Chapter LXXXIV: Section 3: , Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: 886 (2) 2162-2000, FAX (19)

United States
prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded
practices and infrastructure in the border region strains
water-sharing arrangements with Mexico; the US has stepped up
efforts to stem nationals from Mexico, Central America, and other
parts of the world from crossing illegally into the United States
from Mexico; illegal immigrants from the Caribbean, notably Haiti
and the Dominican Republic, attempt to enter the US through Florida
by sea; 1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea still
awaits Russian Duma ratification; managed maritime boundary disputes
with Canada at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca,
and around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; US and
Canada seek greater cooperation in monitoring people and commodities
crossing the border; The Bahamas and US have not been able to agree
on a maritime boundary; US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased
from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area
can terminate the lease; Haiti claims US-administered Navassa
Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has
reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of
any other state; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island

Uruguay
uncontested dispute with Brazil over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada streams and the resulting tripoint with
Argentina

Uzbekistan
cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates
water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; delimitation
with Kazakhstan complete with demarcation underway; delimitation is
underway with Kyrgyzstan but serious disputes around enclaves and
elsewhere continue to mar progress for some 130 km of border; talks
continue with Tajikistan to delimit border and remove minefields

Vanuatu
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by
Vanuatu and France

Venezuela
claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in
Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has
expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before
UNCLOS that the Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; dispute with Colombia over Los
Monjes islands and maritime boundary near the Gulf of Venezuela;
Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities
penetrate Venezuela's shared border region resulting in several
thousand residents migrating away from the border; US, France and
the Netherlands recognize Venezuela's claim to give full effect to
Aves Island, which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf
extending over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
protest Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation
and other states' recognition of it

Vietnam
southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese
squatters and armed encroachments along border; in 2004
Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commission agrees to erect missing
markers in two adjoining provinces; demarcation of the China-Vietnam
boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary
delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004,
implementation has been delayed; China occupies Paracel Islands also
claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in complex dispute with
China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei over the
Spratly Islands; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in
the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants;
Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the
Spratly Islands; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China,
the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine
seismic activities in the Spratly Islands

Virgin Islands
none

Wake Island
claimed by Marshall Islands

Wallis and Futuna
none

West Bank
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier
along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel
announced its intention to pull out settlers and withdraw from four
settlements in the northern West Bank in 2005; since 1948, about 350
peacekeepers from the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO),
headquartered in Jerusalem, monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice
agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist
other UN personnel in the region

Western Sahara
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whose
sovereignty remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has
remained in effect since September 1991, administered by the UN
Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), but attempts
to hold a referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected
all brokered proposals

World
stretching over 250,000 km, the world's 325 international land
boundaries separate the 192 independent states and 73 dependencies,
areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities;
ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided states
into separate political entities as much as history, physical
terrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimes
arbitrary and imposed boundaries; maritime states have claimed
limits and have so far established over 130 maritime boundaries and
joint development zones to allocate ocean resources and to provide
for national security at sea; boundary, borderland/resource, and
territorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant to
violent or militarized; most disputes over the alignment of
political boundaries are confined to short segments and are today
less common and less hostile than borderland, resource, and
territorial disputes; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and
unmanaged boundaries, however, encourage illegal cross-border
activities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorial
disputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or they
may be brought on by resource competition; ethnic clashes continue
to be responsible for much of the territorial fragmentation around
the world; disputes over islands at sea or in rivers frequently form
the source of territorial and boundary conflict; other sources of
contention include access to water and mineral (especially
petroleum) resources, fisheries, and arable land; nonetheless, most
nations cooperate to clarify their international boundaries and to
resolve territorial and resource disputes peacefully; regional
discord directly affects the sustenance and welfare of local
populations, often leaving the world community to cope with
resultant refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, deforestation,
and desertification

Yemen
Yemen protests Eritrea fishing around the Hanish Islands
awarded to Yemen by the ICJ in 1999; despite resistance from nomadic
groups, the demarcation of the Saudi Arabia-Yemen boundary
established under the 2000 Jeddah Treaty is almost complete; Yemen
protests Saudi erection of a concrete-filled pipe as a security
barrier in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities in sections
of the boundary

Zambia
in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections and joined Namibia in
supporting plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over
the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not
clearly delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river; 90,000
Angolan refugees were repatriated from Zambia by 2004, the remaining
160,000 are expected to return in 2005

Zimbabwe
Botswana has built electric fences and South Africa has
placed military along the border to stem the flow of thousands of
Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political persecution;
Namibia has supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to
plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi
River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly
delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2075 Ethnic groups (%)

Afghanistan
Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%,
Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%

Albania
Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb,
Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.)
note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from
1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)

Algeria
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; the
minority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in the
mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers; the Berbers are also
Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural
heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for
autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has
offered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools

American Samoa
native Pacific islander 92.9%, Asian 2.9%, white
1.2%, mixed 2.8%, other 0.2% (2000 census)

Andorra
Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other
6% (1998)

Angola
Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed
European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%

Anguilla
black (predominant) 90.1%, mixed, mulatto 4.6%, white 3.7%,
other 1.6% (2001 Census)

Antigua and Barbuda
black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian

Argentina
white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixed
white and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non-white
groups 3%

Armenia
Armenian 97.9%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.3%, Russian 0.5%, other 0.3%
(2001 census)

Aruba
mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%

Australia
Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%

Austria
Austrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians,
Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, German 0.9%, other or
unspecified 2.4% (2001 census)

Azerbaijan
Azeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%,
other 3.9% (1999 census)
note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh
region

Bahamas, The
black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%

Bahrain
Bahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% (2001 census)

Bangladesh
Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)

Barbados
black 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%

Belarus
Belarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish 3.9%, Ukrainian
2.4%, other 1.1% (1999 census)

Belgium
Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%

Belize
mestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other
9.7%

Benin
African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500

Bermuda
black 54.8%, white 34.1%, mixed 6.4%, other races 4.3%,
unspecified 0.4% (2000 census)

Bhutan
Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of
several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%

Bolivia
Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)
30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serb 37.1%, Bosniak 48%, Croat 14.3%, other
0.6% (2000)
note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid
confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

Botswana
Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,
including Kgalagadi and white 7%

Brazil
white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black
6.2%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified
0.7% (2000 census)

British Virgin Islands
black 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed

Brunei
Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%

Bulgaria
Bulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (including
Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)

Burkina Faso
Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,
Fulani

Burma
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian
2%, Mon 2%, other 5%

Burundi
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,
Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000

Cambodia
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%

Cameroon
Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,
Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other
African 13%, non-African less than 1%

Canada
British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European
15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed
background 26%

Cape Verde
Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%

Cayman Islands
mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of
various ethnic groups 20%

Central African Republic
Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,
Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%

Chad
200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane
(Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi,
Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are
Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang,
Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000
French citizens live in Chad

Chile
white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%

China
Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%

Christmas Island
Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%
note: no indigenous population (2001)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Europeans, Cocos Malays

Colombia
mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed
black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%

Comoros
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
over 200 African ethnic groups of
which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,
Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about
45% of the population

Congo, Republic of the
Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%,
Europeans and other 3%
note: Europeans estimated at 8,500, mostly French, before the 1997
civil war; may be half that in 1998, following the widespread
destruction of foreign businesses in 1997

Cook Islands
Cook Island Maori (Polynesian) 87.7%, part Cook Island
Maori 5.8%, other 6.5% (2001 census)

Costa Rica
white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,
Chinese 1%, other 1%

Cote d'Ivoire
Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes
16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000
Lebanese and 14,000 French) (1998)

Croatia
Croat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak,
Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Roma) (2001 census)

Cuba
mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%

Cyprus
Greek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001)

Czech Republic
Czech 90.4%, Moravian 3.7%, Slovak 1.9%, other 4%
(2001 census)

Denmark
Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,
Somali

Djibouti
Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian
5%

Dominica
black, mixed black and European, European, Syrian, Carib
Amerindian

Dominican Republic
white 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%

East Timor
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese
minority

Ecuador
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,
Spanish and others 7%, black 3%

Egypt
Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%,
Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and
French) 1%

El Salvador
mestizo 90%, white 9%, Amerindian 1%

Equatorial Guinea
Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni
(primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish

Eritrea
ethnic Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho
(Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%, other 3%

Estonia
Estonian 67.9%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian
1.3%, Finn 0.9%, other 2.2% (2000 census)

Ethiopia
Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,
Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
British

Faroe Islands
Scandinavian

Fiji
Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian
admixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas
Chinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)

Finland
Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.7%, Russian 0.4%, Estonian 0.2%, Roma
0.2%, Sami 0.1%

France
Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,
Indochinese, Basque minorities

French Guiana
black or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian, Chinese,
Amerindian 12%, other 10%

French Polynesia
Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,
metropolitan French 4%

Gabon
Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang,
Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba), other Africans and Europeans 154,000,
including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality

Gambia, The
African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola
10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%

Gaza Strip
Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%

Georgia
Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%,
other 2.5% (2002 census)

Germany
German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of
Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)

Ghana
black African 98.5% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba
16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%, Gurma 3%, Yoruba 1%), European and other 1.5%
(1998)

Gibraltar
Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, German,
North Africans

Greece
Greek 98%, other 2%
note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in
Greece

Greenland
Greenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danish
and others 12% (January 2000)

Grenada
black 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and East
Indian 5%, and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian

Guadeloupe
black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese,
Chinese less than 5%

Guam
Chamorro 37.1%, Filipino 26.3%, other Pacific islander 11.3%,
white 6.9%, other Asian 6.3%, other ethnic origin or race 2.3%,
mixed 9.8% (2000 census)

Guatemala
Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish - in local Spanish
called Ladino) and European 59.4%, K'iche 9.1%, Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam
7.9%, Q'eqchi 6.3%, other Mayan 8.6%, indigenous non-Mayan 0.2%,
other 0.1% (2001 census)

Guernsey
UK and Norman-French descent with small percentages from
other European countries

Guinea
Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%

Guinea-Bissau
African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%,
Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%

Guyana
East Indian 50%, black 36%, Amerindian 7%, white, Chinese,
and mixed 7%

Haiti
black 95%, mulatto and white 5%

Holy See (Vatican City)
Italians, Swiss, other

Honduras
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%,
black 2%, white 1%

Hong Kong
Chinese 95%, other 5%

Hungary
Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001
census)

Iceland
homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%,
population of foreign origin 6%

India
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)

Indonesia
Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays
7.5%, other 26%

Iran
Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,
Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%

Iraq
Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%

Ireland
Celtic, English

Israel
Jewish 80.1% (Europe/America-born 32.1%, Israel-born 20.8%,
Africa-born 14.6%, Asia-born 12.6%), non-Jewish 19.9% (mostly Arab)
(1996 est.)

Italy
Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and
Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and
Greek-Italians in the south)

Jamaica
black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%,
mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%

Japan
Japanese 99%, others 1% (Korean 511,262, Chinese 244,241,
Brazilian 182,232, Filipino 89,851, other 237,914)
note: up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japan
in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil
(2004)

Jersey
Jersey 51.1%, British 34.8%, Irish, French, and other white
6.6%, Portuguese/Madeiran 6.4%, other 1.1% (2001 census)

Jordan
Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%

Kazakhstan
Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek
2.5%, German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uygur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census)

Kenya
Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii
6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and
Arab) 1%

Kiribati
Micronesian 98.8%, other 1.2% (2000 census)

Korea, North
racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese
community and a few ethnic Japanese

Korea, South
homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)

Kuwait
Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,
other 7%

Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%,
Ukrainian 1%, Uygur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)

Laos
Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung
(highland) including the Hmong and the Yao 9%, ethnic
Vietnamese/Chinese 1%

Latvia
Latvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian
2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2% (2002)

Lebanon
Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%

Lesotho
Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,

Liberia
indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio,
Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella,
Mandingo, and Mende), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of
immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5%
(descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)

Libya
Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,
Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians

Liechtenstein
Alemannic 86%, Italian, Turkish, and other 14%

Lithuania
Lithuanian 83.4%, Polish 6.7%, Russian 6.3%, other or
unspecified 3.6% (2001 census)

Luxembourg
Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,
Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kosovo) and European
(guest and resident workers)

Macau
Chinese 95.7%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry)
1%, other 3.3% (2001 census)

Macedonia
Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma 2.7%,
Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census)

Madagascar
Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers
(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -
Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,
Creole, Comoran

Malawi
Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,
Ngonde, Asian, European

Malaysia
Malay 50.4%, Chinese 23.7%, Indigenous 11%, Indian 7.1%,
others 7.8% (2004 est.)

Maldives
South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs

Mali
Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,
Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Malta
Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians,
with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)

Man, Isle of
Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton

Marshall Islands
Micronesian

Martinique
African and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%,
East Indian, Chinese less than 5%

Mauritania
mixed Maur/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%

Mauritius
Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,
Franco-Mauritian 2%

Mayotte
NA

Mexico
mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly
Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%

Micronesia, Federated States of
nine ethnic Micronesian and
Polynesian groups

Moldova
Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%,
Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, Gagauz and other 5.2% (1989 est.)
note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region

Monaco
French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%

Mongolia
Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%,
other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)

Montserrat
black, white

Morocco
Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%

Mozambique
indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe,
Sena, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%

Namibia
black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%
note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%
to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara
7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%

Nauru
Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European
8%

Nepal
Chhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%,
Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other
32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census)

Netherlands
Dutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-Western origin
mainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese, and Indonesians)
(1999 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
mixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, East
Asian

New Caledonia
Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,
Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%

New Zealand
European 69.8%, Maori 7.9%, Asian 5.7%, Pacific islander
4.4%, other 0.5%, mixed 7.8%, unspecified 3.8% (2001 census)

Nicaragua
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black
9%, Amerindian 5%

Niger
Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri
(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200
French expatriates

Nigeria
Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more
than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and
politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo
(Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%

Niue
Niuen 78.2%, Pacific islander 10.2%, European 4.5%, mixed 3.9%,
Asian 0.2%, unspecified 3% (2001 census)

Norfolk Island
descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New
Zealander, Polynesians

Northern Mariana Islands
Asian 56.3%, Pacific islander 36.3%,
Caucasian 1.8%, other 0.8%, mixed 4.8% (2000 census)

Norway
Norwegian, Sami 20,000

Oman
Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,
Bangladeshi), African

Pakistan
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir
(immigrants from India at the time of partition and their
descendants)

Palau
Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)
69.9%, Carolinian 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, Filipino 15.3%,
Chinese 4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%, other or unspecified
3.2% (2000 census)

Panama
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and
mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%

Papua New Guinea
Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian

Paraguay
mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5%

Peru
Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white
15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Philippines
Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Llocano 9%,
Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%,
other 25.3% (2000 census)

Pitcairn Islands
descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their
Tahitian wives

Poland
Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%,
other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)

Portugal
homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African
descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less
than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal

Puerto Rico
white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,
Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%

Qatar
Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%

Reunion
French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian

Romania
Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%,
German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)

Russia
Russian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%,
Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)

Rwanda
Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Saint Helena
African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%

Saint Kitts and Nevis
predominantly black; some British, Portuguese,
and Lebanese

Saint Lucia
black 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian
6%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 7%

Samoa
Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and
Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%

San Marino
Sammarinese, Italian

Sao Tome and Principe
mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan
slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract
laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children
of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)

Saudi Arabia
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%

Senegal
Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka
3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%

Serbia and Montenegro
Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%,
Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)

Seychelles
mixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab

Sierra Leone
20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,
other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves
who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),
refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of
Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians

Singapore
Chinese 76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4% (2000
census)

Slovakia
Slovak 85.8%, Hungarian 9.7%, Roma 1.7%,
Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)

Slovenia
Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or
unspecified 12% (2002 census)

Solomon Islands
Melanesian 94.5%, Polynesian 3%, Micronesian 1.2%,
other 1.1%, unspecified 0.2% (1999 census)

Somalia
Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs
30,000)

South Africa
black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%,
Indian/Asian 2.5% (2001 census)

Spain
composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Sri Lanka
Sinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%,
Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 census
provisional data)

Sudan
black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

Suriname
Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their
ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the
19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,
"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in
the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)
10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%

Svalbard
Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%
(1998)

Swaziland
African 97%, European 3%

Sweden
indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami
minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,
Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks

Switzerland
German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other
6%

Syria
Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Taiwan
Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,
aborigine 2%

Tajikistan
Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%,
other 2.6% (2000 census)

Tanzania
mainland - native African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu
consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian,
European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, native African, mixed Arab and
native African

Thailand
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%

Togo
native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe,
Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

Tokelau
Polynesian

Tonga
Polynesian, Europeans about 300

Trinidad and Tobago
Indian (South Asian) 40%, African 37.5%, mixed
20.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.8% (2000 census)

Tunisia
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Turkey
Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)

Turkmenistan
Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)

Turks and Caicos Islands
black 90%, mixed, European, or North
American 10%

Tuvalu
Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%

Uganda
Baganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi
6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro
3%, Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%,
Rundi 2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8%

Ukraine
Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan
0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian
0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census)

United Arab Emirates
Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South
Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)
8% (1982)
note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)

United Kingdom
white (English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh 4.9%,
Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani 1.3%,
mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census)

United States
white 81.7%, black 12.9%, Asian 4.2%, Amerindian and
Alaska native 1%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.2%
(2003 est.)
note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US
Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin American
descent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican
origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group
(white, black, Asian, etc.)

Uruguay
white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically
nonexistent)

Uzbekistan
Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak
2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)

Vanuatu
Ni-Vanuatu 98.5%, other 1.5% (1999 Census)

Venezuela
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,
indigenous people

Vietnam
Kinh (Viet) 86.2%, Tay 1.9%, Thai 1.7%, Muong 1.5%, Khome
1.4%, Hoa 1.1%, Nun 1.1%, Hmong 1%, others 4.1% (1999 census)

Virgin Islands
black 76.2%, white 13.1%, Asian 1.1%, other 6.1%,
mixed 3.5% (2000 census)

Wallis and Futuna
Polynesian

West Bank
Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%

Western Sahara
Arab, Berber

Yemen
predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans

Zambia
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

Zimbabwe
African 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and
Asian 1%, white less than 1%

This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005

======================================================================

@2076 Exchange rates

Afghanistan
afghanis per US dollar - 3,000 (2004), 3,000 (2003),
3,000 (2002), 3,000 (2001), 3,000 (2000)
note: in 2002, the afghani was revalued and the currency stabilized
at about 50 afghanis to the dollar; before 2002, the market rate
varied widely from the official rate

Albania
leke per US dollar - 102.649 (2004), 121.863 (2003), 140.155
(2002), 143.485 (2001), 143.709 (2000)

Algeria
Algerian dinars per US dollar - 72.061 (2004), 77.395
(2003), 79.682 (2002), 77.215 (2001), 75.26 (2000)

American Samoa
the US dollar is used

Andorra
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Angola
kwanza per US dollar - 83.541 (2004), 74.606 (2003), 43.53
(2002), 22.058 (2001), 10.041 (2000)

Anguilla
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7
(2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)
note: fixed rate since 1976

Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)
note: fixed rate since 1976

Argentina
Argentine pesos per US dollar - 2.9233 (2004), 2.9006
(2003), 3.0633 (2002), 0.9995 (2001), 0.9995 (2000)

Armenia
drams per US dollar - 533.45 (2004), 578.76 (2003), 573.35
(2002), 555.08 (2001), 539.53 (2000)

Aruba
Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.79 (2004), 1.79
(2003), 1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001), 1.79 (2000)

Australia
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419
(2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Austria
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,913.48 (2004),
4,910.73 (2003), 4,860.82 (2002), 4,656.58 (2001), 4,474.15 (2000)

Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1 (2004), 1 (2003), 1
(2002), 1 (2001), 1 (2000)

Bahrain
Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.376 (2004), 0.376 (2003),
0.376 (2002), 0.376 (2001), 0.376 (2000)

Bangladesh
taka per US dollar - 59.513 (2004), 58.15 (2003), 57.888
(2002), 55.807 (2001), 52.142 (2000)

Barbados
Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2 (2004), 2 (2003), 2
(2002), 2 (2001), 2 (2000)

Belarus
Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 2,160.26 (2004), 2,051.27
(2003), 1,790.92 (2002), 1,390 (2001), 876.75 (2000)

Belgium
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Belize
Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2 (2004), 2 (2003), 2
(2002), 2 (2001), 2 (2000)

Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Bermuda
Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)

Bhutan
ngultrum per US dollar - 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003), 48.61
(2002), 47.186 (2001), 44.942 (2000)

Bolivia
bolivianos per US dollar - 7.9363 (2004), 7.6592 (2003),
7.17 (2002), 6.6069 (2001), 6.1835 (2000)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
marka per US dollar - 1.58 (2004), 1.73
(2003), 2.08 (2002), 2.19 (2001), 2.12 (2000)
note: the marka is pegged to the euro

Botswana
pulas per US dollar - 4.6929 (2004), 4.9499 (2003), 6.3278
(2002), 5.8412 (2001), 5.1018 (2000)

Brazil
reals per US dollar - 2.9251 (2004), 3.0771 (2003), 2.9208
(2002), 2.3577 (2001), 1.8301 (2000)

British Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used

Brunei
Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.6902 (2004), 1.7422
(2003), 1.7906 (2002), 1.7917 (2001), 1.724 (2000)

Bulgaria
leva per US dollar - 1.5751 (2004), 1.7327 (2003), 2.077
(2002), 2.1847 (2001), 2.1233 (2000)
note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July
1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev

Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001),
711.98 (2000)

Burma
kyats per US dollar - 5.7459 (2004), 6.0764 (2003), 6.5734
(2002), 6.6841 (2001), 6.4257 (2000)
note: these are official exchange rates; unofficial exchange rates
ranged in 2004 from 815 kyat/US dollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar

Burundi
Burundi francs per US dollar - 1,100.91 (2004), 1,082.62
(2003), 930.75 (2002), 830.35 (2001), 720.67 (2000)

Cambodia
riels per US dollar - 4,016.25 (2004), 3,973.33 (2003),
3,912.08 (2002), 3,916.33 (2001), 3,840.75 (2000)

Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar
- 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Canada
Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.301 (2004), 1.4011 (2003),
1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001), 1.4851 (2000)

Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - 88.808 (2004),
97.703 (2003), 117.168 (2002), 123.228 (2001), 119.687 (2000)

Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.82 (29 October
2001), 0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)

Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs
(XAF) per US dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002),
733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)

Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Chile
Chilean pesos per US dollar - 609.37 (2004), 691.43 (2003),
688.94 (2002), 634.94 (2001), 539.59 (2000)

China
yuan per US dollar - 8.2768 (2004), 8.277 (2003), 8.277
(2002), 8.2771 (2001), 8.2785 (2000)

Christmas Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004),
1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598
(2004), 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Colombia
Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,628.61 (2004), 2,877.65
(2003), 2,504.24 (2002), 2,299.63 (2001), 2,087.9 (2000)

Comoros
Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 396.21 (2004), 435.9
(2003), 522.74 (2002), 549.78 (2001), 533.98 (2000)
note: the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677
Comoran francs per euro

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese francs per US dollar -
401.04 (2004), 405.34 (2003), 346.49 (2002), 206.62 (2001), 21.82
(2000)

Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)
per US dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04
(2001), 711.98 (2000)

Cook Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004),
1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)

Costa Rica
Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 437.91 (2004), 398.66
(2003), 359.82 (2002), 328.87 (2001), 308.19 (2000)

Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001),
711.98 (2000)

Croatia
kuna per US dollar - 6.0358 (2004), 6.7035 (2003), 7.8687
(2002), 8.34 (2001), 8.2766 (2000)

Cuba
Convertible pesos per US dollar - 0.93
note: Cuba has three currencies in circulation: the Cuban peso
(CUP), the convertible peso (CUC), and the US dollar (USD), although
the dollar is being withdrawn from circulation; in April 2005 the
official exchange rate changed from $1 per CUC to $1.08 per CUC
(0.93 CUC per $1), both for individuals and enterprises; individuals
can buy 24 Cuban pesos (CUP) for each CUC sold, or sell 25 Cuban
pesos for each CUC bought; enterprises, however, must exchange CUP
and CUC at a 1:1 ratio.

Cyprus
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.4686 (2004), 0.5174 (2003),
0.6107 (2002), 0.6431 (2001), 0.6224 (2000), Turkish lira per US
dollar 1.426 million (2004), 1.501 million (2003), 1.507 million
(2002), 1.226 million (2001), 625,200 (2000)

Czech Republic
koruny per US dollar - 25.7 (2004), 28.209 (2003),
32.739 (2002), 38.035 (2001), 38.598 (2000)

Denmark
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877 (2003),
7.8947 (2002), 8.3228 (2001), 8.0831 (2000)

Djibouti
Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.72 (2004), 177.72
(2003), 177.72 (2002), 177.72 (2001), 177.72 (2000)

Dominica
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7
(2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Dominican Republic
Dominican pesos per US dollar - 42.12 (2004),
30.831 (2003), 18.61 (2002), 16.952 (2001), 16.415 (2000)

East Timor
the US dollar is the legal tender

Ecuador
25,000 (2004), 25,000 (2003), 25,000 (2002), 25,000 (2001),
24,988 (2000)

Egypt
Egyptian pounds per US dollar - 6.1963 (2004), 5.8509 (2003),
4.4997 (2002), 3.973 (2001), 3.4721 (2000)

El Salvador
the US dollar became El Salvador's currency in 2001

Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per
US dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04
(2001), 711.98 (2000)

Eritrea
nakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 13.788 (2004), 13.878 (2003),
13.958 (2002), 11.31 (2001), 9.625 (2000)

Estonia
krooni per US dollar - 12.596 (2004), 13.856 (2003), 16.612
(2002), 17.478 (2001), 16.969 (2000)

Ethiopia
birr per US dollar - 8.68 (2004), 8.5997 (2003), 8.5678
(2002), 8.4575 (2001), 8.2173 (2000)
note: since 24 October 2001 exchange rates are determined on a daily
basis via interbank transactions regulated by the Central Bank

European Union
euros per US dollar - 0.81 (2004), 0.89 (2003), 1.06
(2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pounds per US dollar -
0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609
(2000)
note: the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound

Faroe Islands
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877
(2003), 7.8947 (2002), 8.3228 (2001), 8.0831 (2000)

Fiji
Fijian dollars per US dollar - 1.7331 (2004), 1.8958 (2003),
2.1869 (2002), 2.2766 (2001), 2.1286 (2000)

Finland
euros per US dollar - 0.81 (2004), 0.89 (2003), 1.06 (2002),
1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000)

France
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

French Guiana
Euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003),
1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003), 126.71 (2002), 133.26 (2001),
129.43 (2000)
note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro

Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Gambia, The
dalasi per US dollar - 27.306 (2003), 27.306 (2003),
19.918 (2002), 15.687 (2001), 12.788 (2000)

Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.482 (2004), 4.5541
(2003), 4.7378 (2002), 4.2057 (2001), 4.0773 (2000)

Georgia
lari per US dollar - 1.9167 (2004), 2.1457 (2003), 2.1957
(2002), 2.073 (2001), 1.9762 (2000)

Germany
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Ghana
cedis per US dollar - 9,004.6 (2004), 8,677.4 (2003), 7,932.7
(2002), 7,170.8 (2001), 5,455.1 (2000)

Gibraltar
Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125
(2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)
note: the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound

Greece
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Greenland
Danish kroner per US dollar - 5.9911 (2004), 6.5877
(2003), 7.8947 (2002), 8.3228 (2001), 8.0831 (2000)

Grenada
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7
(2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Guadeloupe
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 j(2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Guam
the US dollar is used

Guatemala
quetzales per US dollar - 7.9465 (2004), 7.9409 (2003),
7.8216 (2002), 7.8586 (2001), 7.7632 (2000)

Guernsey
Guernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125
(2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)
note: the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound

Guinea
Guinean francs per US dollar - 2,550 (2004), 1,984.9 (2003),
1,975.8 (2002), 1,950.6 (2001), 1,746.9 (2000)

Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001),
711.98 (2000)
note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc is pegged to the euro at a
rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro

Guyana
Guyanese dollars per US dollar - 198.33 (2004), 193.88
(2003), 190.67 (2002), 187.32 (2001), 182.43 (2000)

Haiti
gourdes per US dollar - 38.352 (2004), 42.367 (2003), 29.251
(2002), 24.429 (2001), 21.171 (2000)

Holy See (Vatican City)
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886
(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Honduras
lempiras per US dollar - 18.206 (2004), 17.345 (2003),
16.433 (2002), 15.474 (2001), 14.839 (2000)

Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.788 (2004), 7.7868
(2003), 7.7989 (2002), 7.7988 (2001), 7.7912 (2000)

Hungary
forints per US dollar - 202.75 (2004), 224.31 (2003), 257.89
(2002), 286.49 (2001), 282.18 (2000)

Iceland
Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 70.192 (2004), 76.709
(2003), 91.662 (2002), 97.425 (2001), 78.616 (2000)

India
Indian rupees per US dollar - 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003),
48.61 (2002), 47.186 (2001), 44.942 (2000)

Indonesia
Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1
(2003), 9,311.2 (2002), 10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.8 (2000)

Iran
rials per US dollar - 8,614 (2004), 8,193.9 (2003), 6,907
(2002), 1,753.6 (2001), 1,764.4 (2000)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime
since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002

Iraq
New Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,890 (second half, 2003),
0.3109 (2002), 0.3109 (2001), 0.3109 (2000)

Ireland
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Israel
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.482 (2004), 4.5541
(2003), 4.7378 (2002), 4.2057 (2001), 4.0773 (2000)

Italy
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Jamaica
Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 61.197 (2004), 57.741
(2003), 48.416 (2002), 45.996 (2001), 42.986 (2000)

Japan
yen per US dollar - 108.19 (2004), 115.93 (2003), 125.39
(2002), 121.53 (2001), 107.77 (2000)

Jersey
Jersey pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125 (2003),
0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)
note: the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound

Jordan
Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.709 (2004), 0.709 (2003),
0.709 (2002), 0.709 (2001), 0.709 (2000)

Kazakhstan
tenge per US dollar - 136.04 (2004), 149.58 (2003),
153.28 (2002), 146.74 (2001), 142.13 (2000)

Kenya
Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 79.174 (2004), 75.936 (2003),
78.749 (2002), 78.563 (2001), 76.176 (2000)

Kiribati
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419
(2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Korea, North
official: North Korean won per US dollar - 170
(December 2004), 150 (December 2002), 2.15 (December 2001); market:
North Korean won per US dollar - 300-600 (December 2002)

Korea, South
South Korean won per US dollar - 1,145.3 (2004),
1,191.6 (2003), 1,251.1 (2002), 1,291 (2001), 1,131 (2000)

Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.2947 (2004), 0.298 (2003),
0.3039 (2002), 0.3067 (2001), 0.3068 (2000)

Kyrgyzstan
soms per US dollar - 42.65 (2004), 43.648 (2003), 46.937
(2002), 48.378 (2001), 47.704 (2000)

Laos
kips per US dollar - 10,820 (2004), 10,569 (2003), 10,056.3
(2002), 8,954.6 (2001), 7,887.6 (2000)

Latvia
lati per US dollar - 0.5402 (2004), 0.5715 (2003), 0.6182
(2002), 0.6279 (2001), 0.6065 (2000)

Lebanon
Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2004), 1,507.5
(2003), 1,507.5 (2002), 1,507.5 (2001), 1,507.5 (2000)

Lesotho
maloti per US dollar - 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407
(2002), 8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000)

Liberia
Liberian dollars per US dollar - 54.906 (2004), 59.379
(2003), 61.754 (2002), 48.583 (2001), 40.953 (2000)

Libya
Libyan dinars per US dollar - 1.305 (2004), 1.2929 (2003),
1.2707 (2002), 0.6051 (2001), 0.5122 (2000)

Liechtenstein
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467
(2003), 1.5586 (2002), 1.6876 (2001), 1.6888 (2000)

Lithuania
litai per US dollar - 2.7806 (2004), 3.0609 (2003), 3.677
(2002), 4 (2001), 4 (2000)

Luxembourg
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Macau
patacas per US dollar - 8.022 (2004), 8.021 (2003), 8.033
(2002), 8.034 (2001), 8.026 (2000)

Macedonia
Macedonian denars per US dollar - 49.41 (2004), 54.32
(2003), 64.35 (2002), 68.04 (2001), 65.9 (2000)

Madagascar
Malagasy francs per US dollar - 1,868.9 (2004), 1,238.3
(2003), 1,366.4 (2002), 1,317.7 (2001), 1,353.5 (2000)

Malawi
Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 108.894 (2004), 97.433
(2003), 76.687 (2002), 72.197 (2001), 59.544 (2000)

Malaysia
ringgits per US dollar - 3.8 (2004), 3.8 (2003), 3.8
(2002), 3.8 (2001), 3.8 (2000)

Maldives
rufiyaa per US dollar - 12.8 (2004), 12.8 (2003), 12.8
(2002), 12.24 (2001), 11.77 (2000)

Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Malta
Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.3444 (2004), 0.3773 (2003),
0.4337 (2002), 0.4501 (2001), 0.4382 (2000)

Man, Isle of
Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004), 0.6125
(2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)

Marshall Islands
the US dollar is the legal tender

Martinique
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Mauritania
ouguiyas per US dollar - NA(2004), 263.03 (2003), 271.74
(2002), 255.63 (2001), 238.92 (2000)

Mauritius
Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 27.499 (2004), 27.902
(2003), 29.962 (2002), 29.129 (2001), 26.25 (2000)

Mayotte
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Mexico
Mexican pesos per US dollar - 11.286 (2004), 10.789 (2003),
9.656 (2002), 9.342 (2001), 9.456 (2000)

Micronesia, Federated States of
the US dollar is used

Moldova
lei per US dollar - 12.33 (2004), 13.945 (2003), 13.571
(2002), 12.865 (2001), 12.434 (2000)

Monaco
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Mongolia
togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,185.3 (2004), 1,146.5
(2003), 1,110.3 (2002), 1,097.7 (2001), 1,076.7 (2000)

Montserrat
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7
(2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)
note: fixed rate since 1976

Morocco
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 8.868 (2004), 9.574 (2003),
11.021 (2002), 11.303 (2001), 10.626 (2000)

Mozambique
meticais per US dollar - 22,581 (2004), 23,782 (2003),
23,678 (2002), 20,704 (2001), 15,227 (2000)
note: effective October 2000, the exchange rate is determined as the
weighted average of buying and selling exchange rates of all
transactions of commercial banks and stock exchanges with the public

Namibia
Namibian dollars per US dollar - 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648
(2003), 10.5407 (2002), 8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000)

Nauru
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004), 1.5419
(2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Nepal
Nepalese rupees per US dollar - 73.674 (2004), 76.141 (2003),
77.877 (2002), 74.949 (2001), 71.094 (2000)

Netherlands
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003),
1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar -
1.79 (2004), 1.79 (2003), 1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001), 1.79 (2000)

New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 96.04 (2004), 105.66 (2003), 126.71 (2002), 133.26 (2001),
129.43 (2000)

New Zealand
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004),
1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)

Nicaragua
gold cordobas per US dollar - 15.937 (2004), 15.105
(2003), 14.251 (2002), 13.372 (2001), 12.684 (2000)

Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Nigeria
nairas per US dollar - 132.89 (2004), 129.22 (2003), 120.58
(2002), 111.23 (2001), 101.7 (2000)

Niue
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221
(2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)

Norfolk Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.3598 (2004),
1.5419 (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000)

Northern Mariana Islands
the US dollar is used

Norway
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802
(2003), 7.9838 (2002), 8.9917 (2001), 8.8018 (2000)

Oman
Omani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (2004), 0.3845 (2003),
0.3845 (2002), 0.3845 (2001), 0.3845 (2000)

Pakistan
Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 58.258 (2004), 57.752
(2003), 59.724 (2002), 61.927 (2001), 53.648 (2000)

Palau
the US dollar is used

Panama
balboas per US dollar - 1 (2004), 1 (2003), 1 (2002), 1
(2001), 1 (2000)

Papua New Guinea
kina per US dollar - 3.2225 (2004), 3.5635 (2003),
3.8952 (2002), 3.3887 (2001), 2.7822 (2000)

Paraguay
guarani per US dollar - 5,974.6 (2004), 6,424.3 (2003),
5,716.3 (2002), 4,105.9 (2001), 3,486.4 (2000)

Peru
nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.4132 (2004), 3.4785 (2003), 3.5165
(2002), 3.5068 (2001), 3.49 (2000)

Philippines
Philippine pesos per US dollar - 56.04 (2004), 54.203
(2003), 51.604 (2002), 50.993 (2001), 44.192 (2000)

Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004),
1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)

Poland
zlotych per US dollar - 3.6576 (2004), 3.8891 (2003), 4.08
(2002), 4.0939 (2001), 4.3461 (2000)
note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty

Portugal
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Puerto Rico
the US dollar is used

Qatar
Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.64 (2004), 3.64 (2003), 3.64
(2002), 3.64 (2001), 3.64 (2000)

Reunion
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Romania
lei per US dollar - 32,637 (2004), 33,200 (2003), 33,055
(2002), 29,061 (2001), 21,709 (2000)

Russia
Russian rubles per US dollar - 28.814 (2004), 30.692 (2003),
31.349 (2002), 29.169 (2001), 28.129 (2000)

Rwanda
Rwandan francs per US dollar - 574.62 (2004), 537.66 (2003),
476.33 (2002), 442.8 (2001), 393.44 (2000)

Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.5462 (2004),
0.6125 (2003), 0.6672 (2002), 0.6947 (2001), 0.6609 (2000)
note: the Saint Helenian pound is on par with the British pound

Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7
(2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886
(2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollars per US
dollar - 2.7 (2004), 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000)

Samoa
tala per US dollar - 2.7807 (2004), 2.9732 (2003), 3.3763
(2002), 3.478 (2001), 3.2864 (2000)

San Marino
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Sao Tome and Principe
dobras per US dollar - 9,900.4 (2004), 9,347.6
(2003), 9,088.3 (2002), 8,842.1 (2001), 7,978.2 (2000)

Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.745 (2004), 3.745
(2003), 3.745 (2002), 3.745 (2001), 3.745 (2000)

Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)

Serbia and Montenegro
new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - 64.1915
(official rate: 65) (2002)

Seychelles
Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 5.5 (2004), 5.4007
(2003), 5.48 (2002), 5.8575 (2001), 5.7138 (2000)

Sierra Leone
leones per US dollar - 2,701.3 (2004), 2,347.9 (2003),
2,099 (2002), 1,986.2 (2001), 2,092.1 (2000)

Singapore
Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.6902 (2004), 1.7422
(2003), 1.7906 (2002), 1.7917 (2001), 1.724 (2000)

Slovakia
koruny per US dollar - 32.257 (2004), 36.773 (2003), 45.327
(2002), 48.355 (2001), 46.035 (2000)

Slovenia
tolars per US dollar - 192.38 (2004), 207.11 (2003), 240.25
(2002), 242.75 (2001), 222.66 (2000)

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollars per US dollar - 7.4847
(2004), 7.5059 (2003), 6.7488 (2002), 5.278 (2001), 5.0889 (2000)

Somalia
Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000),
2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January
1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995)
note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent
country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own
currency, the Somaliland shilling

South Africa
rand per US dollar - 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003),
10.5407 (2002), 8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000)

Spain
euros per US dollar - 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000)

Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 101.194 (2004), 96.521
(2003), 95.662 (2002), 89.383 (2001), 77.005 (2000)

Sudan
Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 257.91 (2004), 260.98 (2003),
263.31 (2002), 258.7 (2001), 257.12 (2000)

Suriname
Surinamese dollars per US dollar - 2.7336 (2004),
Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2.6013 (2003), 2.3468 (2002),
2.1785 (2001), 1.3225 (2000)
note: during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinct
rates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder, but
subsequently fixed it when the black-market rate plunged; in January
2004, the government introduced the Surinamese dollar as replacement
for the guilder, tied to a US dollar-dominated currency basket

Svalbard
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 6.7408 (2004), 7.0802
(2003), 7.9838 (2002), 8.9917 (2001), 8.8018 (2000)

Swaziland
emalangeni per US dollar - 6.4597 (2004), 7.5648 (2003),
10.5407 (2002), 8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000)

Sweden
Swedish kronor per US dollar - 7.3489 (2004), 8.0863 (2003),
9.7371 (2002), 10.3291 (2001), 9.1622 (2000)

Switzerland
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.2435 (2004), 1.3467
(2003), 1.5586 (2002), 1.6876 (2001), 1.6888 (2000)

Syria
Syrian pounds per US dollar - (official rate): 11.225 (2004),
11.225 (2003), 11.225 (2002), 11.225 (2001), 11.225 (2000),
(parallel market rate in Amman and Beirut) NA (2004), 52.8 (2003),
52.4 (2002), 50.4 (2002), 49.4 (2000)

Taiwan
new Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 33.422 (2004), 34.418
(2003), 34.575 (2002), 33.8 (2001), 33.09 (2000)

Tajikistan
Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.9705 (2004), 3.0614
(2003), 2.7641 (2002), 2.3722 (2001), 2.0763 (2000)
note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000,
with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles

Tanzania
Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - 1,089.33 (2004),
1,038.42 (2003), 966.58 (2002), 876.41 (2001), 800.41 (2000)

Thailand
baht per US dollar - 40.222 (2004), 41.485 (2003), 42.96
(2002), 44.432 (2001), 40.112 (2000)

Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98
(2000)