Chapter M: Major infectious diseases (106)

Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 481.83 (2007), 522.89 (2006), 527.47
(2005), 528.29 (2004)
note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) has
been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;
West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted in
countries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,
even though the two currencies trade at par

Croatia
kuna (HRK) per US dollar - 4.98 (2008 est.), 5.3735 (2007),
5.8625 (2006), 5.9473 (2005), 6.0358 (2004)

Cuba
Cuban pesos (CUP) per US dollar - 0.9259 (2008 est.), 0.9259
(2007), 0.9231 (2006)
note: Cuba has two currencies in circulation: the Cuban peso (CUP)
and the convertible peso (CUC); in April 2005 the official exchange
rate changed from $1 per CUC to $1.08 per CUC (0.93 CUC per $1) both
for individuals and enterprises; individuals can buy 24 Cuban pesos
(CUP) for each CUC sold or sell 25 Cuban pesos for each CUC bought;
enterprises, however, must exchange CUP and CUC at a 1:1 ratio.

Cyprus
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), Cypriot
pounds (CYP) per US dollar - 0.4286 (2007), 0.4586 (2006), 0.4641
(2005), 0.4686 (2004)

Czech Republic
koruny (CZK) per US dollar - 17.064 (2008), 20.53
(2007), 22.596 (2006), 23.957 (2005), 25.7 (2004)

Denmark
Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.0236 (2008 est.),
5.4797 (2007), 5.9468 (2006), 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911 (2004)

Dhekelia
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008)
note: on 1 January 2008, Dhekelia and Akrotiri adopted the euro
along with the rest of Cyprus

Djibouti
Djiboutian francs (DJF) per US dollar - 177.71 (2007),
174.75 (2006), 177.72 (2005), 177.72 (2004), 177.72 (2003)

Dominica
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),
2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)

Dominican Republic
Dominican pesos (DOP) per US dollar - 34.775
(2008 est.), 33.113 (2007), 33.406 (2006), 30.409 (2005), 42.12
(2004)

Ecuador
the US dollar is used; the sucre was eliminated in 2000

Egypt
Egyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar - 5.4 (2008 est.), 5.67
(2007), 5.725 (2006), 5.78 (2005), 6.1962 (2004)

El Salvador
the US dollar became El Salvador's currency in 2001

Equatorial Guinea
Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs
(XAF) per US dollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 481.83 (2007), 522.4
(2006), 527.47 (2005), 528.29 (2004)
note: since 1 January 1999, the Central African CFA franc (XAF) has
been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;
Central African CFA franc (XAF) coins and banknotes are not accepted
in countries using West African CFA francs (XOF), and vice versa,
even though the two currencies trade at par

Eritrea
nakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 15.38 (2008 est.), 15.5 (2007),
15.4 (2006), 14.5 (2005), 13.788 (2004)
note: the official exchange rate is 15 nakfa to the dollar

Estonia
krooni (EEK) per US dollar - 10.7 (2008), 11.535 (2007),
12.473 (2006), 12.584 (2005), 12.596 (2004)
note: the krooni is pegged to the euro

Ethiopia
birr (ETB) per US dollar - 9.57 (2008 est.), 8.96 (2007),
8.69 (2006), 8.68 (2005), 8.6356 (2004)
note: since 24 October 2001, exchange rates are determined on a
daily basis via interbank transactions regulated by the Central Bank

European Union
euros per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pounds (FKP) per US
dollar - 0.5302 (2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005),
0.5462 (2004)
note: the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound

Faroe Islands
Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.0236 (2008
est.), 5.4797 (2007), 5.9468 (2006), 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911 (2004)

Fiji
Fijian dollars (FJD) per US dollar - NA (2007), 1.7313 (2006),
1.691 (2005), 1.7331 (2004), 1.8958 (2003)

Finland
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

France
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 87.59 (2007), 94.97 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),
105.66 (2003)
note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro

Gabon
Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US
dollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 481.83 (2007), 522.89 (2006), 527.47
(2005), 528.29 (2004)
note: since 1 January 1999, the Central African CFA franc (XAF) has
been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;
Central African CFA franc (XAF) coins and banknotes are not accepted
in countries using West African CFA francs (XOF), and vice versa,
even though the two currencies trade at par

Gambia, The
dalasis (GMD) per US dollar - 22.75 (2008 est.), 27.79
(2007), 28.066 (2006), 28.575 (2005), 30.03 (2004)

Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 3.56 (2008
est.), 4.14 (2007), 4.4565 (2006), 4.4877 (2005), 4.482 (2004)

Georgia
laris (GEL) per US dollar - 1.47 (2008 est.), 1.7 (2007),
1.78 (2006), 1.8127 (2005), 1.9167 (2004)

Germany
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Ghana
cedis (GHC) per US dollar - 1.1 (2008 est.), 0.95 (2007),
9,174.8 (2006), 9,072.5 (2005), 9,004.6 (2004)
note: in 2007 Ghana revalued its currency with 10,000 old cedis
equal to 1 new cedis

Gibraltar
Gibraltar pounds (GIP) per US dollar - 0.4993 (2007),
0.5434 (2006), 0.5504 (2005), 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003)
note: the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound

Greece
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Greenland
Danish kroner (DKK) per US dollar - 5.0236 (2008 est.),
5.4797 (2007), 5.9468 (2006), 5.9969 (2005), 5.9911 (2004)

Grenada
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007), 2.7
(2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)

Guam
the US dollar is used

Guatemala
quetzales (GTQ) per US dollar - 7.5895 (2008 est.), 7.6833
(2007), 7.6026 (2006), 7.6339 (2005), 7.9465 (2004)

Guernsey
Guernsey pound 0.5302 (2008 est.), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418
(2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004)
note: the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound

Guinea
Guinean francs (GNF) per US dollar - 5,500 (2008 est.),
4,122.8 (2007), 5,350 (2006), 3,644.3 (2005), 2,225 (2004)

Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 447.81 (2008 est.), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47
(2005), 528.29 (2004)
note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) has
been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;
West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted in
countries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,
even though the two currencies trade at par

Guyana
Guyanese dollars (GYD) per US dollar - 203.86 (2008 est.),
201.89 (2007), 200.28 (2006), 200.79 (2005), 198.31 (2004)

Haiti
gourdes (HTG) per US dollar - 39.216 (2008 est.), 37.138
(2007), 40.232 (2006), 40.449 (2005), 38.352 (2004)

Holy See (Vatican City)
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008
est.), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Honduras
lempiras (HNL) per US dollar - 18.983 (2008 est.), 18.9
(2007), 18.895 (2006), 18.92 (2005), 18.206 (2004)

Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollars (HKD) per US dollar - 7.751 (2008),
7.802 (2007), 7.7678 (2006), 7.7773 (2005), 7.788 (2004)

Hungary
forints (HUF) per US dollar - 171.8 (2008), 183.83 (2007),
210.39 (2006), 199.58 (2005), 202.75 (2004)

Iceland
Icelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar - 85.619 (2008 est.),
63.391 (2007), 70.195 (2006), 62.982 (2005), 70.192 (2004)

India
Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar - 43.319 (2008 est.), 41.487
(2007), 45.3 (2006), 44.101 (2005), 45.317 (2004)

Indonesia
Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,698.9 (2008),
9,143 (2007), 9,159.3 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004)

Iran
Iranian rials (IRR) per US dollar - 9,142.8 (2008 est.),
9,407.5 (2007), 9,227.1 (2006), 8,964 (2005), 8,614 (2004)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime
since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002

Iraq
New Iraqi dinars (NID) per US dollar - 1,176 (2008), 1,255
(2007), 1,466 (2006), 1,475 (2005), 1,890 (second half, 2003)

Ireland
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Isle of Man
Manx pounds (IMP) per US dollar - 0.5302 (2008 est.),
0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004)
note: the Manx pound is at par with the British pound

Israel
new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 3.56 (2008 est.),
4.14 (2007), 4.4565 (2006), 4.4877 (2005), 4.482 (2004)

Italy
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345 (2007),
0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Jamaica
Jamaican dollars (JMD) per US dollar - 72.236 (2008 est.),
69.034 (2007), 65.768 (2006), 62.51 (2005), 61.197 (2004)

Japan
yen (JPY) per US dollar - 103.58 (2008 est.), 117.99 (2007),
116.18 (2006), 110.22 (2005), 108.19 (2004)

Jersey
Jersey pounds per US dollar 0.5302 (2008 est.), 0.4993
(2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004)
note: the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound

Jordan
Jordanian dinars (JOD) per US dollar - 0.709 (2008 est.),
0.709 (2007), 0.709 (2006), 0.709 (2005), 0.709 (2004)

Kazakhstan
tenge (KZT) per US dollar - 120.25 (2008 est.), 122.55
(2007), 126.09 (2006), 132.88 (2005), 136.04 (2004)

Kenya
Kenyan shillings (KES) per US dollar - 68.358 (2008 est.),
68.309 (2007), 72.101 (2006), 75.554 (2005), 79.174 (2004)

Kiribati
Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2059 (2008
est.), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004)

Korea, North
North Korean won (KPW) per US dollar - 140 (2007), 141
(2006), 170 (December 2004), market rate: North Korean won per US
dollar - 3,400 (October 2008)

Korea, South
South Korean won (KRW) per US dollar - 1,101.7 (2008
est.), 929.2 (2007), 954.8 (2006), 1,024.1 (2005), 1,145.3 (2004)

Kosovo
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007)

Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US dollar - 0.2679 (2008 est.),
0.2844 (2007), 0.29 (2006), 0.292 (2005), 0.2947 (2004)

Kyrgyzstan
soms (KGS) per US dollar - 36.108 (2008 est.), 37.746
(2007), 40.149 (2006), 41.012 (2005), 42.65 (2004)

Laos
kips (LAK) per US dollar - 8,760.69 (2008 est.), 9,658 (2007),
10,235 (2006), 10,820 (2005), 10,585.5 (2004)

Latvia
lati (LVL) per US dollar - 0.4701 (2008 est.), 0.5162 (2007),
0.5597 (2006), 0.5647 (2005), 0.5402 (2004)

Lebanon
Lebanese pounds (LBP) per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2008 est.),
1,507.5 (2007), 1,507.5 (2006), 1,507.5 (2005), 1,507.5 (2004)

Lesotho
maloti (LSL) per US dollar - 7.75 (2008 est.), 7.25 (2007),
6.85 (2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004)

Liberia
Liberian dollars (LRD) per US dollar - NA (2007), 59.43
(2006), 53.098 (2005), 54.906 (2004), 59.379 (2003)

Libya
Libyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar - 1.2112 (2008 est.), 1.2604
(2007), 1.3108 (2006), 1.3084 (2005), 1.305 (2004)

Liechtenstein
Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - 1.0774 (2008 est.),
1.1973 (2007), 1.2539 (2006), 1.2452 (2005), 1.2435 (2004)

Lithuania
litai (LTL) per US dollar - 2.3251 (2008 est.), 2.5362
(2007), 2.7498 (2006), 2.774 (2005), 2.7806 (2004)

Luxembourg
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Macau
patacas (MOP) per US dollar - 8.011 (2007), 8.0015 (2006),
8.011 (2005), 8.022 (2004), 8.021 (2003)

Macedonia
Macedonian denars (MKD) per US dollar - 41.414 (2008
est.), 44.732 (2007), 48.978 (2006), 48.92 (2005), 49.41 (2004)

Madagascar
Malagasy ariary (MGA) per US dollar - 1,654.78 (2008
est.), 1,880 (2007), 2,161.4 (2006), 2,003 (2005), 1,868.9 (2004)

Malawi
Malawian kwachas (MWK) per US dollar - 142.41 (2008 est.),
141.12 (2007), 135.96 (2006), 108.894 (2005), 108.898 (2004)

Malaysia
ringgits (MYR) per US dollar - 3.33 (2008 est.), 3.46
(2007), 3.6683 (2006), 3.8 (2005), 3.8 (2004)

Maldives
rufiyaa (MVR) per US dollar - 12.8 (2008), 12.8 (2007),
12.8 (2006), 12.8 (2005), 12.8 (2004)

Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
447.81 (2008 est.), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005),
528.29 (2004)
note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) has
been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;
West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted in
countries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,
even though the two currencies trade at par

Malta
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), Maltese liri
per US dollar - 0.3106 (2007), 0.37 (2006), 0.34578 (2005), 0.34466
(2004), 0.37723 (2003)

Marshall Islands
the US dollar is used

Mauritania
ouguiyas (MRO) per US dollar - NA (2007), 271.3 (2006),
267.04 (2005), 265.8 (2004), 263.03 (2003)

Mauritius
Mauritian rupees (MUR) per US dollar - 27.973 (2008 est.),
31.798 (2007), 31.656 (2006), 29.496 (2005), 27.499 (2004)

Mayotte
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6734 (2008 est.), 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Mexico
Mexican pesos (MXN) per US dollar - 11.016 (2008 est.), 10.8
(2007), 10.899 (2006), 10.898 (2005), 11.286 (2004)

Micronesia, Federated States of
the US dollar is used

Moldova
Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar - 10.326 (2008 est.),
12.177 (2007), 13.131 (2006), 12.6 (2005), 12.33 (2004)

Monaco
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Mongolia
togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 1,267.51 (2008), 1,170
(2007), 1,165 (2006), 1,205 (2005), 1,185.3 (2004)

Montenegro
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Montserrat
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),
2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)
note: fixed rate since 1976

Morocco
Moroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 7.526 (2008 est.),
8.3563 (2007), 8.7722 (2006), 8.865 (2005), 8.868 (2004)

Mozambique
meticais (MZM) per US dollar - 24.125 (2008 est.), 26.264
(2007), 25.4 (2006), 23,061 (2005), 22,581 (2004)
note: in 2006 Mozambique revalued its currency, with 1000 old
meticais equal to 1 new meticais

Namibia
Namibian dollars (NAD) per US dollar - 7.75 (2008 est.),
7.18 (2007), 6.7649 (2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004)

Nauru
Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2059 (2008 est.),
1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004)

Nepal
Nepalese rupees (NPR) per US dollar - 65.21 (2008), 70.35
(2007), 72.446 (2006), 72.16 (2005), 73.674 (2004)

Netherlands
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilders (ANG) per US
dollar - NA (2007), 1.79 (2006), 1.79 (2005), 1.79 (2004), 1.79
(2003)

New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 87.59 (2007), 94.97 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),
105.66 (2003)

New Zealand
New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4151 (2008
est.), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004)

Nicaragua
cordobas (NIO) per US dollar - 19.374 (2008 est.), 18.457
(2007), 17.582 (2006), 16.733 (2005), 15.937 (2004)

Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
447.81 (2008 est.), 493.51 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005),
528.29 (2004)
note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) has
been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;
West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted in
countries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,
even though the two currencies trade at par

Nigeria
nairas (NGN) per US dollar - 117.8 (2008 est.), 127.46
(2007), 127.38 (2006), 132.59 (2005), 132.89 (2004)

Niue
New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4151 (2008 est.),
1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004)

Norfolk Island
Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - 1.2059 (2008
est.), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598 (2004)

Northern Mariana Islands
the US dollar is used

Norway
Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - 5.6361 (2008), 5.86
(2007), 6.418 (2006), 6.445 (2005), 6.7327 (2004)

Oman
Omani rials (OMR) per US dollar - 0.3845 (2008 est.), 0.3845
(2007), 0.3845 (2006), 0.3845 (2005), 0.3845 (2004)

Pakistan
Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar - 70.64 (2008 est.),
60.6295 (2007), 60.35 (2006), 59.515 (2005), 58.258 (2004)

Palau
the US dollar is used

Panama
balboas (PAB) per US dollar - 1 (2008 est.), 1 (2007), 1
(2006), 1 (2005), 1 (2004)
note: the US dollar is the legal currency

Papua New Guinea
kina (PGK) per US dollar - 2.6956 (2008 est.), 3.03
(2007), 3.0643 (2006), 3.08 (2005), 3.2225 (2004)

Paraguay
guarani (PYG) per US dollar - 4,337.7 (2008 est.), 5,031
(2007), 5,672.8 (2006), 6,178 (2005), 5,974.6 (2004)

Peru
nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar - 2.91 (2008 est.), 3.1731
(2007), 3.2742 (2006), 3.2958 (2005), 3.4132 (2004)

Philippines
Philippine pesos (PHP) per US dollar - 44.439 (2008
est.), 46.148 (2007), 51.246 (2006), 55.086 (2005), 56.04 (2004)

Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4151
(2008 est.), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087
(2004)

Poland
zlotych (PLN) per US dollar - 2.3 (2008 est.), 2.81 (2007),
3.1032 (2006), 3.2355 (2005), 3.6576 (2004)
note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty

Portugal
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Puerto Rico
the US dollar is used

Qatar
Qatari rials (QAR) per US dollar - 3.64 (2008 est.), 3.64
(2007), 3.64 (2006), 3.64 (2005), 3.64 (2004)

Romania
lei (RON) per US dollar - 2.5 (2008 est.), 2.43 (2007),
2.809 (2006), 3 (2005), 3 (2004)

Russia
Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - 24.3 (2008 est.), 25.659
(2007), 27.19 (2006), 28.284 (2005), 28.814 (2004)

Rwanda
Rwandan francs (RWF) per US dollar - 550 (2008 est.), 585
(2007), 560 (2006), 610 (2005), 574.62 (2004)

Saint Barthelemy
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964
(2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003)

Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pounds (SHP) per US dollar - 0.5302
(2008), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004)
note: the Saint Helenian pound is on par with the British pound

Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar -
2.7 (2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)

Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US dollar - 2.7 (2007),
2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)

Saint Martin
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6734 (2008
est.), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollars (XCD) per US
dollar - 2.7 (2007), 2.7 (2006), 2.7 (2005), 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003)

Samoa
tala (SAT) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2.7594 (2006), 2.7103
(2005), 2.7807 (2004), 2.9732 (2003)

San Marino
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6734 (2008 est.), 0.7345
(2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Sao Tome and Principe
dobras (STD) per US dollar - 14,900 (2008
est.), 13,700 (2007), 12,050 (2006), 9,900.4 (2005), 9,902.3 (2004)

Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyals (SAR) per US dollar - 3.75 (2008 est.),
3.745 (2007), 3.745 (2006), 3.747 (2005), 3.75 (2004)

Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
447.81 (2008 est.), 481.83 (2007), 522.89 (2006), 527.47 (2005),
528.29 (2004)
note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) has
been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;
West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted in
countries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,
even though the two currencies trade at par

Serbia
Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar - 54.5 (2007), 59.98 (2006)

Seychelles
Seychelles rupees (SCR) per US dollar - 8 (2008 est.),
6.5 (2007), 5.5 (2006), 5.5 (2005), 5.5 (2004)

Sierra Leone
leones (SLL) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2,961.7 (2006),
2,889.6 (2005), 2,701.3 (2004), 2,347.9 (2003)

Singapore
Singapore dollars (SGD) per US dollar - 1.415 (2008 est.),
1.507 (2007), 1.5889 (2006), 1.6644 (2005), 1.6902 (2004)

Slovakia
Slovak koruny (SKK) per US dollar - 21.05 (2008 est.),
24.919 (2007), 29.611 (2006), 31.018 (2005), 32.257 (2004)
note: on 1 January 2009 Slovakia adopted the euro as legal tender

Slovenia
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345
(2007)
note: Slovenia adopted the euro as its currency on 1 January 2007

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollars (SBD) per US dollar - NA
(2007), 7.3447 (2006), 7.5299 (2005), 7.4847 (2004), 7.5059 (2003)

Somalia
Somali shillings (SOS) per US dollar - NA (2007-08), 1,438.3
(2006) official rate; the unofficial black market rate was about
23,000 shillings per dollar as of February 2007
note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent
country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own
currency, the Somaliland shilling

South Africa
rand (ZAR) per US dollar - 7.9576 (2008 est.), 7.05
(2007), 6.7649 (2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004)

Spain
euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.6827 (2008 est.), 0.7345 (2007),
0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)

Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupees (LKR) per US dollar - 108.33 (2008),
110.78 (2007), 103.99 (2006), 100.498 (2005), 101.194 (2004)

Sudan
Sudanese pounds (SDG) per US dollar - 2.1 (2008 est.), 2.06
(2007), 2.172 (2006), 2.4361 (2005), 2.5791 (2004)
note: in October 2007 Sudan redenominated its currency by
transforming 100 units of Sudanese dinar into one unit of Sudanese
pound

Suriname
Surinamese dollars (SRD) per US dollar - 2.745 (2007),
2.745 (2006), 2.7317 (2005), 2.7336 (2004), 2.6013 (2003)
note: in January 2004, the government replaced the guilder with the
Surinamese dollar, tied to a US dollar-dominated currency basket

Svalbard
Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar - 5.6361 (2008), 5.86
(2007), 6.418 (2006), 6.445 (2005), 6.7327 (2004)

Swaziland
emalangeni per US dollar - 7.75 (2008 est.), 7.4 (2007),
6.85 (2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004)

Sweden
Swedish kronor (SEK) per US dollar - 6.4074 (2008 est.),
6.7629 (2007), 7.3731 (2006), 7.4731 (2005), 7.3489 (2004)

Switzerland
Swiss francs (CHF) per US dollar - 1.0774 (2008 est.),
1.1973 (2007), 1.2539 (2006), 1.2452 (2005), 1.2435 (2004)

Syria
Syrian pounds (SYP) per US dollar - 46.5281 (2008 est.),
50.0085 (2007), 51.689 (2006), 50 (2005), 48.5 (2004)
note: data for 2004-06 are the public sector rate; data for 2002-03
are the parallel market rate in 'Amman and Beirut; the official rate
for repaying loans was 11.25 Syrian pounds per US dollars during
2004-06,

Taiwan
New Taiwan dollars (TWD) per US dollar - 31.53 (2008 est.),
32.84 (2007), 32.534 (2006), 31.71 (2005), 34.418 (2004)

Tajikistan
Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar - 3.4563 (2008
est.), 3.4418 (2007), 3.3 (2006), 3.1166 (2005), 2.9705 (2004)

Tanzania
Tanzanian shillings (TZS) per US dollar - 1,178.1 (2008
est.), 1,255 (2007), 1,251.9 (2006), 1,128.93 (2005), 1,089.33 (2004)

Thailand
baht per US dollar - 33.37 (2008 est.), 34.52 (2007),
37.882 (2006), 40.22 (2005), 40.222 (2004)

Timor-Leste
the US dollar is used

Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
447.81 (2008 est.), 482.71 (2007), 522.59 (2006), 527.47 (2005),
528.29 (2004)
note: since 1 January 1999, the West African CFA franc (XOF) has
been pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro;
West African CFA franc (XOF) coins and banknotes are not accepted in
countries using Central African CFA francs (XAF), and vice versa,
even though the two currencies trade at par

Tokelau
New Zealand dollars (NZD) per US dollar - 1.4151 (2008
est.), 1.3811 (2007), 1.5408 (2006), 1.4203 (2005), 1.5087 (2004)

Tonga
pa'anga (TOP) per US dollar - NA (2007), 2.0277 (2006), 1.96
(2005), 1.9716 (2004), 2.142 (2003)

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TTD) per US dollar
- 6.2896 (2008 est.), 6.3275 (2007), 6.3107 (2006), 6.2842 (2005),
6.299 (2004)

Tunisia
Tunisian dinars (TND) per US dollar - 1.211 (2008 est.),
1.2776 (2007), 1.331 (2006), 1.2974 (2005), 1.2455 (2004)

Turkey
Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar - 1.3179 (2008 est.), 1.319
(2007), 1.4286 (2006), 1.3436 (2005), 1.4255 (2004)
note: on 1 January 2005, the old Turkish lira (TRL) was converted to
new Turkish lira (TRY) at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 new Turkish
lira; on 1 January 2009, the Turkish government dropped the word
"new" and the currency is now called simply the Turkish lira

Turkmenistan
Turkmen manat (TMM) per US dollar - 14,250 (as of 1 May
2008 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
the US dollar is used

Tuvalu
Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars (AUD) per U 1.2059
(2008 est.), 1.2137 (2007), 1.3285 (2006), 1.3095 (2005), 1.3598
(2004)

Uganda
Ugandan shillings (UGX) per US dollar - 1,658.1 (2008 est.),
1,685.8 (2007), 1,834.9 (2006), 1,780.7 (2005), 1,810.3 (2004)

Ukraine
hryvnia (UAH) per US dollar - 4.9523 (2008 est.), 5.05
(2007), 5.05 (2006), 5.1247 (2005), 5.3192 (2004)

United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirhams (AED) per US dollar - 3.6725
(2008 est.), 3.6725 (2007), 3.6725 (2006), 3.6725 (2005), 3.6725
(2004)
note: officially pegged to the US dollar since February 2002

United Kingdom
British pounds (GBP) per US dollar - 0.5302 (2008
est.), 0.4993 (2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004)

United States
British pounds per US dollar: 0.5302 (2008), 0.4993
(2007), 0.5418 (2006), 0.5493 (2005), 0.5462 (2004)
Canadian dollars per US dollar: 1.0364 (2008), 1.0724 (2007), 1.1334
(2006), 1.2118 (2005), 1.3010 (2004)
Chinese yuan per US dollar: 6.9385 (2008), 7.61 (2007), 7.97 (2006),
8.1943 (2005), 8.2768 (2004)
euros per US dollar: 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006),
0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004)
Japanese yen per US dollar: 103.58 (2008), 117.99 (2007), 116.18
(2006) 110.22 (2005), 108.19 (2004)

Uruguay
Uruguayan pesos (UYU) per US dollar - 20.936 (2008 est.),
23.947 (2007), 24.048 (2006), 24.479 (2005), 28.704 (2004)

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani soum (UZS) per US dollar - 1,317 (2008 est.),
1,263.8 (2007), 1,219.8 (2006), 1,020 (2005), 971.265 (2004)

Vanuatu
vatu (VUV) per US dollar - NA (2007), 111.93 (2006), NA
(2005), 111.79 (2004), 122.19 (2003)

Venezuela
bolivars (VEB) per US dollar - 2.147 (2008 est.), 2,147
(2007), 2,147 (2006), 2,089.8 (2005), 1,891.3 (2004)
note: on 1 January 2008 Venezuela revalued its currency with 1000
old bolivares equal to 1 new bolivar

Vietnam
dong (VND) per US dollar - 16,548.3 (2008 est.), 16,119
(2007), 15,983 (2006), 15,746 (2005), NA (2004)

Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used

Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per
US dollar - 87.59 (2007), 94.97 (2006), 95.89 (2005), 96.04 (2004),
105.66 (2003)

West Bank
new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar - 3.56 (2008
est.), 4.14 (2007), 4.4565 (2006), 4.4877 (2005), 4.482 (2004)

Western Sahara
Moroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 7.526 (2008
est.), 8.3563 (2007), 8.7722 (2006), 8.865 (2005), 8.868 (2004)

Yemen
Yemeni rials (YER) per US dollar - 199.76 (2008 est.), 199.14
(2007), 197.18 (2006), 192.67 (2005), 184.78 (2004)

Zambia
Zambian kwacha (ZMK) per US dollar - 3,512.9 (2008 est.),
3,990.2 (2007), 3,601.5 (2006), 4,463.5 (2005), 4,778.9 (2004)

Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollars (ZWD) per US dollar - NA (2008 est.),
30,000 (2007), 162.07 (2006), 77.965 (2005), 5.729 (2004)
note: these are official exchange rates; non-official rates vary
significantly

======================================================================

@2077

Field Listing :: Executive branch

This entry includes several subfields. Chief of state includes the
name and title of the titular leader of the country who represents
the state at official and ceremonial functions but may not be
involved with the day-to-day activities of the government. Head of
government includes the name and title of the top administrative
leader who is designated to manage the day-to-day activities of the
government. For example, in the UK, the monarch is the chief of
state, and the prime minister is the head of government. In the US,
the president is both the chief of state and the head of government.
Cabinet includes the official name for this body of high-ranking
advisers and the method for selection of members. Elections includes
the nature of election process or accession to power, date of the
last election, and date of the next election. Election results
includes the percent of vote for each candidate in the last election.
Country

Executive branch

Afghanistan
chief of state: President of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); First Vice
President Ahmad Zia MASOOD; Second Vice President Abdul Karim
KHALILI (since 7 December 2004); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government; former King ZAHIR Shah held
the honorific, "Father of the Country," and presided symbolically
over certain occasions but lacked any governing authority; the
honorific is not hereditary; King ZAHIR Shah died on 23 July 2007
head of government: President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); First Vice President Ahmad Zia
MASOOD; Second Vice President Abdul Karim KHALILI (since 7 December
2004)
cabinet: 25 ministers; note - under the new constitution, ministers
are appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly
elections: the president and two vice presidents are elected by
direct vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); if no
candidate receives 50% or more of the vote in the first round of
voting, the two candidates with the most votes will participate in a
second round; a president can only be elected for two terms;
election last held 20 August 2009 (next to be held in 2014)
election results: Hamid KARZAI reelected president; percent of vote
- Hamid KARZAI 54.6%, Abdullah ABDULLAH 27.8%, Ramazan BASHARDOST
9.2%, Ashraf GHANI 2.7% (as reported by the Independent Election
Commission of Afghanistan on 16 September 2009)
note: on 2 November 2009, following the cancellation of the planned
7 November election runoff, the UN-backed Electoral Complaints
Commission officially declared Hamid KARZAI the winner of the 20
August presidential election

Akrotiri
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Administrator Major General Jamie GORDON (since
October 2008); note - reports to the British Ministry of Defense
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the administrator is
appointed by the monarch

Albania
chief of state: President of the Republic Bamir TOPI (since
24 July 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September
2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister,
nominated by the president, and approved by parliament
elections: president elected by the Assembly for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); four election rounds held between 8
and 20 July 2007 (next election to be held in 2012); prime minister
appointed by the president
election results: Bamir TOPI elected president; Assembly vote,
fourth round (three-fifths majority (84 votes) required): Bamir TOPI
85 votes, Neritan CEKA 5 votes

Algeria
chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28
April 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 23 June 2008)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
note - a November 2008 constitutional amendment abolished
presidential term limits; election last held 9 April 2009 (next to
be held in April 2014); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president for third
term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 90.2%, Louisa HANOUNE
4.2%, Moussa TOUATI 2.3%, Djahid YOUNSI 1.4%, Ali Fawzi REBIANE less
than 1%, Mohamed SAID less than 1%

American Samoa
chief of state: President Barack H. OBAMA (since 20
January 2009); Vice President Joseph R. BIDEN (since 20 January 2009)
head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet made up of 12 department directors
elections: under the US Constitution, residents of unincorporated
territories, such as American Samoa, do not vote in elections for US
president and vice president; however, they may vote in Democratic
and Republican presidential primary elections; governor and
lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote for
four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held 4
and 18 November 2008 (next to be held in November 2012)
election results: Togiola TULAFONO reelected governor; percent of
vote - Togiola TULAFONO 56.5%, Afoa Moega LUTU 43.5%

Andorra
chief of state: French Coprince Nicolas SARKOZY (since 16
May 2007); represented by Philippe MASSONI (since 26 July 2002) and
Spanish Coprince Bishop Joan-Enric VIVES i SICILIA (since 12 May
2003); represented by Nemesi MARQUES i OSTE (since 30 July 2003)
head of government: Executive Council President Jaume BARTUMEU
Cassany (since 5 June 2009)
cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive
Council president
elections: Executive Council president elected by the General
Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year
term; election last held 26 April 2009 (next to be held in April-May
2013)
election results: Jaume BARTUMEU CASSANY elected executive council
president; percent of General Council vote - NA

Angola
chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); Antonio Paulo KASSOMA was named prime minister by
MPLA on 26 September 2008
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by universal ballot for a five-year
term (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term) under
the 1992 constitution; President DOS SANTOS was selected by the
party to take over after the death of former President Augustino
NETO(1979) under a one-party system and stood for reelection in
Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next were
to be held in September 2009 but have been postponed)
election results: Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI
40.1%, making a run-off election necessary; the run-off was never
held leaving DOS SANTOS in his current position as the president

Anguilla
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor Alistair HARRISON (since 21 April 2009)
head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March
2000)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the
elected members of the House of Assembly
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the
monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed
chief minister by the governor

Antigua and Barbuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); represented by Governor General Louisse LAKE-TACK
(since 17 July 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Winston Baldwin SPENCER (since 24
March 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on
the advice of the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosen by the
monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
governor general

Argentina
chief of state: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER
(since 10 December 2007); Vice President Julio COBOS (since 10
December 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER (since
10 December 2007); Vice President Julio COBOS (since 10 December
2007)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term);
election last held 28 October 2007 (next election to be held in 2011)
election results: Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER elected president;
percent of vote - Cristina FERNANDEZ DE KIRCHNER 45%, Elisa CARRIO
23%, Roberto LAVAGNA 17%, Alberto Rodriguez SAA 8%

Armenia
chief of state: President Serzh SARGSIAN (since 9 April 2008)
head of government: Prime Minister Tigran SARGSIAN (since 9 April
2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 19 February 2008
(next to be held February 2013); prime minister appointed by the
president based on majority or plurality support in parliament; the
prime minister and Council of Ministers must resign if the National
Assembly refuses to accept their program
election results: Serzh SARGSIAN elected president; percent of vote
- Serzh SARGSIAN 52.9%, Levon TER-PETROSSIAN 21.5%, Artur
BAGHDASARIAN 16.7%

Aruba
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30
April 1980); represented by Governor General Fredis REFUNJOL (since
11 May 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Mike EMAN (since 30 October 2009)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Staten
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed for
a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime
minister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election last
held in 2005 (next to be held by 2009)
election results: Nelson O. ODUBER elected prime minister; percent
of legislative vote - NA

Australia
chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); represented by Governor General Quentin BRYCE (since
5 September 2008)
head of government: Prime Minister Kevin RUDD (since 3 December
2007); Deputy Prime Minister Julia GILLARD (since 3 December 2007)
cabinet: prime minister nominates, from among members of Parliament,
candidates who are subsequently sworn in by the governor general to
serve as government ministers
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of
a majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister by the governor
general

Austria
chief of state: President Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) (since 8 July
2004)
head of government: Chancellor Werner FAYMANN (SPOe) (since 2
December 2008); Vice Chancellor Josef PROELL (OeVP) (since 2
December 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice
of the chancellor
elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-year
term (eligible for a second term); presidential election last held
25 April 2004 (next to be held in April 2010); chancellor formally
chosen by the president but determined by the coalition parties
forming a parliamentary majority; vice chancellor chosen by the
president on the advice of the chancellor
election results: Heinz FISCHER elected president; percent of vote -
Heinz FISCHER 52.4%, Benita FERRERO-WALDNER 47.6%
note: government coalition - SPOe and OeVP

Azerbaijan
chief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October
2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November
2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Yaqub EYYUBOV (since June 2006)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and
confirmed by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 15 October 2008
(next to be held in October 2013); prime minister and first deputy
prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by the
National Assembly
election results: Ilham ALIYEV reelected president; percent of vote
- Ilham ALIYEV 89%, Igbal AGHAZADE 2.9%, five other candidates with
smaller percentages
note: several political parties boycotted the election due to unfair
conditions; OSCE observers concluded that the election did not meet
international standards

Bahamas, The
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); represented by Governor General Arthur D. HANNA (since 1
February 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Hubert A. INGRAHAM (since 4 May
2007)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the prime
minister's recommendation
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime minister
recommends the deputy prime minister

Bahrain
chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al-Khalifa (since 6 March
1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the
monarch, born 21 October 1969)
head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al-Khalifa
(since 1971); Deputy Prime Ministers ALI bin Khalifa bin Salman
Al-Khalifa, MUHAMMAD bin Mubarak Al-Khalifa, Jawad al-ARAIDH
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by
the monarch

Bangladesh
chief of state: President Zillur RAHMAN (since 12
February 2009)
head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA Wajed (since 6
January 2009)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the
president
elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year
term (eligible for a second term); last election held on 11 February
2009 (next scheduled election to be held in 2014)
election results: Zillur RAHMAN declared president-elect by the
Election Commission on 11 February 2009 (sworn in on 12 February);
he ran unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote -
NA

Barbados
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS
(since 1 June 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister David THOMPSON (since 16 January
2008)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed prime minister by the governor general; the prime minister
recommends the deputy prime minister

Belarus
chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20
July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Sergey SIDORSKIY (since 19
December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (since
December 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the
1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999,
however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a
November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held 9 September 2001;
an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and
allowed the president to run in a third election, which was held on
19 March 2006; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed
by the president
election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent
of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 82.6%, Aleksandr MILINKEVICH 6%,
Aleksandr KOZULIN 2.3%; note - election marred by electoral fraud

Belgium
chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir
Apparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Herman VAN ROMPUY (30 December
2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers are formally appointed by the monarch
elections: the monarchy is hereditary and constitutional; following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the
leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister
by the monarch and then approved by parliament

Belize
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17
November 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Dean Oliver BARROW (since 8
February 2008); Deputy Prime Minister Gaspar VEGA (since 12 February
2008)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed prime minister by the governor general; prime minister
recommends the deputy prime minister

Benin
chief of state: President Thomas YAYI Boni (since 6 April
2006); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Thomas YAYI Boni (since 6 April 2006)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); runoff election held 19 March 2006
(next to be held in March 2011)
election results: Thomas YAYI Boni elected president; percent of
vote - Thomas YAYI Boni 74.5%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI 25.5%

Bermuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor Sir Richard GOZNEY (since 12 December 2007)
head of government: Premier Ewart BROWN (since 30 October 2006);
Deputy Premier Paula COX
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the
monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed
premier by the governor

Bhutan
chief of state: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel WANGCHUCK (since 14
December 2006); note - King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK abdicated the
throne on 14 December 2006 and his son immediately succeeded him;
the nearly two-year delay between the former King's abdication and
his son's coronation on 6 November 2008 was to ensure an
astrologically auspicious coronation date and to give the new
King-who had limited experience-deeper administrative expertise
under the guidance of this father
head of government: Prime Minister Jigme THINLEY (since 9 April 2008)
cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the
monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed,
five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council
(Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch
elections: the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms in July
1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove the monarch
with two-thirds vote; election of a new National Assembly occurred
in March 2008; the leader of the majority party is nominated as the
prime minister

Bolivia
chief of state: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22
January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January
2006); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Juan Evo MORALES Ayma (since 22
January 2006); Vice President Alvaro GARCIA Linera (since 22 January
2006)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for a single five-year term; election last held 18
December 2005 (next to be held in December 2009)
election results: Juan Evo MORALES Ayma elected president; percent
of vote - Juan Evo MORALES Ayma 53.7%; Jorge Fernando QUIROGA
Ramirez 28.6%; Samuel DORIA MEDINA Arana 7.8%; Michiaki NAGATANI
Morishit 6.5%; Felipe QUISPE Huanca 2.2%; Guildo ANGULA Cabrera 0.7%

Bosnia and Herzegovina
chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency
Zeljko KOMSIC (chairman since 6 July 2009; presidency member since 1
October 2006 - Croat); other members of the three-member presidency
rotating (every eight months): Haris SILAJDZIC (presidency member
since 1 October 2006 - Bosniak); and Nebojsa RADMANOVIC (presidency
member since 1 October 2006 - Serb)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikola
SPIRIC (since 11 January 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman;
approved by the National House of Representatives
elections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one
Croat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term
(eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for four years);
the chairmanship rotates every eight months and resumes where it
left off following each national election; election last held 1
October 2006 (next to be held in 2010); the chairman of the Council
of Ministers is appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the
National House of Representatives
election results: percent of vote - Nebojsa RADMANOVIC with 53.3% of
the votes for the Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC with 39.6% of the votes
for the Croat seat; Haris SILAJDZIC with 62.8% of the votes for the
Bosniak seat
note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Borjana
KRISTO (since 21 February 2007); Vice Presidents Spomenka MICIC
(since NA 2007) and Mirsad KEBO (since NA 2007); President of the
Republika Srpska: Rajko KUSMANOVIC (since 28 December 2007)

Botswana
chief of state: President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1
April 2008); Vice President Mompati MERAFHE (since 1 April 2008);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1 April
2008); Vice President Mompati MERAFHE (since 1 April 2008)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president indirectly elected for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 20 October 2004
(next to be held on 9 October 2009); vice president appointed by the
president
election results: Festus G. MOGAE elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - 52%: note - MOGAE stepped down on 1 April
2008 and designated KHAMA to serve out the remainder of his term

Brazil
chief of state: President Luiz Inacio LULA da Silva (since 1
January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Luiz Inacio LULA da Silva (since 1
January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for a single four-year term; election last held 1
October 2006 with runoff 29 October 2006 (next to be held 3 October
2010 and, if necessary, 31 October 2010)
election results: Luiz Inacio LULA da Silva (PT) reelected president
- 60.83%, Geraldo ALCKMIN (PSDB) 39.17%

British Indian Ocean Territory
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II
(since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Commissioner Colin ROBERTS (since July 2008);
Administrator Joanne YEADON (since December 2007); note - both
reside in the UK and are represented by the officer commanding
British Forces on Diego Garcia
cabinet: NA
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner and
administrator appointed by the monarch

British Virgin Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); represented by Governor David PEAREY (since 18 April
2006)
head of government: Premier Ralph T. O'NEAL (since 23 August 2007)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members of
the House of Assembly
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the
monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed
premier by the governor

Brunei
chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL
Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief
of state and head of government
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah
(since 5 October 1967)
cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over by
the monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also a
Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on
religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the
monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of
Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the
succession to the throne if the need arises
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Bulgaria
chief of state: President Georgi PARVANOV (since 22 January
2002); Vice President Angel MARIN (since 22 January 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Boyko BORISSOV (since 27 July
2009); Deputy Prime Ministers Simeon DJANKOV and Tsvetan TSVETANOV
(since 27 July 2009);
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
elected by the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term);
election last held 22 and 29 October 2006 (next to be held in 2011);
chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) elected by the
National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime
minister and elected by the National Assembly
election results: Georgi PARVANOV reelected president; percent of
vote - Georgi PARVANOV 77.3%, Volen SIDEROV 22.7%; Sergei STANISHEV
elected prime minister, result of legislative vote - 168 to 67

Burkina Faso
chief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15
October 1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Tertius ZONGO (since 4 June 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 13 November 2005
(next to be held in 2010); in April 2000, the constitution was
amended reducing the presidential term from seven to five years,
enforceable as of 2005; prime minister appointed by the president
with the consent of the legislature
election results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president; percent of
popular vote - Blaise COMPAORE 80.3%, Benewende Stanislas SANKARA
4.9%

Burma
chief of state: Chairman of the State Peace and Development
Council (SPDC) Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister, Lt. Gen THEIN SEIN (since 24
October 2007)
cabinet: Cabinet is overseen by SPDC; military junta assumed power
18 September 1988 under name State Law and Order Restoration Council
(SLORC)
elections: none

Burundi
chief of state: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA (since 26 August
2005); First Vice President Yves SAVINGUVU - Tutsi (since 9 November
2007); Second Vice President Gabriel NTISEZERANA - Hutu (since 9
February 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Pierre NKURUNZIZA (since 26 August
2005); First Vice President Yves SAVINGUVU - Tutsi (since 9 November
2007); Second Vice President Gabriel NTISEZERANA - Hutu (since 9
February 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president
elections: the president is elected by popular vote to a five-year
term (eligible for a second term); note - the constitution adopted
in February 2005 permits the post-transition president to be elected
by a two-thirds majority of the parliament; next elections to be
held in August 2010; vice presidents nominated by the president,
endorsed by parliament
election results: Pierre NKURUNZIZA was elected president by the
parliament by a vote of 151 to 9; note - the constitution adopted in
February 2005 permits the post-transition president to be elected by
a two-thirds majority of the legislature

Cambodia
chief of state: King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985)
[co-prime minister from 1993 to 1997]; Permanent Deputy Prime
Minister MEN SAM AN (since 25 September 2008); Deputy Prime
Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992); SOK AN, TEA BANH, HOR
NAMHONG, NHEK BUNCHHAY (since 16 July 2004); BIN CHHIN (since 5
September 2007); KEAT CHHON, YIM CHHAI LY (since 24 September 2008);
KE KIMYAN (since 12 March 2009)
cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and
appointed by the monarch
elections: the king is chosen by a Royal Throne Council from among
all eligible males of royal descent; following legislative
elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition is
named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and
appointed by the king