Chapter XXVI: Book THE FIFTH (5)

[51] Charles of France, Duke of Berry, and brother of Louis XI., was born on the 28th of December, 1446. He died Duke of Guienne, most probably on the 28th of May, 1472; having made his will on the 24th. He had taken advantage of the king’s absence to leave Poitiers, and join the disaffected nobles in Bretagne.

[52] Claude de Montagu, Lord of Coulches, councillor and chamberlain of Dukes Philip and Charles of Burgundy, Knight of the Golden Fleece, was killed in the battle of Bussy in 1470.

[53] Philip, Marquis of Hochberg, Count of Neufchâtel, in Switzerland, Lord of Rottelin, and Marshal of Burgundy, was the son of Rodolph of Hochberg, and Margaret, the daughter of William de Vienne, Lord of Saint-George. He married Mary of Savoy in 1480; and died in 1503.

[54] John de Neufchâtel, Lord of Montagu and Resnel, councillor and chamberlain of the King of France and of the Duke of Burgundy, and Knight of the Golden Fleece, was the son of Thibault VIII., Lord of Neufchâtel, and Agnes de Montbéliard. He was still living in August, 1486.

[55] William, Lord of Rochefort and Pleuvant, knight, chamberlain of Philip the Good, was created Chancellor of France on the 12th of May, 1483. He was the son of James, Lord of Rochefort, and Agnes de Cléron. He died on the 12th of August, 1492.

[56] Pierre II., Duke of Bourbon and Auvergne, Count of Clermont, and Lord of Beaujeu, was born in November, 1439. He was the son of Charles I., Duke of Bourbon, and Agnes of Burgundy. He was betrothed on the 22nd of March, 1463, to Mary of Orleans; but this alliance was broken off by Louis XI., who gave him his daughter Anne in marriage. He married her in 1474; and died on the 8th of October, 1503.

[57] Charles II., Duke of Bourbon, brother of the Count of Beaujeu, Cardinal of the Holy See, Archbishop and Count of Lyons. He died on the 13th of September, 1488.

[58] Jacques d’Armagnac, Duke of Nemours, Count of La Marche, son of Bernard d’Armagnac and Eleanor of Bourbon; married Louisa, daughter of Charles of Anjou, Count of Maine; beheaded on the 4th of August, 1477.

[59] John V., Count of Armagnac, son of John IV. and Isabella of Navarre; assassinated on the 5th of March, 1473.

[60] Charles II., Lord of Albret, son of Charles I., Lord of Albret, and Mary de Sully; died in 1471, at the age of seventy.

[61] This oath, dated November 5. 1465, is quoted by Lenglet, vol. ii., p. 561.

[62] Charles of Anjou, first of the name, Count of Maine, son of Louis II., Duke of Anjou, and Yolande of Arragon. He was born on the 14th of October, 1414, and died on the 10th of April, 1472.

[63] John, Bastard of Orleans, Count of Dunois, and Grand Chamberlain of France, was the son of Louis of Orleans and Mariette d’Enghien, the wife of Aubert Le Flamenc, Lord of Cany. He died on the 24th of Nov., 1468.

[64] André de Laval, Lord of Loheac, Admiral and Marshal of France, died in 1486, at the age of seventy-five.

[65] Antoine de Chabannes, Count of Dammartin, Lord of Saint-Fargeau, and grand-master of the king’s household, was born in 1411. He was the son of Robert de Chabannes, and Alix de Bort. He married, by contract signed on the 20th of September, 1439, Margaret de Nanteuil, Countess of Dammartin; and he died on the 25th of December, 1488.

[66] John, fifth of the name, Lord of Bueil, Count of Sancerre, knight, councillor and chamberlain of the king, and Admiral of France, was the son of John, Lord of Bueil, and Margaret Dauphine, Lady of Mermande. He commanded ninety-five lances in 1474.

[67] Oliver de la Marche, who is generally well informed, mentions the Count of Maine among the princes and lords who were in league with the Count of Charolois.

[68] “The Count of Maine was with the king, to whom he brought about five hundred lances, and blamed him for having determined to fight; and as he could not divert the king from his purpose, he said to him, ‘My lord, I had come to you to serve you and accompany you, and endeavour to effect a friendly arrangement between you and your cousin of Charolois, and the other princes of your blood, and not to fight against them; and as it pleases you to do so, and not otherwise, I shall depart; so farewell.’ And so he departed with all his company, many of whom murmured greatly against him; for they thought he should have taken leave earlier, and without coming so far. And when the king heard that he had really departed, and abandoned him in this peril, he said that he was betrayed. Nevertheless, he remained unmoved, and kept his army together; and, having exhorted his men, determined to fight Charolois before the arrival of his brother, the Duke of Berry, and the Duke of Bretagne.”—_Hennin_, p. 430.

[69] Pierre de Brézé, Lord of Varenne, Count of Maulevrier, Grand Seneschal of Anjou, Poitou, and Normandy, was the son of Pierre de Brézé and Clemence Carbonnel. He married Jeanne Crespin, and was killed in the battle of Montlhery, on the 16th of July, 1465.

[70] John, Lord of Montauban and Romilly, Marshal of Bretagne, and Admiral of France, was the son of William of Montauban and Bona Visconti. He died in May, 1466.

[71] The battle of Montlhery was fought on Tuesday, the 16th of July, see the _Chronique Scandaleuse_, and Lenglet, vol. ii. p. 27.

[72] The _Chronique Scandaleuse_ names him Madre, and says that he was captain of Pont Saint Maxence, “for Master Pierre L’Orfèvre, Lord of Ermenonville.”

[73] Philip of Crevecœur, Lord des Cordes or Desquerdes, Governor of Artois and Picardy, and Knight of the Golden Fleece, passed over to the service of Louis XI. after the death of Charles the Rash, and was named Marshal and Grand Chamberlain of France. He was the son of James of Crevecœur, and Margaret de la Tremoille, Lady of Desquerdes. He died on the 22nd of April, 1494, at the age of seventy-six.

[74] Antony, Lord of Crevecœur and Thiennes, councillor and chamberlain of Duke Philip the Good, Knight of the order of St. Michael, councillor and chamberlain of Louis XI., and Grand Louvetier of France, was the son of James de Crevecœur and Bonne de la Viefville. He died about 1493.

[75] Thomas Montague, Earl of Salisbury, was the son of John Montague, and Maude, the daughter of Sir Adam Francis. He married Eleanor, daughter of Thomas, Earl of Kent; and was killed at the siege of Orleans, on the 3rd of November, 1428. In his will he assumes the titles of Earl of Salisbury and Perch, and Lord Monthermer.

[76] John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury and Weysford, was the son of Richard Talbot, and Ankaret, daughter of John Strange, of Blackmere. He married, 1. Maude, daughter of Sir Thomas Neville, knight; and 2. Margaret, daughter of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. He was killed at the siege of Châtillon, on the 20th of July, 1453.

[77] Henry VI., son of Henry V. and Catherine of France, was born on the 6th of December, 1421; crowned at London on the 6th of November, 1429; and consecrated King of France, at Paris, on the 17th of December, 1431. He married Margaret of Anjou in November, 1444; and died on the 23rd of May, 1471.

[78] Edward IV., Earl of March, was the son of Richard, Duke of York; he dispossessed Henry VI. of the throne, on the ground of being descended from an elder son of Edward III.

[79] He was then the captain of a hundred lances, of which office he was deprived by the king soon after, and in exchange for which he received the title of Bailiff of Montferrant. He subsequently left the service of Louis XI., and entered that of the Duke of Bretagne, who appointed him one of his councillors and chamberlains.

[80] He was killed in the battle of Morat, on the 22nd of June, 1476.

[81] James of Luxembourg, Lord of Richebourg, councillor and chamberlain of the King of France, and Knight of the Golden Fleece. He was brother of the Constable of St. Paul. He died on the 20th of Aug., 1487.

[82] Among them were the Lords of Happlaincourt, Ameries, Inchy, and Robodenghes; the last of whom returned on learning that Charles had gained the victory.

[83] Philip D’Oignies, Lord of Bruay and Chaulnes, son of Antony, Lord of Bruay, and Jeanne de Brimeu, Lady of Chaulnes. He was Bailiff of Courtray; and married Antoinette de Beaufort.

[84] “The Count of Charolois,” says the _Chronique Scandaleuse_, “was so hotly pursued that he was twice taken prisoner by Geoffroy de Saint-Belin and Gilbert de Grassay, and afterwards rescued again.” See Lenglet, vol. ii. p. 28.

[85] Oliver de la Marche names him Robert Cotereau, and adds that “the Count immediately dubbed the said Master Robert Cotereau a knight, and bestowed on him the office of lieutenant of the fiefs in Brabant.” La Marche, vol. ii. p. 237.

[86] Simon de Quingy was, in 1471, cup-bearer, and in 1472 gentleman of the bed-chamber, to the Duke of Burgundy. Molinet speaks of him as “Lord of Montbaillon.” According to Commines, he became Bailiff of Troyes; and perhaps it is he who figures, with the title of “knight of the court of Parliament,” among the plenipotentiaries sent to Saint-Jean-de Lône, in the year 1515, by the Archduchess Philiberte of Luxembourg.

[87] In addition to the Count of Maine, the _Chronique Scandaleuse_ mentions “the Admiral de Montauban, the Lord of La Barbe, and other captains, who had fully seven or eight hundred lances.” See Lenglet, vol. ii. p. 28.

[88] The king arrived at Corbeil, “on the day of the battle, at about eleven o’clock at night; and sojourned in that place until the 18th of July.” Du Clercq, vol. xv. p. 26.

[89] Geoffroy de Saint-Belin, knight, Baron of Saxefontaine, was the son of Pierre de Saint-Belin, Lord of Blaisy, and Simonne de Nogent. He married Margaret de Baudricourt; and is mentioned, with the title of Bailiff of Chaumont, as one of the chamberlains of the King of France, in the years 1463 and 1464.

[90] Robert de Flocques, or Flocquet, son of Robert and brother of James, both of them Bailiffs of Evreux. He also filled that office; and was buried in the Abbey of St. Catherine-du-Mont, at Rouen.

[91] In the place “anciently called the Champ de Plours.” Oliver de la Marche, vol. ii. p. 240.

[92] “On Friday, the 19th of July, the count marched to Estampes, where the Dukes of Berry and Bretagne, and the other princes of their alliance, arrived soon after; and they remained there until Wednesday, the 31st of July.” Lenglet, vol. ii. p. 183.

[93] Peter of Amboise, Lord of Chaumont, knight, councillor and chamberlain of Kings Charles VII. and Louis XI., was the son of Hugh of Amboise and Jeanne Guenand; he died on the 28th of June, 1473.

[94] Charles of Amboise, Count of Brienne, Lord of Chaumont, Governor of the Isle of France, Champagne and Burgundy; he died on the 16th of March, 1481.

[95] The brigandine was a species of corslet, made of plates of iron, riveted to one another longitudinally, by nails or hooks.

[96] William de Cluny, born about 1423, was the son of Henry de Cluny, Lord of Conforgieu, and Perrette Collot, Lady of Sagy. He was a councillor of the Duke of Burgundy, and prothonotary of the Holy See. He was appointed to the bishopric of Poitiers in 1479, and died about a year afterwards.

[97] Edward IV., son of Richard, Duke of York, and Cicely Neville, daughter of the Earl of Westmoreland; he married Lady Elizabeth Woodville in 1464, and died on the 9th of April, 1483.

[98] Isabella of Portugal, the mother of the Count of Charolois, was the daughter of John, King of Portugal, by Philippa, daughter of John, Duke of Lancaster.

[99] Margaret of York married Charles of Burgundy, in pursuance of a treaty signed at Brussels on the 16th of February, 1467 (O. S.); and the marriage was celebrated at Dan, on the 3rd of July, 1468. She died on the 28th of November, 1503. Unless Commines is in error with regard to the time at which William of Cluny was despatched on his mission, the Count of Charolois contemplated this new alliance whilst his second wife was still living; for Isabella of Bourbon did not die until the 26th of September, 1465, two months after the battle of Montlhery.

[100] In Rymer, vol. v. part ii. p. 173, is a letter from Duke Charles, acknowledging the receipt of the garter from the English ambassadors.

[101] “On Thursday, the 1st of August, the Count of Charolois encamped at Saint-Mathurin de l’Archamp, where he remained till the 5th, when he transferred his quarters to Moret.” Lenglet, vol. ii. p. 184.

[102] John de Salazar, a native of Spain, knight, chamberlain and councillor of the king, captain of a hundred lances of his own raising, and Lord of Montagne, Saint-Just, Marcilly, Laz, Lonsac, and Issodun, married Margaret de la Tremoille, Lady of Saint-Fargeau, on the 31st of October, 1441; became a widower, by her death, on the 18th of December, 1457; and died at Troyes on the 12th of November, 1479.

[103] “The Dukes of Berry and Bretagne and most of the lords lodged at Nemours.” Oliver de la Marche, vol. ii. p. 243.

[104] John of Anjou, Duke of Calabria, son of René, King of Sicily, and Isabella of Lorraine, was born on the 2nd of August, 1424; married Mary, daughter of Charles I., Duke of Bourbon; died at Barcelona, on Sunday, the 16th of December, 1470, and was buried in the cathedral church of that city.

[105] Jacques Galiot died on the 28th of July, 1488, at the battle of Saint-Aubin du Cormier, according to Molinet, who calls him “a Neapolitan.” Previous editors have erroneously confounded him with Jacques Ricard de Genouillac, surnamed Galiot.

[106] Nicolas de Montfort, Count of Campobasso, leader of Italian men-of-war, as he signs himself in a document quoted by Godefroy. He was also one of the chamberlains of Charles, Duke of Burgundy; and claimed kindred with the Duke of Bretagne.

[107] John, Lord of Baudricourt, councillor and chamberlain of Louis XI., King of France, and Marshal of France under Charles VIII., was the son of Robert, Lord of Baudricourt, and Alearde de Chambley. He sided with the Duke of Burgundy in the war of the Public Good; but the king, having gained him over to his party, made him Governor of Burgundy by letters patent, dated the 18th of March, 1480; he died on the 11th of May, 1499.

[108] Frederic I., surnamed the Victorious, Governor of the Electorate during the minority of his nephew Philip, obtained from the Estates of the Palatinate permission to retain the electorate during his life-time. He was the son of Louis III. and Matilda of Savoy. He was born on the 1st of August, 1425; and died on the 12th of December, 1476.

[109] Odet d’Aydie, Lord of Lescun, was the son of John d’Aydie, a gentleman of Gascony. He married Marie de Béarn, daughter of Mathieu de Béarn, Lord of Lescun. Louis XI., having gained him over to his side, made him his councillor and chamberlain, gave him the office of Admiral of France, and created him Count of Comminges in 1472. After the death of Louis, Odet d’Aydie joined the party of the Duke of Orleans, in consequence of which he was deprived of his admiralty. He died before the 25th of August, 1498, at more than seventy years of age.

[110] “On Tuesday, 20th August, he encamped at Conflans, where he remained until the end of the month of October.” Lenglet, vol. ii. p. 184.

[111] Charles VI., King of France, born on the 3rd of December, 1368, was the son of Charles V. and Jeanne de Bourbon; he married Isabel of Bavaria on the 17th of July, 1385; and died on the 22nd of October, 1422.

[112] John of Lancaster, Count of Kendal and Duke of Bedford, was the third son of King Henry IV. and Mary, daughter of Humphrey de Bohun. He married 1. Anne, sister of Philip, Duke of Burgundy; and 2. Jacqueline, daughter of Pierre de Luxembourg, Count of Saint Paul. He was appointed Regent of the Kingdom of France on the death of his brother Henry V.; and he died at Rouen, on the 14th of Sept., 1435.

[113] The commissioners for England were Henry Beaufort, Cardinal and Bishop of Winchester; John Kemp, Archbishop of York; William de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk; John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon; the Bishops of Norwich, St. David’s, and Lisieux, with divers knights and gentlemen.

[114] Eugenius IV. (Gabriel Condolinieri), elected in 1431; he died on the 23rd of February, 1447.

[115] In August, 1465; he was liberated again in October, 1470, and re-imprisoned in the following year.

[116] Richard of Coningsburgh, Duke of York, was the son of Richard, Earl of Cambridge, and Anne, daughter of Roger Mortimer, Earl of March. He married Cicely, daughter of Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmoreland, and was killed on the 24th of December, 1460, at the battle of Wakefield.

[117] The Duke of York never assumed the title of king, which was retained by Henry VI. until his death, though the parliament had declared the Duke of York his successor on the throne.

[118] The Earl of Salisbury, father of the great Earl of Warwick, was not slain in the battle of Wakefield, but taken prisoner to Pontefract Castle, and soon after beheaded.

[119] Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, was the son of Richard Neville, Earl of Westmoreland and Salisbury, and Alice, daughter of Thomas Montague, Earl of Salisbury. He married Anne, daughter of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick; and he was killed in the battle of Barnet, on Easter Day, the 14th of April, 1471.

[120] It was after the defeat at Ludlow, in October, 1459, that the Earl of Warwick retired to Calais with the Earl of March, and not, as Commines’ narrative would lead us to suppose, after the battle of Wakefield.

[121] Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, was the son of Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, and Eleanor, daughter of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. He was slain in the battle of Tewkesbury on the 4th of May, 1471.

[122] George of York, Duke of Clarence, brother of King Edward IV., died on the 18th of February, 1478. He married Isabel, the eldest daughter of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, by whom he had two children: Edward, Earl of Warwick, who was three years old when his father died; and Margaret, who afterwards married Richard de la Pole.

[123] Richard of York, Duke of Gloucester, afterwards King of England, under the name of Richard III. He was killed at the battle of Bosworth Field on the 22nd of August, 1485.

[124] Henry, Earl of Richmond, was the son of Edmund of Hadham, Earl of Richmond, and Margaret, daughter of John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset. He was proclaimed King of England under the name of Henry VII., on the 22nd of August, 1485. He married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of King Edward IV.; and he died on the 21st of April, 1509. When escaping from England in 1471, he fell into the hands of the Duke of Bretagne, who detained him prisoner for thirteen years, after which he escaped, hearing that the duke was negotiating to deliver him up to King Richard III.

[125] Born at Bayeux; he was Bishop of Paris from 1447 until May 1, 1472, when he died: he was a brother of the celebrated Alain Chartier.

[126] August 28, 1465.

[127] Francisco Sforza, Duke of Milan, born at San Miniato de Cotignola on the 23rd of July, 1401, was the natural son of Muzio Attendolo, surnamed _Sforza_, on account of the vigour of his character. This surname was adopted by his descendants, in preference to that of Attendolo. The mother of Francisco Sforza was Lucia de Torsciano. He died at Milan on the 8th of March, 1466.

[128] Galeazzo Maria Sforza, born on the 14th of January, 1444; married successively Dorothea de Gonzagua, and Bona of Savoy; and was assassinated on the 26th of December, 1476.

[129] The treaty of Conflans was made between Louis XI. and the Count of Charolois on the 5th of October, 1465. On the 29th of the same month the king made a separate treaty with the confederate princes, which is dated at St. Maur-des-Fossés.

[130] “Not very far from Conflans,” says Oliver de la Marche. It was on the site now occupied by Bercy, where there still exists a street called the Rue de la Grange-aux-Merciers.

[131] See p. 12.

[132] Louis de Chalon, Lord of Chasteauguion, was son of Louis de Chalon, Prince of Orange, and Eleanor of Armagnac. He was a Knight of the Golden Fleece, and fell at the battle of Granson on the 3rd of March, 1476.

[133] Oliver de la Marche, however, says, “During these truces, we went to Paris to indulge in good cheer, paying with our own money: and we were very welcome.” La Marche, ii. 246.

[134] Louis XI., when Dauphin, fled in 1456 from Dauphiny, whither he had retired ten years previously on account of a misunderstanding with his father. He sought refuge in Burgundy from the authority of Charles VIII., who wished to force him to return to Court, and remained with his uncle Philip until 1461, when his father died.

[135] Philip de Melun held the office of Captain of the Bastille Saint Antoine from 1462, until his death, which occurred in 1466. See p. 14, note [48].

[136] Antoine de Castelnau or Chasteauneuf, Lord and Baron of Lau, in Armagnac, Grand Chamberlain and Grand Butler of France, and Seneschal of Guienne. Having incurred the king’s displeasure, he was arrested and taken to the castle of Usson, in Auvergne, whence he escaped in 1468, and sought refuge with the Duke of Burgundy, under whom he fought at the siege of Liege. He afterwards regained the favour of Louis XI., who appointed him Lieutenant-General and Governor of the county of Roussillon, of Cerdagne, and of the town of Perpignan. He was still living in 1483.

[137] This is a mistake: two years had elapsed since their re-purchase. See p. 5, note [22].

[138] On Monday, September 9. 1465.

[139] Catherine of France, who was married in June, 1439, and died in 1446.

[140] Guillaume Bische, a native of Molins Engilbert, in the Nivernois, was, according to Philip the Good, “the worst and subtlest fellow under the sun.” This subtlety was not injurious to him in the opinion of Louis XI., who made him Bailiff of St. Pierre-le-Moustier and Governor of Soissonnois, and honoured him with his confidence and friendship. In 1472, he was Lord of Clery, and chief steward of Duke Charles of Burgundy: and in 1478, he received the additional titles of “knight, councillor and chamberlain of the king, Governor of Peronne, Montdidier and Roye.”

[141] Guillot or Guyon Dusye figures, as an equerry of the stable, in a list of the household of Charles, Duke of Burgundy. He was afterwards created a knight.

[142] After his reconciliation with the Count of Charolois, in February, 1456, the Duke of Burgundy “banished from his dominions two of the principal servants of his son; the first named Guillaume Visse (Bische) was master of his chamber, who not long before had come as a poor valet from Champagne to Burgundy; the second was an esquire, named Guyot Duisy, a native of Burgundy.” Du Clercq, xiii. 205.

[143] This treaty is dated October 2. 1465. See Lenglet, ii. 499.

[144] Jeanne Crespin, daughter of Guillaume Crespin, Lord of Mauny, and of Jacqueline d’Auvricher. Letters of absolution from the treason here recorded were granted her by Louis XI. in January, 1466.

[145] He entered on Friday, September 27. 1465.

[146] “At which the king was marvellously vexed, and said one day to the Count of St. Pol, half between jest and earnest: ‘Fair cousin of St. Pol, you have said and still say such fine words to me that I have lost Rouen and Pontoise by them.’”—_Hennin_, 438.

[147] Jean de Montespedon, surnamed Houaste, Lord of Basoches, Beauvoir, &c., chamberlain to the king, and Bailiff of Rouen. His wife was Drouette de Bar. He was still alive in 1479, and is mentioned as bailiff in public documents of that year.

[148] Guillaume Picart, Knight, Lord of Estelau, councillor and chamberlain of the king. He was made Bailiff of Rouen, and chief commander of all the artillery, on the 3rd of October, 1479. He was still living in April, 1484.

[149] Jacques de Brézé, Count de Maulevrier, son of Pierre de Brézé and Jeanne Crespin, became Grand Seneschal of Normandy after the death of his father. He married Charlotte, a natural daughter of Louis XI.; and died on the 4th of August, 1494.

[150] On Thursday, October 3. 1465.

[151] The treaty was concluded on the 5th of October, and peace proclaimed on the 29th of the same month.

[152] On the following Thursday, October 10th, 1465. See Lenglet, ii. 49.

[153] Philip de Saveuses, long Captain of Amiens and Artois, was deposed in 1463 by Louis XI. In 1465, the Duke of Burgundy appointed him Captain-general of Artois. His wife was Marie de Lully: and he died at Amiens, on the 28th of March, 1467, at the age of seventy-seven.

[154] John, surnamed Sans-Peur, Duke of Burgundy, was the son of Philippe le-Hardi and Margaret of Flanders. He was born on the 28th of May, 1371; married to Margaret of Bavaria on the 9th of April, 1385; and assassinated on the bridge of Montereau, on the 10th of September, 1419.

[155] On Friday, October 11. 1465.

[156] This town was given to the marshal in 1463, and taken from him by royal letters dated August 6. 1466.

[157] On the 30th of October. See Lenglet, ii. 532

[158] On the 31st of October. See Lenglet, ii. 540

[159] The Count of Charolois left Conflans on Thursday, the 31st of October, and proceeded to Villiers-le-Bel, whither the king accompanied him. They remained there together until the 3rd of November.

[160] Two years before, Commines should say. He has made the same mistake already: see p. 65.

[161] He encamped at Cleyngelm, in the territory of Liege, where he remained until the 22nd of January, 1466.

[162] This treaty was concluded on the 22nd of December, 1465; Huy and Dinant were excluded from its provisions. It was ratified by the Count of Charolois on the 24th of January, 1466.

[163] He arrived at Brussels on the evening of Friday, the 31st January.

[164] This treaty, dated at Caen on the 22nd of December, 1465, was ratified on the following day by Louis XI. The article mentioned by Commines does not occur in it.

[165] The Count of Charolois was at Saint-Tron from December 21. 1465, to January 12. 1466; and again from the 25th to the 30th of Jan. 1466.

[166] They made a treaty of perpetual alliance, which was signed by the Duke of Bretagne on the 10th of August, 1467, and by the Duke of Normandy on the 22nd of the same month.

[167] On Monday, August 25. 1466.

[168] On the 15th of June, 1467.

[169] For the first causes of this hostility, see several documents published in M. Gachard’s _Collection de Documents Inédits_, vol. ii. pp. 205, 218, 343, in which the Dinantais charge the people of Bouvines with the same acts of violence and cruelty with which Commines charges the Dinantais.

[170] See p. 80, note [162].

[171] “On the first day of September, the duke departed from Bouvines, and lay that night at Namur.” Du Clercq, xv. 125.

[172] It was Sunday, September 7., the eve of the nativity of the Virgin.

[173] The letters of the burgomasters are dated September 10. 1466. Gachard, ii. 402.

[174] They had promised, by the treaty of December 22. 1465, to “pay 600,000 Rhenish florins in six years, 100,000 each year.” Du Clercq, xv. 129.

[175] This number of 300 hostages was to be furnished by annuity, as it were; that is to say, fifty every year, until the full payment of the 600,000 florins. The fifty were to be made up “of thirty-two men for the city of Liege, six for the town of Tongres, six for the town of Saint-Tron, and six for the town of Hasselt.” Du Clercq, xv. 129.

[176] Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liege, son of Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, and Agnes of Burgundy. He was assassinated on the 30th of August, 1482.

[177] By letter dated from Bruges, June 19. 1467. It will be found in Lenglet, ii. 620.

[178] “It was far advanced in the month of September,” says Chastellain, “when the town of Huy was taken by the Liegeois.” Jealousy led the Liegeois to attack it, for “it had always sided with the bishop against the city, and for that cause, Duke Philip had granted it great immunities.” Chastellain, 426.

[179] The duke left Brussels for Louvain on the 13th of October, 1467.

[180] Jean Balue was born at Poitiers in 1422, and died in October, 1491. He was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1464, translated to the see of Angers soon afterwards, and raised to the cardinalate in 1467.

[181] On the 27th of October, 1467, the count “came to the siege of the town of Saint Tron, and on the 28th he gained a battle over the Liegeois at the village of Brusten. On the 2nd of November, the town of Saint-Tron surrendered at discretion, and the duke demolished its gates, towers, and walls.” Lenglet, ii. 190.

[182] Guy de Brimeu, Count of Mehem, and Lord of Humbercourt, was created a Knight of the Golden Fleece in 1473. He was a son of Jean de Brimeu and Marie de Mailly: he married Antoinette de Rambures; and he was beheaded at Ghent on the 3rd of April, 1477.

[183] Renard de Rouvroy.

[184] It appears from a letter written on the 29th of October by Louis Van den Rive, pensionary of the town of Ypres, that the Liegeois numbered 17,000 or 18,000 with 400 or 500 horse; whilst Jean de Halewyn, writing on the 31st of the same month, says they had 1400 men-at-arms.

[185] François Rayer, Esquire, was Bailiff of Mâcon, and Seneschal and Captain of Lyons, in 1462.

[186] On the 28th of October.

[187] Jean de Halewyn estimated their loss at “4000 men and more.” Louis Van den Rive says, 2000 or 3000.

[188] The conditions of the surrender are stated in letters patent of the Duke of Burgundy, dated November 1. 1467, and ratified on the 7th of the same month by the mayor and notable inhabitants of Saint-Tron. Gachard, ii. 420.

[189] Twelve. See Gachard, ii. 424.

[190] On the 6th of November. Lenglet, ii. 190.

[191] The duke arrived before Liege on St. Martin’s day, November 11. 1467.

[192] Raes de la Rivière, Lord of Lintre, Heers, &c., and Knight-master of the city of Liege in 1463, died on the 8th of December, 1477. In September, 1475, he appears in the list of chamberlains and councillors of the King of France.

[193] “On the 12th of November, the men of Liege, ten of each trade, came in their shirts to a place half a mile from the town, where my lord was lodged, and prostrated themselves at his feet.” Gachard, i. 181.

[194] Collard, Lord of Moy, Knight, Bailiff of Cotentin. He was son of Nicholas surnamed Colard, Lord of Moy, and Marguerite de la Heuse. He married Marguerite d’Ailli. He was still living in 1493.

[195] On Tuesday, November 17. 1467.

[196] Until the 28th of November, 1467.

[197] In M. Gachard’s _Collection de Documents Inédits_, ii. 437, will be found a copy of the sentence pronounced upon Liege by Duke Charles, on the 18th of November, 1467.

[198] Commines is here guilty of an anachronism. The submission of the Gantois was not made until the 15th of January, 1469. See Gachard, i. 204.

[199] On Sunday, June 28th, 1467.

[200] The duke remained only three days in Ghent: he left on the 1st of July. Lenglet, ii. 190.

[201] The letters, dated Brussels, July 28th, 1467, by which the duke granted the demands of the Gantois, will be found in Lenglet, ii. 628-630.

[202] Chastellain devotes twelve chapters of his _Chronique_ to details of this sedition.

[203] The Gantois did not receive the duke’s full pardon until 1469.

[204] An interesting account of this assembly will be found in M. Gachard’s _Collection de Documents Inédits_, i. 204.

[205] Pierre de Goux, Lord of Goux, Contrecœur, and Wedargate, knight, chamberlain of Philip, Duke of Burgundy, was created Chancellor of Burgundy by letters dated October 26. 1465. He married Dame Mathie de Rye, and died on the 5th of April, 1470.

[206] The Flemings had to pay 1,200,000 crowns, within sixteen years; the Brabanters 300,000 lions; and Valenciennes 100,000 livres tournois, within fifteen years.

[207] The Liegeois, in 1462, put themselves under the protection of Louis XI. and refused to obey their bishop, a nephew of the Duke of Burgundy; upon which the duke solicited and obtained from the Pope a bull of excommunication against them, by which he was ordered “to crusade against them as against the infidels, and against a people disobedient to the holy apostolical see.” The sentence of excommunication is dated December 23. 1465.

[208] On the 26th of May, 1468, there had been a prolongation of the truce between the king and the three dukes: it was to last from the 1st of June to the 15th of July. Morice, iii. 172.

[209] By the treaty of Ancenis, made on the 10th of September, 1468, by the envoys of the contracting parties. It was ratified by the king and the Duke of Bretagne on the 18th of September following; but the adhesion of the Duke of Normandy was not obtained to it until the 21st of June, 1470. No article in this treaty stipulates that the dukes shall renounce their alliance with the Duke of Burgundy. This was probably made the subject of a special treaty; for the king alludes to it in his instructions to his envoys to the Duke of Bretagne on the 1st of December, 1470. “Item, by the treaties and promises which the Duke of Bretagne has made with the king, he has promised and sworn to serve the king formally against the said Duke of Burgundy, at any time that he may undertake any war against him.” Salazard, iv. Preuves, ccxcv.

[210] Jehan de Boschuise, first butler to the Duke of Burgundy. Etat de la Maison du Duc Charles.

[211] On the 21st of August, 1468, the Duke of Bretagne had, in his own name and in that of his allies, granted a truce of twelve days to the Marquis du Pont, who commanded the French army at the siege of Ancenis.

[212] Dated Peronne, October 8. 1468.

[213] Appointed by letters patent of November 28. 1467.

[214] On Sunday, October 9. Lenglet, ii. 192.

[215] Philip of Savoy, Count of Beaugé, and Lord of Bresse, was the son of Louis, Duke of Savoy, and Anne of Cyprus. He was born at Chambery on the 3rd of February, 1438. At the request of his father, Louis XI. arrested this prince in April, 1463, and imprisoned him in the Castle of Loches, where he remained until 1466. On the death of his grand-nephew in 1496, Philip ascended the ducal throne: but he did not long enjoy his power, for he died at Chambery on the 7th of November, 1497.

[216] Jean Louis of Savoy, Bishop of Geneva, brother of the preceding. He died at Turin on the 11th of June, 1482.

[217] Jacques of Savoy, Count of Romont, Baron of Vaud, brother of the preceding, was created a Knight of the Golden Fleece in 1478. He died at the Castle of Ham on the 30th of January, 1486. In 1460, he had married Marie de Luxembourg, Countess of St. Paul.

[218] Pierre, Lord of Urfé and La Bastie, councillor and chamberlain of the king, was created Grand Ecuyer of France by Charles VIII. in 1483. He was the son of Pierre d’Urfé and Isabeau de Chovigny. He died on the 10th of October, 1508.

[219] History furnishes us with abundance of examples of the treachery and perfidiousness that have been practised at such interviews. The first we meet with in Roman history, is that of Jugurtha, who was taken by his father-in-law, Bocchus, and delivered up to the Romans; to which we may add that of Sertorius, who was slain at a banquet by Perpenna. In England, the treason of Hengist to Vortigern is well known to all that have read anything of history. The Scottish chronicles mention the assassination of one William, Earl of Douglas, who was killed at a treaty by James, King of Scotland. In Germany, one Albrecht, Earl of Franconia, was betrayed by Otho, Bishop of Mentz. John of Anjou was slain by Albertus Bavarus, Earl of Hainault and Flanders, notwithstanding he had given him a passport, and engaged his honour as a security for his person. In France, John, Duke of Burgundy, slain by Charles VII. William, Duke of Normandy, by Arnulph, Earl of Flanders. Louis, King of France, taken prisoner by the Normans and Danes at Rouen. John, Duke of Bretagne, taken at a banquet, and imprisoned by Margaret, Countess of Pontibera. Guido, Earl of Flanders, twice taken prisoner, notwithstanding the promise of safe-conduct, by Philip the Fair, King of France. Charles the Simple slain by the Earl of Vermandois. In short, it would be endless to reckon up all the villanous and barbarous murders that have been committed at these interviews between great princes, and which are recorded in history, as our author here very well observes.

[220] Or rather, Jehan de Wilde. Oliver de la Marche says that he was killed at the assault of Liege by the Burgundians. He is said by some authorities to have been Provost of Liege and Lord of Hautpeene.

[221] Robert de Morialmé, Archdeacon of the Cathedral of Liege.

[222] A portion of this tower still remains incorporated in the existing Castle of Peronne.

[223] Herbert II., Count of Vermandois, having traitorously seized upon the person of Charles the Simple, imprisoned him in the Castle of Peronne, where the unfortunate king terminated his life in 929, after six years’ captivity. Herbert died in 943, and was buried at Saint-Quentin.

[224] Esquire, valet de chambre, and keeper of the jewels to Duke Charles of Burgundy. He was appointed Captain of the Castle of Châtillon, by letters patent granted by the duke at Lille, on the 15th of April, 1470.

[225] Henry IV., King of Castile, son of John II. and Marie of Arragon, was born on the 6th of January, 1425, and died on the 12th of December, 1474. He married 1. in 1440, Blanche of Navarre, from whom he was divorced in 1453; and 2. Juana, Infanta of Portugal. The interview between Louis XI. and Henry took place at Andaia, near Fuentarabia, in April, 1463.

[226] The Grand Master of the order of Santiago, in April, 1463, was Bertrand de la Cueva, Count of Lodesma, in whose favour the Infante Don Alphonso, the king’s brother, had resigned the grand-mastership in 1462. The knights of the order complained bitterly of being thus deprived of their right to elect their chief, and to appease their murmurs, the king persuaded the Count of Lodesma to resign his new dignity of his own accord, in return for which he bestowed on him several estates and lordships, including the dukedom of Albuquerque. A bull of Pope Paul II. restored the Infante Don Alphonso to the head of the order. On the death of this prince, on July 5. 1468, the knights elected as their grand master Juan Pacheco, Marquis de Villena, who died in 1474. This nobleman was present at the interview between Louis XI. and the King of Castile: and it is to him that Commines refers in the text.

[227] Alonzo Carrillo d’Acunha was appointed Archbishop of Toledo in 1447, and died on the 1st of June, 1482.

[228] He died on the 1st of November, 1492. See the first note.

[229] Juana, daughter of Frederick Henriquez, Amirante of Castile, and Maria de Cordova, married John II., King of Arragon and Navarre, in 1447. She died on the 13th of February, 1468.

[230] Sentence was pronounced by Louis XI. on the 23rd of April, 1463. See Lenglet, ii. 378.

[231] The Bidassoa.

[232] John II., son of Ferdinand, King of Arragon, and Leonora of Albuquerque. He died on the 19th of January, 1479. He was a Knight of the Golden Fleece.

[233] It was terminated by a peace between the two powers, on the 9th of November, 1478.

[234] Frederick III., son of Ernest, Duke of Austria, and Zimpurgis of Mazovia, was born on the 23rd of December, 1415, and died on the 19th of August, 1493. He married Eleanor, daughter of Edward, King of Portugal.

[235] On the 30th of September, 1473.

[236] Maximilian of Austria married in August, 1477, Mary of Burgundy, the sole heiress of Duke Charles.

[237] Neuss, a town in the province of Dusseldorf, Prussia.

[238] On the 7th of January, 1471.

[239] The King of England was elected a Knight of the Golden Fleece, of which order the Duke of Burgundy was sovereign, on the 13th of May, 1468, and notified his acceptance of the honour on the 28th of October, 1469.

[240] On Tuesday, February 10. 1466.

[241] Sigismund, son of Frederick IV., Duke of Austria, and Count of Tyrol, by Anne of Brunswick. He was born on the 26th of October, 1424, and married 1. Eleanor, daughter of James II., King of Scotland; and 2. Catherine, daughter of Albert the Courageous, Duke of Saxony. He died on the 4th of March, 1496. Sigismund visited the Duke of Burgundy at Arras, on the 21st of March, 1468 (O. S.), accompanied him in several journeys, and was with him at St. Omer, on the 1st of May following.

[242] The Earl of Warwick came to the Duke of Burgundy at St. Omer, the 26th of April, 1469.

[243] On the 29th of August, 1475. See book iv. chap. x.

[244] As it happened at Venice, when Henry III., King of France, made his public entry into that city. The French laughed at the Venetians dress, upon which they were like to have come to blows.

[245] There can be no doubt that this friend was Commines himself. See Lenglet, iv. 133; and Dupont, i. 173.

[246] “As soon as the king saw the duke enter his chamber, he could not conceal his fear, and said to the duke, ‘My brother, am I not safe in your house and in your country? and the duke answered, Yes, sir; and so safe that if I saw an arrow coming towards you, I would put myself in front to shield you?’ And the king said to him, ‘I thank you for your good will, and will go whither I have promised you; but I pray you that peace may be from this time sworn between us.’” Oliver de la Marche, ii. 287.

[247] Concluded at Peronne, on the 14th of October, 1468. See end of chapter.

[248] See above, book i. chap. 13.

[249] As we have already seen, by the treaty of Ancenis, Louis XI. granted his brother an appanage of 60,000 livres a year, in exchange for the duchy of Normandy. If it be true, as Commines and Oliver de la Marche both state, that the treaty of Peronne secured to that prince Champagne and Brie, instead of Normandy, the clause concerning this new exchange must have been contained in some secret article; for it does not occur in the original draft of the treaty, or in any subsequent edition of it.

[250] They left Peronne on the 15th of October, and slept at Cambray on the 17th. Lenglet, ii. 192.

[251] They arrived at Namur in the morning of the 21st of October, and remained there until the 24th. Lenglet, ii. 192.

[252] Onofrio de Santa Croce, Bishop of Tricaria, in the kingdom of Naples. He was a native of Rome, where he died on October 20. 1471.

[253] Pietro Barbo, a Venetian, Cardinal of San Marco, was elected Pope under the name of Paul II., on the 31st of August, 1464. He died on the 28th of July, 1471.

[254] William VII., son of Louis the Good, Prince of Orange, by Jeanne de Montbelliard, succeeded his father in December, 1463. He died on the 27th October, 1475.

[255] Antoine de Luxembourg, Count of Brienne, Ligny and Roussy, councillor and chamberlain of the king, was the son of the Constable of St. Paul and Jeanne de Bar. He was originally attached to the household of Charles the Bold, and on the 18th of February, 1472, received the provisions of Lieutenant-general of Burgundy. He was taken prisoner by the king’s troops at the battle of Guipy, near Chateau Chinon, on the 20th of June, 1475, and confined in the great tower of Bourges, whence he was transferred to the Plessis-du-Parc. Louis XI. bitterly reproached him with his perfidy and treason, and would only consent to grant him his life on condition of his paying a ransom of 40,000 golden crowns within two months. This was probably done, for Antoine de Luxembourg, Count of Brienne, figured on the 12th of June, 1493, among the nobles whom the King of France appointed to take back Margaret of Austria to her father, the Emperor Maximilian. The count died in 1515.

[256] René, Count du Perche, son of Jean de-Beau and Marie d’Armagnac, succeeded his father in the dukedom of Alençon in 1476: and died on the 1st of November, 1492.

[257] George de la Tremoille, Lord of Craon, Lieutenant-General of Champagne and Brie, was the son of George, Lord of La Tremoille, and Catherine, Lady of L’Isle Bouchard. He died in 1481.

[258] On Sunday, October 30. 1468.

[259] The treaty of Peronne was registered by the Parliament of Paris on the 18th of May, 1469.

[260] The Duke of Burgundy, as we shall presently see, did not insist on this demand, which the king craftily induced him to abandon. Two years later, by letters granted at Angers in August, 1470, Louis granted forgiveness to Pierre d’Urfé and Poncet de Rivière “of all the charges, crimes, offences, and malefactions” of which they had been guilty in contravention of his authority.

[261] John of Burgundy, Count of Nevers, Baron of Douzy, Peer of France, Knight of the Golden Fleece, and Governor of Picardy, was born on the 25th of October, 1415. He was the son of Philip II., Count of Nevers, and Bona of Artois. He died on the 25th of September, 1491. Having abandoned the house of Burgundy to enter the service of Louis XI., he obtained pardon from his uncle Duke Philip, after the peace of Conflans, by the cession of various estates and lordships which he held in his dominions.

[262] On Wednesday, November 2. 1468.

[263] Antoine Rolin, Lord of Emeris, and Governor of Hainault, was the son of Nicholas, Lord of Emeris, and Marie de Landes. His wife was a sister of the Count d’Estampes. He was one of the conservators of the peace of Senlis for the marches of Hainault.

[264] Until the 9th of November.

[265] When the duke left Liege, “he established there a captain named Messire Frederic de Withem, who remained there about fourteen days, and destroyed the city entirely by fire, after it had been pillaged.” Gachard, i. 203.

[266] He arrived there on the 14th of October, and resumed his journey on the 17th.

[267] On the 20th of November, he slept at Landen, in Brabant. Lenglet, ii. 193.

[268] The Duke of Bretagne is not mentioned by name in any of the articles of the treaty of Peronne; but perhaps he must be considered as implicitly included in the clause which concerns the allies of the Duke of Burgundy.

[269] In 1472. See note, book i. chap. 6.

[270] The treaty of exchange is dated in April, 1469.

[271] Guillaume de Haraucourt, son of Gerard de Haraucourt, Seneschal of Barrois, was elected Bishop of Verdun on the 14th of October, 1456, and took possession of his see on the 10th of August following. Possessed of the most brilliant qualities, and supported by the credit of Cardinal Balue, he met with a favourable reception from Louis XI., to whom he rendered important services. Subsequently becoming involved in the cardinal’s disgrace, Guillaume de Haraucourt was arrested, and confined in that iron cage, the invention of which is ascribed to him by Commines, book vi. chap. 12. He was kept a prisoner for fifteen years, and died on February 20. 1500.

[272] On the 8th of September, 1469.

[273] The peace was published at Paris on Saturday, November 19. 1468. See Lenglet, ii. 78.

[274] The declaration of Louis XI. against the Duke of Burgundy, dated December 3. 1470, was the result of all the deliberations of this assembly. After enumerating all his grievances against the duke, and declaring that he would no longer tolerate his outrageous conduct, “we have,” he says, “in order to proceed in so great a matter with mature and due deliberation, assembled in our city of Tours, certain of the princes and lords of our blood, prelates, counts, barons, and other nobles, and notable members of our council.” The opinion of this assembly was, that the king was free and discharged from the promises he had made to the Duke of Burgundy by the treaty of Peronne and other treaties, and that the lands and lordships of the duke should be confiscated to him. Lenglet, iii. 68.

[275] Commines is in error on this point. The Estates had met at Tours in 1467, from the 6th to the 14th of April. See Lenglet, ii. 71.

[276] He died in 1488. See note, book i. chap. 2.

[277] The duke arrived at Hesdin on the 2nd of August, 1470, and remained there five months and a half.

[278] Baudoin, Bastard of Burgundy, knight, councillor and chamberlain of Duke Philip, was Lord of Falais, Bredain and Sommerdyk. He was a natural son of Philip the Good, by Catherine de Tiesferies. He died in 1508.

[279] The others were, Jean Darsson, pantler to Duke Charles, and Jean de Chassa, his chamberlain; who, with the Bastard Baudoin, were accused of entertaining designs against the duke’s life.

[280] On the 10th of December, 1470. Lenglet, ii. 88.

[281] He arrived at Doullens on the 17th of January, 1471, and remained there until the 3rd of February.

[282] The town of Amiens surrendered to the Count of Commartin, Grand Master of France, and lieutenant of the king, on the 31st of January, 1471.

[283] The distance between Amiens and Doullens is 33 kilometers, about 24 miles.

[284] He arrived at Arras on the 5th of February, and remained there until the 10th. Lenglet, ii. 197.

[285] Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold and Isabel of Bourbon, was born on the 13th of February, 1457, married the Archduke Maximilian on the 20th of August, 1477, and died on the 27th of March, 1482.

[286] Mary was successively promised by her father: 1. to Nicholas, Duke of Calabria; 2. to Philibert, Duke of Savoy; 3. to the Archduke Maximilian; 4. to the Duke of Berry; and 5. to the Dauphin Charles.

[287] On the 23rd of February, 1471, the duke encamped at Winencourt, near Picquigny, and on the 24th at Belloy: his vanguard took the town of Picquigny, which was immediately set on fire, and in the evening the castle surrendered on composition. The Castle of Picquigny is now a picturesque ruin, overlooking the town: in former times a stone stood there to commemorate its capture by the Duke of Burgundy.

[288] On the 6th of March, 1471, he encamped at Mez, near Amiens; on the 10th, he advanced to the Abbey of St. Acheul; and on the 27th, lie encamped in the Valley of the Cross, close to Amiens. Lenglet, ii. 198.

[289] Nicholas, Duke of Calabria and Lorraine, was born in 1448. He was the son of John of Calabria and Mary of Bourbon. He succeeded his father in 1470, and died, unmarried, on the 24th of July, 1473. Anne, the daughter of Louis XI., had been betrothed to him from her cradle; but, probably from the hope of espousing Mary of Burgundy, he renounced that alliance, although he had twice received the dowry of his intended bride.

[290] On the 10th of April, 1471, the king and duke made a truce for three months; at the expiration of which term, another trace was made for a year.

[291] The three Estates of Burgundy met at Abbeville on the 22nd of July, 1471; and on the 12th of August following, a report of their proceedings was made to the town-council, at Mons. Gachard, i. 225.

[292] This subsidy of 120,000 crowns was not raised until towards the close of 1471. Gachard, i. 225.

[293] See book i. chap. 5.