Chapter LXXVI: Front Matter (76)

Bangladesh
tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid
summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)

Barbados
tropical; rainy season (June to October)

Bassas da India
tropical

Belarus
cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between
continental and maritime

Belgium
temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy

Belize
tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November);
dry season (February to May)

Benin
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Bermuda
subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in
winter

Bhutan
varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot
summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in
Himalayas

Bolivia
varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

Bosnia and Herzegovina
hot summers and cold winters; areas of high
elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild,
rainy winters along coast

Botswana
semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

Bouvet Island
antarctic

Brazil
mostly tropical, but temperate in south

British Indian Ocean Territory
tropical marine; hot, humid,
moderated by trade winds

British Virgin Islands
subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by
trade winds

Brunei
tropical; hot, humid, rainy

Bulgaria
temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers

Burkina Faso
tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Burma
tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest
monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild
temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon,
December to April)

Burundi
equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude
variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual
temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade
but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m;
average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; wet seasons from February
to May and September to November, and dry seasons from June to
August and December to January

Cambodia
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry
season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation

Cameroon
varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid
and hot in north

Canada
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in
north

Cape Verde
temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and
very erratic

Cayman Islands
tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October)
and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)

Central African Republic
tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot,
wet summers

Chad
tropical in south, desert in north

Chile
temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region;
cool and damp in south

China
extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

Christmas Island
tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds

Clipperton Island
tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees
C, rains May-October

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
tropical with high humidity, moderated by
the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year

Colombia
tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands

Comoros
tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
tropical; hot and humid in
equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands;
cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet
season April to October, dry season December to February; south of
Equator - wet season November to March, dry season April to October

Congo, Republic of the
tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry
season (June to October); constantly high temperatures and humidity;
particularly enervating climate astride the Equator

Cook Islands
tropical; moderated by trade winds

Coral Sea Islands
tropical

Costa Rica
tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April);
rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands

Cote d'Ivoire
tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three
seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to
May), hot and wet (June to October)

Croatia
Mediterranean and continental; continental climate
predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry
summers along coast

Cuba
tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to
April); rainy season (May to October)

Cyprus
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters

Czech Republic
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Denmark
temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool
summers

Djibouti
desert; torrid, dry

Dominica
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall

Dominican Republic
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature
variation; seasonal variation in rainfall

East Timor
tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons

Ecuador
tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher
elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands

Egypt
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

El Salvador
tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season
(November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands

Equatorial Guinea
tropical; always hot, humid

Eritrea
hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter
in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually);
semiarid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest during
June-September except in coastal desert

Estonia
maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers

Ethiopia
tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation

Europa Island
tropical

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
cold marine; strong westerly
winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year;
average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all
year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate

Faroe Islands
mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy,
windy

Fiji
tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation

Finland
cold temperate; potentially subarctic, but comparatively
mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current,
Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

France
generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and
hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry,
north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral

French Guiana
tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature
variation

French Polynesia
tropical, but moderate

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
antarctic

Gabon
tropical; always hot, humid

Gambia, The
tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler,
dry season (November to May)

Gaza Strip
temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers

Georgia
warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast

Germany
temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;
occasional warm foehn wind

Ghana
tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast;
hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north

Gibraltar
Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

Glorioso Islands
tropical

Greece
temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers

Greenland
arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

Grenada
tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds

Guadeloupe
subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high
humidity

Guam
tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by
northeast trade winds; dry season from January to June, rainy season
from July to December; little seasonal temperature variation

Guatemala
tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands

Guernsey
temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of
days are overcast

Guinea
generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to
November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May)
with northeasterly harmattan winds

Guinea-Bissau
tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type
rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season
(December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

Guyana
tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two
rainy seasons (May to mid-August, mid-November to mid-January)

Haiti
tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
antarctic

Holy See (Vatican City)
temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to
mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)

Honduras
subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains

Hong Kong
tropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy
from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall

Howland Island
equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Hungary
temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers

Iceland
temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy
winters; damp, cool summers

India
varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north

Indian Ocean
northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest
monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June
and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and
January/February in the southern Indian Ocean

Indonesia
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Iran
mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

Iraq
mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless
summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish
borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that
melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in
central and southern Iraq

Ireland
temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild
winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the
time

Israel
temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas

Italy
predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in
south

Jamaica
tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

Jan Mayen
arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

Japan
varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

Jarvis Island
tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Jersey
temperate; mild winters and cool summers

Johnston Atoll
tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast
trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation

Jordan
mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)

Juan de Nova Island
tropical

Kazakhstan
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and
semiarid

Kenya
varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

Kingman Reef
tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds

Kiribati
tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds

Korea, North
temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer

Korea, South
temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter

Kuwait
dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters

Kyrgyzstan
dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical
in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone

Laos
tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season
(December to April)

Latvia
maritime; wet, moderate winters

Lebanon
Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry
summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows

Lesotho
temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Liberia
tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to
cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers

Libya
Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

Liechtenstein
continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow
or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers

Lithuania
transitional, between maritime and continental; wet,
moderate winters and summers

Luxembourg
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Macau
subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
warm, dry summers and
autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Madagascar
tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south

Malawi
sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May
to November)

Malaysia
tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast
(October to February) monsoons

Maldives
tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to
March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)

Mali
subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy,
humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February

Malta
Mediterranean with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers

Man, Isle of
temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast
about one-third of the time

Marshall Islands
wet season from May to November; hot and humid;
islands border typhoon belt

Martinique
tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to
October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every
eight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid

Mauritania
desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty

Mauritius
tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry
winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)

Mayotte
tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during
northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to
November)

Mexico
varies from tropical to desert

Micronesia, Federated States of
tropical; heavy year-round rainfall,
especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the
typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage

Midway Islands
subtropical, but moderated by prevailing easterly
winds

Moldova
moderate winters, warm summers

Monaco
Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers

Mongolia
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature
ranges)

Montserrat
tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation

Morocco
Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior

Mozambique
tropical to subtropical

Namibia
desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic

Nauru
tropical; monsoonal; rainy season (November to February)

Navassa Island
marine, tropical

Nepal
varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to
subtropical summers and mild winters in south

Netherlands
temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters

Netherlands Antilles
tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds

New Caledonia
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid

New Zealand
temperate with sharp regional contrasts

Nicaragua
tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands

Niger
desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south

Nigeria
varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in
north

Niue
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds

Norfolk Island
subtropical, mild, little seasonal temperature
variation

Northern Mariana Islands
tropical marine; moderated by northeast
trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season
December to June, rainy season July to October

Norway
temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current;
colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers;
rainy year-round on west coast

Oman
dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong
southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south

Pacific Ocean
planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind
patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade
winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by
seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south
of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central
America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much
less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same
latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is
monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when
moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry
season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian
landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike
southeast and east Asia from May to December

Pakistan
mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in
north

Palau
wet season May to November; hot and humid

Palmyra Atoll
equatorial, hot, and very rainy

Panama
tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season
(May to January), short dry season (January to May)

Papua New Guinea
tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March),
southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature
variation

Paracel Islands
tropical

Paraguay
subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the
eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west

Peru
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate
to frigid in Andes

Philippines
tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April);
southwest monsoon (May to October)

Pitcairn Islands
tropical, hot, humid; modified by southeast trade
winds; rainy season (November to March)

Poland
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with
frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and
thundershowers

Portugal
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and
drier in south

Puerto Rico
tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature
variation

Qatar
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Reunion
tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and
dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April

Romania
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Russia
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in
much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in
the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to
frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool
along Arctic coast

Rwanda
temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to
January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Saint Helena
Saint Helena - tropical; marine; mild, tempered by
trade winds; Tristan da Cunha - temperate; marine, mild, tempered by
trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
tropical tempered by constant sea breezes;
little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)

Saint Lucia
tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season
from January to April, rainy season from May to August

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
cold and wet, with much mist and fog;
spring and autumn are windy

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
tropical; little seasonal
temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)

Samoa
tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to
October)

San Marino
Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers

Sao Tome and Principe
tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season
(October to May)

Saudi Arabia
harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes

Senegal
tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has
strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by
hot, dry, harmattan wind

Serbia and Montenegro
in the north, continental climate (cold
winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall);
central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the
south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and
autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Seychelles
tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast
monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest
monsoon (March to May)

Sierra Leone
tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to
December); winter dry season (December to April)

Singapore
tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons
- Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern
monsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon
and early evening thunderstorms

Slovakia
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Slovenia
Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate
with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and
valleys to the east

Solomon Islands
tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and
weather

Somalia
principally desert; December to February - northeast
monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May
to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the
south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili)
between monsoons

South Africa
mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny
days, cool nights

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
variable, with mostly
westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of
calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow

Southern Ocean
sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius
to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the
continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature
contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about
latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average
winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward
to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees
south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures
well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense
persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline
ice-free throughout the winter

Spain
temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and
cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy
and cool along coast

Spratly Islands
tropical

Sri Lanka
tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March);
southwest monsoon (June to October)

Sudan
tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies
by region (April to November)

Suriname
tropical; moderated by trade winds

Svalbard
arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool
summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and
north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most
of the year

Swaziland
varies from tropical to near temperate

Sweden
temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly
cloudy summers; subarctic in north

Switzerland
temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy,
rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with
occasional showers

Syria
mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and
mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather
with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus

Taiwan
tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June
to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year

Tajikistan
midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters;
semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

Tanzania
varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Thailand
tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to
September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March);
southern isthmus always hot and humid

Togo
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Tokelau
tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)

Tonga
tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to
May), cool season (May to December)

Trinidad and Tobago
tropical; rainy season (June to December)

Tromelin Island
tropical

Tunisia
temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry
summers; desert in south

Turkey
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher
in interior

Turkmenistan
subtropical desert

Turks and Caicos Islands
tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds;
sunny and relatively dry

Tuvalu
tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to
November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)

Uganda
tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to
February, June to August); semiarid in northeast

Ukraine
temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern
Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest
in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from
cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm
across the greater part of the country, hot in the south

United Arab Emirates
desert; cooler in eastern mountains

United Kingdom
temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds
over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are
overcast

United States
mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida,
arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the
Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low
winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in
January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes
of the Rocky Mountains

Uruguay
warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown

Uzbekistan
mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild
winters; semiarid grassland in east

Vanuatu
tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds

Venezuela
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Vietnam
tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season
(mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to
mid-March)

Virgin Islands
subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds,
relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation;
rainy season May to November

Wake Island
tropical

Wallis and Futuna
tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April);
cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year
(80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C

West Bank
temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with
altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters

Western Sahara
hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air
currents produce fog and heavy dew

World
two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather
narrow temperate zones form a wide equatorial band of tropical to
subtropical climates

Yemen
mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in
western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot,
dry, harsh desert in east

Zambia
tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to
April)

Zimbabwe
tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to
March)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

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@2060 Coastline (km)

Afghanistan
0 km (landlocked)

Albania
362 km

Algeria
998 km

American Samoa
116 km

Andorra
0 km (landlocked)

Angola
1,600 km

Anguilla
61 km

Antarctica
17,968 km

Antigua and Barbuda
153 km

Arctic Ocean
45,389 km

Argentina
4,989 km

Armenia
0 km (landlocked)

Aruba
68.5 km

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
74.1 km

Atlantic Ocean
111,866 km

Australia
25,760 km

Austria
0 km (landlocked)

Azerbaijan
0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian
Sea (800 km, est.)

Bahamas, The
3,542 km

Bahrain
161 km

Baker Island
4.8 km

Bangladesh
580 km

Barbados
97 km

Bassas da India
35.2 km

Belarus
0 km (landlocked)

Belgium
66 km

Belize
386 km

Benin
121 km

Bermuda
103 km

Bhutan
0 km (landlocked)

Bolivia
0 km (landlocked)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
20 km

Botswana
0 km (landlocked)

Bouvet Island
29.6 km

Brazil
7,491 km

British Indian Ocean Territory
698 km

British Virgin Islands
80 km

Brunei
161 km

Bulgaria
354 km

Burkina Faso
0 km (landlocked)

Burma
1,930 km

Burundi
0 km (landlocked)

Cambodia
443 km

Cameroon
402 km

Canada
202,080 km

Cape Verde
965 km

Cayman Islands
160 km

Central African Republic
0 km (landlocked)

Chad
0 km (landlocked)

Chile
6,435 km

China
14,500 km

Christmas Island
80 km

Clipperton Island
11.1 km

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
26 km

Colombia
3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448
km)

Comoros
340 km

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
37 km

Congo, Republic of the
169 km

Cook Islands
120 km

Coral Sea Islands
3,095 km

Costa Rica
1,290 km

Cote d'Ivoire
515 km

Croatia
5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)

Cuba
3,735 km

Cyprus
648 km

Czech Republic
0 km (landlocked)

Denmark
7,314 km

Djibouti
314 km

Dominica
148 km

Dominican Republic
1,288 km

East Timor
706 km

Ecuador
2,237 km

Egypt
2,450 km

El Salvador
307 km

Equatorial Guinea
296 km

Eritrea
2,234 km total; mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red
Sea 1,083 km

Estonia
3,794 km

Ethiopia
0 km (landlocked)

Europa Island
22.2 km

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
1,288 km

Faroe Islands
1,117 km

Fiji
1,129 km

Finland
1,126 km (excludes islands and coastal indentations)

France
3,427 km

French Guiana
378 km

French Polynesia
2,525 km

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
1,232 km

Gabon
885 km

Gambia, The
80 km

Gaza Strip
40 km

Georgia
310 km

Germany
2,389 km

Ghana
539 km

Gibraltar
12 km

Glorioso Islands
35.2 km

Greece
13,676 km

Greenland
44,087 km

Grenada
121 km

Guadeloupe
306 km

Guam
125.5 km

Guatemala
400 km

Guernsey
50 km

Guinea
320 km

Guinea-Bissau
350 km

Guyana
459 km

Haiti
1,771 km

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
101.9 km

Holy See (Vatican City)
0 km (landlocked)

Honduras
820 km

Hong Kong
733 km

Howland Island
6.4 km

Hungary
0 km (landlocked)

Iceland
4,988 km

India
7,000 km

Indian Ocean
66,526 km

Indonesia
54,716 km

Iran
2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)

Iraq
58 km

Ireland
1,448 km

Israel
273 km

Italy
7,600 km

Jamaica
1,022 km

Jan Mayen
124.1 km

Japan
29,751 km

Jarvis Island
8 km

Jersey
70 km

Johnston Atoll
34 km

Jordan
26 km

Juan de Nova Island
24.1 km

Kazakhstan
0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral
Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian
Sea (1,894 km)

Kenya
536 km

Kingman Reef
3 km

Kiribati
1,143 km

Korea, North
2,495 km

Korea, South
2,413 km

Kuwait
499 km

Kyrgyzstan
0 km (landlocked)

Laos
0 km (landlocked)

Latvia
531 km

Lebanon
225 km

Lesotho
0 km (landlocked)

Liberia
579 km

Libya
1,770 km

Liechtenstein
0 km (doubly landlocked)

Lithuania
99 km

Luxembourg
0 km (landlocked)

Macau
41 km

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
0 km (landlocked)

Madagascar
4,828 km

Malawi
0 km (landlocked)

Malaysia
4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607
km)

Maldives
644 km

Mali
0 km (landlocked)

Malta
196.8 km (does not include 56.01 km for the island of Gozo)

Man, Isle of
160 km

Marshall Islands
370.4 km

Martinique
350 km

Mauritania
754 km

Mauritius
177 km

Mayotte
185.2 km

Mexico
9,330 km

Micronesia, Federated States of
6,112 km

Midway Islands
15 km

Moldova
0 km (landlocked)

Monaco
4.1 km

Mongolia
0 km (landlocked)

Montserrat
40 km

Morocco
1,835 km

Mozambique
2,470 km

Namibia
1,572 km

Nauru
30 km

Navassa Island
8 km

Nepal
0 km (landlocked)

Netherlands
451 km

Netherlands Antilles
364 km

New Caledonia
2,254 km

New Zealand
15,134 km

Nicaragua
910 km

Niger
0 km (landlocked)

Nigeria
853 km

Niue
64 km

Norfolk Island
32 km

Northern Mariana Islands
1,482 km

Norway
21,925 km (includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413
km, long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations
16,093 km)

Oman
2,092 km

Pacific Ocean
135,663 km

Pakistan
1,046 km

Palau
1,519 km

Palmyra Atoll
14.5 km

Panama
2,490 km

Papua New Guinea
5,152 km

Paracel Islands
518 km

Paraguay
0 km (landlocked)

Peru
2,414 km

Philippines
36,289 km

Pitcairn Islands
51 km

Poland
491 km

Portugal
1,793 km

Puerto Rico
501 km

Qatar
563 km

Reunion
207 km

Romania
225 km

Russia
37,653 km

Rwanda
0 km (landlocked)

Saint Helena
60 km

Saint Kitts and Nevis
135 km

Saint Lucia
158 km

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
120 km

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
84 km

Samoa
403 km

San Marino
0 km (landlocked)

Sao Tome and Principe
209 km

Saudi Arabia
2,640 km

Senegal
531 km

Serbia and Montenegro
199 km

Seychelles
491 km

Sierra Leone
402 km

Singapore
193 km

Slovakia
0 km (landlocked)

Slovenia
46.6 km

Solomon Islands
5,313 km

Somalia
3,025 km

South Africa
2,798 km

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
NA km

Southern Ocean
17,968 km

Spain
4,964 km

Spratly Islands
926 km

Sri Lanka
1,340 km

Sudan
853 km

Suriname
386 km

Svalbard
3,587 km

Swaziland
0 km (landlocked)

Sweden
3,218 km

Switzerland
0 km (landlocked)

Syria
193 km

Taiwan
1,566.3 km

Tajikistan
0 km (landlocked)

Tanzania
1,424 km

Thailand
3,219 km

Togo
56 km

Tokelau
101 km

Tonga
419 km

Trinidad and Tobago
362 km

Tromelin Island
3.7 km

Tunisia
1,148 km

Turkey
7,200 km

Turkmenistan
0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea
(1,768 km)

Turks and Caicos Islands
389 km

Tuvalu
24 km

Uganda
0 km (landlocked)

Ukraine
2,782 km

United Arab Emirates
1,318 km

United Kingdom
12,429 km

United States
19,924 km

Uruguay
660 km

Uzbekistan
0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the
southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline

Vanuatu
2,528 km

Venezuela
2,800 km

Vietnam
3,444 km (excludes islands)

Virgin Islands
188 km

Wake Island
19.3 km

Wallis and Futuna
129 km

West Bank
0 km (landlocked)

Western Sahara
1,110 km

World
356,000 km

Yemen
1,906 km

Zambia
0 km (landlocked)

Zimbabwe
0 km (landlocked)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

======================================================================

@2061 Imports - partners (%)

Afghanistan
Pakistan 25.1%, South Korea 14.4%, Japan 9.4%, US 9%,
Kenya 5.8%, Germany 5.4% (2002)

Albania
Italy 39.4%, Greece 24.5%, Turkey 6%, Germany 5% (2002)

Algeria
France 31%, Italy 10%, US 8.3%, Germany 6.6%, Spain 5.9%,
Turkey 4.2% (2002)

American Samoa
Australia 41%, New Zealand 23%, South Korea 18% (2002)

Andorra
Spain 48%, France 35%, US 2.3% (2000)

Angola
Portugal 20.2%, US 13.9%, South Africa 12.4%, France 6.7%,
Brazil 5.8%, Belgium 5.3%, Netherlands 4% (2002)

Anguilla
US, Puerto Rico, UK (2000)

Antigua and Barbuda
France 23.4%, Germany 14.2%, US 13.2%, Poland
9.8%, South Korea 8.3%, Singapore 5%, UK 4.4% (2002)

Argentina
Brazil 42%, US 12.8%, Germany 4.4% (2002)

Armenia
US 15.3%, Russia 12.9%, Belgium 12.3%, Iran 10.3%, UAE 6.3%,
Germany 5.5%, Italy 4.9% (2002)

Aruba
US 54.7%, Netherlands 12.7%, UK 5.7% (2002)

Australia
US 18.3%, Japan 12.3%, China 10.1%, Germany 5.7%, UK 4.6%
(2002)

Austria
Germany 42.6%, Italy 6.6%, Hungary 5.1%, Switzerland 4.8%,
Netherlands 4.4% (2002)

Azerbaijan
Russia 17.8%, Turkey 11.9%, Germany 10.7%, France 7%,
Kazakhstan 6.3%, China 6%, UK 5.5%, US 4.5% (2002)

Bahamas, The
US 20.3%, South Korea 20.1%, Germany 11.5%, Norway
11.5%, Japan 10%, Italy 7.2% (2002)

Bahrain
Saudi Arabia 30.1%, US 11.7%, Japan 7.1%, Germany 6.5%, UK
5.6% (2002)

Bangladesh
India 14.6%, China 11.6%, Singapore 11.5%, Japan 7.6%,
Hong Kong 5.4%, South Korea 4.3% (2002)

Barbados
US 41.1%, Trinidad and Tobago 17%, UK 7.3%, Japan 4.2%
(2002)

Belarus
Russia 68.2%, Germany 9.4%, Ukraine 3.2% (2002)

Belgium
Germany 17.2%, Netherlands 15.6%, France 12.8%, UK 7.3%,
Ireland 7%, US 6.4%, Italy 4% (2002)

Belize
US 35.7%, Mexico 10.1%, Netherlands Antilles 6.1%, Japan
5.9%, Cuba 5.7%, UK 5.4% (2002)

Benin
China 30.7%, France 15.7%, UK 4.8%, Italy 4.2% (2002)

Bermuda
Kazakhstan 30.9%, France 24.7%, Italy 10.5%, US 9.7%, South
Korea 8.4%, Mexico 4.3% (2002)

Bhutan
Japan 44.5%, Germany 12.2%, UK 8.5%, Singapore 6%, South
Korea 5%, US 4.2% (2002)

Bolivia
Brazil 22%, Argentina 17.4%, US 15.6%, Chile 7%, Japan 5.5%,
Peru 5.4%, China 4.8% (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia 23.7%, Slovenia 14.8%, Germany 14%,
Italy 13.1%, Hungary 8%, Austria 7.7% (2002)

Botswana
Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 74%, EFTA 17%,
Zimbabwe 4% (2000)

Brazil
US 23.3%, Argentina 12.6%, Germany 8.7%, France 5.2% (2002)

British Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

Brunei
Singapore 30.6%, Japan 21.5%, Malaysia 17.4%, UK 6.1%, Hong
Kong 4% (2002)

Bulgaria
Russia 14.6%, Germany 14.4%, Italy 11.4%, Greece 6.1%,
France 5.7%, Turkey 5% (2002)

Burkina Faso
France 27.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 23%, Togo 4.3% (2002)

Burma
China 27%, Singapore 19.5%, Thailand 12%, Malaysia 9.1%,
Taiwan 6.3%, South Korea 5.3%, Japan 4.3% (2002)

Burundi
Belgium 12.4%, Saudi Arabia 12.3%, Tanzania 9.3%, Kenya
7.7%, France 7.4%, India 4.5% (2002)

Cambodia
Thailand 24.8%, Singapore 16.9%, China 12.1%, Hong Kong
10.9%, South Korea 5.5%, Vietnam 5.2% (2002)

Cameroon
France 28.2%, Nigeria 12.8%, US 8%, Belgium 5.7%, Germany
5.3%, Italy 4.3% (2002)

Canada
US 62.6%, China 4.6%, Japan 4.4% (2002)

Cape Verde
Portugal 49.1%, Netherlands 7.2%, Germany 5.7% (2002)

Cayman Islands
US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles,
Japan

Central African Republic
France 30%, US 5.2%, Cameroon 4.5%, Germany
4.3% (2002)

Chad
France 31.5%, US 31.4%, Germany 5.5%, Nigeria 4.6% (2002)

Chile
Argentina 18%, US 14.9%, Brazil 9.5%, China 6.5%, Germany 4.3%
(2002)

China
Japan 18.1%, Taiwan 10.5%, South Korea 9.7%, US 9.2%, Germany
5.6% (2002)

Christmas Island
principally Australia

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australia (1999)

Colombia
US 32.6%, Venezuela 7%, Mexico 5.3%, Japan 5.3%, Brazil
5.2%, Germany 4.2% (2002)

Comoros
France 34.3%, South Africa 12%, Japan 6.1%, Kenya 5.9%, UAE
5.8%, Mauritius 4.9%, Thailand 4.6% (2002)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Belgium 14.6%, South Africa 14.2%,
Nigeria 10.3%, France 9.5%, Germany 7.3%, Netherlands 5.3%, Kenya
5.2% (2002)

Congo, Republic of the
France 22.1%, Italy 8.5%, Belgium 6%, US
5.2%, India 4.1% (2002)

Cook Islands
NZ 61%, Fiji 19%, US 9%, Australia 6%, Japan 2% (2000)

Costa Rica
US 36.7%, Japan 4.4%, Mexico 4.2% (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
France 22.7%, Nigeria 16.6%, China 7.9%, Italy 4.2%
(2002)

Croatia
Italy 16.8%, Germany 16.4%, Slovenia 7.8%, Russia 6.8%,
Austria 6.7%, France 5.2% (2002)

Cuba
Spain 17.2%, China 12%, Italy 9.1%, France 7.6%, Mexico 7.3%,
Canada 6.2%, US 5.6%, Brazil 4.7% (2002)

Cyprus
Russia 17.9%, Greece 7.4%, Germany 6.7%, France 6.6%, UK
6.6%, Italy 6.6%, South Korea 5.7%, Japan 5.3% (2002)

Czech Republic
Germany 39.1%, Slovakia 6%, Austria 5.6%, Italy 5.4%,
France 5.3%, Poland 4.1%, UK 4.1%, Russia 4% (2002)

Denmark
Germany 22.9%, Sweden 10.7%, UK 8.7%, Netherlands 7.8%,
France 6%, Norway 4.9%, Italy 4.4% (2002)

Djibouti
Saudi Arabia 18.2%, Ethiopia 10.5%, US 9.2%, France 8.6%,
China 8.2%, Netherlands 4.1% (2002)

Dominica
China 23.9%, US 23.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 11.9%, South
Korea 7.6%, UK 7.3%, Japan 4.5% (2002)

Dominican Republic
US 51.5%, Venezuela 9.6%, Mexico 5.1%, Spain 4%
(2002)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
US 28.6%, Colombia 14.4%, Japan 6%, Chile 4.5%, Brazil 4.1%
(2002)

Egypt
US 16.9%, Germany 7.9%, Italy 6.7%, France 6.5%, China 5%, UK
4.1% (2002)

El Salvador
US 39%, Guatemala 10.1%, Mexico 7.2%, France 4% (2002)

Equatorial Guinea
US 29.1%, Spain 15.9%, UK 14.8%, France 10.4%,
Norway 7.2%, Netherlands 4.8%, Italy 4.7% (2002)

Eritrea
Italy 27.1%, US 15.7%, Germany 7.2%, Ukraine 5.8%, Turkey
5.5%, France 4.5%, Netherlands 4% (2002)

Estonia
Russia 26.6%, Finland 18.9%, Germany 9.2%, Sweden 8.2% (2002)

Ethiopia
Saudi Arabia 28.7%, China 6%, Italy 5.9%, India 4.8%,
Germany 4.1% (2002)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
UK 57.9%, Spain 19.8%, Italy 16.7%
(2002)

Faroe Islands
Denmark 53.8%, Norway 24.2%, Iceland 5.7% (2002)

Fiji
Australia 37.3%, New Zealand 17.2%, Singapore 16.1%, Japan
4.2%, China 4% (2002)

Finland
Germany 14.5%, Sweden 10.9%, Russia 9.9%, UK 5.7%, France
4.3%, Denmark 4.2% (2002)

France
Germany 19.4%, Belgium 9.2%, Italy 8.8%, UK 7.3%, Netherlands
7%, US 6.8%, Spain 6.7% (2002)

French Guiana
France 63%, US, Trinidad and Tobago, Italy (2002)

French Polynesia
France 58.9%, Australia 12.2%, New Zealand 6.9%, US
6.6% (2002)

Gabon
France 50.7%, US 6.3%, Netherlands 3.6% (2002)

Gambia, The
China 21.8%, Senegal 8.9%, Brazil 7.8%, UK 6.5%,
Netherlands 5.4%, India 4.9%, Belgium 4.5%, Hong Kong 4.1% (2002)

Gaza Strip
Israel, Egypt, West Bank

Georgia
Turkey 15.6%, Azerbaijan 11.2%, US 9.9%, Russia 9.1%,
Germany 7.2%, Italy 5.1%, Bulgaria 4.9%, Romania 4.3%, France 4.2%,
Ukraine 4.1% (2002)

Germany
France 9.5%, Netherlands 8.2%, US 7.7%, UK 6.5%, Italy 6.4%,
Belgium 5.2%, Austria 4%, China 4% (2002)

Ghana
Nigeria 21.3%, UK 7.2%, US 6.6%, China 6.2%, Italy 6.1%, Cote
d'Ivoire 6.1%, Germany 4.7%, Netherlands 4% (2002)

Gibraltar
Germany 27.3%, Spain 21.8%, UK 12.1%, Italy 8% (2002)

Greece
Germany 12.2%, Italy 11.5%, Russia 7.4%, South Korea 6%,
France 5.7%, Netherlands 5.6%, US 4.7%, Belgium 4.3%, UK 4.1% (2002)

Greenland
Denmark 74.6%, Norway 14.2%, Russia 2.3% (2002)

Grenada
US 30.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 27.3%, UK 4.4% (2002)

Guadeloupe
France 63%, Germany 4%, US 3%, Japan 2%, Netherlands
Antilles 2% (1999)

Guam
Singapore 40.5%, South Korea 21.7%, Japan 21.6%, Hong Kong 4.9%
(2002)

Guatemala
US 33.2%, Mexico 9.9%, South Korea 8.2%, El Salvador 5.7%,
China 4% (2002)

Guernsey
UK (regarded as internal trade)

Guinea
France 18.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 11%, Italy 8.9%, US 8.2%, Belgium
7.6%, China 5.6%, UK 5.2% (2002)

Guinea-Bissau
Senegal 19.6%, Portugal 19.1%, India 15.3%, Taiwan
5.1% (2002)

Guyana
US 23.7%, Netherlands Antilles 20.2%, Trinidad and Tobago
15.2%, Italy 6.3%, UK 5.1%, Cuba 4.2% (2002)

Haiti
US 53.4%, Dominican Republic 5.3%, Colombia 3.4% (2002)

Honduras
US 55.3%, El Salvador 4.3%, Mexico 4.2% (2002)

Hong Kong
China 37.5%, Japan 12.2%, Taiwan 7.3%, US 6.2%, Singapore
5.3%, South Korea 5% (2002)

Hungary
Germany 25.3%, Austria 7.7%, Italy 7.5%, Russia 6%, China
5%, France 5% (2002)

Iceland
US 10.9%, Germany 10.7%, Denmark 8.5%, Norway 8%, UK 7.5%,
Netherlands 6%, Sweden 5.9% (2002)

India
US 7.1%, Belgium 6.7%, China 4.6%, Singapore 4.6%, UK 4.6%
(2002)

Indonesia
Japan 14.1%, Singapore 13.1%, US 8.5%, China 7.8%, South
Korea 5.3%, Taiwan 5.1%, Australia 5.1% (2002)

Iran
Germany 10.9%, Italy 9%, France 7.9%, China 7.4%, South Korea
6.5%, UAE 4.4%, Japan 4.1%, Russia 4% (2002)

Iraq
Jordan 11%, France 8.8%, China 8.4%, Germany 7.6%, Russia 7.3%,
Australia 7.2%, Vietnam 6.6%, Italy 6.4%, Japan 5.6% (2002)

Ireland
UK 41.1%, US 15.3%, Germany 6.8% (2002)

Israel
US 21.6%, Belgium 8.9%, Germany 6.7%, UK 6.6%, Switzerland
4.9%, Italy 4.5% (2002)

Italy
Germany 17.8%, France 11.3%, Netherlands 5.9%, UK 5%, US 4.9%,
Spain 4.6%, Belgium 4.4% (2002)

Jamaica
US 45%, Trinidad and Tobago 11%, Japan 4.7% (2002)

Japan
China 18.3%, US 17.4%, South Korea 4.6%, Indonesia 4.2%,
Australia 4.1% (2002)

Jersey
UK

Jordan
Iraq 13.4%, Germany 8.8%, US 8%, China 6%, France 4.2%, UK
4.1%, Italy 4.1% (2002)

Kazakhstan
Russia 37.1%, US 9.3%, China 9.3%, Germany 9.1% (2002)

Kenya
UAE 12%, Saudi Arabia 8.7%, US 8.1%, UK 7.1%, South Africa
7.1%, France 5.8%, China 5.5%, Japan 5%, India 4.8% (2002)

Kiribati
France 28.7%, Australia 26.3%, Fiji 12.5%, Japan 9.5%,
Latvia 5.4%, US 4.6%, New Zealand 4% (2002)

Korea, North
China 24.9%, Brazil 12.1%, India 9.2%, Thailand 9.2%,
Germany 7.8%, Japan 7.1%, Singapore 4.5%, Qatar 4% (2002)

Korea, South
Japan 19.6%, US 15.2%, China 11.4%, Saudi Arabia 5%
(2002)

Kuwait
US 13.1%, Japan 11.1%, Germany 9.7%, Saudi Arabia 6.6%, UK
6%, Italy 5.4%, France 5.2% (2002)

Kyrgyzstan
Kazakhstan 21.1%, Russia 19.9%, Uzbekistan 10.2%, China
10.1%, US 8.1%, Germany 5.3% (2002)

Laos
Thailand 58.9%, Vietnam 12.3%, China 7.9% (2002)

Latvia
Germany 17.9%, Russia 15.1%, Finland 6.6%, Lithuania 6.4%,
Sweden 5.5%, Italy 4.8%, Estonia 4.8% (2002)

Lebanon
Italy 11.3%, France 10.7%, Germany 8.4%, US 5.6%, Syria
5.4%, China 4.8%, Belgium 4.5%, UK 4.2% (2002)

Lesotho
Hong Kong 51.9%, China 25%, France 3.9% (2002)

Liberia
South Korea 30.3%, Japan 19.1%, Germany 15.6%, France 9.1%,
Singapore 7.9% (2002)

Libya
Italy 25.6%, Germany 9.8%, South Korea 6.6%, UK 6.6%, Tunisia
6.5%, Japan 6.4%, France 5.7% (2002)

Liechtenstein
EU, Switzerland

Lithuania
Russia 24.1%, Germany 20.3%, Italy 5.9%, Poland 4.3% (2002)

Luxembourg
Belgium 29.7%, Germany 23%, France 13.2%, Taiwan 6.7%,
Netherlands 4.6% (2002)

Macau
China 41.7%, Hong Kong 14.5%, Japan 6.7%, Taiwan 6.6%, South
Korea 5%, France 4.3%, US 4.1% (2002)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Greece 19.4%, Germany
14.4%, Bulgaria 7.5%, Slovenia 6.9%, Italy 6.9%, Turkey 5.9%,
Ukraine 5%, Austria 4.1% (2002)

Madagascar
France 17.2%, Iran 11%, Mauritius 10.6%, Bahrain 9.4%,
Hong Kong 6.9%, South Africa 5.9%, China 4.1% (2002)

Malawi
South Africa 44.4%, Zambia 12.7%, US 5.6%, India 4.2% (2002)

Malaysia
Japan 16.9%, Singapore 15.9%, US 15.5%, China 7.3%, South
Korea 5%, Taiwan 4.7% (2002)

Maldives
Singapore 25.6%, Sri Lanka 15%, UAE 14.5%, India 6.6%,
Malaysia 5.7%, Thailand 4% (2002)

Mali
Cote d'Ivoire 17.1%, France 13.5%, Senegal 6.5%, Germany 4%
(2002)

Malta
Italy 18.3%, France 12.1%, South Korea 11.3%, UK 7.5%,
Singapore 5.3%, Germany 5.2%, Japan 5%, US 4.6%, Spain 4.2% (2002)

Man, Isle of
UK (2000)

Marshall Islands
US, Japan, Australia, NZ, Singapore, Fiji, China,
Philippines (2000)

Martinique
France 62%, Venezuela 6%, Germany 4%, Italy 4%, US 3%
(2000)

Mauritania
France 18.5%, Belgium 7.8%, China 7%, Spain 5.9%, Germany
5.2% (2002)

Mauritius
France 18.4%, South Africa 13.5%, India 7.8%, China 4.5%,
UK 4.2% (2002)

Mayotte
France 66%, Africa 14%, Southeast Asia 11% (2000 est.)

Mexico
US 70.6%, Germany 3.5%, Japan 2.7% (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of
US, Australia, Japan (2000)

Moldova
Russia 23.9%, Ukraine 13.4%, Germany 12.6%, Italy 8.3%,
Romania 8.2% (2002)

Mongolia
Russia 32%, China 19.4%, South Korea 12.1%, US 9.1%,
Germany 4.7%, Japan 4.3% (2002)

Montserrat
US, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada

Morocco
France 20.9%, Spain 12.6%, Italy 6.3%, Germany 5.5%, US
4.6%, UK 4.1%, Saudi Arabia 4.1% (2002)

Mozambique
South Africa 27.5%, France 8.9%, US 7%, Australia 6.9%,
Japan 6%, Malaysia 4% (2002)

Namibia
US 50%, EU 31% (2001)

Nauru
Australia 59.3%, US 10.1%, Ireland 7.6%, Malaysia 6% (2002)

Nepal
India 21.2%, China 13%, UAE 11.1%, Singapore 8.5%, Hong Kong
5.9%, Saudi Arabia 4.9%, Kuwait 4.1% (2002)

Netherlands
Germany 17.8%, Belgium 9.7%, US 9.1%, UK 6.9%, France
5.5%, China 5.1%, Japan 4% (2002)

Netherlands Antilles
Venezuela 60.8%, Mexico 11.7%, US 9.7% (2002)

New Caledonia
France 52.8%, Australia 12.7%, Singapore 9.8% (2002)

New Zealand
Australia 22.1%, US 13.6%, Japan 12%, China 8%, Germany
5.2% (2002)

Nicaragua
US 23.7%, Costa Rica 10.3%, Venezuela 10.1%, Guatemala
7.8%, Mexico 6.7%, El Salvador 6%, South Korea 4.6% (2002)

Niger
France 16.8%, Cote d'Ivoire 14.9%, China 9.8%, Nigeria 7.4%,
US 5.2%, Japan 4.6%, India 4.4% (2002)

Nigeria
UK 9.6%, US 9.4%, China 9.3%, France 8.7%, Germany 6.8%,
South Korea 6.1%, Netherlands 5.2%, Italy 4.7% (2002)

Niue
NZ mainly, Fiji, Japan, Samoa, Australia, US (2000)

Norfolk Island
Australia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia,
Europe

Northern Mariana Islands
US, Japan (2000)

Norway
Sweden 17.7%, Germany 13.4%, UK 7.8%, Denmark 7.7%, US 5.7%,
Netherlands 5.3%, France 4.2%, Italy 4% (2002)

Oman
UAE 27.5%, Japan 16.7%, UK 7.4%, US 6.9%, Germany 5% (2002)

Pakistan
UAE 11.7%, Saudi Arabia 11.7%, Kuwait 6.7%, US 6.4%, China
6.2%, Japan 6%, Malaysia 4.5%, Germany 4.4% (2002)

Palau
US, Guam, Japan, Singapore, Korea (2000)

Panama
US 34.3%, Colombia 5.9%, Japan 5.4%, Costa Rica 4.2%,
Venezuela 4.2% (2002)

Papua New Guinea
Australia 49.3%, Singapore 18.8%, New Zealand 4.4%,
Japan 4.2% (2002)

Paraguay
Brazil 32.7%, Argentina 22.7%, US 18.1%, Hong Kong 4.7%
(2002)

Peru
US 26.1%, Chile 7.9%, Spain 5.1%, Colombia 5%, Brazil 4.7%,
Venezuela 4.7%, Argentina 4.3% (2002)

Philippines
Japan 21.6%, US 18.6%, Singapore 7.8%, South Korea 7.5%,
China 5.2%, Hong Kong 4.5%, Taiwan 4.1% (2002)

Pitcairn Islands
NA (2000)

Poland
Germany 29.9%, Italy 8.1%, Russia 7.4%, France 7.2%,
Netherlands 5.3% (2002)

Portugal
Spain 28.1%, Germany 15%, France 10.2%, Italy 6.5%, UK
5.2%, Netherlands 4.5% (2002)

Puerto Rico
US 53.5%, Ireland 16.3%, Japan 4.5% (2001)

Qatar
France 17.8%, Japan 10.1%, US 8.5%, UK 8.3%, Germany 8%, Italy
6.7%, UAE 5.1%, Saudi Arabia 4.1%, South Korea 4% (2002)

Reunion
France 64%, Bahrain 3%, Germany 3%, Italy 3% (2000)

Romania
Italy 20.2%, Germany 18.1%, France 6.6%, Russia 5.6%,
Austria 4.9%, Hungary 4.1% (2002)

Russia
Germany 14.3%, Belarus 8.9%, Ukraine 7.1%, US 6.4%, China
5.2%, Italy 4.8%, Kazakhstan 4.3%, France 4.1% (2002)

Rwanda
Kenya 21.8%, Germany 8.4%, Belgium 7.9%, Israel 4.3% (2002)

Saint Helena
UK 47.6%, Tanzania 14.6%, Italy 12.1%, South Africa
10.9%, US 5.3% (2002)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
US 41.6%, Trinidad and Tobago 16.2%, Canada
9.8%, UK 6.9%, Japan 4% (2002)

Saint Lucia
Brazil 41.7%, US 21.4%, Trinidad and Tobago 11.9% (2002)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Zambia 61.5%, France 21.8%, Canada 13%
(2002)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
France 32.7%, US 11.3%, Trinidad
and Tobago 10.4%, Singapore 10.1%, Spain 7.9%, Greece 4.3% (2002)

Samoa
New Zealand 23.3%, Fiji 20.2%, Australia 15.7%, Japan 13.1%,
Taiwan 6.4%, US 4.2% (2002)

Sao Tome and Principe
Portugal 51.4%, Germany 10.1%, UK 7.6%,
Belgium 6.3% (2002)

Saudi Arabia
US 11.2%, Japan 8.8%, Germany 7.6%, UK 4.9%, France
4.9%, Italy 4.1% (2002)

Senegal
France 25.6%, Nigeria 8.7%, Thailand 7.2%, US 5.4%, Germany
5.4%, Italy 4.5%, Spain 4% (2002)

Serbia and Montenegro
Germany 19.4%, Italy 18%, Austria 8.5%,
Slovenia 5.6%, Greece 4.4%, France 4.3%, Bulgaria 4.2%, Romania 4.1%
(2002)

Seychelles
Saudi Arabia 15.6%, France 12.8%, Spain 9.9%, Italy 9.7%,
South Africa 8.4%, Singapore 7.3%, UK 6.1%, Taiwan 4.2% (2002)

Sierra Leone
Germany 25%, UK 10.9%, Netherlands 7.5%, US 5.7%, Cote
d'Ivoire 4.9%, Italy 4.3% (2002)

Singapore
Malaysia 18.2%, US 14.3%, Japan 12.5%, China 7.6%,
Thailand 4.6%, Taiwan 4.6% (2002)

Slovakia
Germany 24.8%, Czech Republic 16%, Russia 13.5%, Austria
7%, Italy 6.4%, France 4% (2002)

Slovenia
Germany 20%, Italy 19%, Austria 11.3%, France 10.5% (2002)

Solomon Islands
Australia 31.3%, Singapore 19.7%, New Zealand 5.1%,
Fiji 4.6%, Papua New Guinea 4.5% (2002)

Somalia
Djibouti 29.8%, Kenya 13.6%, Brazil 10.5%, Thailand 4.7%, UK
4.4%, UAE 4.3% (2002)

South Africa
Germany 15.4%, US 9.4%, UK 9%, Saudi Arabia 6.9%, Japan
5.8%, France 5%, China 4.9%, Iran 4.1% (2002)

Spain
France 17%, Germany 16.5%, Italy 8.6%, UK 6.4%, Netherlands
4.8% (2002)

Sri Lanka
India 11%, Hong Kong 7.6%, Singapore 7.1%, China 6.3%,
Taiwan 5.9%, South Korea 5.7%, Japan 5.3%, Iran 4.2% (2002)

Sudan
China 19.7%, Saudi Arabia 7.4%, Germany 5.5%, India 5.5%, UK
5.4%, Indonesia 4.7%, Australia 4% (2002)

Suriname
US 22.2%, Netherlands 15.6%, China 11.9%, Trinidad and
Tobago 11.2%, France 7.5%, Netherlands Antilles 7.2%, Japan 5.7%
(2002)

Swaziland
South Africa 88.8%, EU 5.6%, Japan 0.6%, Singapore 0.4%
(1999)

Sweden
Germany 18.5%, Denmark 8.8%, UK 8.6%, Norway 8.2%,
Netherlands 6.7%, France 5.4%, Finland 5.2%, US 5% (2002)

Switzerland
Germany 27.4%, France 11.4%, Italy 9.7%, US 8.5%, Russia
5.8%, UK 5.4%, Austria 4.6%, Netherlands 4.1% (2002)

Syria
Italy 8.3%, Germany 7.4%, China 5.7%, South Korea 4.8%, France
4.6%, US 4.4%, Turkey 4.1% (2002)

Taiwan
Japan 24.3%, US 16.1%, China 7.1%, South Korea 6.9% (2002)

Tajikistan
Russia 22.7%, Uzbekistan 18.4%, Ukraine 11.2%, Kazakhstan
10%, Turkmenistan 6.5%, Azerbaijan 5.7%, India 4.4% (2002)

Tanzania
South Africa 12.7%, China 7.9%, Kenya 6.6%, India 6.3%, UK
6%, Japan 4.5%, US 4%, Australia 4% (2002)

Thailand
Japan 23%, US 9.6%, China 7.6%, Malaysia 5.6%, Singapore
4.5%, Taiwan 4.4% (2002)

Togo
France 21.3%, China 17%, Netherlands 6.5%, Germany 5.3%, UK
4.8%, Italy 4.4% (2002)

Tokelau
NZ (2000)

Tonga
New Zealand 30.8%, Fiji 20.7%, US 14.2%, Australia 13.2%,
China 6.1% (2002)

Trinidad and Tobago
US 42%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.5%, UK 5%, Japan 4.5%,
Brazil 4.3% (2002)

Tunisia
France 25.6%, Italy 19.5%, Germany 8.9%, Spain 5% (2002)

Turkey
Germany 13.7%, Italy 8.1%, Russia 7.6%, US 6%, France 5.9%,
UK 4.8%, Switzerland 4.1% (2002)

Turkmenistan
Russia 19.8%, Turkey 12.8%, Ukraine 11.7%, UAE 10%, US
7.5%, China 6%, Germany 5.7%, Iran 4.4% (2002)

Turks and Caicos Islands
US, UK

Tuvalu
Hungary 68.2%, Japan 12.9%, Fiji 11.9% (2002)

Uganda
Kenya 45.3%, South Africa 6.8%, India 5.7%, UK 5.5% (2002)

Ukraine
Russia 32.3%, Germany 11.7%, Turkmenistan 7.4%, Poland 6%,
Italy 4% (2002)

United Arab Emirates
US 8.1%, China 7.8%, Japan 6.6%, Germany 6.5%,
India 5.7%, France 5.6%, UK 5.4%, South Korea 5.1%, Iran 4.2% (2002)

United Kingdom
Germany 12.9%, US 11.9%, France 7.8%, Netherlands
6.3%, Belgium 5%, Italy 4.4% (2002)

United States
Canada 17.8%, Mexico 11.3%, China 11.1%, Japan 10.4%,
Germany 5.3% (2002)

Uruguay
Argentina 25.6%, Brazil 22.7%, US 7.7%, Venezuela 6.2% (2002)

Uzbekistan
Russia 22.6%, Germany 9.8%, South Korea 9.4%, Kazakhstan
8.1%, US 6.9%, Ukraine 6.8%, China 5.2%, Turkey 4.6% (2002)

Vanuatu
Australia 22.1%, Japan 19.2%, New Zealand 10.1%, Singapore
8.1%, Fiji 6.6%, Taiwan 5%, India 5% (2002)

Venezuela
US 27.5%, Colombia 6.9%, Brazil 5.7%, Mexico 4.4% (2002)

Vietnam
South Korea 12.7%, China 12.2%, Japan 12.1%, Singapore
11.8%, Taiwan 10.6%, Thailand 5.4% (2002)

Virgin Islands
US, Puerto Rico

Wallis and Futuna
France 97%, Australia 2%, New Zealand 1%

West Bank
Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip (2000)

Western Sahara
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so
trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts (2000)

World
US 11.2%, Germany 9.2%, China 7%, Japan 6.8%, France 4.7%, UK
4% (2002)

Yemen
US 10.4%, Saudi Arabia 9.5%, China 8.7%, UAE 6.9%, Russia
5.8%, France 4.7% (2002)

Zambia
South Africa 64.4%, US 3.7%, China 3.6% (2002)

Zimbabwe
South Africa 47.7%, Congo, Democratic Republic of the 5.7%,
Mozambique 5.3% (2002)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

======================================================================

@2062 Economic aid - donor

Australia
ODA, $894 million (FY 99/00)

Austria
ODA, $410 million (2000)

Belgium
ODA, $764 million (1997)

Canada
ODA, $1.3 billion (1999)

Denmark
ODA, $1.63 billion (1999)

Finland
ODA, $379 million (2001)

France
ODA, $6.3 billion (1997)

Germany
ODA, $5.6 billion (1998)

Iceland
$NA

Ireland
ODA, $283 million (2001)

Italy
ODA, $1 billion (2002 est.)

Japan
ODA, $9.1 billion (1999)

Korea, South
ODA $200 million

Lesotho
ODA $4.4 million

Luxembourg
ODA, $160 million (1999)

Netherlands
ODA, $3.5 billion (2000 est.)

New Zealand
ODA, $99.7 million

Norway
ODA, $1.4 billion (1998)

Portugal
ODA, $271 million (1995)

Saudi Arabia
pledged $100 million in 1993 to fund reconstruction of
Lebanon; since 2000, Saudi Arabia has committed $307 million for
assistance to the Palestinians; pledged $240 million to development
in Afghanistan

Spain
ODA, $1.33 billion (1999)

Sweden
ODA, $1.7 billion (1997)

Switzerland
ODA, $1.1 billion (1995)

United Arab Emirates
$NA

United Kingdom
ODA, $4.5 billion (2000)

United States
ODA, $6.9 billion (1997)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

======================================================================

@2063 Constitution

Afghanistan
the Bonn Agreement called for a Loya Jirga (Grand
Council) to be convened within 18 months of the establishment of the
Transitional Authority to draft a new constitution for the country;
the basis for the next constitution is the 1964 Constitution,
according to the Bonn Agreement

Albania
a constitution was adopted by popular referendum on 28
November 1998; note - the opposition Democratic Party boycotted the
vote

Algeria
19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3
November 1988, 23 February 1989, and 28 November 1996

American Samoa
ratified 1966, in effect 1967

Andorra
Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991;
approved by referendum 14 March 1993; came into force 4 May 1993

Angola
11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6
March 1991, and 26 August 1992

Anguilla
Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990

Antigua and Barbuda
1 November 1981

Argentina
1 May 1853; revised August 1994

Armenia
adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995

Aruba
1 January 1986

Australia
9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901

Austria
1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1 May 1945)

Azerbaijan
adopted 12 November 1995

Bahamas, The
10 July 1973

Bahrain
adopted late December 2000; Bahrani voters approved on 13-14
February 2001 a referendum on legislative changes (revised
constitution calls for a partially elected legislature, a
constitutional monarchy, and an independent judiciary)

Bangladesh
4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended
following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended
many times

Barbados
30 November 1966

Belarus
30 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November
1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became
effective 27 November 1996

Belgium
7 February 1831, last revised 14 July 1993; parliament
approved a constitutional package creating a federal state

Belize
21 September 1981

Benin
December 1990

Bermuda
8 June 1968, amended 1989

Bhutan
no written constitution or bill of rights; note - the King
commissioned a committee to draft a constitution in 2001, but has
yet to be approved

Bolivia
2 February 1967; revised in August 1994

Bosnia and Herzegovina
the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December
1995, included a new constitution now in force; note - each of the
entities also has its own constitution

Botswana
March 1965, effective 30 September 1966

Brazil
5 October 1988

British Virgin Islands
1 June 1977

Brunei
29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of
Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1
January 1984)

Bulgaria
adopted 12 July 1991

Burkina Faso
2 June 1991 approved by referendum; 11 June 1991
formally adopted

Burma
3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); national
convention started on 9 January 1993 to draft a new constitution;
progress has since been stalled

Burundi
13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural
political system; supplanted on 6 June 1998 by a Transitional
Constitution which enlarged the National Assembly and created two
vice presidents

Cambodia
promulgated 21 September 1993

Cameroon
20 May 1972 approved by referendum; 2 June 1972 formally
adopted; revised January 1996

Canada
17 April 1982 (Constitution Act); originally, the machinery
of the government was set up in the British North America Act of
1867; charter of rights and unwritten customs

Cape Verde
new constitution came into force 25 September 1992;
underwent a major revision on 23 November 1995, substantially
increasing the powers of the president, and a further revision in
1999, to create the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de
Justica)

Cayman Islands
1959, revised 1972 and 1992

Central African Republic
passed by referendum 29 December 1994;
adopted 7 January 1995

Chad
passed by referendum 31 March 1996

Chile
11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981, amended 30 July
1989, 1993, and 1997

China
most recent promulgation 4 December 1982

Christmas Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955

Colombia
5 July 1991

Comoros
23 December 2001
note: a Transitional National Unity Government (GUNT) was formed on
20 January 2002 following the passing of the new constitution; the
GUNT governed until the presidential elections on 14 April 2002

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
24 June 1967, amended August 1974,
revised 15 February 1978, amended April 1990; transitional
constitution promulgated in April 1994; in November 1998, a draft
constitution was approved by former President Laurent KABILA but it
was not ratified by a national referendum; one outcome of the
ongoing inter-Congolese dialogue is to be a new constitution

Congo, Republic of the
constitution approved by referendum 20
January 2002

Cook Islands
4 August 1965

Costa Rica
7 November 1949