Chapter XXXII: Who Owns the Earth? (2)

GRAPHITE 1913
139,283 Short Tons
BRITISH EMPIRE 22% FRANCE 6% ITALY 9% GERMANY 9% AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 39%
JAPAN 8% ALL OTHERS 4%

MERCURY 1913
4,725 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 16% ITALY 23% SPAIN 33% AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 21% ALL OTHERS
5%

TIN 1917
137,199 Short Tons
BRITISH EMPIRE 50% NETHERLANDS 14% BOLIVIA 21% CHINA 8% ALL OTHERS 9%

MANGANESE 1913
2,607,483 Short Tons
BRITISH EMPIRE 35% RUSSIA 55% BRAZIL 5% ALL OTHERS 5%

POTASH 1913
1,247,992 Short Tons
GERMANY (STASSFURT) 93% GERMANY ALSACE 5% ALL OTHERS 2%

TUNGSTEN 1917
26,783 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 17% BRITISH EMPIRE 34% CEN. POW. 1% JAPAN 7% BOLIVIA 16%
CHINA 6% ALL OTHERS 19%

PLATINUM 1913
267,233 Troy Ounces
RUSSIA 93% COLOMBIA 6% ALL OTHERS 1%

SULPHUR 1916
1,100,000 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 65% ITALY 23% JAPAN 10% ALL OTHERS 2%

ASBESTOS 1913
158,016 Short Tons
BRITISH EMPIRE 87% RUSSIA 12% ALL OTHERS 1%

Prepared by: John E. Orchard,
Assistant Mine Economist,
U.S. Bureau of Mines, May 1, 1919

[191] _Recent_]

(_Insert following Fig. 23_)

COMMERCIAL CONTROL (FINANCIAL)

(Percentages are Estimated)

IRON 1913
191,978,750 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 37% BRITISH EMPIRE 12% FRANCE 11% GERMANY 27% AUST.
HUNGARY 3% ALL OTHERS 10%

COAL 1913
1,478,000,000 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 35% BRITISH EMPIRE 24% FRANCE 3% GERMANY 21% AUST.
HUNGARY 4% ALL OTHERS 13%

PETROLEUM 1917
502,980,600 Barrels
UNITED STATES 72% BRITISH EMPIRE 9% NETHERLANDS 75% GERMANY 2% ALL
OTHERS 10%

COPPER 1917
1,604,472 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 69% BRITISH EMPIRE 13% FRANCE 2% GERMANY 6% ALL OTHERS
10%

ZINC 1913
1,098,686 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 32% BRIT. EMP. 6% FRANCE 12% BELGIUM 10% GERMANY 34% ALL
OTHERS 6%

PIG LEAD[192]
1,371,900 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 49% BRITISH EMPIRE 17% FRANCE 13% GERMANY 15% ALL OTHERS
6%

GOLD 1917
425,486,400 Dollars
UNITED STATES 23% BRITISH EMPIRE 63% FRANCE 6% CENTL. POWERS 1% ALL
OTHERS 7%

SILVER 1913
223,127,000 Ounces
UNITED STATES 52% BRITISH EMPIRE 33% GERMANY 10% ALL OTHERS 5%

NICKEL 1913
32,016 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 51% BRITISH EMPIRE 39% FRANCE 6% GERMANY 4%

GRAPHITE 1913
139,283 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 11% BRITISH EMPIRE 25% FRANCE 4% ITALY 7% GERMANY 10%
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 36% ALL OTHERS 7%

MERCURY 1913
4,725 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 16% BRITISH EMPIRE 35% ITALY 11% GERMANY 13% AUSTRIA-
HUNGARY 21% ALL OTHERS 4%

TIN 1917
137,199 Short Tons
BRITISH EMPIRE 67% FRANCE 1% GERMANY 1% NETHERLANDS 14% CHILE 11%
BOLIVIA 7% CHINA 7% ALL OTHERS 2%

MANGANESE 1913
2,607,483 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 4% BRITISH EMPIRE 31% FRANCE 3% GERMANY 17% AUSTRIA-
HUNGARY 2% RUSSIA 36% ALL OTHERS 7%

POTASH 1913
1,247,982 Short Tons
GERMANY (STASSFURT) 93% GERMANY (ALSACE) 5% ALL OTHERS 2%

TUNGSTEN 1917
26,783 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 35% BRITISH EMPIRE 55% FRANCE 4% GERMANY 1% ALL OTHERS
3%

PLATINUM 1913
267,233 Troy Ounces
UNITED STATES 4% BRITISH EMPIRE 2% FRANCE 74% RUSSIA 15% ALL OTHERS
2%

SULPHUR 1916
1,100,000 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 65% ITALY 23% JAPAN 10% ALL OTHERS 2%

ASBESTOS 1913
158,016 Short Tons
UNITED STATES 24% BRITISH EMPIRE 64% CENTRAL POWERS 10% ALL OTHERS 2%

Prepared by John E. Orchard
Assistant Mine Economist
U.S. Bureau of Mines, May 1, 1919

[192] Recent]

=Who Owns the Earth?=--The answer to our inquiry at the head of this chapter, “Who Owns the Earth?” is therefore answered by these summaries, and is further set forth in the accompanying charts, one showing political (or, rather, in this case, strictly territorial) control, and the other commercial control, Figs. 23 and 24. As based upon the territorial and commercial control of the fundamental minerals, it appears that the earth is owned by the two great Anglo-Saxon nations, the United States and the British Empire: the former by destiny and good fortune and without political plan or policy, in that such a vast store of mineral wealth was found in the great sparsely populated wilderness of America which it occupied; the latter through the imperial policy of Britain, developed through hundreds of years by the need of extending commerce and the flag into far-off lands to supplant the slender resources of its own limited islands. Of the two, the United States is rather in the lead, and possesses and controls more of the world’s mineral wealth than any other nation; but Great Britain is a close second.

Rapid changes occur, however, in these days, and the future must be inspected. The imperial policy of expansion and increasing political control has become a tradition and an instinct with Great Britain; she learned since the loss of her American colonies to give full autonomy to her more intelligent colonies, so that she strengthens her dominion thereby, and persistently goes on her way putting more and more of the earth under the British flag. The wealth and resources of the United States being so far greater than its necessities, foreign problems have resolved into occasional questions of self-protection; and from this condition a directly resulting theory has sprung, of non-interference in the rest of the world. Like China, we declare ourselves apart from the world, and simply ask to be left alone, in consideration of which we agree to leave the world alone. Our Monroe Doctrine as originated is part of that theory--we wanted the world to leave all the Americas alone, but took no responsibility for the Americas otherwise--a selfish and one-sided position.

The manner in which we cling to this doctrine is stupid and ineffective: while we have conceived of it only as applying to military or political encroachment, we have overlooked the modern phase of commercial conquest. Thereby we gain the suspicion of our Latin-American neighbors, who accordingly welcome more gladly European or Japanese rather than American capital; and thus we encourage the very encroachments we have thought to prevent. We should either abandon the Monroe Doctrine entirely, or define it also in terms of political control.

Therefore, as regards our great industries, and, more specifically, our mineral industries, we have never had any definite policy; our troubles and problems were purely internal, and the Government’s efforts were largely directed to preventing such solidarity of any one industry that its power should be too great, although American organizing genius first successfully developed these colossal business combinations, rising without government support. England, too, and France, with their democratic traditions, tended to resist the overwhelming power of great business organizations, as leading to the destruction of equal opportunity and threatening the power of the state. It remained for Germany, pressing impudently toward the conquest of the world, to see the advantage of combining the powers of the state with those of business monopolies, as a means of regulating industry at home and overpowering other nations. Thus the old question of the union or separation of Church and State becomes one of Business and State.

The success of this plan of German penetration was most clearly and disagreeably brought home to the British mind, as well as to the French and the American perception, by the war, and during the war England took under government control her mineral industries more definitely and systematically than did we. Moreover, perceiving the success of the German system as a means of penetration and as a method against competitors, she has adopted it, there being a striking tendency to put her key industries under syndicates, unions, cartels, or trusts controlled directly by the state.

A system of state socialism thus takes the place of the freedom of individual competition. As regards the mineral industries, much the same action has been taken by France. But in America, dropping all the problems and half-learned lessons of the war, we return to the _status quo ante_. If this difference continues, it is certain that British control of the earth--whereby we mean its minerals--will eventually preponderate. As far as we are concerned, we should perhaps rather see it in the hands of Great Britain than of any other power, but must we not decide upon our own course as a rich and populous nation of an increasingly close-packed but seething and yet unorganized globe?

Our statesmen, newspapers, and financiers proclaim to the world that we intend to take the lion’s share of the world’s shipping and commerce. England says nothing, but puts her government directly behind her own industries, while the American Government still holds aloof from them. Nationalism has been revived in Europe, and especially in England and France, as the result of the struggle to prevail against the intense German nationalistic spirit, which all but subjugated a world drifting comfortably into internationalism. It is conceivably a step backward, a reversion, but what attitude shall America take? The British and French nationalism need not disquiet us so much as that of the Japanese, still more intense and purposeful, and working with the same German tools (not invented in Germany, but in America, but, like most German arts, successfully copied and utilized), now adopted by England and France in self-defense. America also has had a rebirth of nationalism, quite necessary in the existing state of affairs.

As the case now stands, the United States largely predominates in the petroleum industry, with 71 per cent. of the world’s production in 1917; England, far behind, is in a way to overtake us with giant strides under her new system. In the basic necessities of coal and iron, the United States also leads. The second place in the steel industry, held by Germany, was presumably lost as a result of the war, and probably passes to England, already second in coal and with her iron industries in charge of a government-controlled syndicate for purposes of protection and expansion.

In copper, the United States is far away in the lead, with England a long second, and in lead, also, with half the world’s production, with England second. Before the war England and Germany were about tied for second place, and the latter was rapidly drawing ahead through her state-controlled commercial methods; but the war will set her back greatly. In zinc, the United States had the greatest production (32 per cent.) before the war, slightly more than Germany (28 per cent.), but German methods gave it the preponderance of actual commercial control. The result of the war will restore the commercial supremacy to the United States, and the importance of England will increase. In silver, the United States now leads in production and in both territorial and commercial control, and, by her commercial control over Mexican production, controls one-half of the world’s output, with Great Britain a strong commercial second, having nearly 40 per cent. of it.

In the production of the important mineral, sulphur, the United States is far in advance of the world, with 65 per cent. of the world’s production in 1916. Italy is second, Japan third, and England is practically unrepresented. Phosphate rock is dominated, both territorially and commercially, by the United States, but there are other supplies for England, and France has abundance in her own territory. Vanadium is commercially controlled by the United States, although territorially by Peru. Molybdenum has very lately come to be controlled by the United States, with Great Britain, formerly first, now second. In uranium and radium the United States also has first place, with Austria a long second. The aluminum industry is strongest in the United States, although very important also in France.

In the following, however, Great Britain has control: the important “key industry” of tin, where her territorial control is one-half and her commercial control absolute, whereas the United States is not represented; in the important nickel industry, by territorial control of 80 per cent., and by a commercial control that is now probably predominant over the strong American interests, as a result of an active government policy; in tungsten, where she controls territorially the greatest production (34 per cent.), and where she has commercial supremacy, controlling 54 per cent. (1917), the United States being second, with a commercial control of 35 per cent. (although its territorial control is only 17 per cent., about equal to that of Bolivia).

In manganese, Russia nominally leads, with 36 per cent. commercial control (55 per cent. of the world’s production in 1913); but under present conditions the effect is to give England the lead, with the United States in a position of minor importance. In chromium, Great Britain and France control through a syndicate, in which the British interest is in the majority, and the United States occupies a subordinate position with regard to both these countries. In gold production the British Empire controls 63 per cent.; the United States 23 per cent. In graphite in 1913 the British Empire was second to Austria-Hungary. It will now take the first place, and the United States will be a competitor. In asbestos, the British Empire produces 87 per cent. and controls commercially 63 per cent. of the world’s total, the United States being negligible in production, but second in commercial control (of Canadian asbestos). Mercury, territorially, is mainly in the hands of Spain, but the industry is actually dominated by England, under selling arrangements. Antimony has long been controlled by England, but control may revert to China, which means the possibility of its becoming Japanese. Mica, essential for electrical work, is controlled by Great Britain.

Only a few minerals remain in which most of the industry is not in the hands of either the United States or England: potash, formerly a German monopoly, and now divided between Germany and France, with Germany likely predominant; and mineral nitrates, in Chilean territory, with no marked national commercial control other than that of Chile.

Both America and England are strong in their grip on the world’s mineral industries--England much stronger than before the war and with a freshly set purpose to expand. A combination of these two countries would amount to a practical world control of minerals, and, with France, a little stronger control. This much for the present, but uncertain quantities loom shadowy, in the destiny of Russia, the future of Asia, and the progress of Japan. Japan is intently embarking on a course toward the domination of Asia, politically and commercially. Her present position is not so significant as the consideration of her rapid progress, the knowledge of the rich field in which she is to work, and a study of her militaristic methods, which remind one of those of Germany. Japan holds to no ally that will not (temporarily) aid her in her forward march, and in the weakness of Russia, China, and Korea she sees her opportunity. The war to her was an unmixed blessing. She took no chances, and seized enormous advantages.

There are three great figures of nations which seem to have been destined to be, in these times, of critical importance to the United States: in the past Germany; in the present, Great Britain; in the future, Japan. The German question was settled in the only possible way; for England the only sane solution is a closer-knit alliance; and for Japan, watchfulness and friendly intentions.

INDEX

Africa
Asbestos in, 394
Bauxite and aluminum in, 350
Chrome in, 114
Copper in, 246
Copper, exports to United States, 249; copper production, 246, 249
East Africa
Mica in, 383
Emery and corundum in, 359
Gold in, 473
Magnesite in, 368
North Africa
Copper in, 248
Phosphate in, 405
South Africa
Gold in, 473; gold, financial control, 488
Mica in, 384
Tin in, 323
West Africa
Copper in, 248
Gold in, 474

Alaska. See United States.

Algeria
Antimony in, 185
Iron ores of, 71
Lead in, 273
Phosphate in, 406
Zinc in, 303

Alloys
of antimony, 172; of chrome, 109; of manganese, 90; of molybdenum,
191; of nickel, 129; of platinum and iridium, 506; of tungsten, 142;
of vanadium, 163; of zirconium, 210

Alsace. See France and Germany.
Petroleum control in, 16
Potash control in, 418

Aluminum (bauxite)
Changes in practice, 349
Chapter on, 349

Aluminum
Control of aluminum, commercial, 352; in France, 353; in
Germany-Austria, 354; in Great Britain, 353; in Italy, 354; in
Norway, 353; in the Guianas, 353; in the United States and Canada,
352
Geographical distribution, 350; in Africa, 350; in Australia, 350;
in China, 351; in South America, 350; in the United States, 350; in
Europe, 350; in India, 350
Summary, 354
Uses of, 349
Works, capacity, 352
World’s output, 351

Antimony
Alloys of, 172
Chapter on, 172
Geographical distribution, 173, 174, 175; in Africa, 185; in
Algeria, 185; in Asia, 182; in Australia, 186; in Austria and
Hungary, 179; in Bolivia, 178; in Borneo, 182; in Canada, 177; in
China, 182, 183; in Europe, 179; in France, 179; in Germany, 180; in
Great Britain, 180; in India, 184; in Indo-China, 184; in Italy,
181; in Japan, 184; in Mexico, 177; in North America, 176; in Peru,
179; in Portugal, 182; in Russia, 182; in Serbia, 182; in South
Africa, 185; in South America, 178; in Spain, 182; in Turkey, 184;
in the United States, 176
Position of England, 187; position of France, 188; position of
Germany, 188; position of Japan, 188; position of United States, 187
Production of world, 186
Recent industrial conditions, 188
Summary, 189
Uses of, 172
World situation, 530

Argentina
Copper in, 245
Petroleum control in, 16

Asbestos in Africa, 394; in Asia, 394; in Canada and Newfoundland,
393; in Europe, 393; in Italy, 393; in Mexico, Central and South
America, 393; in the United States, 391
Anthophyllite, in United States, 392
Changes in practice, 389
Chapter on, 388
Chrysolite, in United States, 391
Control in Canada, 398; in South Africa, 398; in United States, 397
Control, political and commercial, 397
Future changes, 395
Geographical distribution, 391
Geological distribution, 389
Position of Great Britain, 399; position of the United States, 399
Substitutes for, 389
Summary, 400
Uses of, 388
World situation, 537

Asia
Antimony in, 182
Asbestos in, 394
Chrome in, 115
Coal in, 27
Copper in, 253
Emery and corundum in, 358
Gold in, 471
Graphite in, 374
Iron in, 74-77
Magnesite in, 368
Manganese in, 99
Mercury in, 341
Monazite in, 217
Petroleum in, 9
Phosphate in, 406
Tin in, 319, 323, 327, 329, 330
Tungsten in, 149
Zinc in, 303, 305, 306

Asia Minor
Chrome in, 115
Magnesite in, 368
Mercury in, 341

Australasia
Asbestos in, 395
Chrome in, 111
Copper in, 249
Gold in, 474
Lead in, 268, 269
Manganese in, 101
Nickel in, 134, 135
Phosphate in, 406
Tin in, 325, 326, 329
Tungsten in, 149
Zinc in, 302, 303

Australia
Antimony in, 186
Bauxite and aluminum in, 350
Coal position, 31
Copper, production in 1917, 250
Gold in, 475
Gold, political and commercial control, 490
Iron in, 80
Lead in, 268
Lead, commercial control, 282
Lead position, 288
Magnesite in, 368
Manganese in, 101
Mica in, 384
Molybdenum in, 191; molybdenum, commercial control, 197
Platinum in, 514
Radium in, 207
Tin in, 325
Tungsten, future of, 149
Uranium in, 207
Zinc in, 302; commercial control, 311

Austria
Copper in, 258
Lead position, 290
Magnesite control, 369
Mercury in, 340
Radium resources, 206; uranium resources, 206
Zinc in, 305

Austrian Empire
Chrome in, 118
Mercury in, 340

Austria and Hungary
Antimony in, 179
Iron, political and commercial control, 70; iron position, 87
Manganese in, 96

Balkan Peninsula
Chrome in, 118

Bauxite
Chapter on, 349
Geographical distribution, 350
Geological distribution, 350
Uses of, 349
World control, 351

Belgian Congo
Copper in, 246, 247
Manganese in, 101

Belgium
Coal in, 24, 26
Iron position, 87
Lead in, 276; lead position, 290
Manganese in, 96
Zinc position, 313

Bolivia
Antimony in, 178
Copper in, 245
Lead in, 276
Silver in, 498, 501
Tin in, 328; tin control, 333
Tungsten in, 150
Zinc in, 306

Borneo
Antimony in, 182
Manganese in, 101

Bowles, Oliver
Chapter on Asbestos, 388

Brazil
Chrome in, 120
Coal position, 31
Gold in, 470, 480
Iron, control, 78
Manganese in, 94
Mica in, 383
Monazite in, 217; monazite, commercial control, 218, 219, 220
Zirconium in, 212, 213; zirconium, political control, 213

British Empire. See Great Britain.

British Guiana
Gold in, 480
Petroleum control in, 17

Bulgaria
Iron in, 77
Lead in, 276

Burma
Lead in, 274; lead position, 289; lead smelters, 283
Petroleum in, 15
Tungsten, future of, 149

California
Chrome in, 119
Gold in, 466
Magnesite in, 365
Mercury in, 342
Platinum in, 513

Canada
Aluminum control in, 352
Antimony in, 177
Asbestos in, 393; asbestos control in, 398
Chrome in, 118
Copper, commercial control, 238
Emery and corundum in, 358
Gold in, 468
Iron, commercial control, 73
Lead in, 273; lead position, 289; lead smelters, 283
Magnesite in, 365
Manganese in, 94
Mica in, 382
Molybdenum in, 193; molybdenum, commercial control, 197
Nickel in, 133
Petroleum control in, 16
Phosphate in, 405
Platinum in, 513; platinum ownership, 518
Pyrite in, 452
Zinc in, 306

Cape Colony, Africa
Asbestos in, 394
Copper in, 248
Gold in, 473

Central America
Chrome in, 120
Copper in, 239
Gold in, 469; gold control, 485
Petroleum in, 17

Chile
Coal position, 31
Copper control, 241; copper, commercial control, 242; copper, United
States control, 243
Iron, control, 78
Manganese in, 96
Nitrate ores, 423; nitrate, outlook for, 441
Sulphur in, 458

China
Antimony in, 182
Coal position, 31, 47
Copper in, 255
Gold in, 473; gold, financial control, 488
Iron position, 88
Lead in, 273
Mica in, 384
Petroleum control in, 17
Silver position, 504
Tin in, 329; tin control, 332
Tungsten, future of, 149
Zinc in, 306

China and Manchuria
Iron, control of, 74

Chrome (chromite)
Alloys of, 109
in Australasia, 111
Chapter on, 109
Chief producing countries, 528
Commercial control of, 111-114; in France, 125, 126; in Great
Britain, 124; in the United States, 122, 123, 124
Control, commercial and political, 127
Geographical distribution, 111, 112
Geological distribution, 110; in Africa, 114; in Asia, 115; in Asia
Minor, 115; in the Austrian Empire, 118; in the Balkan Peninsula,
118; in Brazil, 120; in Canada, 118; in Central America, 120; in
Colombia, 120; in Cuba, 120; in Europe, 118; in Greece, 118; in
India, 117; in Japan, 117; in Macedonia, 118; in New Caledonia, 111;
in North America, 118; in Rhodesia, 114; in Russia, 117; in Serbia,
118; in South America, 120; in Turkey, 115; in the United States,
119; in Venezuela, 120
Position of France, 125; of Germany, 126; of Great Britain, 124; of
leading nations, 121; of Russia, 127; of the United States, 122
Production of, 113
Uses of, 109
World situation, 528

Coal
Asia and Australia, statistics for, 53
Changes in practice, 23
Chapter on, 22
Commercial control, 33
Control in Germany, 35; in Great Britain, 36; in the United States,
36, 37
Control, political, 33
Domination by Great Britain and the United States, 525
Europe, statistics for, 1913, 49, 50
Exports, and imports, 1913, 52, 53, 54
Geographical distribution, 25
Geological distribution, 23; in Africa, 26; in Europe, 24; in North
America, 24; in South America, 24
Imports, 1913, 52, 53, 54; in the United States, 524
Position of Australia, 31; of Brazil, 31; of Chile, 31; of China,
31, 47; of France, 46, 47; of Germany, 30, 46; of Great Britain, 30,
44; of Italy, 47; of Japan, 47; of Russia, 47; of South America, 31;
of United States, 43; of world, 32
Production, 1913, 49, 50, 51; production of principal countries, 26;
production of world, 27, 28; future production, 32
Reserves of world, 28
Situation as effected by World War, 39, 40, 41
South America, statistics for, 1913, 52; trade, probable changes in,
42
Summary of control, 524
United States, statistics for 1913, 49
Uses of, 22

Colombia
Chrome in, 120
Petroleum control in, 17
Platinum in, 512; platinum ownership, 517

Copper
in Africa, Katanga district, 246, 249
Chapter on, 223
Control, business, 225; control, geographical and financial, 224; in
Canada, commercial control, 238; in Chile, commercial control, 242;
United States control, 243; in Cuba and the Caribbean, commercial
control, 239; in Europe, control of, 257; control, summary, 531, 532
in Europe, production, 257
Geographical distribution, 227; in Africa, 246; in Argentina, 245;
in Asia, 253; in Australasia, 249; in Cape Colony, 248; in Chile,
241; in China, 255; in Europe, 256; in Germany, 258; in India, 256;
in Japan, 253; in Korea, 255; in New South Wales, 252; in North
America, 228; in Northern Africa, 248; in Norway, 256; in Peru, 244;
in Portugal, 256; in Queensland, Australia, 251; in Rhodesia, 248;
in Russia, 258; in South America, 241; in Southwest Africa, 248; in
Spain, 256; in Sweden, 256; in Tasmania, 252; in the Transvaal, 248;
in the United States, 228; in Venezuela, 245
in Japan, production and exports, 253
in Mexico, commercial control, 239
in Peru, commercial control, 244
Reserve of world, 226
in Russia, production, 259; reserves, 259
Summary of, 260
in United States, control by German interests, 232-235; control
through ownership of mines, 228; control through ownership of
smelters and refineries, 230
in United States, leading financial groups, 228, 229
in United States, ore reserves, 236
in United States, ownership and capacity of refineries, 231
in United States, porphyry copper reserves, 236
United States, shipments from Africa, to, 249
World situation, 531

Corbett, C. S.
Chapter on Nickel, 129

Cornwall
Tin in, 327

Corundum and Emery
Chapter on, 356
Uses of, 356
World situation, 535

Costa Rica
Manganese in, 94
Petroleum control in, 17

Cuba and the Caribbean
Copper, commercial control, 239

Cuba
Chrome in, 120
Iron control in, 71
Manganese in, 94
Nickeliferous iron in, 135
Pyrite in, 452

Cyprus
Pyrite in, 451

Czecho-Slovakia
Iron ores, 70
Lead in, 272

Dub, George D.
Chapter on Graphite, 372

Dutch East Indies
Petroleum control in, 14
Tin in, 329

Eddingfield, F. T.
Chapter on Iron, 55

Egypt
Lead in, 275; lead position of, 289
Manganese in, 101
Petroleum control in, 16
Phosphate rock in, 406
Zinc in, 306

Emery and Corundum
Chapter on, 356
Control, commercial, 360; control, political, 360
Future developments, 359
Geographical distribution, 357
Geological distribution, 357; in Africa, 359; in Asia, 358; in
Canada, 358; in Europe, 358; in the United States, 357
Position of England, 361; of France, 361; of Germany, 361; of Japan,
361; of the United States, 361
Production of, 362
Summary, 361
Uses of, 356
World situation, 535

England
See Great Britain.

Europe
Antimony in, 179
Asbestos in, 393
Bauxite and aluminum in, 350
Chrome in, 118
Coal in, 24-26
Copper in, 256
Copper production and control in, 257
Emery and corundum in, 358
Gold in, 470
Iron in, 57-60
Lead in, 269, 271
Magnesite in, 366
Manganese in, 96
Mercury in, 339
Petroleum in, 8, 9
Phosphate in, 405
Pyrite, exports and imports in, 258
Silver in, 498
Tungsten, future of, 151
Zinc in, 303, 305

Ferguson, H. G.
Chapter on Antimony, 172
Chapter on Graphite, 372

Ferro-Alloy Minerals, 526

Ferromanganese, 90

Fertilizer Minerals, 537

Florida
Phosphate rock in, 403

France
Aluminum control in, 353
Antimony in, 179; antimony position, 188
Chrome position, 125
Coal position, 46; coal control, 36
Copper control in Chile, 243; copper control in Mexico, 240
Emery and corundum position, 361
Gold position, 492
Graphite position, 377
Iron-ore production, 1911-1913, 65; iron, political and commercial
control, 64; iron position, 86
Lead in, 274; lead position, 290; lead smelters, 283
Manganese in, 96; manganese position in, 107
Mica, position of, 386
Molybdenum position, 198
Nickel position, 141
Petroleum position, 19
Phosphate rock in, 405
Pyrite in, 450
Tin position of, 335
Tungsten, control of, 156
Zinc, commercial control, 313

Fuel Minerals, 522

Gale, Hoyt S.
Chapter on Potash, 411

Galicia
Petroleum control in, 15

German Austria, lead in, 272

Germany
Antimony in, 180; antimony position of, 188
Chrome position, 126
Coal control, 35; coal position, 30, 46
Copper in, 258; copper control in Australasia, 250; in Chile, 243;
in Mexico, 240
Emery and corundum position, 361
Gold position, 492
Graphite position, 377
Iron position, 84; iron, political and commercial control, 63
Lead in, 270, 271; lead position, 289
Magnesite in, 367
Manganese in, 96; manganese position, 107
Mercury in, 340
Mica position, 387
Molybdenum position, 198
Nickel position, 141
Petroleum control in, 518
Potash in, 412; potash control in, 417
Radium in, 207
Tin position of, 335
Tungsten control, 159
Uranium in, 207
Zinc in, 301; zinc, commercial control, 311; zinc, position of, 313

Germany, Austria and Hungary
Pyrite in, 450

Gilbert, Chester G.
Chapter on Nitrogen, 421

Gold
Australia, control of, 490
Chapter on, 462
Control, commercial, 477; control in Central and South America, 485;
in China, 488; in India, 487; in Japan, 487; in Siberia, 486; in
Siberia and Russia, 485; in South Africa, 488; in United States and
Canada, 479; control, political and commercial, 478; control,
political, 476; control, financial in world, 480-483; future changes
in distribution, 476
Geographical occurrence, 464; in Asia, 471; in Australasia, 474; in
Australia, 475; in Central America, 469; in China, 473; in Europe,
470; in India, 471; in Japan, 472; in Korea, 472; in Mexico, 469; in
New Zealand, 475; in North America, 464; in Rhodesia, 474; in
Siberia, 471; in South Africa, 473; in South America, 469; in United
States, 464; in West Africa, 474
Geological occurrences, 463; in Mexico, financial control, 484; in
Transvaal, financial control, 488, 489
Position of France, 492; of Germany, 492; of Great Britain, 491; of
Japan, 492; of Russia, 492; of United States, 491
Production in world, 480-483; production of world 1880-1917, 465,
466
Rhodesia, financial control, 489
Summary, 493
Uses of, 462
World situation, 540

Graphite
Chapter on, 372
Control, political and commercial, 375; future developments, 374
Geographical distribution, 373
Geological occurrence, 373; in Madagascar, control, 375
Position of England, 377; of France, 377; of Germany, 377; of Japan,
377; of the United States, 376
Production of, 378; production, world capacity, 373
Summary, 377
Uses of, 372
World situation, 536

Great Britain
Aluminum control in, 353
Antimony in, 180; antimony position, 187
Asbestos position, 399
Chrome position, 124
Coal control, 36; coal position, 30, 44, 525
Control of minerals, 542
Copper control in Mexico, 240
Emery and corundum, position, 361
Gold position, 491
Graphite position, 377
Iron, political and commercial control, 66; iron-ore production, 66;
iron position, 85
Lead in, 272; lead position, 288, 289; lead smelters, 283
Manganese in, 97; manganese position, 106
Mica position, 386
Molybdenum position, 198
Nickel position, 141
Petroleum interests in Mexico, 14; petroleum policy, 523; petroleum
position, 18
Radium resources, 207
Silver market control, 503
Sulphur in, 458
Tin in, 319; tin control, 332; tin position, 335
Tungsten, control of, 154
Uranium resources, 207
Zinc in, 305; zinc position, 314

Greece
Chrome in, 118
Emery in, 358
Iron in, 73
Lead in, 273; lead smelters, 283
Magnesite in, 367
Manganese in, 97

Grout, Frank F.
Chapter on Coal, 22
Chapter on Graphite, 372

Guianas, The
Aluminum control in, 353
Gold in, 470

Hall, Durand A.
Chapter on Antimony, 172
Chapter on Mica, 380

Hanover
Petroleum control in, 16

Harder, E. C.
Chapter on Chromium, 109
Chapter on Iron, 55

Hess, Frank L.
Chapter on Tungsten, 142

Hewett, D. F.
Chapter on Manganese, 90

Hill, James M.
Chapter on Bauxite and Aluminum, 349
Chapter on Platinum, 506
Chapter on Tin, 317

Holland
Tin control, 332; tin position, 335

Hungary
Iron position, 87
Lead in, 276; lead position, 290
Mercury in, 339

Hyder, Frederick B.
Chapter on Lead, 261
Chapter on Zinc, 294

Idaho
Lead in, 266
Phosphate in, 404

India
Bauxite and aluminum in, 350
Chrome in, 117
Copper in, 256
Gold in, 471; gold, financial control, 487
Iron, control of, 75
Manganese in, 99
Mica in, 383
Monazite in, 217; monazite, commercial control, 220
Petroleum control in, 15
Tin in, 327
Zinc in, 306
Zirconium in, 213; zirconium, political control, 214

Indo-China
Coal in, 24
Zinc in, 305

Iridium
Uses of, 506

Iron
Chapter on, 55
Control, commercial, 61; control in Austria and Hungary, 70; control
in India, 75; control in Japan and Korea, 76; control in Cuba, 71;
control in France, 64, 65; control in Newfoundland, 71; control in
Russia, 68, 69; control in United States, 61, 62, 63; control,
political, 61
Four chief producing countries, 526
Geographical distribution, 57
Geological distribution, 55; iron in Australia, 80; in Brazil, 78;
in Bulgaria, 77; in Canada, 73; in Chile, 78; in Cuba, 71; in
Czecho-Slovakia, 70; in Greece, 73; in Italy, 72; in Jugoslavia, 71;
in Mexico, 79; in Newfoundland, 71; in New Zealand, 80; in Norway,
72; in Poland, 77; in Portugal, 77; in South Africa, 80; in Tunisia,
71; in Turkey, 77
Iron-ore and pig-iron production and movement, 1913, 60
Ore reserves in United States, 61
Pig-iron manufacture, statistics, 59
Position of Austria, 87; of Belgium, 87; of China, 88; of France,
86; of Germany, 84; of Great Britain, 85; of Hungary, 87; of Japan,
88; of Russia, 86; of the United States, 82
Production of the world, 1910-1917, 58

Italy
Antimony in, 181
Asbestos in, 393
Coal position, 47
Iron ores of, 72; iron, commercial control, 73
Lead in, 272; lead position, 290; lead smelters, 283
Manganese in, 97
Mercury in, 339
Petroleum control in, 17
Pyrite in, 450
Sulphur in, 453
Zinc in, 303

Japan
Antimony position, 188
Coal position, 47
Chrome in, 117
Copper in, 253, 254; copper production, 254
Emery and corundum position, 361
Gold in, 472; gold, financial control, 487; gold position, 492
Graphite position, 377
Iron control, 76; iron position, 88
Lead in, 275; lead position, 291
Manganese in, 100, 101
Molybdenum position, 198
Petroleum control in, 16; petroleum position of, 20
Pyrite in, 452
Silver position, 499
Sulphur in, 457
Tin in, 330
Tungsten control, 156
Zinc in, 303; zinc position, 314

Java
Manganese in, 103

Jugoslavia
Iron ores, 71

Katanga district, Africa
Copper in, 246, 249

Katz, Frank J.
Chapter on Emery and Corundum, 356

Korea
Copper in, 255
Gold in, 472; gold, financial control, 487

Lead
Changes in practice, 262
Chapter on, 261
Control in Australia, 282; in Mexico, 282, 283; in Spain, 282
Control, commercial, 277
Control, commercial, of pig-lead output, 287; in United States, 279
Control, political, 277
Control through trade combinations, 283, 284, 285, 286
Consumption, 1913, 278
Geographical distribution, 264; in Algeria, 273; in Australia, 268;
in Belgium, 276; in Bolivia, 276; in Bulgaria, 276; in Burma, 274;
in Canada, 273; in China, 273; in Colorado, 267; in Czecho-Slovakia,
272; in Egypt, 275; in France, 274; in German Austria, 272; in
Germany, 270, 271; in Great Britain, 272; in Greece, 273; in
Hungary, 276; in Idaho, 266; in Italy, 272; in Japan, 275; in
Mexico, 271; in Missouri, 265; in New South Wales, 268; in Poland,
270; in Peru, 274; in Portugal, 276; in Queensland, 269; in
Rhodesia, 276; in Russia, 275; in Siberia, 275, 283; in Southwest
Africa, 273; in Spain, 269; in Sweden, 276; in Tasmania, 269; in
Tunis, 272; in Turkey, 273; in the United States, 265; in Upper
Silesia, 270; in Utah, 267; in Western Australia, 269
Geological occurrence, 263
Position of Australia, 288; of Austria, 290; of Belgium, 290; of the
British Empire, 288; of the British Isles, 289; of Burma, 289; of
Canada, 289; of Egypt, 289; of France, 290; of Germany, 289; of
Hungary, 290; of Japan, 291; of Spain, 291; of the United States,
287
Lead-silver smelters, Mexico, 282; lead-silver smelters, United
States, 281
Production, 1913, 264, 278; production, future changes, 276
Smelted in 1913, 278
Smelters in Burma, 283; in Canada, 283; in France, 283; in Great
Britain, 283; in Greece, 283; in Italy, 283; in Turkey, 283
Summary, 291
United States, financial groups, 281
World situation, 532

Macedonia
Chrome in, 118

Madagascar
Graphite control, 375

Magnesite
Chapter on, 363
Control, political and commercial, 368; control in Austria, 369;
control in the United States, 368
Geographical distribution, 364; in Africa, 368; in Asia, 368; in
Australia, 368; in California, 365; in Canada, 365; in Europe, 366;
in Germany, 367; in Greece, 367; in Mexico, 366; in North America,
365; in South America, 366; in the United States, 365; in
Washington, 366
Geological occurrence, 363
Summary, 370
Uses of, 363
World situation, 536

Malay Peninsula
Tin in, 319; tin production, 1917, 321

Manganese
Changes in practice, 91
Chapter on, 90
Control, commercial, 103; control, political and commercial, 103
Geographical distribution, 93, 104; in Africa, 101; in Asia, 99; in
Australasia, 101; in Australia, 101; in Austria and Hungary, 96; in
the Belgian Congo, 101; in Belgium, 96; in Borneo, 101; in Brazil,
94; in Canada, 94; in Chile, 96; in Costa Rica, 94; in Cuba, 94; in
Egypt, 101; in Europe, 96; in France, 96; in Germany, 96; in Gold
Coast of West Africa, 101; in Great Britain, 97; in Greece, 97; in
India, 99; in Italy, 97; in Japan, 100; in Java, 103; in Mexico, 94;
in New Zealand, 101; in North America, 93; in Panama, 94; in the
Philippine Islands, 101; in Portugal, 97; in Russia, 97, 98; in
South Africa, 101; in South America, 94; in Spain, 99; in Sweden,
99; in Tunis, 101; in Uruguay, 96
Geological distribution, 91, 92
Position of England, 106; of France, 107; of Germany, 107; of the
United States, 106
Principal sources of, 527
Production of, 102
Summary, 108
Uses of, 90
World situation, 527

Mercury
Changes in distribution, 343
Changes in practice, 344
Chapter on, 337
Control, commercial, 346; control, political, 345
Geographical distribution, 339; in Alaska, 341; in Asia, 341; in
Asia Minor, 341; in Austrian Empire, 340; in California, 342; in
Europe, 339; in Germany, 340; in Hungary, 340; in Italy, 340; in
Mexico, 343; in Nevada, 343; in North America, 341; in Portugal,
340; in Russia, 341; in Serbia, 341; in South America, 343; in
Texas, 343
Geological distribution, 338
Summary, 347
Uses of, 337
World situation, 535

Mesothorium
Uses of, 216
World situation, 531

Mexico
Antimony in, 177
Coal in, 28
Copper in, commercial control, 239
Gold in, 469; gold, financial control, 484
Iron, control, 79
Lead in, 271; lead, commercial control, 282, 283
Magnesite in, 366
Manganese in, 94
Mercury in, 343
Molybdenum in, 195; molybdenum, commercial control, 197
Petroleum, commercial control, 14
Pyrite in, 452
Sulphur in, 458
Tungsten, future of, 151
Zinc in, 305

Mica
Changes in practice, 381
Chapter on, 380
Control, political and commercial, 385
Future developments, 384
Geographical distribution, 383; in Australia, 384; in Brazil, 382;
in Canada, 382; in China, 384; in East Africa, 382; in India, 382;
in South Africa, 384; in the United States, 382
Geological distribution, 382
Position of Germany, 387; position of Great Britain, 386; of France,
386; of the United States, 386
Substitutes for, 381
Summary, 387
Uses of, 380
World situation, 536

Minerals
World control of, 541

Missouri
Lead in, 265
Zinc in, 298, 300

Molybdenum
Chapter on, 191
Control, commercial, 197; in Australia, 197; in Canada, 197; in
Mexico, 197; in Norway, 197; in United States, 197
Control, political, 196
Geographical distribution, 191, 199; in Australia, 191; in Canada,
193; in Mexico, 195; in North America, 193; in Norway, 191; in the
United States, 193
Geological distribution, 191
Position of France, 198; of Germany, 198; of Great Britain, 198; of
the United States, 198
Reserves, 196
Summary, 200
Treatment of ores, 196
Uses of, 191
World situation, 530

Monazite
Chapter on, 216
Control, commercial, 218, 219, 220, 221
Control, political, 218
Geographical distribution, 216; in Brazil, 217; in India, 217; in
the United States, 216
Geological distribution, 216
Position of the United States, 221
Treatment practice, 218
Uses of, 216

Moore, R. B.
Chapter on Molybdenum, 191; Chapter on Monazite, Thorium, and
Mesothorium, 216; Chapter on Vanadium, 163

Morocco
Iron ores, 71
Phosphate in, 406

Morris, H. C.
Chapter on Zirconium, 209

Nevada
Mercury in, 343

New Caledonia
Chrome in, 111
Nickel in, 134; nickel, commercial control, 139

Newfoundland
Iron ores, 71

New South Wales
Copper in, 252
Lead in, 268
Platinum in, 514
Tin in, 326
Zinc in, 302

New Zealand
Gold in, 475
Iron in, 80
Manganese in, 101
Petroleum control, 17

Nickel
Alloys, 129
Changes in practice, 130
Chapter on, 129
Commercial control, 138
Control, commercial, in New Caledonia, 139; in Sudbury district,
Canada, 138, 139
Control, political, 138
Future of, 136
Garnierite and lateritic type deposits, 134
Geographical distribution, 132; nickel in Canada, 133
Geological distribution, 131; in Norway, 134; in United States, 134
Position of France, 141; of Germany, 141; of Great Britain, 141; of
the United States, 141
Production, 136
Sudbury district, Canada, 133
Sulphide type deposits, 133
Veins, 135
World situation, 528

Nickeliferous iron, Cuba, 135

Nigeria
Tin in, 323

Nitrates
By-product, outlook for, 443
Fixation, outlook for, 442
Ore deposits in Chile, 422
Summary, 444, 445
World situation, 539

Nitrogen
Ammonia fixation, 437
Arc fixation, 437
Atmospheric, 421
Bacterial fixation, 439
By-product compounds, 434
Chapter on, 421
Consumption for fertilizers, 435
Control, commercial aspects, 433; general aspects, 425
Cyanamid fixation, 438
Cyanide fixation, 438
Fixation compounds, 437
Geological distribution, 421; in carboniferous deposits, 425
Natural compounds, 434
Nitride fixation, 438
Organic, 424
Outlook for, 440
Production statistics, 426; production, world developments, 428
Recent developments and changes, 439
Sources, 427
United States, developments in, 430
Uses of, 421
Utilization cycles, 427
World situation, 431

Non-ferrous Metals, 531

Non-metallic Minerals, 535

North America
Antimony in, 176
Chrome in, 118
Coal in, 24, 25
Copper in, 228
Gold in, 464
Iron in, 57, 61, 62, 63
Magnesite in, 365
Manganese in, 93
Mercury in, 341
Molybdenum in, 193
Petroleum in, 5-8
Silver in, 501
Tungsten, future of, 150

Northrup, John D.
Chapter on Petroleum, 1

Norway
Aluminum control in, 353
Copper in, 256
Iron ores, 72
Molybdenum in, 191; molybdenum, commercial control, 197
Nickel in, 134
Pyrite in, 449

Orchard, John E.
Chapter on Gold, 462

Oregon
Platinum in, 513

Osmiridium
in Canada, 513; in Colombia, 512; in the United States, 513

Osmium
Uses of, 506

Paine, F. W.
Chapter on Copper, 223
Chapter on Silver, 495

Palladium
in Canada, 513
in platinum ores, 510
Uses of, 506

Panama
Manganese in, 94
Petroleum control in, 17

Penrose, R. A. F. Jr.
Chapter on Radium and Uranium, 201

Peru
Antimony in, 179
Copper in, 244
Lead in, 274
Tungsten, future of, 150
Vanadium in, 165
Zinc in, 307

Petroleum
Changes in operating and refining practices, 4
Chapter on, 1
Control, commercial of, 11, 12; in Alsace, 16; in Argentina, 16; in
British Guiana, 17; in Canada, 16; in China, 17; in Colombia, 17; in
Costa Rica, 17; in Dutch East Indies, 14; in Egypt, 16; in Galicia,
15; in Hanover, 16; in India, 15; in Italy, 17; in Japan, 16; in
Mexico, 14; in New Zealand, 17; in Panama, 17; in Persia, 17; in
Trinidad, 16; in Venezuela, 17; in the United States, 12, 13
Control, political, 9
Future developments, 6
Geographical distribution, 6
Geological distribution, 5
Policy of Great Britain, 523
Position of France, 19; of Germany, 19; of Great Britain, 18; of
Japan, 20; of the United States, 17
Production of, 10
Substitutes for, 3
Summary, 20
Summary of control, 522
Uses of, 3

Persia
Petroleum control in, 17

Philippine Islands
Manganese in, 101

Phosphate Rock
Changes and developments, 408
Chapter on, 402
Control, commercial, 408
Geographical occurrence, 403; phosphate in Africa, 405; in Algeria,
406; in Asia and Australasia, 406; in Canada, 405; in Egypt, 406; in
Europe, 405; in Florida, 403; in France, 405; in Idaho, 404; in
Morocco, 406; in Siberia, 406; in South America, 405; in South
Carolina, 403; in Tennessee, 404; in Tunis, 405; in the United
States, 403; in Utah, 404; in Wyoming, 404
Geological occurrence, 402
Position of leading nations, 409; of the United States, 409
Summary, 409
United States reserves, 404
Uses of, 402
World situation, 538

Platinum
Chapter on, 506
Control, commercial, 517; control of Canadian platinum, 518; of
Colombian platinum, 517; control by Germany, 518; by the United
States, 519
Control, political, 516
Control through ownership of mines, 517
Control through ownership of reduction plants, 518
Crude analyses of, 509; purity of, 509
Future changes in distribution, 515
Geographical distribution, 507, 510; platinum in Alaska, 514; in
Australia, 514; in California, 513; in Canada, 513; in Colombia,
512; in New South Wales, 514; in Oregon, 513; in Russia, 510; in
Spain, 515; in Tasmania, 514; in the United States, 513; in
Washington, 514; in Wyoming, 514
Geological distribution, 508
Production of world, 1909-1917, 508
Russian control, 516; Russian ownership, 517
Sources of crude, 1909-1917, 511
Summary, 521
Uses of, 506, 507
World situation, 519, 540

Poland
Coal in, 49, 50
Iron in, 77
Lead in, 275
Zinc in, 304

Portugal
Antimony in, 182
Copper in, 256
Iron in, 77
Lead in, 276
Manganese in, 97
Mercury in, 340
Pyrite in, 448
Tin in, 330
Tungsten, future, 151

Potash
Alsatian control, 418
Changes in commercial practice, 415
Chapter on, 411
Control, commercial and political, 417
Geographical distribution, 412; in Germany, 412; in the United
States, 414
Geological distribution, 415
German control, 417
Nature of, 411
Production of world, 1917, 416
Spanish control, 419
Summary, 419
Uses of, 411
World situation, 538

Precious Metals, 540

Pyrite and Sulphur
Chapter on, 447
Control, commercial, 460; control, political, 459
in Europe, exports, and imports, 258
Geographical distribution, 448; in Canada, 452; in Cuba, 452; in
Cyprus, 451; in France, 450; in Germany, Austria, and Hungary, 450;
in Italy, 450; in Japan, 452; in Mexico, 452; in Norway and Sweden,
449; in Russia, 450; in Spain and Portugal, 448; in the United
States, 451
Substitutes for, 448
Uses of, 447

Queensland (Australia)
Copper in, 251
Gold in, 475
Lead in, 269
Tin in, 326
Tungsten in, 148

Quicksilver
Chapter on, 337
See Mercury.

Radium
Chapter on, 201
Future prospects, 208
Geographical and geological distribution, 203; in Australia, 207; in
England, 207; in Germany, 207
Ores of, 202
Production, United States, 205
United States resources, 204
Uses of, 201

Ransome, E. L.
Chapter on Mercury, 337

Rhodesia (Africa)
Chrome in, 114
Copper in, 248
Gold in, 474; gold, financial control, 489
Lead in, 276

Rhodium
Uses of, 506

Rice, George S.
Chapter on Coal, 22

Roumania
Petroleum control in, 15

Russia
Antimony in, 182
Chrome in, 117
Chrome position, 127
Coal position, 47
Copper in, 258
Copper production and reserves, 259
Gold control, 485; gold position, 492
Iron ore reserves, 68; iron, political and commercial control, 68
Iron position, 86
Lead in, 275
Manganese in, 97, 98
Mercury in, 341
Petroleum control in, 13
Platinum in, 510; platinum control in, 516; platinum ownership, 517
Pyrite in, 450
Tin position, 335
Zinc position, 315

Ruthenium
Uses of, 506

Serbia
Antimony in, 182
Chrome in, 118
Mercury in, 341

Shale-Oil
Future of, 4

Siam
Tin control, 333
Tin in, 329
Tungsten in, 148

Siberia
Gold in, 471
Gold control, 485, 486
Lead in, 275, 283
Mercury in, 341
Phosphate in, 406

Silesia
Lead in, 270

Silver
By-product, proportion of output, 498
Changes in practice, 500
Chapter on, 495
Chinese and Japanese position, 504
Coinage, 496
Control, by England, 503
Control, commercial, 500
Control, financial, 501
Control, political, 500
Control, territorial, 501
Control through relations to consumers, 503; control through trade
combinations, 502
Control through ownership of mines, 500
Control through ownership of reduction plants, 501
Future changes in, 499
Geographical distribution, 498, 499
Geological age of deposits, 497, 499
Production, in world, 498
Rich mines, proportion of output, 498
Summary, 504
Uses of, 495
World situation, 540

South Africa
Antimony in, 185
Asbestos, control in, 397
Coal in, 24, 25, 26
Gold, financial control, 488
Gold in, 473
Iron in, 80
Manganese in, 101
Tin in, 324
Zinc in, 306

South America
Antimony in, 178
Asbestos in, 393
Bauxite and aluminum in, 350
Chrome in, 120
Coal position, 31
Copper control, 241
Gold in, 469; gold control, 485
Magnesite in, 366
Manganese in, 94
Mercury in, 343
Phosphate in, 405
Tungsten, future of, 150

South Carolina
Phosphate in, 403

Southwest Africa
Lead in, 273

Spain
Antimony in, 182
Copper in, 256
Iron, political and commercial control, 67
Lead in, 269; commercial control, 282; lead position, 291
Manganese in, 99
Platinum in, 515
Potash in, 419
Pyrite in, 448
Tin in, 330
Tungsten, 148
Zinc in, 304

Spiegeleisen, 90

Spurr, J. E.
Chapter by, 522
Chapter on petroleum, introduction to, 1

Steel and the Ferro-Alloy Minerals, 526

Stockett, A. W.
Chapter on Potash, 411

Stone, R. W.
Chapter on Magnesite, 363
Chapter on Phosphate Rock, 402

Sulphur
Changes in practice, 459
Geographical distribution, 453; in Chile, 458; in Italy and Sicily,
453; in Japan, 457; in Mexico, 458; in the United States, 455
Position of the principal powers, 461; position of the United
States, 461

Sulphur and Pyrite
Chapter on, 447
Control, commercial, 460
Control, political, 459
Substitutes for, 448
Uses of, 447

Sweden
Copper in, 256
Iron, political and commercial control, 69
Lead in, 276
Manganese in, 99
Pyrite in, 449
Zinc in, 305

Tasmania
Copper in, 252
Lead in, 269
Nickel in, 134
Platinum, in, 514
Tin in, 325
Zinc in, 303

Tennessee
Phosphate in, 404

Texas
Mercury in, 343
Petroleum in, see United States
Sulphur in, 455

Thorium
Chapter on, 216
Uses of, 216
World situation, 531

Tin
Chapter on, 317
Control, commercial, of mines, 333; of smelting, 334
Control, political, 332, 333
Geographical distribution, 319, 320; in Africa, 323; in Australia,
325; in Austria, 331; in the Belgian Congo (Katanga), 331; in
Bolivia, 328; in the British Empire, 319; in British Nigeria, 323;
in China, 329; in Cornwall, 327; in the Dutch East Indies, 329; in
Germany, 331; in India, 327; in Italy, 331; in Japan, 330; in the
Malay Peninsula, 319; in New South Wales, 326; in Portugal, 330; in
Queensland, 326; in Russia, 331; in Siam, 329; in South Africa, 324;
in Southwest Africa, 331; in Spain, 330; in Tasmania, 325; in the
United States, 330
Geological distribution, 318
Position of France, 335; of Germany, 335; of Great Britain, 335; of
Holland, 335; of Russia, 335; of the United States, 335
Production of world, 1913-1918, 321; producing localities of the
world, 320; production, future changes, 332; production in the Malay
Peninsula, 322
Uses of, 317
World situation, 534

Transvaal, Africa
Copper in, 248
Gold, financial control, 489

Trinidad
Petroleum control, 16

Tungsten
Alloys of, 142
Changes in practice, 143
Chapter on, 142
Control, commercial, 152; British control, 154; French control, 156;
German control, 159; Japanese control, 156; United States control,
156, 159
Control, political, 152
Future of Asia, 149; of Australia, 149; of Bolivia, 150; of Burma,
149; of China, 149; of Europe, 151; of Mexico, 151; of North
America, 150; of Peru, 150; of Portugal, 151; of South America, 150;
of the United States, 150
Geographical distribution, 146
Geological distribution, 145
Production, 147, 148, 152
Substitutes for, 142
United States imports, 157
Uses of, 142
World situation, 529

Tunis
Iron ores in, 71
Lead ores in, 272
Manganese in, 101
Phosphate in, 405

Turkey
Chrome in, 115
Iron in, 77
Lead in, 273

United States
Aluminum, control of, 352
Antimony in, 176; antimony position, 187
Asbestos in, 391; asbestos control, 397; asbestos position, 399
Bauxite and aluminum in, 350
Chrome in, 119; chrome position, 122
Coal control, 36, 37, 524; coal position, 43
Control of minerals, 542
Copper, control of, 228
Copper control in Chile, 241-243; in Mexico, 239
Copper in, 228
Copper shipments from Africa, 249
Emery and corundum in, 357, 358; emery and corundum position, 361
Gold in, 464; gold control, 477, 478; gold position, 491
Graphite position, 376
Iron, political and commercial control, 61
Iron-ore reserves, 61; iron position, 82
Lead in, 265; lead, commercial control, 279; lead, financial groups,
281; lead position, 287; lead-silver smelters, 281
Magnesite in, 365; magnesite control, 368
Manganese position, 106
Mica in, 383; mica position, 386
Molybdenum in, 193; molybdenum, commercial control, 197; molybdenum,
position of, 198
Monazite in, 216; monazite, commercial control, 218-221; monazite
position, 221
Nickel in, 134; nickel position, 141
Nitrogen developments in, 430, 432
Petroleum position, 17
Phosphate in, 403; phosphate position, 409
Platinum in, 513; control of platinum, 519
Potash in, 414
Pyrite in, 451
Radium resources, 204
Silver in, 498, 501
Sulphur in, 455
Tin in, 330; tin position, 335
Tungsten control, 156, 160; future of tungsten, 150; imports of
tungsten, 157; tungsten, proposed tariff, 161
Uranium resources, 204
Vanadium in, 166
Zinc in, 297; zinc, commercial control, 309; zinc position, 313
Zirconium in, 213

Uranium
Chapter on, 201
Future prospects, 208
Geographical and geological distribution, 203; in Australia, 207; in
England, 207; in Germany, 207
Ores of, 202
Production, Austria, 206; production, Europe, 206; production,
United States, 205
United States resources, 204
Uses of, 202
World situation, 531

Uruguay
Manganese in, 96

Vanadium
Alloys of, 163
Changes in practice, 164
Chapter on, 163
Control, commercial, 165, 170
Control, political, 170
Future developments, 170
Geographical distribution, 165, 169; in Arizona, 166; in California,
166; in Colorado, 166; in Peru, 165; in the United States, 166
Geological distribution, 165
Position of leading nations, 170
Uses of, 163
World situation, 529

Venezuela
Chrome in, 120
Copper in, 245
Gold in, 470
Petroleum control in, 17

Washington
Magnesite in, 366
Platinum in, 514

White, A. G.
Chapter on Pyrite and Sulphur, 447

Who Owns the Earth?
Chapter by J. E. Spurr, 522; Who owns the earth? 541

World Control of Minerals, 541

Wyoming
Phosphate in, 404
Platinum in, 514