Chapter II

THE GOVERNMENT OF GOD BY REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS.

The question of a future life is rendered momentous by our capacity for happiness and misery.

Especially if that happiness or misery depends on our present conduct.

We should feel the deepest solicitude on this subject.

And that if there were no proof of a future life and interest, other than the probabilities just discussed.

I. _In the present world our pleasures and pains are, to a great extent, in our own power._

=1.= We see them to be consequences of our actions.

=2.= And we can _foresee_ these consequences.

=3.= Our desires are not gratified, without the right kind of
exertion.

=4.= By prudence we may enjoy life; rashness, or even neglect may
make us miserable.

=5.= Why this is so is another matter.

1.) It may be impossible to be otherwise.

2.) Or it may be best on the whole.

3.) Or God’s plan may be to make only the good happy.

4.) Or the whole plan may be incomprehensible to us.

_Objec._ It may be said “this is only the course of nature.”

_Ans._ It is granted: but

1. The course of nature is but the will of God. We admit
that God is the natural governor of the world: and must not
turn round and deny it because his government is _uniform_.

2. Our natural foresight of the consequences of actions, is
his appointment.

3. The consequences themselves, are his appointment.

4. Our ability to foresee these consequences, is God’s
_instruction_ how we are to act.

_Objec._ By this reasoning we are instructed to gratify our
appetites, and such gratification is our reward for so doing.

_Ans._ Certainly not. Foreseen pleasures and pains are proper
motives to action _in general_; but we may, in particular
cases, damage ourselves by indulgence. Our eyes are made to
see with, but not to look at every thing:--for instance the
sun.

It follows, from what has been said, that

II. _We are, now, actually under God’s government, in the strictest sense._

=1.= Admitting that there is a God, it is not so much a matter of
speculation, as of experience, that he governs us.

=2.= The annexing of pleasures and pains to certain actions, and
giving notice them, is the very essence of government.

=3.= Whether by direct acts upon us, or by contriving a general
plan, does not affect the argument.

1.) If magistrates could make laws which should _execute
themselves_, their government would be far more perfect than it
is.

2.) God’s making fire burn us, is as much an instance of
government, as if he _directly inflicted_ the burn, whenever we
touched fire.

=4.= Hence the analogy of nature shows nothing to render
incredible the Bible doctrine of God’s rewarding or punishing
according to our actions.

_Additional remarks on Punishment._

As men object chiefly to future punishment, it is proper to show further that the course of administration, as to _present_ punishment, is analogous to what religion teaches as to _the future_.

Indeed they add credibility to it.

And ought to raise the most serious apprehension.

I. _Circumstances to be observed touching present punishments._

=1.= They often follow acts which produce present pleasure or
advantage.

=2.= The sufferings often far exceed the pleasure or advantage.

=3.= They often follow remotely.

=4.= After long delay they often come suddenly.

=5.= As those remote effects are not certainly foreseen, they
may not be thought of at the time; or if so, there is a hope of
escaping.

=6.= There are opportunities of advantage, which if neglected do
not recur.

=7.= Though, in some cases, men who have sinned up to a certain
point, may retrieve their affairs, yet in many cases, reformation
is of no avail.

=8.= Inconsiderateness is often as disastrous as wilful
wrong-doing.

=9.= As some punishments by civil government, are capital, so are
some natural punishments.

1.) Seem intended to remove the offender out of the way.

2.) Or as an example to others.

II. _These things are not accidental, but proceed from fixed laws._

=1.= They are matters of daily experience.

=2.= Proceed from the general laws, by which the world is
governed.

III. _They so closely resemble what religion teaches, as to future punishment, that both might be expressed in the same words._

_e.g._ Proverbs, ch. i.

The analogy sufficiently answers all objections against the
Scripture doctrine of future punishment, such as

1.) That our frailty or temptations annihilate the guilt of
vice.

2.) Or the objection from necessity.

3.) Or that the Almighty cannot be contradicted.

4.) Or that he cannot be offended.

REMARKS.

=1.= Such reflections are terrific, but ought to be stated and
considered.

=2.= Disregard of a hereafter cannot be justified by any thing
short of a _demonstration_ of atheism. Even skeptical doctrines
afford no justification.

=3.= There is no pretence of reason for presuming that the
licentious will not find it better for them that they had never
been born.