Chapter M: Major infectious diseases (109)

Serbia
chief of state: President Boris TADIC (since 11 July 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Mirko CVETKOVIC (since 7 July
2008)
cabinet: Federal Ministries act as cabinet
elections: president elected by direct vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 3 February 2008
(next to be held in 2013); prime minister elected by the National
Assembly
election results: Boris TADIC elected president in the second round
of voting; Boris TADIC received 51.2% of the vote and Tomislav
NIKOLIC 48.8%

Seychelles
chief of state: President James Alix MICHEL (since 14
April 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President James MICHEL (since 14 April 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for two more terms); election last held 28-30 July 2006
(next to be held in 2011)
election results: President James MICHEL elected president; percent
of vote - James MICHEL 53.73%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN 45.71%, Philippe
BOULLE 0.56%; note - this was the first election in which President
James MICHEL participated; he was originally sworn in as president
after former president France Albert RENE stepped down in April 2004

Sierra Leone
chief of state: President Ernest Bai KOROMA (since 17
September 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Ernest Bai KOROMA (since 17 September
2007)
cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president with the
approval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible
to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 11 August 2007 and
8 September 2007 (next to be held in 2012)
election results: second round results; percent of vote - Ernest Bai
KOROMA 54.6%, Solomon BEREWA 45.4%

Singapore
chief of state: President S R NATHAN (since 1 September
1999)
note: uses S R NATHAN but his full name and the one used in formal
communications is Sellapan RAMANATHAN
head of government: Prime Minister LEE Hsien Loong (since 12 August
2004); Senior Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 12 August 2004); Senior
Minister Shunmugam JAYAKUMAR (since 1 April 2009); Minister Mentor
LEE Kuan Yew (since 12 August 2004); Deputy Prime Minister TEO Chee
Huan (since 1 April 2009) and Deputy Prime Minister WONG Kan Seng
(since 1 September 2005)
cabinet: appointed by president, responsible to parliament
elections: president elected by popular vote for six-year term;
appointed on 17 August 2005 (next election to be held by August
2011); following legislative elections, leader of majority party or
leader of majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by
president; deputy prime ministers appointed by president
election results: Sellapan Rama (S R) NATHAN appointed president in
August 2005 after Presidential Elections Committee disqualified
three other would-be candidates; scheduled election not held

Slovakia
chief of state: President Ivan GASPAROVIC (since 15 June
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Robert FICO (since 4 July 2006);
Deputy Prime Ministers Dusan CAPLOVIC, Robert KALINAK, Stefan
HARABIN, Jan MIKOLAJ (since 4 July 2006)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 21 March and 4
April 2009 (next to be held no later than April 2014); following
National Council elections, the leader of the majority party or the
leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister
by the president
election results: Ivan GASPAROVIC reelected president in runoff;
percent of vote - Ivan GASPAROVIC 55.5%, Iveta RADICOVA 44.5%

Slovenia
chief of state: President Danilo TURK (since 22 December
2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Borut PAHOR (since 7 November
2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
elected by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 21 October and 11
November 2007 (next to be held in the 8 October 2012); following
National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or the
leader of a majority coalition is usually nominated to become prime
minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly;
election last held on 21 September 2008 (next National Assembly
elections to be held in 8 October 2012)
election results: Danilo TURK elected president; percent of vote -
Danilo TURK 68.2%, Alojze PETERLE 31.8%; Borut PAHOR elected prime
minister by National Assembly vote

Solomon Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); represented by Governor General Frank KABUI (since 7 July
2009)
head of government: Prime Minister Derek SIKUA (since 20 December
2007); note - Prime Minister Manasseh SOGAVARE defeated in a no
confidence vote in parliament on 13 December 2007; SIKUA elected on
20 December 2007
cabinet: Cabinet consists of 20 members appointed by the governor
general on the advice of the prime minister from among the members
of Parliament
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch on the advice of parliament for up to five years
(eligible for a second term); following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition
is usually elected prime minister by parliament; deputy prime
minister appointed by the governor general on the advice of the
prime minister from among the members of parliament

Somalia
chief of state: Transitional Federal President Sheikh SHARIF
Sheikh Ahmed (since 31 January 2009); note - a transitional
governing entity with a five-year mandate, known as the Transitional
Federal Institutions (TFIs), was established in October 2004; the
TFIs relocated to Somalia in June 2004
head of government: Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali SHARMARKE
(since 13 February 2009)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by the
Transitional Federal Assembly
election results: Sheikh SHARIF Sheikh Ahmed was elected president
by the expanded Transitional Federal Assembly in Djibouti

South Africa
chief of state: President Jacob ZUMA (since 9 May
2009); Executive Deputy President Kgalema MOTLANTHE (since 11 May
2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Jacob ZUMA (since 9 May 2009);
Executive Deputy President Kgalema MOTLANTHE (since 11 May 2009)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 6
May 2009 (next to be held in 2014)
election results: Jacob ZUMA elected president; National Assembly
vote - Jacob ZUMA 277, Mvume DANDALA 47, other 76

Spain
chief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975);
Heir Apparent Prince FELIPE, son of the monarch, born 30 January 1968
head of government: President of the Government (Prime Minister
equivalent) Jose Luis Rodriguez ZAPATERO (since 17 April 2004);
First Vice President (and Minister of the Presidency) Maria Teresa
FERNANDEZ DE LA VEGA (since 18 April 2004), Second Vice President
(and Minister of Economy and Finance) Elena SALGADO Mendez (since 8
April 2009), and Third Vice President (and Minister of Regional
Affairs) Manuel CHAVES Gonzalez (since 8 April 2009)
cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president
note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme
consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are
non-binding
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually proposed president by the monarch and
elected by the National Assembly; election last held on 9 and 11
April 2008 (next to be held in March 2012); vice presidents
appointed by the monarch on the proposal of the president
election results: Jose Luis Rodriguez ZAPATERO reelected President
of the Government; percent of National Assembly vote - 46.94%

Sri Lanka
chief of state: President Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA (since
19 November 2005); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government; Ratnasiri WICKREMANAYAKE (since 21 November
2005) holds the largely ceremonial title of prime minister
head of government: President Mahinda Percy RAJAPAKSA (since 19
November 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the
prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 November 2005
(next to be held in 2011)
election results: Mahinda RAJAPAKSA elected president; percent of
vote - Mahinda RAJAPAKSA 50.3%, Ranil WICKREMESINGHE 48.4%, other
1.3%

Sudan
chief of state: President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since
16 October 1993); First Vice President Salva KIIR (since 4 August
2005), Vice President Ali Osman TAHA (since 20 September 2005); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16
October 1993); First Vice President Salva KIIR (since 4 August
2005), Vice President Ali Osman TAHA (since 20 September 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - the
National Congress Party or NCP (formerly the National Islamic Front
or NIF) dominates al-BASHIR's cabinet
elections: election last held 13-23 December 2000; next to be held
February 2010
election results: Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president;
percent of vote - Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR 86.5%, Ja'afar
Muhammed NUMAYRI 9.6%, three other candidates received a combined
vote of 3.9%; election widely viewed as rigged; all popular
opposition parties boycotted elections because of a lack of
guarantees for a free and fair election
note: al-BASHIR assumed power as chairman of Sudan's Revolutionary
Command Council for National Salvation (RCC) in June 1989 and served
concurrently as chief of state, chairman of the RCC, prime minister,
and minister of defense until mid-October 1993 when he was appointed
president by the RCC; he was elected president by popular vote for
the first time in March 1996

Suriname
chief of state: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since
12 August 2000); Vice President Ramdien SARDJOE (since 3 August
2005); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since 12
August 2000); Vice President Ram SARDJOE (since 3 August 2005)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected by the National
Assembly or, if no presidential or vice presidential candidate
receives a two-thirds constitutional majority in the National
Assembly after two votes, by a simple majority in the larger United
People's Assembly (893 representatives from the national, local, and
regional councils), for five-year terms (no term limits); election
last held on 25 May 2005 (next to be held in 2010)
election results: Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN reelected president;
percent of vote - Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN 62.9%, Rabin PARMESSAR
35.4%, other 1.7%; note - after two votes in the parliament failed
to secure a two-thirds majority for a candidate, the vote then went
to a special session of the United People's Assembly on 3 August 2005

Svalbard
chief of state: King HARALD V of Norway (since 17 January
1991)
head of government: Governor Per SEFLAND (since 1 October 2005);
Assistant Governor Rune Baard HANSEN (since 2003)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor and assistant
governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of
Justice

Swaziland
chief of state: King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)
head of government: Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso DLAMINI (since
16 October 2008)
cabinet: Cabinet recommended by the prime minister and confirmed by
the monarch
elections: the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed by
the monarch from among the elected members of the House of Assembly

Sweden
chief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September
1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree,
daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977)
head of government: Prime Minister Fredrik REINFELDT (since 5
October 2006)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the prime minister is elected by the parliament; election
last held on 17 September 2006 (next to be held in September 2010)
election results: Center-right coalition of Moderate, Center,
Liberal, and Christian Democrats parties win 175 out of 349 votes;
Fredrik REINFELDT becomes prime minister

Switzerland
chief of state: President Hans-Rudolf MERZ (since 1
January 2009); Vice President Doris LEUTHARD (since 1 January 2009);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government representing the Federal Council; the Federal Council is
the formal chief of state and head of government whose council
members, rotating in one-year terms as federal president, represent
the Council
head of government: President Hans-Rudolf MERZ (since 1 January
2009); Vice President Doris LEUTHARD (since 1 January 2009);
cabinet: Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal
(in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) elected by the Federal
Assembly usually from among its members for a four-year term
elections: president and vice president elected by the Federal
Assembly from among the members of the Federal Council for a
one-year term (they may not serve consecutive terms); election last
held on 10 December 2008 (next to be held in December 2009)
election results: Hans-Rudolf MERZ elected president; percent of
Federal Assembly vote - 88.5%; Doris LEUTHARD elected vice
president; percent of Federal Assembly vote - 87.4%

Syria
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) oversees
foreign policy; Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)
oversees cultural policy
head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10
September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Abdallah
al-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president approved by popular referendum for a second
seven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held on 27 May
2007 (next to be held in May 2014); the president appoints the vice
presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results: Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of
vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%

Taiwan
chief of state: President MA Ying-jeou (since 20 May 2008);
Vice President Vincent SIEW (since 20 May 2008)
head of government: Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) WU
Den-yih (since 10 September 2009); Vice Premier (Vice President of
Executive Yuan) Eric Liluan CHU (since 10 September 2009)
cabinet: Executive Yuan - (ministers appointed by president on
recommendation of premier)
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term);
election last held 22 March 2008 (next to be held in March 2012);
premier appointed by the president; vice premiers appointed by the
president on the recommendation of the premier
election results: MA Ying-jeou elected president; percent of vote -
MA Ying-jeou 58.45%, Frank HSIEH 41.55%

Tajikistan
chief of state: President Emomali RAHMON (since 6
November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19
November 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January
1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved
by the Supreme Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 6 November 2006
(next to be held in November 2013); prime minister appointed by the
president
election results: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of
vote - Emomali RAHMON 79.3%, Olimjon BOBOEV 6.2%, other 14.5%

Tanzania
chief of state: President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December
2005); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July 2001);
note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Jakaya KIKWETE (since 21 December
2005); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July 2001)
note: Zanzibar elects a president who is head of government for
matters internal to Zanzibar; Amani Abeid KARUME was reelected to
that office on 30 October 2005
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ballot
by popular vote for five-year terms (eligible for a second term);
election last held 14 December 2005 (next to be held in December
2010); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Jakaya KIKWETE elected president; percent of vote
- Jakaya KIKWETE 80.3%, Ibrahim LIPUMBA 11.7%, Freeman MBOWE 5.9%

Thailand
chief of state: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet, also spelled
BHUMIBOL Adulyadej (since 9 June 1946)
head of government: Prime Minister ABHISIT Wetchachiwa, also spelled
ABHISIT Vejjajiva (since 17 December 2008); Deputy Prime Minister
KORBSAK Saphawasu, also spelled KORBSAK Sabhavasu (since 22 December
2008); Deputy Prime Minister SANAN Kachornprasat, also spelled SANAN
Kachornparsart (since 7 February 2008); Deputy Prime Minister SUTHEP
Thueaksuban, also spelled SUTHEP Thaugsuban (since 22 December 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
note: there is also a Privy Council advising the king
elections: monarch is hereditary; according to 2007 constitution,
prime minister is elected from among members of House of
Representatives; following national elections for House of
Representatives, leader of party that could organize a majority
coalition usually was appointed prime minister by king; prime
minister is limited to two 4-year terms

Timor-Leste
chief of state: President Jose RAMOS-HORTA (since 20 May
2007); note - the president plays a largely symbolic role but is
able to veto legislation, dissolve parliament, and call national
elections
head of government: Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO (since 8
August 2007), note - he formerly used the name Jose Alexandre
GUSMAO; Vice Prime Minister Mario Viegas CARRASCALAO (since 5 March
2009); Vice Prime Minister Jose Luis GUTERRES (since 8 August 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held on 9 April 2007
with run-off on 8 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2012); following
elections, president appoints leader of majority party or majority
coalition as prime minister
election results: Jose RAMOS-HORTA elected president; percent of
vote - Jose RAMOS-HORTA 69.2%, Francisco GUTTERES 30.8%

Togo
chief of state: President Faure GNASSINGBE (since 4 May 2005);
note - Gnassingbe EYADEMA died on 5 February 2005 and was succeeded
by his son, Faure GNASSINGBE, with the support of the military;
following international condemnation for the unconstitutional move
he then stepped aside pending elections, and Abass BONFOH served as
interim president; Faure GNASSINGBE later won popular elections in
April 2005
head of government: Prime Minister Gilbert HOUNGBO (since 7
September 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the
prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(no term limits); election last held 24 April 2005 (next to be held
in April 2010); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Faure GNASSINGBE elected president; percent of
vote - Faure GNASSINGBE 60.2%, Emmanuel Akitani BOB 38.3%, Nicolas
LAWSON 1%, Harry OLYMPIO 0.5%

Tokelau
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor General of New Zealand Anand SATYANAND
(since 23 August 2006); New Zealand is represented by Administrator
David PAYTON (since 17 October 2006)
head of government: Foua TOLOA (since 21 February 2009); note -
position rotates annually among the 3 Faipule (village leaders)
cabinet: the Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau,
consisting of 3 Faipule (village leaders) and 3 Pulenuku (village
mayors), functions as a cabinet
elections: the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the
Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; the head of
government is chosen from the Council of Faipule and serves a
one-year term

Tonga
chief of state: King George TUPOU V (since 11 September 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Feleti SEVELE (since 11
February 2006); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Viliami TANGI (since 16
May 2006)
cabinet: Cabinet consists of 14 members, 10 appointed by the monarch
for life; 4 appointed from among the elected members of the
Legislative Assembly, including 2 each from the nobles' and peoples'
representatives serving three-year terms
note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch,
the cabinet, and 2 governors
elections: the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy
prime minister appointed by the monarch

Trinidad and Tobago
chief of state: President George Maxwell
RICHARDS (since 17 March 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Patrick MANNING (since 24
December 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed from among the members of Parliament
elections: president elected by an electoral college, which consists
of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, for a
five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on
11 February 2008 (next to be held by February 2013); the president
usually appoints as prime minister the leader of the majority party
in the House of Representatives
election results: George Maxwell RICHARDS reelected president;
percent of electoral college vote - NA

Tunisia
chief of state: President Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7
November 1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed GHANNOUCHI (since 17
November 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(no term limits); election last held on 25 October 2009 (next to be
held in October 2014); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected for a
fifth term; percent of vote - Zine El Abidine BEN ALI 89.6%, Mohamed
BOUCHIHA 5%, Ahmed INOUBLI 3.8%, Ahmed BRAHIM 1.6%; voter turnout
89.4%

Turkey
chief of state: President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14
March 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Cemil CICEK (since 29 August
2007); Deputy Prime Minister Ali BABACAN (since 1 May 2009); Deputy
Prime Minister Bulent ARINC (since 1 May 2009)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the prime minister
elections: president elected directly for a five-year term (eligible
for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from
among members of parliament
election results: on 28 August 2007 the National Assembly elected
Abdullah GUL president on the third ballot; National Assembly vote -
339
note: in October 2007 Turkish voters approved a referendum package
of constitutional amendments including a provision for direct
presidential elections

Turkmenistan
chief of state: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW
(since 14 February 2007); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW (since 14
February 2007)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held on 11 February 2007 (next to be held in February
2012)
election results: Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW elected president;
percent of vote - Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW 89.2%, Amanyaz ATAJYKOW
3.2%, other candidates 7.6%

Turks and Caicos Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); represented by Governor Gordon WETHERELL (since 5
August 2008)
head of government: Governor Gordon WETHERELL (since 14 August
2009); note - the office of premier is suspended by the Order in
Council, effective 14 August 2009
cabinet: under provisions of the Order in Council, the cabinet is
suspended effective 14 August 2009 and replaced by an Advisory
Council appointed by the governor
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the
monarch
note: following an investigation into allegations of widespread
corruption and misconduct within the Turks and Caicos Government,
the UK foreign minister directed the governor to bring into effect
on 14 August 2009 an Order in Council suspending Ministerial
government and the House of Assembly, and imposing direct rule for a
period of up to two years

Tuvalu
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor General Filoimea TELITO (since 15 April 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Apisai IELEMIA (since 14 August
2006)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime
minister and deputy prime minister elected by and from the members
of parliament; election last held 14 August 2006 (next to be held
following parliamentary elections in 2010)
election results: Apisai IELEMIA elected prime minister in a
parliamentary election on 14 August 2006

Uganda
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI
(since seizing power 26 January 1986); note - the president is both
chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since
seizing power 26 January 1986); Prime Minister Apolo NSIBAMBI (since
5 April 1999); note - the prime minister assists the president in
the supervision of the cabinet
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among elected
legislators
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 23 February 2006 (next to be held in February
2011)
election results: Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI elected president;
percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 59.3%, Kizza
BESIGYE 37.4%, other 3.3%

Ukraine
chief of state: President Viktor A. YUSHCHENKO (since 23
January 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Yuliya TYMOSHENKO (since 18
December 2007); First Deputy Prime Minister Oleksandr TURCHYNOV
(since 18 December 2007); Deputy Prime Ministers Hryhoriy NEMYRYA
and Ivan VASYUNYK (since 18 December 2007)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers selected by the prime minister; the
only exceptions are the foreign and defense ministers, who are
chosen by the president
note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC
originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council; the
NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on
domestic and international matters and advising the president; a
Presidential Secretariat helps draft presidential edicts and
provides policy support to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); note - a special repeat runoff
presidential election between Viktor YUSHCHENKO and Viktor
YANUKOVYCH took place on 26 December 2004 after the earlier 21
November 2004 contest - won by YANUKOVYCH - was invalidated by the
Ukrainian Supreme Court because of widespread and significant
violations; under constitutional reforms that went into effect 1
January 2006, the majority in parliament takes the lead in naming
the prime minister
election results: Viktor YUSHCHENKO elected president; percent of
vote - Viktor YUSHCHENKO 52%, Viktor YANUKOVYCH 44.2%

United Arab Emirates
chief of state: President KHALIFA bin Zayid
al-Nuhayyan (since 3 November 2004), ruler of Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)
(since 4 November 2004); Vice President and Prime Minister MUHAMMAD
BIN RASHID al-Maktum (since 5 January 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister and Vice President MUHAMMAD bin
Rashid al-Maktum (since 5 January 2006); Deputy Prime Ministers
SULTAN bin Zayid al-Nuhayyan (since 20 November 1990) and HAMDAN bin
Zayid al-Nuhayyan (since 20 October 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
note: there is also a Federal Supreme Council (FSC) composed of the
seven emirate rulers; the FSC is the highest constitutional
authority in the UAE; establishes general policies and sanctions
federal legislation; meets four times a year; Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)
and Dubayy (Dubai) rulers have effective veto power
elections: president and vice president elected by the FSC for
five-year terms (no term limits) from among the seven FSC members;
election last held 3 November 2004 upon the death of the UAE's
Founding Father and first President ZAYID bin Sultan al Nuhayyan
(next to be held in 2009); prime minister and deputy prime minister
appointed by the president
election results: KHALIFA bin Zayid al-Nuhayyan elected president by
a unanimous vote of the FSC; MUHAMMAD bin Rashid al-Maktum
unanimously affirmed vice president after the 2006 death of his
brother Sheikh Maktum bin Rashid al-Maktum

United Kingdom
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born 14
November 1948)
head of government: Prime Minister James Gordon BROWN (since 27 June
2007)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually the prime minister

United States
chief of state: President Barack H. OBAMA (since 20
January 2009); Vice President Joseph R. BIDEN (since 20 January
2009); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Barack H. OBAMA (since 20 January
2009); Vice President Joseph BIDEN (since 20 January 2009)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with Senate approval
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by a college of representatives who are elected directly from each
state; president and vice president serve four-year terms (eligible
for a second term); election last held 4 November 2008 (next to be
held on 6 November 2012)
election results: Barack H. OBAMA elected president; percent of
popular vote - Barack H. OBAMA 52.4%, John MCCAIN 46.3%, other 1.3%;

Uruguay
chief of state: President Tabare VAZQUEZ Rosas (since 1
March 2005); Vice President Rodolfo NIN NOVOA (since 1 March 2005);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Tabare VAZQUEZ Rosas (since 1 March
2005); Vice President Rodolfo NIN NOVOA (since 1 March 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president with
parliamentary approval
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms (may not serve consecutive
terms); election last held 25 October 2009, with a runoff election
scheduled for 29 November 2009 (next to be held in October 2014)
election results: Jose MUJICA wins first round; percent of vote -
Jose MUJICA 48.5%, Luis Alberto LACALLE 29.2%, Pedro BORDABERRY 17%;
other 5.3%; note - a runoff election will be held on 29 November 2009

Uzbekistan
chief of state: President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March
1990, when he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet)
head of government: Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYOYEV (since 11
December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Rustam AZIMOV (since 2
January 2008)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with
approval of the Supreme Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term
(eligible for a second term; previously was a five-year term,
extended by constitutional amendment in 2002); election last held 23
December 2007 (next to be held in 2014); prime minister, ministers,
and deputy ministers appointed by the president
election results: Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of vote
- Islom KARIMOV 88.1%, Asliddin RUSTAMOV 3.2%, Dilorom
T0SHMUHAMEDOVA 2.9%, Akmal SAIDOV 2.6%

Vanuatu
chief of state: President Iolu Johnson ABIL (since 3
September 2009)
head of government: Prime Minister Edward NATAPEI (since 22
September 2008); Deputy Prime Minister Ham LINI (since 22 September
2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister,
responsible to parliament
elections: president elected for a five-year term by an electoral
college consisting of parliament and the presidents of the regional
councils; election for president last held 2 September 2009 (next to
be held in 2014); following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime
minister by parliament from among its members; election for prime
minister last held 22 September 2008 (next to be held following
general elections in 2012)
election results: Iolu Johnson ABIL elected president, with 41 votes
out of 58, on the third ballot on 2 September 2009

Venezuela
chief of state: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3
February 1999); Executive Vice President Ramon Alonzo CARRIZALEZ
Rengifo (since 4 January 2008); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February
1999); Executive Vice President Ramon Alonzo CARRIZALEZ Rengifo
(since 4 January 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 3 December 2006
(next to be held in December 2012)
note: in 1999, a National Constituent Assembly drafted a new
constitution that increased the presidential term to six years; an
election was subsequently held on 30 July 2000 under the terms of
this constitution
election results: Hugo CHAVEZ Frias reelected president; percent of
vote - Hugo CHAVEZ Frias 62.9%, Manuel ROSALES 36.9%

Vietnam
chief of state: President Nguyen Minh TRIET (since 27 June
2006); Vice President Nguyen Thi DOAN (since 25 July 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Nguyen Tan DUNG (since 27 June
2006); Permanent Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Sinh HUNG (since 28
June 2006), Deputy Prime Minister Hoang Trung HAI (since 2 August
2007), Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Thien NHAN (since 2 August
2007), Deputy Prime Minister Pham Gia KHIEM (since 28 June 2006),
and Deputy Prime Minister Truong Vinh TRONG (since 28 June 2006)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president based on proposal of prime
minister and confirmed by National Assembly
elections: president elected by the National Assembly from among its
members for five-year term; last held 27 June 2006 (next to be held
in 2011); prime minister appointed by the president from among the
members of the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers appointed
by the prime minister; appointment of prime minister and deputy
prime ministers confirmed by National Assembly
election results: Nguyen Minh TRIET elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - 94%; Nguyen Tan DUNG elected prime
minister; percent of National Assembly vote - 92%

Virgin Islands
chief of state: President Barack H. OBAMA (since 20
January 2009); Vice President Joseph R. BIDEN (since 20 January 2009)
head of government: Governor John DeJONGH (since 1 January 2007)
cabinet: NA
elections: under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporated
territories, such as the Virgin Islands, do not vote in elections
for US president and vice president; however, they may vote in the
Democratic and Republican presidential primary elections; governor
and lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote
for four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held
7 and 21 November 2006 (next to be held November 2010)
election results: John DeJONGH elected governor; percent of vote -
John DeJONGH 57.3%, Kenneth MAPP 42.7%

Wallis and Futuna
chief of state: President Nicolas SARKOZY (since
16 May 2007); represented by High Administrator Philippe PAOLANTONI
(since 28 July 2008)
head of government: President of the Territorial Assembly Pesamino
TAPUTAI (since 11 April 2007)
cabinet: Council of the Territory consists of 3 kings and 3 members
appointed by the high administrator on the advice of the Territorial
Assembly
note: there are 3 traditional kings with limited powers
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; high administrator appointed by the French president on the
advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the
Territorial Government and the Territorial Assembly are elected by
the members of the assembly

Western Sahara
none

Yemen
chief of state: President Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May
1990, the former president of North Yemen, assumed office upon the
merger of North and South Yemen); Vice President Maj. Gen. Abd
al-Rab Mansur al-HADI (since 3 October 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Ali Muhammad MUJAWWAR (since 31
March 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
advice of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 20 September 2006 (next to be held in September
2013); vice president appointed by the president; prime minister and
deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president; percent of
vote - Ali Abdallah SALIH 77.2%, Faysal BIN SHAMLAN 21.8%

Zambia
chief of state: President Rupiah BANDA (since 19 August
2008); Vice President George KUNDA (since 14 November 2008); note -
President BANDA was acting president since the illness and eventual
death of President Levy MWANAWASA on 18 August 2008, he was then
elected president on 30 October 2008 to serve out the remainder of
MWANAWASA's term; the president is both the chief of state and head
of government
head of government: President Rupiah BANDA (since 19 August 2008);
Vice President George KUNDA (since 14 November 2008)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 30 October 2008
(next to be held in 2011); vice president appointed by the
president; note - due to the death of former President Levy
MWANAWASA, early elections were held to identify a replacement to
serve out the remainder of his term
election results: Rupiah BANDA elected president; percent of vote -
Rupiah BANDA 40.1%, Michael SATA 38.1%, Hakainde HICHILEMA 19.7%,
Godfrey MIYANDA 0.8%, other 1.3%

Zimbabwe
chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE
(since 31 December 1987); Vice President Joseph MSIKA (since
December 1999) and Vice President Joyce MUJURU (since 6 December
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Morgan TSVANGIRAI (since 11
February 2009); Deputy Prime Minister Arthur MUTAMBARA
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the
House of Assembly
elections: presidential candidates nominated with a nomination paper
signed by at least 10 registered voters (at least one from each
province) and elected by popular vote for a five-year term (no term
limits); elections last held 28 March 2008 followed by a run-off on
27 June 2008 (next to be held in 2013); co-vice presidents appointed
by the president
election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president; percent
of vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 85.5%, Morgan TSVANGIRAI 9.3%, other
5.2%; note - first round voting results - Morgan TSVANGIRAI 47.9%,
Robert Gabriel MUGABE 43.2%, Simba MAKONI 8.3%, other 0.6%;
first-round round polls were deemed to be flawed suppressing
TSVANGIRAI's results; the 27 June 2008 run-off between MUGABE and
TSVANGIRAI were severely flawed and internationally condemned

======================================================================

@2078

Field Listing :: Exports

This entry provides the total US dollar amount of merchandise
exports on an f.o.b. (free on board) basis. These figures are
calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in purchasing power
parity (PPP) terms.
Country Comparison to the World
Country

Exports

Afghanistan
$327 million (2007)
$274 million (2006); note - not including illicit exports or
reexports

Albania
$1.345 billion (2008 est.)
$1.076 billion (2007 est.)

Algeria
$78.23 billion (2008 est.)
$60.6 billion (2007 est.)

American Samoa
$445.6 million (FY04 est.)

Andorra
$117.1 million (2007)
$148.7 million (2005)

Angola
$66.3 billion (2008 est.)
$44.4 billion (2007 est.)

Anguilla
$13 million (2006)

Antigua and Barbuda
$84.3 million (2007 est.)

Argentina
$70.02 billion (2008 est.)
$55.78 billion (2007 est.)

Armenia
$1.124 billion (2008 est.)
$1.197 billion (2007 est.)

Aruba
$124 million (2006); note - includes oil reexports

Australia
$189.9 billion (2008 est.)
$142.4 billion (2007 est.)

Austria
$179.1 billion (2008 est.)
$162.1 billion (2007 est.)

Azerbaijan
$30.59 billion (2008 est.)
$21.27 billion (2007 est.)

Bahamas, The
$674 million (2006)

Bahrain
$17.49 billion (2008 est.)
$13.79 billion (2007 est.)

Bangladesh
$15.44 billion (2008 est.)
$12.47 billion (2007 est.)

Barbados
$385 million (2006)

Belarus
$33.04 billion (2008 est.)
$24.33 billion (2007 est.)

Belgium
$371.5 billion (2008 est.)
$323.4 billion (2007 est.)

Belize
$464.7 million (2008 est.)
$425.6 million (2007 est.)

Benin
$1.127 billion (2008 est.)
$819 million (2007 est.)

Bermuda
$763 million (2006)

Bhutan
$350 million (2006)

Bolivia
$6.448 billion (2008 est.)
$4.49 billion (2007 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$5.194 billion (2008 est.)
$4.243 billion (2007 est.)

Botswana
$4.707 billion (2008 est.)
$5.158 billion (2007 est.)

Brazil
$197.9 billion (2008 est.)
$160.6 billion (2007 est.)

British Virgin Islands
$25.3 million (2002)
$25.3 million (2002)

Brunei
$8.25 billion (2007)
$6.767 billion (2006)

Bulgaria
$22.71 billion (2008 est.)
$18.58 billion (2007 est.)

Burkina Faso
$544 million (2008 est.)
$618 million (2007 est.)

Burma
$6.677 billion (2008 est.)
$6.17 billion (2007 est.)
note: official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the
value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled
to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh

Burundi
$79 million (2008 est.)
$52.9 million (2007 est.)

Cambodia
$4.708 billion (2008 est.)
$4.089 billion (2007 est.)

Cameroon
$4.707 billion (2008 est.)
$4.345 billion (2007 est.)

Canada
$459.1 billion (2008 est.)
$431.2 billion (2007 est.)

Cape Verde
$105 million (2008 est.)
$76.5 million (2007 est.)

Cayman Islands
$2.52 million (2004)

Central African Republic
$146.7 million (2007 est.)

Chad
$4.342 billion (2008 est.)
$3.674 billion (2007 est.)

Chile
$66.46 billion (2008 est.)
$67.67 billion (2007 est.)

China
$1.435 trillion (2008 est.)
$1.22 trillion (2007 est.)

Christmas Island
$NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
$NA

Colombia
$38.53 billion (2008 est.)
$30.58 billion (2007 est.)

Comoros
$32 million (2006)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$6.1 billion (2007)
$1.587 billion (2006)

Congo, Republic of the
$10.85 billion (2008 est.)
$5.808 billion (2007 est.)

Cook Islands
$5.222 million (2005)

Costa Rica
$9.738 billion (2008 est.)
$9.266 billion (2007 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
$10.09 billion (2008 est.)
$8.476 billion (2007 est.)

Croatia
$14.36 billion (2008 est.)
$12.62 billion (2007 est.)

Cuba
$3.68 billion (2008 est.)
$3.701 billion (2007 est.)

Cyprus
$1.906 billion (2008 est.)
$1.483 billion (2007 est.)

Czech Republic
$145.7 billion (2008 est.)
$122.7 billion (2007 est.)

Denmark
$114.9 billion (2008 est.)
$100.5 billion (2007 est.)

Djibouti
$340 million (2006)

Dominica
$94 million (2006)

Dominican Republic
$6.95 billion (2008 est.)
$7.16 billion (2007 est.)

Ecuador
$19.15 billion (2008 est.)
$14.87 billion (2007 est.)

Egypt
$29.85 billion (2008 est.)
$24.45 billion (2007 est.)

El Salvador
$4.611 billion (2008 est.)
$4.035 billion (2007 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
$13.03 billion (2008 est.)
$10.25 billion (2007 est.)

Eritrea
$13 million (2008 est.)
$12 million (2007 est.)

Estonia
$12.63 billion (2008 est.)
$11.08 billion (2007 est.)

Ethiopia
$1.555 billion (2008 est.)
$1.285 billion (2007 est.)

European Union
$1.952 trillion (2007)
$1.33 trillion (2005)
note: external exports, excluding intra-EU trade

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$125 million (2004 est.)

Faroe Islands
$634 million (2006)

Fiji
$1.202 billion (2006)

Finland
$96.62 billion (2008 est.)
$90.2 billion (2007 est.)

France
$601.9 billion (2008 est.)
$546 billion (2007 est.)

French Polynesia
$211 million (2005 est.)

Gabon
$9.333 billion (2008 est.)
$7.046 billion (2007 est.)

Gambia, The
$85 million (2008 est.)
$91.4 million (2007 est.)

Gaza Strip
$339 million (2006)

Georgia
$2.428 billion (2008 est.)
$2.088 billion (2007 est.)

Germany
$1.498 trillion (2008 est.)
$1.35 trillion (2007 est.)

Ghana
$5.275 billion (2008 est.)
$4.172 billion (2007 est.)

Gibraltar
$271 million (2004 est.)

Greece
$29.14 billion (2008 est.)
$23.91 billion (2007 est.)

Greenland
$480 million (2006)

Grenada
$38 million (2006)

Guam
$45 million (2004 est.)

Guatemala
$7.848 billion (2008 est.)
$7.012 billion (2007 est.)

Guernsey
$NA

Guinea
$1.392 billion (2008 est.)
$1.203 billion (2007 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
$133 million (2006)

Guyana
$797 million (2008 est.)
$674.9 million (2007 est.)

Haiti
$490 million (2008 est.)
$522 million (2007 est.)

Honduras
$6.046 billion (2008 est.)
$5.642 billion (2007 est.)

Hong Kong
$365.2 billion (2008 est.)
$345.9 billion (2007 est.)

Hungary
$106.6 billion (2008 est.)
$93.86 billion (2007 est.)

Iceland
$5.399 billion (2008 est.)
$4.793 billion (2007 est.)

India
$187.9 billion (2008 est.)
$150.7 billion (2007 est.)

Indonesia
$139.3 billion (2008 est.)
$118 billion (2007 est.)

Iran
$98.42 billion (2008 est.)
$97.4 billion (2007 est.)

Iraq
$58.81 billion (2008 est.)
$36.08 billion (2007 est.)

Ireland
$119.8 billion (2008 est.)
$115.5 billion (2007 est.)

Isle of Man
$NA

Israel
$57.16 billion (2008 est.)
$50.07 billion (2007 est.)

Italy
$546.9 billion (2008 est.)
$502.4 billion (2007 est.)

Jamaica
$2.602 billion (2008 est.)
$2.226 billion (2007 est.)

Japan
$746.5 billion (2008 est.)
$678.1 billion (2007 est.)

Jersey
$NA

Jordan
$7.782 billion (2008 est.)
$5.7 billion (2007 est.)

Kazakhstan
$71.97 billion (2008 est.)
$48.35 billion (2007 est.)

Kenya
$5.04 billion (2008 est.)
$4.123 billion (2007 est.)

Kiribati
$17 million (2004 est.)

Korea, North
$1.684 billion (2007)

Korea, South
$433.5 billion (2008 est.)
$379 billion (2007 est.)

Kosovo
$527 million

Kuwait
$86.94 billion (2008 est.)
$63.68 billion (2007 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$1.847 billion (2008 est.)
$1.337 billion (2007 est.)

Laos
$1.163 billion (2008 est.)
$922.7 million (2007 est.)

Latvia
$9.634 billion (2008 est.)
$8.227 billion (2007 est.)

Lebanon
$5.023 billion (2008 est.)
$4.077 billion (2007 est.)

Lesotho
$956 million (2008 est.)
$805 million (2007 est.)

Liberia
$1.197 billion (2006)

Libya
$64.5 billion (2008 est.)
$46.97 billion (2007 est.)

Liechtenstein
$2.47 billion

Lithuania
$23.74 billion (2008 est.)
$17.16 billion (2007 est.)

Luxembourg
$21.43 billion (2008 est.)
$18.26 billion (2007 est.)

Macau
$2 billion (2008 est.)
$2.557 billion (2006 est.); note - includes reexports

Macedonia
$3.971 billion (2008 est.)
$3.35 billion (2007 est.)

Madagascar
$1.254 billion (2008 est.)
$1.095 billion (2007 est.)

Malawi
$830 million (2008 est.)
$721 million (2007 est.)

Malaysia
$198.7 billion (2008 est.)
$176.4 billion (2007 est.)

Maldives
$113 million (2008 est.)
$167 million (2006 est.)

Mali
$294 million (2006)

Malta
$3.06 billion (2008 est.)
$3.305 billion (2007 est.)

Marshall Islands
$19.4 million (2008 est.)
$9.1 million (2000 est.)

Mauritania
$1.395 billion (2006)

Mauritius
$2.4 billion (2008 est.)
$2.231 billion (2007 est.)

Mayotte
$6.5 million (2005)

Mexico
$291.3 billion (2008 est.)
$271.9 billion (2007 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
$14 million (2004 est.)

Moldova
$1.641 billion (2008 est.)
$1.368 billion (2007 est.)

Monaco
$716.3 million (2005)
note: full customs integration with France, which collects and
rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market
system through customs union with France

Mongolia
$2.539 billion (2008)
$1.889 billion (2007)

Montenegro
$171.3 million (2003)

Montserrat
$700,000 (2001)

Morocco
$20.17 billion (2008 est.)
$15.15 billion (2007 est.)

Mozambique
$2.653 billion (2008 est.)
$2.412 billion (2007 est.)

Namibia
$3.167 billion (2008 est.)
$2.922 billion (2007 est.)

Nauru
$64,000 (2005 est.)

Nepal
$868 million (2008)
$830 million (2006)

Netherlands
$531.7 billion (2008 est.)
$461 billion (2007 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
$3.71 billion (2006)

New Caledonia
$1.341 billion (2006)

New Zealand
$31.19 billion (2008 est.)
$27.29 billion (2007 est.)

Nicaragua
$2.675 billion (2008 est.)
$2.313 billion (2007 est.)

Niger
$428 million (2006)
$428 million (2006)

Nigeria
$76.03 billion (2008 est.)
$61.82 billion (2007 est.)

Niue
$201,400 (2004)

Norfolk Island
$1.5 million (FY91/92)

Northern Mariana Islands
$98.2 million (2008)

Norway
$173.6 billion (2008 est.)
$137.3 billion (2007 est.)

Oman
$37.72 billion (2008 est.)
$24.72 billion (2007 est.)

Pakistan
$21.09 billion (2008 est.)
$18.12 billion (2007 est.)

Palau
$5.882 million (2004 est.)

Panama
$10.29 billion (2008 est.)
$9.338 billion (2007 est.)
note: includes the Colon Free Zone

Papua New Guinea
$5.719 billion (2008 est.)
$4.748 billion (2007 est.)

Paraguay
$7.769 billion (2008 est.)
$5.463 billion (2007 est.)

Peru
$31.53 billion (2008 est.)
$27.88 billion (2007 est.)

Philippines
$48.2 billion (2008 est.)
$49.51 billion (2007 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
$NA

Poland
$178.4 billion (2008 est.)
$145.3 billion (2007 est.)

Portugal
$56.42 billion (2008 est.)
$51.81 billion (2007 est.)

Puerto Rico
$46.9 billion (2001)

Qatar
$55.73 billion (2008 est.)
$42.02 billion (2007 est.)

Romania
$49.41 billion (2008 est.)
$40.32 billion (2007 est.)

Russia
$471.6 billion (2008 est.)
$354.4 billion (2007 est.)

Rwanda
$210 million (2008 est.)
$184 million (2007 est.)

Saint Helena
$19 million (2004 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
$84 million (2006)

Saint Lucia
$288 million (2006)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
$5.5 million (2005 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$193 million (2006)

Samoa
$131 million (2006)

San Marino
$4.628 billion (2007)
$1.291 billion (2004)

Sao Tome and Principe
$8 million (2008 est.)
$7 million (2007 est.)

Saudi Arabia
$313.4 billion (2008 est.)
$234.1 billion (2007 est.)

Senegal
$2.053 billion (2008 est.)
$1.65 billion (2007 est.)

Serbia
$8.824 billion (2007 est.)

Seychelles
$495 million (2008 est.)
$391.7 million (2007 est.)

Sierra Leone
$216 million (2006)

Singapore
$342.7 billion (2008 est.)
$303.1 billion (2007 est.)

Slovakia
$72.57 billion (2008 est.)
$64.5 billion (2007 est.)

Slovenia
$29.61 billion (2008 est.)
$27.09 billion (2007 est.)

Solomon Islands
$237 million (2006)

Somalia
$300 million (2006)

South Africa
$86.12 billion (2008 est.)
$75.92 billion (2007 est.)

Spain
$285.9 billion (2008 est.)
$256.7 billion (2007 est.)

Sri Lanka
$8.137 billion (2008 est.)
$7.741 billion (2007 est.)

Sudan
$11.67 billion (2008 est.)
$8.879 billion (2007 est.)

Suriname
$1.391 billion (2006 est.)

Svalbard
$197.6 million

Swaziland
$1.756 billion (2008 est.)
$1.95 billion (2007 est.)

Sweden
$185.9 billion (2008 est.)
$170.5 billion (2007 est.)

Switzerland
$241.3 billion (2008 est.)
$200.5 billion (2007 est.)

Syria
$13.97 billion (2008 est.)
$11.75 billion (2007 est.)

Taiwan
$254.9 billion (2008 est.)
$246.5 billion (2007 est.)

Tajikistan
$1.575 billion (2008 est.)
$1.557 billion (2007 est.)

Tanzania
$2.413 billion (2008 est.)
$2.227 billion (2007 est.)

Thailand
$175.3 billion (2008 est.)
$150 billion (2007 est.)

Timor-Leste
$10 million (2005 est.); note - excludes oil

Togo
$777 million (2008 est.)
$702 million (2007 est.)

Tokelau
$0 (2002)

Tonga
$22 million (2006)

Trinidad and Tobago
$15.85 billion (2008 est.)
$13.39 billion (2007 est.)

Tunisia
$19.22 billion (2008 est.)
$15.15 billion (2007 est.)

Turkey
$140.7 billion (2008 est.)
$115.4 billion (2007 est.)

Turkmenistan
$11.92 billion (2008 est.)
$7.919 billion (2007 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
$169.2 million (2000)

Tuvalu
$1 million (2004 est.)

Uganda
$2.688 billion (2008 est.)
$1.686 billion (2007 est.)

Ukraine
$67.72 billion (2008 est.)
$49.84 billion (2007 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$239.2 billion (2008 est.)
$170.4 billion (2007 est.)

United Kingdom
$466.3 billion (2008 est.)
$442 billion (2007 est.)

United States
$1.277 trillion (2008 est.)
$1.148 trillion (2007 est.)

Uruguay
$7.084 billion (2008 est.)
$5.043 billion (2007 est.)

Uzbekistan
$10.37 billion (2008 est.)
$8.026 billion (2007 est.)

Vanuatu
$40 million (2006)

Venezuela
$93.54 billion (2008 est.)
$69.17 billion (2007 est.)

Vietnam
$62.69 billion (2008 est.)
$48.56 billion (2007 est.)

Virgin Islands
$4.234 billion (2001)

Wallis and Futuna
$47,450 (2004)

West Bank
$339 million (2006)
$301 million (2005)
note: includes Gaza Strip

Western Sahara
$NA

World
$16.04 trillion (2008 est.)
$13.89 trillion (2007 est.)

Yemen
$8.977 billion (2008 est.)
$7.05 billion (2007 est.)

Zambia
$4.818 billion (2008 est.)
$4.594 billion (2007 est.)

Zimbabwe
$1.396 billion (2008 est.)
$1.467 billion (2007 est.)

======================================================================

@2079

Field Listing :: Debt - external

This entry gives the total public and private debt owed to
nonresidents repayable in foreign currency, goods, or services.
These figures are calculated on an exchange rate basis, i.e., not in
purchasing power parity (PPP) terms.
Country Comparison to the World
Country

Debt - external

Afghanistan
$8 billion (2004)

Albania
$1.55 billion (2004)

Algeria
$3.753 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$3.957 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

American Samoa
$NA

Andorra
$NA

Angola
$14.09 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$8.357 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Anguilla
$8.8 million (1998)

Antigua and Barbuda
$359.8 million (June 2006)

Argentina
$128.2 billion (31 December 2008)
$124 billion (31 December 2007)

Armenia
$3.449 billion (31 December 2008)
$2.909 billion (31 December 2007)

Aruba
$478.6 million (2005 est.)

Australia
$799.8 billion (31 December 2008)
$820.4 billion (31 December 2007)

Austria
$832.8 billion (31 December 2008)
$801.4 billion (31 December 2007)

Azerbaijan
$2.635 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.439 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Bahamas, The
$342.6 million (2004 est.)

Bahrain
$10.33 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$7.858 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Bangladesh
$22.83 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$21.23 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Barbados
$668 million (2003)

Belarus
$15.15 billion (31 December 2008)
$12.49 billion (31 December 2007)

Belgium
$1.354 trillion (31 December 2008)
$1.539 trillion (31 December 2007)

Belize
$954.1 million (2008 est.)
$1.2 billion (June 2005 est.)

Benin
$1.2 billion (2007)

Bermuda
$160 million (FY99/00)

Bhutan
$713.3 million (2006)

Bolivia
$5.931 billion (31 December 2008)
$5.385 billion (31 December 2007)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$7.388 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$6.734 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Botswana
$409 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$408 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Brazil
$262.9 billion (31 December 2008)
$240.5 billion (31 December 2007)

British Virgin Islands
$36.1 million (1997)

Brunei
$0 (2005)

Bulgaria
$51.46 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$42.62 billion (31 December 2007)

Burkina Faso
$1.665 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$1.33 billion (2007)

Burma
$7.946 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$7.022 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Burundi
$1.2 billion (2003)

Cambodia
$4.127 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$3.89 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Cameroon
$3.066 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.554 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Canada
$781.1 billion (31 December 2008)
$806.9 billion (31 December 2007)

Cape Verde
$325 million (2002)

Cayman Islands
$70 million (1996)

Central African Republic
$1.153 billion (2007 est.)

Chad
$1.6 billion (2005 est.)

Chile
$64.77 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$55.67 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

China
$400.6 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$363 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Colombia
$46.38 billion (31 December 2008)
$44.55 billion (31 December 2007)

Comoros
$232 million (2000 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$10 billion (2007 est.)
$10 billion (2006 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$5 billion (2000 est.)

Cook Islands
$141 million (1996 est.)

Costa Rica
$9.249 billion (31 December 2008)
$8.416 billion (31 December 2007)

Cote d'Ivoire
$14.05 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$13.79 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Croatia
$54.79 billion (31 December 2008)
$48.93 billion (31 December 2007)

Cuba
$19.04 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$16.79 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Cyprus
$32.86 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$26.97 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Czech Republic
$80.43 billion (31 December 2008)
$76.04 billion (31 December 2007)

Denmark
$588.8 billion (31 December 2008)
$567.4 billion (31 December 2007)

Djibouti
$428 million (2006)

Dominica
$213 million (2004)

Dominican Republic
$11.42 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$10.21 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Ecuador
$18.11 billion (31 December 2008)
$NA (31 December 2007)

Egypt
$32.12 billion (31 December 2008)
$32.84 billion (31 December 2007)

El Salvador
$10.69 billion (31 December 2008)
$9.808 billion (31 December 2007)

Equatorial Guinea
$190 million (31 December 2008 est.)
$338 million (31 December 2007 est.)

Eritrea
$311 million (2000 est.)

Estonia
$26.84 billion (31 December 2008)
$25.25 billion (31 December 2007)

Ethiopia
$3.155 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$2.621 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$NA

Faroe Islands
$64 million (1999)

Fiji
$127 million (2004 est.)

Finland
$339.5 billion (31 December 2008)
$314.1 billion (31 December 2007)

France
$4.935 trillion (31 December 2008)
$4.88 trillion (31 December 2007)

French Polynesia
$NA

Gabon
$2.986 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$4.895 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Gambia, The
$628.8 million (2003 est.)

Gaza Strip
$1.3 billion (2007 est.)

Georgia
$7.711 billion (31 December 2008)
$5.343 billion (31 December 2007)

Germany
$5.158 trillion (31 December 2008)
$5.155 trillion (31 December 2007)

Ghana
$5.055 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$4.891 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Gibraltar
$NA

Greece
$504.6 billion (31 December 2008)
$454.2 billion (31 December 2007)

Greenland
$25 million (1999)

Grenada
$347 million (2004)