Chapter II: Public Arrangements, External to the Residences, by Which

THE SANITARY CONDITION OF THE LABOURING POPULATION IS
AFFECTED— 25

Drainage.

_Town drainage of streets and houses._ 26

Instances of the effects on the public health of the neglect
of town drainage—

At Derby 26

At Stockport 28

Comparative mortality in two similar towns, one drained, the
other undrained—

At Beccles and Bungay, Suffolk 28

State of town cleansing at Leeds 29

At Tamworth 30

At Knutton and Chesterton, Stafford, &c. 30

At Liverpool 30

At Brighton 31

At Birmingham 32

At Edinburgh 33

At Tranent and Ayr 33

At Stirling 34

At Clitheroe, Lancashire 35

_Street and road cleansing—road pavements._ 36

Defective from want of skill or proper combination of means 36

Different influence on the public health of paved and
unpaved streets, instance of, in Portsmouth 37

Instance of the effect on the public health of street
cleansing in Macclesfield 37

Instances of the neglect of street cleansing—

In Manchester 38

In Leeds 39

Instances of the consequences on the public health of the
neglect of road cleansing in rural districts in England
and in Scotland 42

Discipline in respect to cleanliness of the army superior to
the civic economy of the towns 44

_House cleansing as connected with street cleansing and
sewerage._

Instances of the sanitary condition of houses in the
metropolis where the cesspools do not communicate with the
drains 45

Small value of refuse in London, in consequence of the
expense of cartage 46

Effects on the health of the accumulation of refuse near the
residences of the labouring classes: examples in

Greenock 46

Leeds 47

Cleansing by means of water-closets applicable to the poorer
districts as being the most economical 48

Instance of the removal of the refuse of the city of
Edinburgh by sewerage, and of its application to
agriculture by irrigation 48

Objections by the citizens of Edinburgh to irrigation by
sewers in the immediate vicinity of the city 49

Value of the refuse of London, on the scale of value of the
refuse of Edinburgh 51

Modifications of the mode of sewerage of Edinburgh, to make
a system of cleansing innoxious and profitable, and extend
it to the residences of the poorer classes 52

Expense of street cleansing in Manchester 53

Defects of the prevalent mode of removing the refuse of
houses by cartage, or otherwise than by sewerage 54

Instances of defective construction of sewers 55

Evidence on the action of improved modes of sewerage 55

Effects of different descriptions of streets upon the public
health 59

Proposed mode of cleansing streets by sweeping the refuse
into the sewers 60

Similar mode proposed of cleansing Paris 61

_Supplies of water._ 63

Necessity of improved supplies of water for house and street
cleansing 63

Instances of the want of water in the houses, and of the
effect on the personal and domestic habits of the lower
classes of the population in towns 63

In Manchester, 64; in Truro union, 65; in Audley district of
Newcastle-under-Lyme union, 65; in Dunmow union, 65; in
Bishops Stortford union, 65; in Lexden and Winstree union,
65; in Wootton, Bedford, 66; in Edinburgh, 66; in Glasgow,
66; in Aberdeen, 67; in Stirling, 67; in Dundee, 67; in
Greenock, 67; in Ayr, 67; in Arbroath, 67; in Renfrew, 68;
in Dunfermline, 68; in Tain, 68; in Tranent 68

Inapplicability of the supplies of water to be obtained by
fetching from the public wells 69

The supplies of water in London by machinery and pipes, and
in Paris by cartage and hand carriage, compared 70

Cost of laying on water in labourers’ tenements and the
economy of supply in such a mode 71

Supplies of water by private companies, not applicable to
rural districts of small population 72

Complaints against the modes of supplies of water by private
companies 72

Private companies do not ensure the best practicable
supplies to the public 73

Instance of supplies of water obtained by the public without
private companies 74

Necessity of general provisions of supplies of water 77

Unwholesome effects of bad water 77

_Sanitary effect of land drainage._ 80

General land drainage, effects of, on the health of the
population, instances of in—

The Isle of Ely, 80; the Newhaven union, 81; the Ongar
union, 81; the Gravesend and Milton union, 81; the Eastry
union, 81 and 82; the Dunmow union, 82; the Epping union 82

Instances of—

In Scotland 83

Instances of the effect of land drainage upon the health of
cattle 83

Instance of the effects of land floods and deficient land
drainage in—

The Langport union, 85; the Chesterfield union, 87; the Dore
union, 87; the Bicester union, 88; the Leighton Buzzard
union, 88; the Foleshill union, 89; the Malton union, 89;
Lochmaben, Scotland 90

Foreign illustrations of the effect of drainage upon the
health of the population 90

Interests opposed to the cleansing of Paris 93

Class similar to the Chiffoniers found in English towns 94

Their personal habits 95

Collateral benefit of more effectual cleansing of towns in
diminishing degrading employments 96