Chapter I: Front Matter

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This version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects. Italics are delimited with the ‘_’ character as _italic_. In the front matter, blackletter font is delimited by ‘=’. A diacritical mark, a comma above a ‘C’ or ‘X’, is represented here as a quotation mark, e.g. ‘C̓echwayo’ or ‘X̓osa’.

Footnotes have been moved to follow the chapters in which they are referenced.

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Errors, attributable to the printer, have been corrected. Please see the transcriber’s note at the end of this text for details regarding the handling of any issues encountered during its preparation.

=Cambridge Historical Series=

EDITED BY G. W. PROTHERO, F.B.A., LITT.D.

HON. LL.D. OF EDINBURGH AND HARVARD, AND HONORARY FELLOW
OF KING’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

THE

COLONIZATION OF AFRICA

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
=London=: FETTER LANE, E.C.
C. F. CLAY, MANAGER

=Edinburgh=: 100, PRINCES STREET
=Berlin=: A. ASHER AND CO.
=Leipzig=: F. A. BROCKHAUS
=New York=: G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
=Bombay and Calcutta=: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.

_All rights reserved_

A HISTORY OF THE

COLONIZATION OF AFRICA

BY ALIEN RACES

BY

SIR HARRY H. JOHNSTON, G.C.M.G., K.C.B.,
HON. SC.D. CANTAB.

_WITH EIGHT MAPS_

NEW EDITION, REVISED THROUGHOUT AND
CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED

Cambridge:
at the University Press
1913

_First Edition 1899. Reprinted 1899, 1905._

_Second and enlarged Edition 1913._

GENERAL PREFACE

_The aim of this series is to sketch the history of Modern Europe, with that of its chief colonies and conquests, from about the end of the fifteenth century down to the present time. In one or two cases the story commences at an earlier date: in the case of the colonies it generally begins later. The histories of the different countries are described, as a rule, separately; for it is believed that, except in epochs like that of the French Revolution and Napoleon I, the connection of events will thus be better understood and the continuity of historical development more clearly displayed._

_The series is intended for the use of all persons anxious to understand the nature of existing political conditions. “The roots of the present lie deep in the past”; and the real significance of contemporary events cannot be grasped unless the historical causes which have led to them are known. The plan adopted makes it possible to treat the history of the last four centuries in considerable detail, and to embody the most important results of modern research. It is hoped therefore that the series will be useful not only to beginners but to students who have already acquired some general knowledge of European History. For those who wish to carry their studies further, the bibliography appended to each volume will act as a guide to original sources of information and works of a more special character._

_Considerable attention is paid to political geography; and each volume is furnished with such maps and plans as may be requisite for the illustration of the text._

G. W. PROTHERO.

ERRATA

p. 69, _for_ Motawakkiq _read_ Motawakkil
p. 371, _for_ Boz _read_ Bor

PREFATORY NOTE

The Editor of this Historical series asked me in 1898 to compile this work on the History of African Colonization. Even at that date there existed a number of standard books on the history of African Exploration (Dr J. Scott Keltie and Dr Robert Brown), on the history of South Africa (M^cCall Theal and Sir Charles Lucas), and on the Map of Africa by Treaty (Sir Edward Hertslet). But no attempt had yet been made to summarise and review in a single book the general history of the attempts of Asia and Europe to colonize Africa during the historical period. The original edition of this book published in 1898 was exhausted by the following year, and in the next reprint certain additions were made; while to the reprint of 1905 a new chapter was contributed giving the latest developments in the European colonization of Africa.

A further issue of the work having been contemplated seven years later, the Cambridge University Press agreed that I should rewrite the whole book from beginning to end and enlarge it considerably, so that it might be brought level with our more complete knowledge of African history in 1912, and at the same time continue the story down to the present year.

Much has happened since 1905 which forms an essential part of the history of the colonization and development of Africa by alien races. The old maps have been revised and new ones drawn.

The first edition of this work contained the antique feature of a dedication. I hesitate to repeat this formally, yet I might mention that the names I associated in 1898 with my treatise on the Colonization of Africa were those of SIR GEORGE TAUBMAN GOLDIE (Nigeria); VISCOUNT KITCHENER OF KHARTŪM (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan); MONSIEUR RENÉ MILLET (formerly French Resident-General in Tunis), “who has shown how well a Frenchman can administer a great dependency when allowed liberty of action”; and MAJOR HERMANN VON WISSMANN (formerly German Imperial Commissioner in Africa), “who founded the State of German East Africa, and who has done more than any living German to establish and uphold the prestige of that great nation in the darkest parts of the Dark Continent”. I still think that under the guise of a dedication I chose notable instances of strong and wise men doing good work in Africa, not only for the colonizing nations, but equally for the subject peoples of backward race. Their work in its importance has stood the test of time. What Mons. Millet did in Tunis has been—or should be—made the model of an administration under which France may succeed in regenerating Morocco. It is tempting to add other great names to this list, but if, for example, one inserts that of CECIL RHODES, then in common justice one must mention DAVID LIVINGSTONE, JOHN KIRK, H. M. STANLEY, JOSEPH THOMSON, FREDERICK LUGARD, GEORGE GRENFELL, E. N. ROUME, and FRANZ STUHLMANN, and many others who have brought about the recent opening-up of Africa by the white man.

H. H. JOHNSTON.

POLING,
_December, 1912_.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

PREHISTORIC RACE MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA

The origin of African man—Principal Negro types—The
Bushman—Negroids (Fula, Songhai, Tibu, Hausa)—The Mystery of the
Zimbabwe ruins of Rhodesia—Probable distribution of native races
ten thousand years ago—The Dynastic Egyptians—The early
Semites—The Hamites—The Malay Colonization of Madagascar 1

CHAPTER II

THE MEDITERRANEAN COLONIZATION OF AFRICA

The Phoenicians and their foundation of Sidonian and Tyrian cities
along the north coast of Africa—Carthage—Hanno’s voyage to West
Africa—The Greeks in Cyrenaica—In Egypt, Abyssinia, East
Africa—The Romans in Egypt—In North Africa and the
Sahara—Christian Abyssinia 32

CHAPTER III

THE ARAB CONQUEST OF AFRICA

The condition of North Africa in the 6th and 7th centuries of the
Christian era before the Arab invasion—Muhammad and
Muhammadanism—Arabs invade Egypt—The Khariji sect—Arabs invade
North Africa—Spain, Morocco, and the Berbers—The Jews and their
relations with North Africa—The Fatimite Khalifs—The “Hilalian”
invasion—The Almoravides—The Almohades—St Louis—The death of Dom
Sebastião—The Sharifian dynasties of Morocco—The Turks in
Africa—Arab Egypt—Turkish Egypt—The Arabs of East Africa—Arab
influence on Africa 52

CHAPTER IV

THE PORTUGUESE IN AFRICA

Origin of the State of Portugal—Prince Henry the
Navigator—Portuguese explorations of West African coast—Diogo
Cam and the Congo—Rounding of Cape of Good Hope—East African
conquests—Portuguese in Abyssinia—in the Congo Kingdom—in
Angola—Paulo Diaz—The benefits the Portuguese conferred on
Africa—Their struggles with the Dutch—Progress of their rule in
West Africa—in East Africa—Monomotapa—Dr Lacerda e
Almeida—Livingstone’s journeys—Present state of
Moçambique—Delagoa Bay—Beira—Mouzinho de Albuquerque—Moçambique
Company—The future of the Portuguese Colonies 76

CHAPTER V

SPANISH AFRICA

The Canary Islands—Spain invades Morocco in 1490—Algeria and Tunis
nearly conquered in 16th century—Spanish sphere in North
Morocco—Rio de Oro—Fernando Pô and Rio Muni 116

CHAPTER VI

THE DUTCH IN AFRICA

Dutch traders on the Gold Coast—Dutch settle at the Cape of Good
Hope—St Helena—Mauritius—The Netherland East India Co.—Huguenot
colonists—Governor Tulbagh—extensions of Dutch influence—First
hostile British expedition under Commodore Johnstone—First Dutch
war with the Kafirs—First British occupation of the Cape of Good
Hope—Interregnum of Dutch rule—British finally annex Cape
Colony—Their rulers come into conflict with the sentiments of
the Dutch colonists (Boers)—The Boer Treks—Origin of Transvaal
and Orange Free State republics—Annexation and revolt of
Transvaal—Sir Charles Warren’s expedition—Gold in the
Transvaal—Jews in South Africa—Johannesburg, the Outlanders, and
Jameson’s raid—The war of 1899-1902—Union of South Africa 123

CHAPTER VII

THE SLAVE TRADE

Negro predisposition for slavery—Slave trade in the Roman world,
in Muhammadan countries and India—Great development consequent
on the exploitation of America—English slave traders—English
Anti-Slavery movement—Author’s own experiences of slave
trade—Steps taken by various European countries to abolish Slave
Trade—By Great Britain in particular—Rev. S. W. Koelle—Zanzibar
slave trade—Wadai and Tripoli—Ethics of slavery—A word of
warning to the Negro—The foundation and history of Liberia—Dr
Blyden 151

CHAPTER VIII

THE BRITISH IN AFRICA, I

(_West Coast, Morocco, North-Central_)

The English in West Africa—The Gambia—Sierra Leone—Gold
Coast—Ashanti—Northern Territories—Lagos—Niger
Delta—Beecroft—Benin—E. H. Hewett—H. H. Johnston—J. R.
Phillips—Northern Nigeria—Dr Baikie—Sir G. Taubman Goldie—Lugard
and Morland—Bornu—Fulas—Great Britain and Tripoli—and Morocco 168

CHAPTER IX

THE FRENCH IN WEST AND NORTH AFRICA

The Dieppe adventurers—Jannequin de Rochefort and the Senegal—Brüe
and the foundation of the colony of Senegal—Campagnon—Progress
of French rule over Senegambia—Seul Faidherbe—the Fula
Empires—Advance to the Niger—Samori and Ahmadu—Timbuktu—Binger
and the Ivory Coast—Samori—Timbuktu definitely occupied—Busa and
the Anglo-French Convention—Administrative divisions of French
W. Africa—France and Egypt—Algiers—Development of
Algeria—Tunis—The Sahara—Voulet and Chanoine—Morocco
Protectorate—Abyssinia—Marchand—Somaliland—French
Congo—Gaboon—The Shari and Mubangi—Cessions to Germany—Bagirmi
and Wadai—Senussi—Trans-Sahara Railway 196

CHAPTER X

CHRISTIAN MISSIONS

Their work the antithesis to the slave trade—Portuguese missions
to Congoland, to the Zambezi, to Abyssinia—First Protestant
missions—Church Missionary Society—Dr Krapf—Wesleyans,
Methodists, Society for Propagation of the Gospel—Roman Catholic
missions to Algeria, Congoland, the Nile—Cardinal Lavigerie—The
‘White Fathers’—The Jesuits on the Zambezi—in Madagascar—The
London Missionary Society—Swiss and German Protestant
Missions—French Evangelical Missions—Presbyterian (Scotch)
Missions—Norwegian and American Missions—Linguistic work of
latter—Universities’ Mission—Plymouth Brethren—Baptists—North
African Mission—Zambezi Industrial Mission—Abyssinian
Christianity 239