in honor of the acting secretary of war. It was a
port of entry until Mobile became part of the United States.—ED.

Footnote 191:

For the early history of the city of Natchez, see F. A. Michaux’s
_Travels_, vol. iii of our series, note 53.

The Natchez Indians, of Maskoki stock, were first encountered by the
French near the present city of their name. In 1729 they fell upon the
French garrison and massacred them all. The following year the French
army took a terrible revenge, a remnant only of the tribe escaping.
For full account, see Gayarré, _History of Louisiana_ (rev. ed.,
New-Orleans, 1903), i, pp. 396–440.—ED.

Footnote 192:

The cotton-wood is a member of the poplar family, the scientific name
being _Populus monilifera_.—ED.

Footnote 193:

The China tree (_Melia azedarach_) is a native of India, and much
cultivated in the Southern states for its shade.—ED.

Footnote 194:

Point Pleasant, ten miles below New Madrid, must not be confounded
with the point of that name at the mouth of Great Kanawha River.—ED.

Footnote 195:

For an exploration of Arkansas River, see Nuttall’s _Journal_, vol.
xiii of our series.—ED.

Footnote 196:

For a brief description of Loftus Heights and Fort Adams, see Cuming’s
_Tour_, volume iv of our series, note 211.—ED.

Footnote 197:

On Point Coupée, see Cuming’s _Tour_, note 220.—ED.

Footnote 198:

For an account of Baton Rouge, consult Cuming’s _Tour_, note 215.—ED.

Footnote 199:

St. Louis Bay at the outlet of Lake Borgne on Mississippi Sound, was
explored by Iberville in 1699 and named after Louis IX, the saintly
king of France. On it was located one of the early French
colonies.—ED.

Footnote 200:

On the Ursuline convent at New-Orleans, see Cuming’s _Tour_, volume iv
of our series, note 225.—ED.

Footnote 201:

For a brief biography of General Wilkinson, see Cuming’s _Tour_, note
160. The site of the battle of New-Orleans (January 8, 1815) is five
miles below the city.—ED.

Footnote 202:

Bienville, colonial governor of Louisiana, returning from an exploring
trip (1699), met an English vessel of sixteen guns, about eighteen
miles below the site of New-Orleans. The captain stated he was looking
for a location for an English colony, and Bienville assured him that
the Mississippi was already occupied by the French. Much to the
latter’s surprise, the vessel sailed away. From this episode the
English Bend received its name, not, as Evans implies, from the
attacking fleet of 1815.—ED.

Footnote 203:

Plaquemine Turn is thirty miles from the mouth of the Mississippi. It
was fortified by the French in 1746.—ED.

Footnote 204:

When, during the Seminole War, Jackson took possession of St. Marks,
the Indian prophet Francis or Hellis Hajo, and the chief Hemollemico,
were lured on board an American vessel (April 6, 1818) and hung by
Jackson’s orders. These Indians had led the attack, the previous
November, upon a boat under command of Lieutenant Scott, which was
ascending the Appalachicola River. Having been forced to surrender,
all survivors were tortured to death. Jackson’s act was in retaliation
for this outrage.—ED.

Footnote 205:

During Jackson’s expedition against the Seminoles, two Indian traders
were also captured—Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert C. Ambrister. Both
were put to death after the form of a trial, on the charge of being
guilty of inciting the Seminole Indians to war against the United
States. The latter was shot and the former hung from the yardarm of
his vessel, April 29, 1818, at St. Marks, Florida. The execution
raised a storm; Henry Clay, on the floor of the House, the following
year, during the famous twelve-day debate on Jackson’s Seminole War
conduct, declared that if Jackson were voted the public thanks, it
would be a triumph of insubordination of military over civil
authorities. The long feud between Jackson and Clay began with that
speech.—ED.

Footnote 206:

Adams made his strongest defense of Jackson in his letter to Don José
Pizarro, Spanish secretary of state. He reviewed the whole situation,
and accused the Spanish and Indian traders in Florida of stirring up
the Indians, referring to Arbuthnot as “that British Indian trader
from beyond the sea, the firebrand by whose touch the Negro-Indian war
against our borders has been rekindled.”—ED.

Footnote 207:

The Balise was in early times the best and deepest pass into the
Mississippi River. Now known as South-west Pass, it is not used, there
being hardly six feet of water on the bar. It was fortified by
Bienville about 1720.—ED.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

● Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. ● Used numbers for footnotes, placing them all at the end of the last chapter. ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. ● Enclosed bold or blackletter font in =equals=.