Chapter XXI (2)

Kilima-njaro, Mount, 1, 6, 7, 9, 80, 226, 300, 310, 320, 396, 418;
altitude of, 1, 2, 10, 276;
anthropology of, 395–445;
ascents of, 10, 11;
beetles of, 372–394;
birds of, 356–394;
butterflies of, 367;
climate of, 323, _et seq._;
colonization of, 122;
derivation of name, 1;
discovery of, 7;
early history of, 6;
European visitors to, 7, _et seq._, 79, 100, 101;
Expedition, vii., 3, 12, 14;
fauna of, 350–394;
fauna and flora of, 3, 5, 12;
flora of, 234, 329, _et seq._, 330, 337–349;
first sight of, 71;
geology of, 1;
languages of, 448–496;
last view of, 298;
mammals of, 350–387;
northern side of, 10, 294;
poem to, v., 336;
politics of, 79, 182, 244;
pronunciation of, x;
purpose in going to, 180, 245;
reptiles of, 361;
sanatorium, a future, 306;
situation and extent of, 1, 3, 327;
snows of, 1, 3, 8, 9, 14, 79, 137, 325;
spurs on buttresses of, 119, 127;
start for, 40;
states of, 232;
by sunrise, 137;
vicinity of, 72, 215.

Kimaṅgelia, 294, 326, 443.

Kimawenzi, 1, 10, 80, 124, 152, 234, 260, 264, 273, 286, 325.

Kingfisher, 149.

Kini Balu, Mount, 5.

Kioṅgwe, 60, 61, 102, 104, 106, 116, _et seq._, 185, 204, _et seq._,
212, 225, 239, 246, 303, 315.

Kirk, Sir John, iii., 13, _et seq._, 94, 98, 100, 109, 180, 182, 184,
225, 226, 240, 256, 281, 319;
house of, 20, 21, 23;
at home, 39;
at Mbwéni, 38.

Kirua, 165, 181, 244, 443.

Kisiwani, 306.

Kisolutini, 42, 48.

Kisoṅgo, 397, 404, 407.

Kitchen-garden, author’s, 131, 142, 149.

Kites, 128, 356.

Kitimbiriu, walk to, 118;
site for, 120;
arrival at, 121;
position of, 122;
future of, 122;
view from, 123;
residence in, 129, 142, _et seq._;
typical day at, 144, _et seq._;
author leaves, August 18th, 206;
returns to, 212, 229, 238;
remembrance of, 320.

Kiulu Mountains, 287, 396.

Konono, El-, 402, 411, 421.

Kosova, 397.

Krapf, Dr. (the missionary), 8, 9, 130, 432, 446, 448, 452, 489.

Kudu, 277, 279, 354.

Kwavi, Wa- (Masai), 78, 210, 312, _et seq._, 396, _et seq._, 405, _et
seq._, 419, 424, 432.

Labio, 363.

Laikipia, 397.

Laitokitok, 397, 404.

Lamu, 15, 398, 401, 541.

_Landolphia florida_, 544.

Landscapes, descriptive, 65, 80, 88, 124, 127, 129, 137, 152, _et
seq._, 156.

Lanes, the Ċaga, 229, 230.

Laṅgo, language of, 450.

Languages of Africa, 446.

—— —— Kilima-njaro, 448, _et seq._

Lanjora, 70.

“Laputa,” 71.

Last, Mr., 449.

Latuka people, 397.

—— language, 450, _et seq._, 455, 501.

Lava, 264, _et seq._

Lawson, Mr. Ed. L., vii.

League, hostile, of Kibôso, &c., 204.

Legend of Solomon, 129.

Leighton, Sir Frederick, 32.

Leopards, 66, 152, 164, 211, 284, 352, 485, 542.

_Lepidoptera_, 367.

Lepsius, Dr. (Standard Alphabet), ix, 446, 451.

Lilies, 301.

Limestone, 301, 545.

Lions, 66, 73, 85, _et seq._, 137, 152, _et seq._, 156, 162, 211, 216,
222, 352, 485, 542.

_Lissochilus_ orchids, 51.

Lizard, 235, 361.

_Lobelia Deckeni_, 267, 333.

_Lonchitis pubescens_, 332.

_Loranthus_, 154.

Lumbwa, 397.

Lumi River (of Taveita), 79, 218, 220, 288, 289, _et seq._, 297, 326,
434.

Lūr language, 400, 451, 501.

Luvu River, _vide_ Ruvu.

Mabruki, 57, 61, 131, 185, _et seq._, 191, 247, _et seq._

Mačame, 9, 124, 443.

Madagascar, 5, 485.

Madi language, 450.

Magdišu, 17.

Magic, 159, 160.

Magician, author a, 264, 294, 295.

Maidens, African, 151.

Maize (Indian corn), 151, 155, 424, 442.

Makonde language, 493.

Malindi, 17, 326, 401.

Mamba, 244, 286, 443.

Mammals of Kilima-njaro, 350, 387–394.

Mandara, vii., 11, 79, 89, 90, _et seq._, 109, 114, _et seq._, 130,
155, 213, 225, _et seq._, 236, _et seq._, 287, 314, 319, 404, 555;
appearance of, 91, 103, 106;
biography of, 95, _et seq._;
courtiers of, 88, 106, 108, 131, 175, 181, 183, 186, _et seq._, 241;
covetousness of, 188;
character of, 206;
conversations with, 105, 134, 169, 181, 202;
first sight of, 103;
fortifications 172;
Mandara and Mabruki, 187, _et seq._;
mother of, 96;
quarrels with neighbours, 165, 194;
his reasons for slave-trading, 180;
his relations with Sir John Kirk, 98, 101;
rule of, 164;
slave-trading of, 95, 165, 181;
soldiers of, 89, 98, 169, 171, 174, 177, 187, 195, 197, 226, 229,
234, 236, _et seq._;
treatment of European visitors, 11, 101;
town of, 119, 156, 172, 198;
wives of, 111, 112;
Mandara’s interviews with author, 104, 106, 110, 133, 169, 181, 240;
messages to author, 189, 190, _et seq._, 196;
ideas about rent, 191;
threats, 194, 196;
ultimatum, 196;
alliance with Masai, 204;
leave-taking with author, 240, _et seq._

Mandiṅgo language, 447, 478.

Maṅge, 192, 197, 198.

Mango, 329.

Maraṅu, 165, 181, 243, 248, 443;
mission to, 245, _et seq._;
chief of, 247, 255, _et seq._;
his mother, 253;
his palace, 254;
his soldiers, 292.

Market at Kitimbiriu, 154, 155.

Marriage among Masai, 415.

—— —— Wa-taita, 431.

—— —— Wa-čaga, 437.

—— —— Wa-taveita, 433.

Masai, the, 6, 7, 74, _et seq._, 78, 95, _et seq._, 165, 185, 209, _et
seq._, 238, 289, 294, 302, _et seq._, 312, _et seq._, 397, _et
seq._, 402, _et seq._, 443, 481, 537, 552;
of Aruša, 97, 204, 397;
of Kisoṅgo, 204, 397;
history of, 405;
physical appearance of, 408, _et seq._;
warriors, 403;
mode of circumcision, 412 (foot-note);
dress of, 414;
marriage amongst, 415, _et seq._;
burial of, 416, _et seq._;
religion of, 417, _et seq._;
political constitution of, 418;
blood-drinking of, 425;
houses of, 419, _et seq._;
morals of, 419;
domestic animals of, 421;
utensils of, 420;
future of, 426.

Masai-land, 6, 11, 12, 210, 401, 425, 541.

Masai language, the, 400, 402, 448, _et seq._, 453–476, 501, _et seq._

Matthews, General, 31, 105.

Matumbato, 397.

Mau, El-, 424.

Mauṅgu, 54, 56, 58, _et seq._, 65.

Mauritius, 4.

Mazindi, 310, _et seq._

Mbe, Wa-, 397.

Mbugu, Wa-, 309, 310, 403.

Meal, 151, 155.

Means of transport in East Africa, 42.

Medical aid, demands for, 111, _et seq._

Melons, 131, 547.

Méru, Mount, 126, 127, 129, 178, 325, 335, 397, 443, 551.

Mguu, 131.

Miers, E. T., Mr., on the river-crabs of Kilima-njaro, 365.

Milk, 142, 148, 155, 157, 213, 214, 315, 425, 442.

“Milkman, my,” 157, 213.

Millet, 151, 424, 442.

Miltsiu, Mount., 2.

Mint, 330.

Mission at Mombasa, 43.

——, Universities’, 311, 316, _et seq._

Missionaries, 8, 310.

Mkindu palm, 153.

Mkomazi River, 309, 312, 550.

Mkuyuni River, 85, 206, 207.

Mohammedanism, 408.

Mohammedans _v._ Christians, 43.

Mombasa, 6, 7, 11, 15, 40, _et seq._, 307, 399, 452.

——, inhabitants of, 43.

——, missions of, 43.

——, slave-trade of, 97.

_Monitor Niloticus_, 361.

Monkeys, 117, 160, 212, 350, _et seq._, 485.

Moši, 10, 11, 79, 84, 87, 91, 94, _et seq._, 165, 212, 225, 323, 443.

——, author’s settlement in, 110, 114, 144.

——, invasion of, by Wa-kibôšo, 171.

——, a beautiful prison, 203.

Moths, 235.

Mountains, isolated, 4.

—— of Paré, 301, 304, _et seq._

—— of Usambara, 310.

Mpala (pallah) antelope, 218, 301, 354.

Mpokomo, 95, 443.

Mpoṅgwe language, 493.

Msai, 443.

Mtesa of Bu-ganda, 63, 98, 149.

_Musa Ensete_, 331.

Mustard and cress, 131, 149.

Mwale palm, 214.

Mwatate, 64.

Naivaša, Lake, 12.

Nandi, country of, 397.

Natal, 3, 304, 363, 481, 485.

Natron salt, 424.

Ndara of Taita, 59, 60, 64.

Negro languages, 447.

—— and Bantu races, distinction between, 426, _et seq._, 482.

Negroes, 398, 482.

——, Nilotic, 399, 427, 482.

_Neotragus_, 354.

New, Rev. Charles, 10, 11, 12, 101, 106, 190, 193.

Ṅgiri, 326, 397.

Ṅguru, 449.

Ṅguruṅgani, 301, 310.

Niger, River, 478.

Nile, River, 210, 397, 399, 451, 475, 478, 481.

Nitrate of soda, 545, 548.

Nǰemps, _vide_ ǰemsi, En-.

Nuba grammar, Lepsius’, 400.

—— languages, 447, 451, 478.

Nyamwezi, U-, 405.

Nyara, Bu-, 397.

“Nyika,” the, 330, 395.

Nyika, A-, 398, 432.

——, Ki-, 494 (and in vocabularies).

Nyoro, Bu-, 210.

——, Ki-, 400, 483, 488, 493.

Oigob, El, 313.

Oliver, Professor, on the flora of Kilima-njaro, 337, _et seq._

Onions, 131, 149, 547.

Orchids, 92, 121, 330, 336.

——, _Lissochilus_, 51, 330.

Orchilla-lichen, 231, 235, 284, 332, 545, 548.

Oriole, a lovely, 356.

Ornithology of Kilima-njaro, 377–387.

Orthography of African words, ix.

_Orycteropus Æthiopicus_, 300, 353.

_Osprey_, H.M.S., 320.

Ostriches, 212, 293, 296, 300, 301, 359, _et seq._, 485, 540, 542.

Oxen, _vide_ Cattle.

Ozi, River, 401.

Packing goods of Expedition, 44, _et seq._

Palms, 137, 153, 154, 336.

——, _Borassus_, 154, 329.

——, _Cocos_ (cocoanut), 329.

——, _Elaïs_, 329.

——, _Hyphœne_, 154, 311, 329.

——, _Phœnix_ (Mkindu), 153, 329.

——, _Raphia_ (Mwale), 154, 214, 329.

_Palumbus arquatrix_, 358.

_Pandanus_, 329.

Pangani, 297, 315, _et seq._, 327, 398.

—— route, 184.

Paré, country of, 297, 301, 304, 306, 309, 536, 550;
people of, 210, 306, 309, 398;
language of, 307, 396.

_Parinarium_, 209.

Parrot, the grey, 485.

Party, author’s, 48;
number of, 48.

Peas, 149, 155, 158, 547.

Pelicans, 298, 359.

Persian influence, traces of, in Zanzibar, 17, 18, 537.

_Phacochœrus_, 422.

Pig, the, 422, 485.

Pigeons, 218, 296, 358.

_Pinarochroa hypospodia_, 270, 356.

Pira Doǰi, 30.

Plantations, the author’s, at Kitimbiriu, 139, 149.

Plovers, 298.

Pokomo, Wa-, 397;
Ki-, 494.

Polypodies, 336.

Porters, food of, 46;
dispute with, 48;
Christian, 49;
punishment of, 49;
Rabai, 52, 101, 115, 120, 129, 130;
without prevision or forethought, 56;
Swahili, 146;
maladies of, 146.

Portuguese, the, 6, 7, 537.

Potatoes, 149;
sweet, 424, 546.

Pottery, Oriental, in Zanzibar, 25.

—— of Wa-čaga, 440.

Prefixes, Bantu, 161, 491, _et seq._, 497, _et seq._

Presents for Mandara, 106, 191, 241.

—— from Mandara, 90, 179, 227, 238.

—— to Maraṅu, 255.

—— —— Wa-rombo, 295.

—— —— Semboǰa, 315.

—— —— Taveita, 78, 211.

Pythons, 361.

Quanza, River, 210.

Queen, her Majesty the, 98, 105, 199, 308.

Quinine, the cultivation of, 549.

Rabai, 48.

——, men of, 63, 101, 115, 120, 129, 130.

Radishes, 131, 143, 149, 547.

Rain, 300, 324, _et seq._

_Raphia_ palms, 80, 154, 329, 434.

——, fibre of, 45.

Ravens, 235, 271, 277, 356.

Ravenstein, Mr. E. G., 7, 478.

Rebmann, Rev. J., 7, 8, 9, 100, 108.

Religious beliefs among natives, 434, 439, 444, 487.

Reptiles of Kilima-njaro, 361, 543.

Rhinoceros, 216, 294, 301, 354, 485, 541.

Rice, 546, _et seq._

River of Gonǰa, 307.

Rivers of Kilima-njaro, 326, _et seq._

Roan antelope, 224.

Robinson Crusoe, 164.

Rocks, curious, 270.

_Rodentia_, the, 353.

Rombo, 281, 283, 287, 289, _et seq._, 295, 326, 443.

——, inhabitants of (Wa-), 287, 288, _et seq._, 443, 494.

Rombo the best approach to Kilima-njaro, 289.

Rori, Wa-, 397.

Royal Society, 6, 245.

_Ruminantia_, 354.

Ruvu or Luvu River, 286, 297, 309, 315, 327, 396, _et seq._, 405, 535.

—— —— —— ——, the valley of the, 315, 550.

Sabaki, River, 396, 399, 401, 537.

Sable antelope, 69, 301, 354.

Sambara, U-, 297, 307, 309, _et seq._, 316, 396, 536, 546, 550.

——, Ki-, 403.

——, Wa-, 210, 309, 398.

Samburu, 51.

——, Lake, 210, 552.

—— language, 451.

Samia, Ba-, 397.

Saṅga, U-, 297;
Wa-, 297.

Sanya, Wa-, 401.

Saracenic architecture of Zanzibar, 36, 37.

Savages, attack of, on Kioṅgwe, 166.

Scenery of Čaga, 230;
of Paré, 307;
of Africa, 324.

Sclater, Mr. P. L., vii., 3.

Seasons, rainy, 324.

Seeds of English vegetables, 131, 136.

Semboǰa, the chief, 307, 309, 312, _et seq._

Semitic languages, 398, 441.

_Senecio Johnstoni_, 233, 268, 337.

Seri, U-, 232, 233, 236, 287, 294 326, 443;
Wa-, 294.

Settlement, first, on Kilima-njaro _vide_ Kitimbiriu.

—— —— at Taveita, 208.

—— —— Upper Kilēma (11,000 feet), 262.

—— —— Msai (8500 ft), 285.

——, European, on Kilima-njaro, 286, 290, 298.

Shaw, Rev. Downes-, 42, 48, 494.

Sheep, 135, 136, 147, 155, 211, 214, 229, 230, 234, 302, 306, 315, 422,
546.

Shelley, Captain, on the birds of Kilima-njaro, 377–387.

Sickness among men at Upper Kilima-njaro, 280.

Sierra Leone, 478.

Sigirari, 397, 404.

_Silurus_, 363.

“Skarm,” making a, 221.

Slave-traders, 96, 247.

—— trading, 8, 11, 96, 97, 99, 181, 247, 555.

Slaves, 97, 181, 212, 232, 247, 555.

Small-pox, 303, 487.

——, Masai dread of, 303.

Snakes, 361.

Snider rifles, 187, 252, 257, 292.

Snow, 7, 9, 279, 325, _et seq._

—— on Kibô, 137, 152, 274, 325.

—— —— Kimawenzi, 152, 264, _et seq._, 325.

—— —— Mount Méru, 325.

“Snow Fiend,” Mountain of the, 137.

Snuff, 424.

Sogonoi, Es-, 397.

Somali Land, 308.

—— language, 501.

—— people, 398, _et seq._, 537.

Spears, Masai, 421.

——, Čaga, 176.

Spitting, the ceremony of, 213, 411, 438.

Sport, 298, 301, 540, 554.

Sporting picnic, a, 225.

Sportsman’s paradise, a, 301, 540.

Spring, a warm, 269.

Squills, 66, 81.

Squirrels, 361.

Stanley, Mr. H. M., 116, 149, 398.

_Sterculia_, 209.

Stonechat, a, 270.

Storks, 298, 359.

——, marabou, 304, 423.

_Struthius Danaoides_, 359.

_Strychnia_, 153, 154, 330.

Sugar-cane, 64, 214, 424, 546, 549.

Sūk, 397;
language, 449, 451.

Sumatra, 4.

Sun-birds, 154, 269, 356.

Swahili language, 33, 36, 76, 104, 157, 169, 190, 214, 315, 316, 459,
537.

—— people, 87, 88, 96, 99, 210, 398, 403, 436.

—— traders, 6, 77, 79, 85, 98, 225, 252, 294, 314, 399, 405, 551.

Switzerland, an African, 136, 164.

Sycamore-trees, 85, 119, 137, 209.

Šilha language, 479.

Šiluk people, 399, 501;
language, 421, 447, 451, 478, 501, _et seq._, 540.

Šira, 232, 443.

Šuli language, 451, 541, _et seq._

Ta, Wa-, 401.

Taita, country of, 60, 64, 131, 136, 142, 165, 396, 428, 494.

—— language (Ki-), 428, 431.

——, people of (Wa-), 60, 64, 65, 210, 215, _et seq._, 398, 428, _et
seq._

Tana, River (or Dana), 397, _et seq._, 401, 481, 536.

Taru, 54.

Taveita, 74, 75, 205, 208, 212, 213, 290, 295, 297, 307, 320.

——, author’s settlement in, 206, 208, 297;
T. a congeries of nations and tongues, 210;
elders of, 77, _et seq._, 211, 436;
forest at, 209;
river of, 77, 79 (bridge over, 79, 80).

——, language of (Ki-taveita), 435, 494, _et seq._, 521, _et seq._

—— people of (Wa-taveita), 75, 76, 78, 209, 211, 214, 243, 398, 428,
432;
their houses, 209, 214.

Temperature on Kilima-njaro, 275, 322, _et seq._, 549.

_Thelphusa_, 363, 365.

Thermometer, readings of, 323, _et seq._

Thirst, sufferings from, 57, 291.

Thistles, 267.

Thomas, Mr. Carmichael, vii.

Thomas, Mr. Oldfield, on the mammals of Kilima-njaro, 387.

Thomson, Mr. Joseph, 6, 10, 11, 76, 98, 101, 106, 208, 252, 288, 326,
397, 399, 404, 449, 538, 540, 541, 551.

Thorns, 81.

Thunderstorms on Kilima-njaro, 261, 265.

Timber, 544.

Tobacco, 155, 264, 424, 547.

Tomatoes, 131, 547.

Trade goods in E. Africa, 44, _et seq._

Traders, native, 264, 540, 554.

——, Swahili, 77, 79, 85.

_Tragelaphus_, 354.

Travel, African, 12, 68.

Tree-ferns, 231, 336.

Tumale language, 480.

Turaco, the (_Turacus Hartlaubi_), 12, 233, 260, 358.

Turnips, 131, 149, 547.

Tutwa, Wa-, 397.

Ugweno, _vide_ Gweno, U-.

Ukambani, _vide_ Kambani, U-.

Ulcers, 111, 147, 266.

Uru, 277, 443.

Useri, _vide_ Seri, U-.

Varanus lizards, 209, 212, 361.

Vegetables, European, 547.

Venice, a vegetable, 209.

Victoria Nyanza, 1, 2, 9, 98, 210, 324, 395, 399, 488, 494, 535, 538,
_et seq._

—— Nile, 98, 488, 551.

View from Mandara’s town, 111.

—— towards Mačame, 124.

—— Méru, 126.

—— Ugweno, 125.

Violets, 336.

Virapan (Indian servant), 40, 49, 57, 58, 136, 145, 148, 168, 178, 190,
214, 232, 266, 301, 302, 351.

Vocabularies, collecting, 160.

—— of Masai, Latuka, &c., 501.

—— —— Ki-čaga, Ki-taveita, &c., _et seq._, 521.

—— —— Waboni and Galla, 401.

—— —— Šuli, Kavirondo, Bari, &c., 400.

Volcano, Kilima-njaro an extinct, 1, 326.

Vultures, 128, 176, 177, 216, 220, 304, _et seq._, 359, 423.

Waggons used for transport, 552.

Wakefield, Rev. Thomas, 42, 48.

War fires, 169.

Wart-hog (_Phacochœrus_), 216, 218, 422, 424.

Wasps, 269, 363.

Water-birds, 359.

—— falls, 307.

—— of ǰipé, 298.

Watercourses, artificial, of Čaga, 117, 118, 120, 121, 123.

Waterhouse, Mr. Charles O., on the _Coleoptera_ of Kilima-njaro,
372–377.

Wax, 547.

Wilderness, African, 58, 81, 395.

Wild animals, sale of, 548.

—— flowers, 50, 87, 91, 147, 148, 230, 233, 235, 267, 329.

Wing of ostrich, 359.

Wolof, the, Negroes, 427.

Worm, note on a nematoid, 364.

_Xyloropus_, 363.

Yao people, the, 61, 299.

Zambesi, 98, 334, 422, 493, 552.

—— Expedition, the, 19.

Zanzibar, 13, 15, 248, 319.

——, architecture of, 36, 37;
army of, 35;
history of, 17;
houses of, 28;
population of, 35;
position of, 17;
streets of, 35;
trade of, 35;
vegetation of, 37;
zoology of, 37.

Zanzibar, Sultan of (Sayyid Barγaš), 20, 98, 99, 100, 307, 313, 315;
his appearance, 32;
character, 34;
clock-tower, 29;
flag, 313;
income, 35;
a visit to, 31;
his palace, 31.

Zanzibaris, 13, 553.

——, author’s, 40, _et seq._, 48, 49, 52, 63, 109, 115, _et seq._, 130,
146, 166, 179, 184, 195, 266, 270, 318.

Zebras, 66, 68, 216, 220, 224, 301, 485.

Zegūha, or Zegūa, Wa-, 307, 310, 398.

—— —— ——, Ki-, 307.

Ziwani, 52, 54.

Zoology, the, of Kilima-njaro, 350–394.

—— —— —— Zanzibar, 37.

Zulu, 288, 430, 482, 488, _et seq._

Zuṅgu, Wa- (white man), 317.

THE END.

GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LIMITED, ST. JOHN’S SQUARE, LONDON.

E. Weller, _lith._
]

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Footnote 1:

From _kilima_, mountain, and _njaro_, the name of a demon supposed to
cause cold. This name is only known to the people of the coast, and is
unrecognized in the interior.

Footnote 2:

I owe this information to the kind researches of Mr. E. G. Ravenstein,
F.R.G.S., the learned African cartographer. The following is a
quotation from Enciso’s great work, the “Suma de Geographia que trata
de todas las partidas y provincias del Mundo,” published at Seville in
1519 (later editions 1530, 1546), fol. 57.

(Translation.) “West of this port (Mombaça) is the Ethiopian Mount
Olympus, which is very high, and further off are the mountains of the
moon, in which are the sources of the Nile. In all this country are
much gold and ‘aiales fieros,’ and here devour the people locusts
(lãgostas).”

No gold has since been met with by succeeding travellers, and as to
the “aiales fieros,” neither Mr. Ravenstein nor myself can give any
translation to the former of the two words. “Aiales” _may_ be a name
of a tribe, perhaps a hint at the Masai; or more possibly it may be a
printer’s contraction of “animales”—“animales fieros”—“fierce
animals.”

Enciso was a Spanish pilot, but his information is evidently derived
from the Portuguese, who held Mombaça as early as 1507.

Footnote 3:

_Čaga_ (which is pronounced Chaga) is the native name for the
inhabited belt, between 3000 and 7000 feet, stretching round the
mountain.

Footnote 4:

Rebmann had made a second journey to Kilima-njaro soon after his
first, intending to proceed due east to the Unknown Lake (Victoria
Nyanza), but the chief of Mačame plundered him and compelled him to
return unsuccessfully to the coast.

Footnote 5:

_Turacus Hartlaubi._

Footnote 6:

In remarks of this character I do not wish it to be supposed that
while ardently admiring all British officials who have but one
single-minded purpose, viz. that of straining every effort to secure
peculiar advantages for the power and commerce of their own country, I
am hypocritical enough to think it immoral and unjust when the same
object is held in view by the servants of foreign powers—France,
Russia, Germany, and the like. From their point of view they are
acting quite rightly and deserve every credit from their
fellow-countrymen for their determined efforts to thwart our healthy
appetite, which must seem like greediness to them. Every one for
himself. Self-denial only creates selfishness.

Footnote 7:

Swahili is the name given to the predominant language of the Zanzibar
negroes. It is derived from the Arabic “Sabel,” the coast. Swahili
belongs to the Bantu family of African languages, _vide_ Chapter XX.

Footnote 8:

_Alcelaphus Cokei._

Footnote 9:

We were within the benign influences of the mountain, and had entered
the area of perpetual moisture surrounding its cloud-capped peaks.

Footnote 10:

This practice is called by the Wa-čaga “Kišoṅo.” The skin is generally
taken from the animal’s forehead, and the ceremony is equivalent to
blood-brotherhood.

Footnote 11:

At the risk of reiteration I might remind my readers that Čaga is the
native name of the entire inhabited districts on the slopes of
Kilima-njaro.

Footnote 12:

Baloza (Baluz) is a Persian term for consul, which is used in Zanzibar
to indicate Sir John Kirk.

Footnote 13:

An English officer, the Commander-in-Chief of the Zanzibar army.

Footnote 14:

Kibô, I might remind you, is the highest summit of Kilima-njaro. Kibô
means in Ki-čaga simply “whiteness.” We should pronounce it “Keebaw.”

Footnote 15:

The country of Ugweno is very interesting, and offers the most lovely
landscapes in its midst, combining peaks of 7000 feet, rich forests,
cascades, green lawns, and peeps at the lake below and the silver
windings of the Luvu. The Wagweno speak a tongue that is evidently
more archaic than that of the Wa-čaga. They are an inoffensive but
very timid, wild people; much harried formerly by the cruel Masai. Now
they live so high up in the hills that they are in safety, but, on the
other hand, lack good soil for their crops and pasture for their
cattle.

Footnote 16:

The height of its apex is 14,700 feet. It is occasionally, but rarely,
tipped with snow. Méru lies nearly due west of Kilima-njaro, in lat.
3° 15′ S., and long. 36° 40′ E., and is visible across the plains for
a distance of at least seventy miles, and is at all times a majestic
object. It is said to be inhabited by a gentle race of agriculturists,
akin in origin and tongue to the Wa-čaga of Kilima-njaro. At its base
dwell tribes of Masai, who are great cattle-keepers, and whose herds
of kine range over the vast green plains that lie between Méru and
Kilima-njaro at the upper waters of the Luvu River.

Footnote 17:

Vide illustration of Kilima-njaro, p. 234.

Footnote 18:

By Arabs I do not mean pure-blooded Arabs of Arabia, but the
half-breeds, or Mohammedan mongrels, of the Zanzibar coast, who always
announce themselves to natives as “Wa-Arabu.”

Footnote 19:

He was, however, a good fellow and a good friend to me, and only acted
after his own lights.

Footnote 20:

It was from him that I afterwards heard an account of this
conversation.

Footnote 21:

A curious incident in my quarrel with Mandara was, that even when our
relations were at the worst, he would calmly send to me for medicine
for himself, his wives, and children. One of his Swahilis cautioned
him that perhaps I might take advantage of this to poison him, but
Mandara said quietly, “A black man might do so, but a white man never
would.”

Footnote 22:

Spitting, among these people, is a sign of respect and honour. The
most reverent way of returning thanks to the Ruler of the universe is
to spit in the direction of His visible embodiment, the sun.

Footnote 23:

_Æpyceros Melampus._ I use here the common South African name. The
Wa-taveita call it “Kulungu” and the Wa-taita “Nosi.”

Footnote 24:

As this word often recurs it may be well to note that in accordance
with the system of spelling employed it would be pronounced
“Marang’u.”

Footnote 25:

_Dierama pendula._

Footnote 26:

_Gladiolus Watsonioides._

Footnote 27:

These were of two new species: _Nectarinia Johnstoni_ and _Cinnyris
mediocris_. _Vide_ Chapter XVIII., “Birds.”

Footnote 28:

_Aspidium aculeatum._

Footnote 29:

_Pinarochroa hypospodia._ _Vide_ Chapter XVIII.

Footnote 30:

_Hyrax Brucei_, an Abyssinian form. _Vide_ Chapter XVIII. “Mammals of
Kilima-njaro.”

Footnote 31:

From _-dorob_ = short, stumpy, inferior. The _En-_ preceding it is the
feminine article used in a depreciatory sense.

Footnote 32:

_Hyphœne Thebaïca._

Footnote 33:

He feels for his honest, plodding relative the same contempt that a
Highland rover who was called Gow would evince for his cousin who
settled as a merchant in the lowlands and translated his name into
Smith.

Footnote 34:

Dr. Williams, the kindest of hosts and best of good fellows, who is
since unhappily dead, to the universal regret of the English colony in
Zanzibar.

Footnote 35:

This belief also prevails in the Nyassa region.

Footnote 36:

The natives of many parts of Africa greatly esteem the baboon as an
article of food. _Vide_ the paper on the Cameroons, by the Rev. George
Grenfell, in the “Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society,”
October, 1882, p. 590. Doubtless the great resemblance to human flesh
is _not_ held as a drawback.

Footnote 37:

For illustration _vide_ p. 392.

Footnote 38:

_Vide_ “The River Congo,” p. 356.

Footnote 39:

Mostly reprinted (by permission) from the “Proceedings of the
Zoological Society, 1884–5”—in some cases with a few additions on my
own part.

Footnote 40:

A plate illustrating the new and rare species in this collection is
given in the “Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” p. 231. 1885.

Footnote 41:

The collection contains examples of fifty species, including the
following six considered to be new to science:—_Muscicapa Johnstoni_,
_Pinarochroa hypospodia_, _Pratincola axillaris_, _Nectarinia
Johnstoni_, _N. kilimensis_, and _Cynniris mediocris_.

Footnote 42:

Illustrated in “Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” pp. 222, 223.
1885.

Footnote 43:

Illustrated in “Proceedings of the Zoological Society,” pp. 222, 223.
1885.

Footnote 44:

_Ibid._, p. 556. 1884.

Footnote 45:

P. Z. S., 1865, p. 417.

Footnote 46:

P. Z. S., 1876, p. 282.

Footnote 47:

The same fact has been noticed by Captain R. F. Burton on the Cameroon
Mountains. _Vide_ “Abeokuta and the Cameroons,” vol. ii.

Footnote 48:

“Through Masai Land,” pp. 412–414.

Footnote 49:

The following comparison of a few words in Šuli (a Šiluk dialect) and
Bari may be interesting to the reader:—

Šuli.
English. (Kavirondo & Lur.) Bari.
Goat Mindiel Metyo.
Cow Diaṅ Kiteṅ.
Leopard Kuač Koka.
Crocodile Nyaṅ Ki-nyoṅ.
Rain Kōt Kudu.
Water Pi Piom.
Blood Remo Rema.
Honey Kič Či.
House Āt Kadi (Masai, Aǰi).
Cloth Obono Baṅo.
Knife Pala Wale (Masai, Alem).
Ashes Vurr Kuren (Kö-puröt, smoke).
Wood Tim Mudim (Masai, Dim).
Brook Kulu Kolotok.
Man Netyo Nuto.
Nose Ume Kume.
Evening Otieno Kotian.
Sand Kuoyo Kuǰö.
A little Tidi Ko-dik (Masai, Ku-titi).
To count Ken Ken (Masai, Iken),
&c.

_Vide_ “Comparative Vocabulary of Masai,” chap. xx.

Footnote 50:

English. Wa-boni. Galla.
1. Koi Toko.
2. Lamā Lama.
3. Sadi Zadi.
4. Afūr Afūr.
5. Šan Šan.
6. Li (Masai, Ile) Dya.
7. Toïba Torba.
8. Siete (Masai, Isiet) Zadeta.
9. Sagala Zagala.
10. Tobenna (Masai, Tomon) Kudan (-tama, in the
decades).

Man Riga. Woman Idoho. Woman as mother Nasā. Young unmarried girl Oǰale. Cow Lavon Lon. Buffalo Kadarasa Gadersa. Elephant Mororiē; Arba Arba. Road Derbo Dirbo. House Minga Minna. Village Kiluāni. Sun Hado. „ setting Hadite. Rain Boke Bokoia. Lake Biwesi. Snuff Ruso. Good Surde. To eat Ademe. I am well Fila. Art thou well? Filalta? You come Afarasi. You Isi Izin. I have not M’ovo. I saw not M’arne.

Footnote 51:

_Vide_ Appendix to “A Pocket Vocabulary of East African Languages.” By
the Rev. A. Downes Shaw. S.P.C.K.

Footnote 52:

The people of this district are considered by Thomson to be the finest
examples of their race.

Footnote 53:

Kikoro is the Kwavi settlement in Taveita.

Footnote 54:

To spit on any one is a sign of respect and friendship. To wipe off
the saliva is a great insult to the spitter.

Footnote 55:

Præputio e superiore parte diviso, duæ quasi lingulæ sub glandem
truduntur, ubi quum coaluerunt, fit molle et rotundum tuber glandi
subjectum, ita ut paullo longius conspiciente videtur penis duplicem
terminum habere. Hoc membrum apud Masaios enorme est: quod celare
turpe existimatur, honestum expromere, atque etiam ostentare. Apud
feminas clitoris ante matrimonium abscinditur quo facilius fiat
conceptio.

Footnote 56:

Grass (gujita) is regarded as peculiarly sacred. It is a sign of peace
and goodwill. To throw grass at any one is to display goodwill and
favour.

Footnote 57:

“The Modern Languages of Africa,” 2 vols., Trübner and Co.

Footnote 58:

“Tsuñi-||goam; the Supreme Being of the Khoi-khoi.” T. Hahn, Ph.D.;
Trübner and Co.

Footnote 59:

This, I must confess, is a conclusion so difficult of explanation that
I fail to understand how it was arrived at.

Footnote 60:

To say nothing of irregularities.

Footnote 61:

As in the masculine nouns, which in the plural take the neuter
article.

Footnote 62:

This is a very common prefix in Bari, where it becomes _Ko_ generally:
not always there used in a plural sense, but rather an intensitive.

Footnote 63:

In Latuka the article is apparently _O_ or _ol_, _na_, and _el_.

In Bari the article is almost identical with the third personal
pronouns, the demonstrative, and the gender prefix. It is as follows:—

Masc. sing. Fem. sing. Common plur.
_Lo_, _lu_ _Na_, _nu_ _ti_, _či_, _ku_.

As a demonstrative pronoun it is—

Masc. sing. Fem. sing.
_Lo_ _Na_.

Masc. plur. Fem. plur.
_Či-lo_, _kulo_ _Či-ne_, _ku-ne_.

Footnote 64:

This term _oigob_ (with the article, _el-oigob_) is supposed to be the
origin of the Swahili term “Kwavi” for the agricultural Masai.

Footnote 65:

The Hottentot is a sex-denoting language, but I do not imply that it
is necessarily related to the Hamitic tongues.

Footnote 66:

Such as in Latin where the vowel “a” is particularly characteristic of
the final terminations of feminine nouns, and reappears in most of the
corresponding pronouns and adjectives, as in such a phrase as this:—

“Ill_a_ ancill_a_ est bon_a_.” Here the concord is as apparent as in
the tongues we have been quoting.

Footnote 67:

_Na_ is still the form used in Central Masai-land, according to Dr.
Fischer.

Footnote 68:

Sometimes pronounced _g_-, _ga_.

Footnote 69:

_Vide_ passive of verbs.

Footnote 70:

_Vide_ verbs.

Footnote 71:

_O_ is sometimes a plural termination. Compare the plurals in Bari
given in Mitterrutzner’s Bari Grammar.

Footnote 72:

Latuka—_ivot_ = “full.” _Vide_ Vocabulary.

Footnote 73:

The personal pronouns are placed here for convenience of reference.
They are not always used with the verb unless emphasis is required.

Footnote 74:

The Hottentot, like the Masai, has three classes, masc., fem., and
common.

Footnote 75:

Compare with this _Lu-ganda_ and _Oči-herrero_, languages spoken at
either extremity of the Bantu language-field, separated as widely as
are Galla and Šilha, yet differing from each other only as Latin from
Greek.

Footnote 76:

I hardly think it worth while to except the languages of the Pigmy
races (Obongo and others) from this general statement, as we know too
little of them to pronounce as to their affinities.

Footnote 77:

Itself, no doubt, in those early days but a sister-tongue or a lateral
branch of many cognate forms of prefix-governed speech descended from
an earlier stock.

Footnote 78:

Ki-nyoro, one of the most northerly forms of Bantu language, is spoken
in Bu-nyoro on the Victoria Nile, in lat. 2° N.

Footnote 79:

I fancy some may be inclined to suggest that the fowl may have been
introduced at an earlier date into Africa by way of Madagascar, and
that the Malay invaders of that island might well have brought it with
them from the Indian Archipelago. Apart from the fact that we can
discover no introduction of any animal or plant in a domesticated
condition _from_ Madagascar _into_ Africa, but rather that most
domesticated animals in that island bear Bantu names, and in all
likelihood owe their origin to importation from the Mosambique coast,
we may further consider, for weighty linguistic reasons, that the
region of South-east Africa opposite Madagascar was a very unlikely
site for the original home and starting-point of the Bantu people.
Again, it might be argued that the fowl may have been introduced from
Madagascar to the opposite coast, and that it was thence passed on
into all parts of Bantu Africa—the Lake district, Natal, the
Cameroons, the Congo—carrying with it everywhere its original name.
But in this case how is it, while all the Bantu languages know it by
kindred (practically identical) terms, that in neighbouring or
intervening forms of speech of alien families it is designated by
entirely dissimilar words? Also it must be noted that all foreign
products introduced into Africa, and acclimatized there since the
discovery of America, do _not_ carry their original names with them
from tribe to tribe as they pass across the dark continent. Things
like Indian corn, sweet potatoes, manioc, the Muscovy duck, the
pineapple, bear a different designation in almost every separate
dialect, and though sometimes their original foreign name may turn up
in the centre of Africa, in the intervening lands nearer the coast it
has been long since changed and distorted beyond recognition. Lastly,
the introduction into Madagascar of the domestic fowl is usually
ascribed to the Arabs, about eight or nine hundred years ago. Few
writers on Madagascar mention its presence in the island, and it is
probably not widely kept even at the present time.

Footnote 80:

The word for pig is as widespread as that for ox. I have tried to show
in my book on the Congo that the pig was domesticated in Africa long
before its introduction by the Portuguese.

Footnote 81:

Where an alternative rendering is added in brackets, it is meant to
indicate what the peculiarities of the concord and other reasons lead
us to regard as the older form of the prefix, now no longer in actual
use.

Footnote 82:

“A Pocket Vocabulary of East African languages,” by the Rev. A.
Downes-Shaw. S.P.C.K.

Footnote 83:

Where this occurs in the case of the 5th prefix _Li_, which I believe
is derived from an older form _Ndi_, it is probably only a case of the
_n_ surviving.

Footnote 84:

M- before labials.

Footnote 85:

These are added for the purpose of comparison. The words given of
Latuka are copied from Dr. Emin-Bey’s vocabularies, published in the
_Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, Berlin, 1882. Dr. Friedrich Müller is my
chief authority for Bari. The following are among the languages
occasionally cited in this vocabulary:—

_Latuka_ and _Bari_, members of the Masai family.

_Diṅka._

_Šiluk_ Šiluk family.
_Šuli_ „
_Lūr_ „

_Galla_ Ethiopic branch of Hamitic family.
_Somali_ „
_Boni_ „
_Woratta_ „

_Latuka_ is spoken in a somewhat small district nearly 5° N. latitude,
to the east of the White Nile.

_Bari_ is the language of a slightly larger area on both banks of the
White Nile round about Gondokoro. It borders on _Latuka_.

_Diṅka_ is the name given to a large group of languages spoken about
the junction of the White Nile and the Bahr al Ghazal, from 7° to 9°
30′ N.

_Šiluk_ is the tongue of the negroes inhabiting the western bank of
the White Nile from latitude 9° 30′ to 11° N. _Šuli_ is really only a
dialect of _Šiluk_, and is spoken by a small tribe to the south of
_Latuka_, in latitude 4° N.

_Lur_ is also only a variant of _Šiluk_. It is the language of the
north-western bank of the Albert Nyanza, in 3° 30′ to 4° N. latitude.
(A further extension of the _Šiluk_ tongues is the speech of
_Kavirondo_, spoken on the eastern shore of the Victoria Nyanza in 2°
S. latitude, so that this closely-related group of languages—the
Šiluk—extends its colonies from 11° N. latitude to 2° S. of the
Equator.)

_Galla_, an important member of the Ethiopic branch of the Hamitic
family of languages, is spoken with relatively little variation over
an immense area, stretching from 12° N., in Abyssinia, to 4° S, in the
vicinity of Mombasa, and up the Sabaki river to within sight of
Kilima-njaro.

_Somali_, the dominant language of the eastern horn of Africa, closely
related to _Galla_.

_Boni_ is a form of _Galla_ spoken by the Boni (Wa-boni, as the
Swahilis call them), or San people, a helot race of hunters living on
the banks of certain rivers in Southern Galla-land.

_Woratta_, an independent Ethiopic tongue, distantly allied to
_Galla_, and spoken in Central Galla-land.

Footnote 86:

Whenever the adjective is given with a hyphen preceding it, the reader
must understand that it is merely the root, and that the masc., fem.,
or neuter particles must be prefixed according to gender. Invariable
adjectives commence with a capital letter.

Footnote 87:

The blanks before the root indicate that the concord prefix is to be
inserted according to rule.

Footnote 88:

From this root is derived Kibô (whiteness), the name of Kilima-njaro’s
highest peak.

Footnote 89:

Only the root of the verbs is given. The prefix in the infinitive
answering to our “to” is Ku-, No. 15.

Footnote 90:

These forms in Ki-čaga are rather unsettled. I have sometimes heard
them pronounced _Gu_, _Ga_, &c., and sometimes _Ku_, _Ka_. The more
archaic-form prevailing in many Bantu languages would be _Ku_, _Ka_,
_Katu_, &c. This becomes _Hu_, _Ha_ in Swahili, _A_ in Zulu, _To_,
_Ta_ in Lu-ganda, _Su_, _Sa_ in Ki-nyanˇa, and so on. The archaic form
of the negative prefix was KA.

Footnote 91:

In Samburu, to the north of Masai-land, horses are abundant, and are
often brought down to the Zanzibar coast for sale.

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