Chapter M: Antoninus Caracalla. Macrinus. Elagabalus. Alexander Severus (7)

_Franks_, their origin, iii, 277;
break into the Roman territory, 279;
their kingdom on the Lower Rhine, 280;
Probus wages war against them, 288;
settled in Northern Brabant, 308;
acknowledge the supremacy of Rome, 308;
dwell from Belgium to the Saone, 340.

_Freedmen_, in the tribes and the senate through Appius Claudius Cæcus,
i, 516;
combined by Fabius in the four _tribus urbanæ_, 522;
number of them, iii, 163;
had much to do with the demoralized state of the Roman world, 194;
very often mentioned in inscriptions until the middle of the third
century, 274.

_French army_ on its retreat from Russia, ii, 80;
that of 1812 inferior to that of 1807, 106.

_French literature_, difference between Paris and Geneva, iii, 234;
marked difference between the literatures of Northern and Southern
France, 287.

_French restoration_, state of feeling in France at its beginning, i,
308.

_Fregellæ_, colony, i, 456, 467;
importance of the place, 491;
in possession of the Samnites, 491;
conquered by the Romans, 496;
fortified by them, 497;
Pyrrhus takes it by storm, 562;
Roman colony, ii, 106;
the people very brave, 112;
destroyed, 291.

_Freinsheim_, John, his supplements to the books of Livy, i, 70;
to be reckoned among the ornaments of Germany, 70;
lives entirely in his books, ii, 347.

_Frederic II._, emperor, his will to be traced in his laws, i, 301.

_Frederic the Great_ after the battle of Kunersdorf, i, 560; iii, 278;
eight and twenty years old when he conquers Silesia, ii, 64;
has an aversion to sieges, 93;
writes his memoirs in French, 328;
has never served any military apprenticeship, iii, 30.

FRENA, the curbs and bits of the Romans exceedingly cruel, i, 484.

_Frentanians_, i, 419;
separate themselves from the Samnites, 476;
true to the Romans in the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109.

_Freret_, his scepticism, i, 4.

_Friesland_, the landed estates rated according to pounds, i, 179;
the seven maritime provinces, 110.

_Frisian tribes_, subdued under Tiberius, become afterwards free, iii,
216.

_Fritigern_, leader of the Visigoths, iii, 318.

_Fronto_, tutor of M. Antoninus, iii, 233, 245;
correspondence, 238;
importance of his letters, 245;
the year of his death, 247.

_Frusino_, a Hernican town, i, 247, 502;
receives a Roman provost to administer justice, 503.

_Fucinus_, Lake, called at present Celano, i, 103.

_Fuffetius Mettius_, general of the Albans, i, 127;
traitor to Rome, 128.

_Fulvia_, wife of M. Antonius, iii, 102;
withdraws to Asia, 103.

_Cn. Fulvius_, i, 528, 529.

_Cn. Pulvius_, proconsul, defeated by Hannibal near Herdonia, ii, 119.

_M. Fulvius Flaccus._ See Flaccus.

_Q. Fulvius Flaccus._ See Flaccus.

_C. Fundanius_, a Roman general, his deportment towards Hamilcar, ii,
37.

_Fundi_, i, 453;
joins with the Privernates against Rome, i, 466;
severely punished by Rome, 466.

_Furius Bibaculus_, iii, 129.

_Furius._ See Camillus.

G

_Gabii_, Tarquinius Superbus takes it by stratagem, i, 197;
alliance with Rome, 197;
devastated in Dionysius’ time, 275.

_Gabinius_, Cicero’s defence of him, a sacrifice made to the republic,
iii, 20;
consul, 35;
ἀλιτήριος, 35;
buys the province of Syria of Clodius, 35;
routed by Octavius, 59.

_Gades_, older than Carthage, ii, 1;
treated as a dependent, 5;
treachery against Mago, 128;
alliance with the Romans, 128.

GÆSATI, from _gæsum_, a javelin, ii, 55.

_Gaius_, his error, ii, 41; iii, 237.

_Galations_, i, 370;
called Gallo Grecians, ii, 181;
live in thirty free towns, 181;
defeated by Antiochus Soter, 182;
attacked and defeated by Attalus, 182;
besieged by Cn. Manlius, 182;
retain the Celtic language down to the time of Augustus, 182;
their origin, 322.

_Galba_, Sulpicius, his conduct towards the Lusitanians, ii, 224;
impeached by Cato, 224.

_Galba_, P. Sulpicius, devastates Dyme, Oreus, and Ægina, ii, 150;
consul, conducts the war against Philip, 150.

_Galba_, Servius Sulpicius, proclaimed emperor in Spain, iii, 193;
light thrown on Galba by Tacitus’ Historiæ, 194;
he was old and under the influence of unworthy people, 194;
marches against Gaul, 194;
his covetousness, 195;
adopts Pisa, 195;
murdered, 196.

_Galenus_, his name was, without doubt, Tiberius Claudius Galenus, iii,
193;
lived in the times of the Antonines, iii, 235, 237.

_Galeria Faustina_, sister of the elder Annius Verus, iii, 236.

_Galerius_, the Cæsar in the East, iii, 295;
his surname Armentarius, 295;
campaign against Persia, 296;
marches against Maxentius, 298.

_Galla_, sister of Valentinian the second, iii, 321.

_Galla Placidia._ See Placidia.

_Gallia Cisalpina_ appears too large on the maps, i, 371.

_Gallia Cispadana_, united by the _Lex Julia_ as to political rights
with Italy, ii, 165; iii, 52.

_Gallienus_, P. Licinius, son and colleague of Valerian, iii, 279;
a worthless prince, 281;
acknowledges the empire of Palmyra, 282.

_Gallo Grecians._ See Galatians.

_Gallus_, son of Julius Constantius, iii, 304;
holds the name of Constantius, and the dignity of Cæsar, 306;
prisoner in Cæsarea, educated, 306;
executed, 307.

_Gallus Ælius_, iii, 162.

_Gallus_, Cornelius, governor of Egypt, Virgil introduces his praise in
the fourth book of Georgics, iii, 138.

_Gallus Trebonianus._ See Trebonianus.

_Garamantes_, inhabitants of Garama in Fezzan, iii, 162.

_Gauda_, iii, 3.

_Gaudentius_, son of Ælius, iii, 341.

_Gaul_ dreadfully devastated by the Cimbri and Teutones, which accounts
for its weakened state in the time of Cæsar, ii, 324;
rebellion in Cæsar’s time, iii, 41;
an exhausted country, 42;
much money in circulation, 45;
Gallia Transpadana receives the franchise from Julius Cæsar, 87;
registration of land changed, 125;
their fine cavalry, 156;
the surname of Julius given to all who bore the Roman franchise, 192;
condition under the first emperors, 202;
abandoned by Constantius to the Alemanni and the Franks, 307;
literary importance, 326;
misery, 326;
Roman possessions in the north, 346.

_Gaul_, a Gaul and a Gallic woman, a Greek and a Greek woman
sacrificed, i, 150.

_Gauls_, Roman citizens, presented by the emperor Claudius with the
right of admission into the senate, i, 87;
Gauls and Ligurians less like than Gauls and Cymri, 99;
the Gallic migration in the time of Tarquinius Priscus, 364;
their friendly reception among the Ligurians, 364;
can only have passed the Little St. Bernard, or over the Simplon,
365;
the Cymri distinct from the Celts but of the same stock, 367;
their migrations, 368;
in the inmost recesses of the Adriatic, 369;
in Sirmium, 369;
origin of their war with Rome, 373;
their resemblance to the Highlanders of the present day, 374;
already changed in the time of Cæsar, 374;
their appalling cruelty, 374;
have the feudal system and a priestly government, 375;
the account of their wealth exaggerated, 375;
the whole army not in Rome, but some in the country, 381;
try to storm the capital, 381;
called back by an insurrection of the Alpine peoples into Lombardy,
382;
willing to withdraw on payment of a ransom, 382;
march into Apulia from Rome and offer aid to Dionysius, 384;
the Gallic conquest must be placed four years later than it has been,
400;
the Sennonian Gauls appear in the year 393, 408;
migrate as far as the Anio, 409;
wander even to Apulia, 409;
appear before the Colline gate, 411;
third invasion in the year 405, 414;
retire to the Alban hills, the Monte Cavo, 414;
must have gone more than once to Apulia, 468;
peace with Rome, 499;
peacefully settled in the Romagna, 526;
their impetuosity, 531;
the Sennonian Gauls defeat Metellus, 546;
their land devastated by Dolabella, 546;
the whole nation exterminated, 547;
their migrations no more turned against Italy but against Thrace and
Macedon, 547, 565;
fight in great masses, ii, 10;
the Sennonian territory, 50;
war with the Romans, 52;
conquer near Φαίσολα, 53;
their armour, 55;
conquered near Telamon, 55;
routed near Clastidium, 56;
leagued with Hannibal, 75;
rebellion of the Gauls, 83;
march to Thrace, 181;
in Asia, 181;
war in the Alps with Rome, 220;
the Cimbri not Gaels, but akin to the Cymri, 322.

_Gaurus_, a mountain near Nuceria not far from Cumæ and the promontory
of Misenum, i, 427;
Valerius encamps there, 429.

_Gela_, conquered by the Carthaginians, i, 575;
destroyed, ii, 4.

_Gellius._ See Egnatius.

_A. Gellius_, a very clever man, enjoying the literature of the earlier
times, i, 32;
refutation of his errors, iii, 112;
his book must be dated from the reign of M. Antoninus, 233;
ignorance of his own age and of antiquity, 233;
writes after the death of Fronto, 247.

_Cn. Gellius_, a credulous, uncritical writer, should be placed in the
second half of the seventh century, i, 28, 117.

_Gelon_, in 262, at most only prince of Gela, i, 286;
comes to the throne of Syracuse after the battle of Salamis, ii, 3;
son of Hiero, 114.

_Genabum_, the present Orleans, iii, 47.

Γένη in Attica, their number 360 is in imitation of the solar year, i,
82.

_Geneva_, the heart of the town is the _cité_, the _bourg_ the suburbs,
its inhabitants _bourgeois_, i, 167;
its institutions, 437;
constitutional struggles, ii, 347.

_Genitives_ of _-um_, instead of _-orum_, come from an old contracted
nominative, i, 160;
in _-i_, of words of the third declension, 270, note.

_Genseric_, Gonderic’s brother, king of the Vandals, iii, 337;
faithless, 337;
conquers Rome, 342;
burns the Roman fleet at Carthagena, 344;
treachery, 344.

GENTES (γένη), national division with the ancients, i, 157, 158;
definition by Pollux, 159;
by Cicero, 159;
had lost much of their consequence in Cicero’s days, 159;
their number always fixed, 161;
all the families in it were not noble, 165;
send their representatives into the senate, 300.

GENTES MINORES, i, 162.

_Genthius_, king of Illyricum, ii, 211;
imprisoned, 215.

_Gentile names_, Etruscan in -na, ii, 403, note.

_Cn. Genucius_, a tribune of the people, arraigns the former consuls
and is murdered, i, 267;
his law, 517.

GENUS and GENS, the same word, i, 160.

_Geography_, mathematical geography flourishing, iii, 237.

_Gepidæ_, a tribe of the Goths, iii, 317;
in Illyricum, 329.

_Gergovia_ above Clermont, iii, 47.

_Germans_, the first mention of them doubtful, ii, 56;
mentioned in the Servile war among the rebellious slaves, 405;
had not, in earlier times, a geographical but personal distinction of
rights, i, 228;
in Phrygia, ii, 182, note;
confederation, 248;
style of literature at the time of the seven years’ war, 392;
extent of the nation, iii, 3;
cross the Rhine, 43;
probably had their dwellings as far as the Alps before the Gallic
conquest, 43;
wars in the time of Augustus, 152;
divisions, 154;
had no towns, 156;
their cavalry better than the Roman, 156;
conquered by Germanicus, 170;
Caligula’s enterprise, 179;
lose all longing for an offensive war after the time of Caligula,
198;
war against Domitian, 211;
tribes dwelling in Franconia, the Upper Palatinate, Hesse, and
Westphalia, 216;
in general commotion in the time of M. Antoninus, 242;
war of Maximian, 268;
war with Decius, 278;
their manners approaching those of the Romans, 288;
their tribes overrun Gaul, 331;
pay homage to Attila, 339.

_Germany_, general prosperity before the thirty years’ war, i, 345;
population and frontiers, 370.

GERMANIA SUPERIOR, Alsace and Suabia, iii, 213.

_Germanicus_, son of Drusus, sent against the Germans, iii, 159;
lives with Agrippina in domestic happiness, 160;
a first-rate general, 166;
puts down the mutiny of the troops on the Rhine, 169;
his wars in Germany, 170;
called back by Tiberius, 170;
meets with an enthusiastical reception from the Romans, 171;
dies, 171;
the paraphrase of the Phænomena of Aratus, ascribed to him, is by
Domitian, 209.

_Gerontius_, iii, 334.

_St. Gervais._ See Geneva.

_Gesner_, John Matth., i, 71.

_Geta_, second son of Septimius Severus, iii, 254;
murdered, 256.

_Getæ_ and Goths, often mistaken for the same people, i, 99, 369;
spread in Thrace, iii, 73, 212.

_Ghadames_, divided by a wall into two parts and connected by a gate,
i, 188.

_Gibbon_, iii, 285.

_Gisgo_, ii, 142.

_Glabrio_, M. Acilius, consul, appears in Thessaly;
battle near Thermopylæ, ii, 173;
turns against the Ætolians, encamps near Heraclea, 173.

_Glareanus_, startled at the contradictions in the old history, i, 3,
56;
examines Livy freely, 68.

_Glass manufacture_, iii, 237.

_Glass windows_, not used in old times, i, 154.

_Glaucia Servilius_, his wit, ii, 335, note;
killed, 340.

_Glaucias_, prince of the Taulantians, i, 553.

_Glosses_, collection of, iii, 234.

_Glycerius_, emperor, iii, 346.

_Goethe’s_ opinion of the murder of Cæsar, iii, 79;
his off-hand style, 140;
his remarks on the extravagant luxury of the Roman empire, 208.

_Gomphi_, iii, 60.

_Gonderic_, leads the Vandals, iii, 337.

_Gordianus I._ and _II._, rival emperors of Maximin, iii, 268;
both of them lose their lives, 268;
acknowledged by the senate, 269;
belong to the family of the Antonii, 270.

_Gordianus III._, Cæsar, iii, 270;
Augustus, 270;
defeats the Persians, 271;
murdered, 271.

_Gothinians_, spoke Gallic, i, 370.

_Goths_ migrated, according to some, from Scandinavia to the South,
according to others the reverse, i, 102;
under Vitigis they were cowards, 374, 468;
their devastations in the time of Belisarius, 519;
their slothfulness, ii, 182;
uncertainty on the subject of their migrations, iii, 277;
their empire in the beginning of the third century in the South-east
of Europe, 277;
they invade the Roman empire, 277;
conquests, 278;
besiege Nicopolis, 278;
take Philippopolis, 278;
combat with Decius, 278;
treaty with Gallus Trebonianus, 278;
break into the Roman empire, 279;
burst in by Propontis, destroy Cyzicus, 284;
appear in Macedon, 284;
met by Claudius, 284;
peace with Aurelian, 285;
Constantine’s war against them, 300;
invade the Roman empire under Hermanric, 317;
divided into three tribes, 317;
beseech the Romans to receive them into the empire, 317;
conf. _Getæ_, _Ostrogoths_, _Visigoths_.

_Governors_, their tyranny was far less under the emperors than it had
been in the times of the republic, iii, 188.

_Gracchanus_ takes his description of the constitution from the
_Commentarii Pontificum_, i, 15;
unlimited confidence may be placed in his history, 34.

_Gracchi_, family of the, their mildness and kindness, i, 270, 280.

_Gracchus_, C. Sempronius, his influence on younger men, i, 34;
many passages of his speeches quoted, ii, 291;
Cicero’s opinion of him as a writer, 292;
triumvir, 284, 292;
quæstor in Sardinia, 293;
goes without permission to Rome, 293;
tribune, 293;
his legislation, 294;
establishes a corn magazine, 296;
constructs high roads, 296;
founds a colony at Carthage, 301;
begs the consulship for C. Fannius, 303;
his death, 306;
unjustly called a demagogue, 320;
wrote prose in measured periods, 394.

_Gracchus_, Tiberius Sempronius, puts Hanno to the rout near
Beneventum, i, 110.

_Gracchus_, Tib. Sempronius, speech quoted by Livy, ii, 184;
wishes to have L. Scipio arrested, 185;
becomes consul and goes to Spain, 202;
son-in-law to Scipio, 202;
concludes a peace with the Celtiberians, 202.

_Gracchus_, Tib. Sempronius, at the head of the popular party, ii, 261;
saves the Roman army, 262;
opposes Great Phrygia’s being given to Mithridates, 268;
is the first to mount the wall of Carthage, 271;
becomes quæstor, concludes peace with Numantia, 271;
the first thought of amending the condition of Italy occurs to him in
Etruria, 275;
Cicero calls him _sanctissimus homo_, 276;
his laws, 277;
moves for the deposition of M. Octavius, 281;
sends the treasure of Attalus to Rome, 283;
declared a traitor, 286;
murdered, 287.

_Gradi_, Stefano, iii, 276.

_Granada_, in the possession of Carthage, ii, 5;
Phœnician settlement, 59.

GRASSATORES, iii, 122.

_Gratian_, son of Valentinian, iii, 316;
emperor, 316;
calls Theodosius in to be his colleague, 319;
sinks into inactivity, 321;
slain, 321.

_Grecian history_, even of the middle ages, free from fabrications
intended to disguise defeats, i, 223.

_Grecian inscriptions_ in Egypt barbarous, iii, 231.

_Grecian names_ to Latin places, i, 110.

_Grecian_ nationality established in the East, iii, 164.

_Grecian language_ in Southern Italy, Campania, Apulia, etc., i, 18;
common among the Romans in the eighth century, iii, 84;
kept itself more alive than Latin, 232.

_Greece_, a Roman province, ii, 256;
remains a wilderness to the time of Trajan, iii, 187.

_Greeks_, their constitution, i, 164;
their joining the Achæan league, the only instance of a nation
sacrificing its individual will to preserve its nationality, 422;
relations of Rome to them, 457;
not happy in agricultural pursuits, except the culture of the olive
and the vine;
the Greek a cheerful fisherman and capital sailor, 460;
the inhabitants of conquered towns not sold by them as slaves, 462;
intercourse with the Sabellian peoples, 489, note;
have a great contempt for the Opicans, 489;
their wars not interesting, 530;
ships of war furnished to the Romans by the Greek towns in Lower
Italy, 571;
Grecian literature dies at the time of the loss of the Piræeus, ii,
48, note;
Greeks in Carthage do not cease to be Greeks, 114;
their intellectual life fallen, 152;
very temperate, 189;
their literature not unknown to the Romans, 194;
decline of literature in the time of Augustus, iii, 142;
new era in their literature, 228.

_Greek fire_, ii, 176.

_Gröningen_, the district placed on the same footing as the town, i,
216.

_Gronovius_, John Fred., i, 56.

_Gross Görschen_, battle, i, 428.

_Grumentum_ taken and sacked, i, 406.

_Guilds_, the ruling power in Italy in the thirteenth century, in
Germany in the fourteenth, i, 168;
in Rome to be placed as far back as the time of Numa, 177.

_Guischard_, i, 440, note; ii, 325.

_Gulussa_, Masinissa’s youngest son faithless to Carthage, ii, 230;
suspicions of the Romans, 236, 307.

_Gundobald_, king of the Burgundians, iii, 346.

_Gustavus Adolphus_, ii, 66.

H

_Hadrianople_, the Greek language spoken there, iii, 267;
victory of Constantine, 300;
battle with the Visigoths, 319.

_Hadrian_, Emperor, his predilection for the Greeks, i, 160; iii, 233;
gives up the conquests of Trajan in the East, ii, 147; iii, 229;
restores the statue of Pompey, iii, 63;
adopted by Trajan, 221;
had little taste for the fine arts, 224;
under him, the Greek language again becomes prevalent, 228;
married to the daughter of Marciana, 229;
uncertain whether he should be reckoned among the good princes or the
bad, 229;
looks upon himself first as the emperor of the whole Roman empire,
229;
the first emperor that gives subsidies to the border nations, 229;
remission of taxes, 229;
travels over his empire, 230;
erects a wall in Britain, 230;
his love for Athens, 230;
invested with the dignity of Archon Eponymus, 230;
melancholical in the last years of his life, often cruel, 230;
adopts Ælius Verus, 231;
at his death chooses T. Antoninus Pius, 231;
his council of state, 231;
his preference for ancient literature, 232;
writers of his reign, 234;
his villa two miles from Tibur, 235;
fond of an artificial style of architecture, 275.

_Hagen_, Gottfried, his poem on the feud of the bishops, paraphrased in
prose in the chronicle of Cologne, i, 14.

_Haliartus_, burnt to ashes, ii, 210.

_Halycus_, river, boundary of the Carthaginian and Sicilian settlement
in Sicily, ii, 4.

_Hamilcar_, Barcas, almost greater than his son, ii, 35;
occupies Hercte, 36;
devastates the Italian coast, 36;
takes possession of the town Eryx, 36;
negociates a peace, 39;
rejects the demand to lay down arms, 39;
thwarted by a faction, 44;
the war of the mercenaries put down, 45;
to Spain, 58;
first introduces a system in working the mines of Spain, 59;
stays eight years there, 61.

_Hamilcar_, remains behind from Mago’s army, organizes the Ligurian and
Gallic forces, ii, 164.

_Hannibal_, Carthaginian general in the first Punic war, posts himself
in Agrigentum, ii, 10;
makes a sally, 11.

_Hannibal_, son of Hamilcar Barcas, did not speak Latin in the
beginning of the second Punic war, i, 22;
marries a Spanish woman of Castulo, ii, 59;
the story of the oath rests on his own authority, 64;
born about 507, 64;
personal character, 65;
well acquainted with Grecian literature, 66;
the irresistible charm of his manners, 66;
his position to his army compared to that of Cæsar to his, 70;
his artifices to kindle the war, 71;
is wounded at the siege of Saguntum, 72;
passes the Ebro, 73;
probably sets out in May, 74;
tale of the demon, 75;
passage over the Pyrenees, 75;
mutiny in his army, 75;
in Gaul, 76;
passage over the Rhone, 76;
over the Alps, 77;
never let himself to be deceived, 79;
conquers Turin, 83;
battle at Ticinus, 83;
his tactics to go round the enemy and to cut off his retreat, 84;
strengthens his army, 85;
battle at the Trebia, 86;
makes the very most of his victories, 87;
resolves to go through the marshes, 89;
battle at the Lake of Trasimenus, 92;
changes the arms of his troops, 92;
generosity to the Italians, 93;
his aversion to sieges, 93;
why he did not besiege Rome, 94;
composition of his army, 95;
in Campania, 95;
the guide leads him to Casilinum instead of Casinum, 96;
his retreat cut off near Mount Callicula, 96;
defeats Minucius, 97;
battle of Cannæ, 99;
Maharbal calls upon Hannibal to follow him to Rome, 103;
in Capua, 103;
his troops become effeminate there, 105;
reckons upon support from Carthage, 106, 107;
driven back by Marcellus, near Nola, 107;
his object to gain a seaport, 107;
tries to relieve Capua, 109;
appears before the gates of Rome, 112;
his generosity to the Sicilians, 114;
negotiations with Hieronymus, 115;
keeps possession only of south-eastern Lucania and Bruttium, 134;
returns to Africa, 139;
tries to negotiate with Scipio, 140;
the battle of Zama, 140;
conduct to Gisgo, 142;
turns himself towards Antiochus, 166;
made suffete in Carthage, 168;
turns his attention to the financial abuses, 168;
the Romans demand that he should be given up to them, 168;
his advice to Antiochus, 169;
offers hospitality to Scipio, 170;
leads the fleet of Antiochus, 175;
sent by Antiochus to Pamphylia, 176;
his death, 193.

_Hannibalianus_, half-brother of Constantine, iii, 303.

_Hannibalianus_, son of Dalmatius, iii, 304.

_Hanno_, Carthaginian general in the first Punic war, ii, 11;
goes to the aid of Hannibal near Agrigentum, 11;
conquered by the Romans, 11, 38;
his conduct after the war, 58.

_Hanno_, Carthaginian general in the second Punic war, routed near
Beneventum by Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, ii, 109;
taken prisoner, 136.

_Haret_, king of the Nabathæan Arabs, iii, 11.

_Harvest_ in Thessaly, about the middle of June, ii, 157.

_Hasdrubal_, Carthaginian general in the first Punic war, defeated by
Metellus near Palermo, ii, 27;
conquered, 28.

_Hasdrubal_, Hamilcar’s son-in-law, murdered after nine years’
administration, ii, 64.

_Hasdrubal_, brother of Hannibal, whether he is older than the latter
is doubtful, ii, 65;
his treaty with Rome, in which the Ebro is fixed upon as the
boundary, 69;
goes to Italy, 124;
defeated near Sena Gallica, 126.

_Hasdrubal_, Gisgo’s son, ii, 123;
his armies driven back to the Atlantic, 128;
goes over to Africa, 128;
meets with Scipio at the same banquet, 131.

_Hasdrubal_, Carthaginian general in the third Punic war, ii, 230;
defeated by Masinissa, 230;
appointed general out of the town, 234.

HASTATI, i, 441.

_Heilbronn_, guilds in the fourteenth century, i, 168.

_Heineccius_, i, 387.

_Helena_, mother of Constantine, iii, 298.

_Helena_, wife of Julian, iii, 306.

_Helena_, see Illiberis.

_Heliogabalus_, see Elagabalus.

_Hellespont_, belongs to Egypt, ii, 145.

_Helvetians_, i, 370;
their inroads, iii, 41;
under the Romans, 151.

_Helvidius Priscus_, iii, 202;
a Stoic, his opposition to Vespasian, 206;
put to death, 206.

_Helvius_, see Pertinax.

_C. Helvius Cinna_, iii, 128.

_Hemsterhuys_, iii, 235.

_Heræa_, well-affected to Macedon during the war of Hannibal, ii, 145.

_Heræan Mounts_, ii, 8.

_Heraclea_, attacked by the Lucanians, i, 463;
battle, 558;
treated with particular favour, 571.

_Heraclea_, in Sicily, ii, 11.

_Heraclea_, on the Thessalian side of Thermopylæ, belonging to Ætolia
Epictetus, ii, 174;
taken by storm, 174;
having isopolity with the Achæan league, 250.

_Heraclea_, in Thrace, battle, iii, 300.

_Hercte_, Monte Pellegrino, ii, 8, note;
must have been a state prison, 35;
Hamilcar gains possession of the height, 36.

_Herculanum_, its destruction, iii, 209.

_Herdonia_, battle, ii, 119.

_Herdonius_, Appius, attacks Rome at the head of four thousand Sabines,
i, 283.

_Hereditary governments_, not to be met with in Italy, i, 151.

_Hermæum_, headland over against Carthage, ii, 20.

_Hermann_, see Arminius.

_Hermann_, Gottfried, i, 73.

_Hermanric_, leader of the Goths, iii, 317;
whether belonging to the time in which Jornandes places him
uncertain, 317.

_T. Herminius_, i, 206, 210.

_Hermodorus_ of Ephesus, his advice said to have been asked by the
decemvirs, i, 296;
friend of Heraclitus, 297;
banished from Ephesus because he was too wise, 297, 461.

_Hermogenianus_, a mere compiler, iii, 275.

_Hermunduri_, peace with the Romans, iii, 242.

_Hernæ_, Sabine word for mountain, i, 247.

_Hernicans_, enter into isopolity with the Romans and Latins, i, 220,
246;
league with the Latins and Romans, 246;
dwell in five towns, 247;
are said to have sprung from the Marsians and Sabines, 247;
severed from Rome, 390;
union with Rome, 410;
take part with the Samnites, 501;
the prisoners treated as guilty of high treason by the Romans, 502;
receive the right of citizenship through the _Lex Julia_, ii, 354.

_Herod_, ii, 390;
his will, iii, 124.

_Herodes Atticus_, teacher of M. Antoninus, iii, 238.

_Herodian_, a stranger and a frivolous writer, iii, 250;
his account of the war of Alexander Severus borne out by its
intrinsic probability, 265;
in all that he really knows, a writer of much judgment, 266.

_Herodotus_, his superiority, i, 52.

_Hexameter_, introduced by Ennius into Roman literature, ii, 198;
those of Ennius clumsy and full of faults, 198;
of Ennius and Lucilius, 393;
of the Augustan era, iii, 129.

_Heyne_, i, 73, 251.

_Hiempsal_, son of Micipsa, ii, 310;
murdered by Jugurtha, 311.

_Hierarchy_, iii, 338.

_Hiero of Syracuse_, alliance with Rome, i, 574;
his origin, 577;
is said to have had Theocritus put to death on account of a satire,
578;
peace with Carthage, 578;
treachery to his mercenaries, 578;
undertakes a war against the Mamertines, 579;
beaten by the Romans, 581;
makes peace with Rome, 581;
assists the Romans at Agrigentum, ii, 11;
remains independent from the first Punic war, 41;
dies at the age of ninety, 114;
his whole family murdered, 116;
his assertion respecting the Romans, 354.

_Hieronymus_ of Cardia, one of the sources of Ennius, i, 24;
has written from Pyrrhus’ own memoirs, 564.

_Hieronymus_, grandson of Hiero, ii, 114;
conspiracy discovered, 115;
murdered, 115.

_Highroads_ paved with basalt, i, 518;
their excellent condition, iii, 197.

_Hilary_, Pope, the greatest Christian poet, iii, 326;
takes Lucretius for his pattern, 327.

_Hilary, St._, iii, 326.

_Hildebrand_ and Hadubrand, their song of more ancient date than
Charles the Great, i, 13.

_Himera_, the Carthaginian and Sicilian boundary in Sicily, ii, 4.

_Himera_, the battle cannot have been fought on the same day as the
battle of Salamis, ii, 3.

_Himilco_, commander of the Carthaginians at the siege of Lilybæum, ii,
30.

_Himilco_ conducts the Carthaginian fleet to Sicily in the second Punic
war, ii, 116;
makes himself master of Agrigentum, 116.

_Himilco_, Phameas, general of the Carthaginians in the third Punic
war, ii, 235;
his conduct at the end of the war, 235.

_Hippo_ rises against Carthage, ii, 45.

_Hippocrates_, emissary of Hannibal to Hieronymus, ii, 114;
obtains the dominion of Syracuse, 116;
dies there, 117.

_Hipponium_, i, 458.

_Hirpinians_, i, 419;
declare for Hannibal whilst on his march to Capua, ii, 107;
continue the Marsian war, 358;
their country laid waste by Sylla, 385.

_A. Hirtius_, a most accomplished man, author of the eighth book _de
bello Gallico_, and of the book _de bello Alexandrino_, iii, 40, 64;
advises Cæsar to be cautious, 80;
consul, 87;
the war of Mutina, 89;
his death, 89;
an elegant writer, 130.

_Hispania Bœtica_, quite Latinized, iii, 215.

HISPANICUS SENATUS, in the time of Sertorius, ii, 400.

_History_ has not the effect of weakening man’s belief in Providence,
ii, 49;
importance of Roman history, i, 78.

_Historical annals_, some existed before the burning by the Gauls, i,
5.

_Historical literature_ of the Germans, the oldest is written in
poetry, i, 16.

_Hoche_, general, ii, 14.

_Holidays_ of the senate during September and October, iii, 119.

_Holland_, after the peace of Münster there arose there a wild sort of
life and differences between William II. and the city of Amsterdam,
i, 308;
takes the lead among the seven Dutch provinces, 386;
the hereditary Stadtholder Captain General and High Admiral, iii,
119.

_Holstein_, bondage abolished, i, 251.

_Holy Scriptures_, books restored after the destruction of the temple,
i, 7.

_Homerides_, a genos in Chios, of no relationship to Homer, i, 159.

_Homoousians_, their persecutions, iii, 309, 315.

_Honoria_, Justa Grata, iii, 335.

_Honorius_, Emperor, iii, 322;
holds his court at Milan, 330;
hemmed in at Asti, 330;
flies across the Alps, 330;
triumphal arch, 330;
Stilicho’s son-in-law, 332;
his death, 335.

_Hooke_ not capable of deep enquiry, i, 4, 72; iii, 94.

_Horatii_ and _Curiatii_, their combat poetical, i, 81;
unknown which of them were Romans, and which Albans, 128.

_Horatii_ belong to the _gentes minores_, i, 206.

_M. Horatius_, elected in the place of Collatinus, i, 205.

_M. Horatius Barbatus_, requires the decemvirs to resign their power,
i, 308.

_Horatius Cocles_, i, 210.

_Q. Horatius Flaccus_, i, 277;
loving mention of his father, ii, 292;
ignorant of the history of his own people, 312;
not to be compared with Virgil in his knowledge of the Greek writers,
312;
turns up his nose at Lucilius, 393;
his part in the battle of Philippi, iii, 99;
his journey to Brundusium, 104;
his most poetical time, 104;
his sayings concerning Octavian, 112;
his father not foreign, but of Italian origin, 134;
his earlier history, 134;
does not deserve the reproach of being called a flatterer, 134;
chronology of his works, 135;
fictitious names, 135;
opinion of him, 135.

_Von Hormayr_, his work on the Tyrol, iii, 151.

_Horse_, of the equestrian statue of M. Antoninus, belongs to a race
which does not seem to us beautiful, iii, 275.

_Q. Hortensius_, dictator, i, 540.

_Q. Hortensius_, the orator, not free from envy, ii, 394;
ready to sell his convictions for money, 395; iii, 26;
his son put to death, iii, 99.

_Hostia_, mistress of Propertius, iii, 137.

_Hostilianus_, nephew or son of Decius, colleague of Gallus
Trebonianus, iii, 279.

_Hostilius_, Tullus, with him appears a new era in history, i, 126;
the legend of his death, 128;
one of the Ramnes, 131.

_Hostilius_, his cruelty to the Greeks, ii, 210.

_Hudson_ opposed to Bentley by the university of Oxford, i, 42.

_Hugo_, i, 387.

_Humbert_, Colonel, his excavations in Carthage, ii, 239, 310.

_Von Humboldt_, William, maintains that the Iberians were all of the
same stock, ii, 60;
believes the poem on the Cantabrian war to be genuine, iii, 150.

_Hume_, ii, 53.

_Huns_, a nomadic tribe of Mongolian race, iii, 317;
push on the Goths, 317;
their abodes, 338;
their wars, 339.

_Hyksos_, under them the old records must have been lost, i, 7;
their age forms the boundary of real history, 7.

_Hyrcanus_, king of Judæa, iii, 11.

I

_Iberians_, break into Spain from Africa, i, 367;
in Southern Spain, the Balearic Isles, Sardinia, Corsica, western
Sicily and Africa, 367;
driven by the Celts to the Garonne, 368;
send an embassy to Alexander the Great, 469;
their personal attachment to their princes, ii, 64.

_Iberians_, on the Caspian sea, brought into subjection by Sapor, iii,
313.

_Icelus_, favourite of Galba, iii, 196.

_Idumæi_, cohort of the, iii, 271.

_Ignominia_, i, 335.

_Ilia_, mother of Romulus, i, 111.

_Ilia_, name of Jerusalem according to the Arab writers, iii, 230.

_Ilium_, destroyed by C. Flavius Fimbria, ii, 373.

_Illiberis_, (also called Helena,) in Roussillon, iii, 305.

_Illiturgis_, near Cordova, ii, 120.

_Illyria_, as far as Scutari, a country of low hills, on the east it
has a high ridge of mountains, ii, 152.

_Illyrian empire_, its spread before the Peloponnesian war, ii, 47;
war with Rome, 47;
peace, 47;
second war, 57.

_Illyrians_, see Enchelians;
waste the coast of Greece, ii, 46.

_Illyricum_, extensively colonized, iii, 272;
there are still some pure descendants of the Goths there, 320.

_Imbrivium_, not Imbrinium, near Subiaco, i, 481.

_Imbros_, Athenian, ii, 164.

_Imperator_, surname of the Emperor, iii, 117.

IMPERIA MANLIANA, i, 343.

INCORPORALES RES, i, 179.

_Indibilis_, a Spanish prince, enters into an insurrection against
Scipio, ii, 130.

_Indictions_, iii, 301.

_Informers_, under Tiberius, iii, 173;
under Domitian, 213.

_Inghirami_, his forgeries, i, 141.

_Insanity_ of several princes, iii, 179;
no means were known in ancient times for its treatment, 179.

_Inscriptions_, under Hadrian, in barbarous Latin, iii, 231;
most of the sepulchral inscriptions are from the end of the first to
the beginning of the third century, P. C., 274;
written characters of a barbarous shape, 276.

_Instinct_ of substituting the fallen off members of political
organizations, i, 109.

_Insubrians_, in Italy, ii, 52;
conquered by Flaminius, 56;
ready for rebellion, 83;
declare for Hannibal, 87;
in arms against the Romans, 164;
submission after two campaigns, 164.

INSULA BATAVORUM, iii, 203.

_Interamnium_ built, i, 497;
Roman colony, ii, 106.

_Interdict_, possessory, i, 254.

_Interest_, it is forbidden in Rome to take interest, i, 541; ii, 192.

_Interreges_, were only patricians, i, 454.

_Invading peoples_ not to be found in scattered spots, i, 367.

_Ionia_, with the exception of some towns, comes into the possession of
Eumenes, i, 185.

_Ipsus_, battle, i, 553.

_Irak_ Ajemi, has in all probability preserved the language of the
Medes, iii, 264.

_Ireland_, after the peace of Limerick, under William the third, ii,
264;
the Roman Catholics sacrificed at the time of the Union, 283.

Ἰσηγορία, i, 279.

Ἰσονομία, i, 279.

_Isopolity_, i, 220.

_Issa_, delivered by the Romans, ii, 47.

_Isthmus_ of Corinth, Cæsar wishes to cut it through, iii, 74.

_Istrians_, subjected even before the war of Hannibal, ii, 57.

_Itali_, name of the Pelasgians in Italy, i, 97;
principle of the Italians, that the complaint of the breach of treaty
was to be made before the injured people, i, 266.

_Italia_, originally the country south of the Tiber or south of Latium,
iii, 97;
once bounded on the north by a line from the Garganus to Terracina,
97;
the name afterwards extended to a wider range, 97.

_Italian towns_, Rome exacts from them military service, i, 571.

_Italians_, begin in the fifteenth century to consider themselves the
heirs of the ancient Romans, i, 67, 222;
apply themselves to history, 68;
their different laws in the middle ages, 228;
their tillage, 234;
their peasantry worthy and respectable, the herdsmen and townspeople
good for nothing, 460; ii, 265;
unfit for a sea life, i, 460;
make beasts of themselves when they have an opportunity of feasting,
ii, 189.

_Italica._ See Corfinium.

_Italica_, in the neighbourhood of Seville, iii, 216;
birth place of Trajan and Hadrian, 216.

_Italy_ divided with reference to taxation, i, 573;
southern Italy takes the form of a province, owing to the war with
Hannibal, ii, 186;
the large estates there more profitable than the smaller ones, 272;
condition during the Servile war, 405;
divided into a number of regions, iii, 124;
aversion to military service, 159;
fields cultivated by slaves, and the population changed, 187;
free from the land-tax, 299;
the spirit of bravery died away, 330.

_Ituræi_, iii, 271, note.

_Itzig_, iii, 302.

J

_Jacobi_, F. H., compared with Cicero, iii, 26.

_Janiculum_, the existence of an old town there, i, 121;
probably Roman, whilst the territory on the other side of the Tiber
was Etruscan, 214.

_Janus_ and _Jana_ (Diana), the heavenly lights, i, 169.

_Janus_, two different ones on the Roman gates, i, 263, note.

_Janus_, his temple closed, iii, 151.

_Janus_, Quirini, i, 187.

_Janus’ head_, symbol of the double state.

_Jerome_, St., iii, 325;
his wit, 326.

_Jeremiah_, ii, 252.

_Jerusalem_, under Ezra and Nehemiah, i, 391;
conquered by Pompey, the temple plundered, iii, 11;
a military colony founded under the name of Ælia Capitolina, 230.

_Jews_, their last struggle with the Romans, ii, 252;
rebellion under Claudius, iii, 199;
under Hadrian, 230;
not allowed to approach Jerusalem, 230;
outbreak under Antoninus Pius, 236;
divided into Jews and Proselytes, the latter into two classes, the
Proselytes of Righteousness, and the Proselytes of the Gate, i,
164.

_Jewish_ tribes, i, 163.

_Johannes_, the first emperor with a Christian name, iii, 335.

_Johannes Saresberiensis_, quotes from Livy, i, 67.

_Josephus_, his notice against Apion from Phœnician chronicles, ii, 1;
his book one of the most interesting historical works, iii, 199;
throws light on the tactic of the Romans, 199;
is a Pharisee, 199.

_Jovian_, emperor, cedes a tract of country to the Persians, ii, 147;
becomes emperor, iii, 315;
concludes a peace with Persia, 315;
gives an edict for freedom of belief, 315;
his death, 315.

_Jovinus_, usurper, iii, 333.

_Juba_, ii, 322;
king of Mauritania, and client of Pompey, iii, 57;
presented by Augustus with the realm of Bocchus, 162.

_Dec. Jubellius_, leader of the Campanian legion at Rhegium, i, 573.

_Jubellius Taurea_, his death, ii, 113.

JUDICES equivalent to _centumviri_, i, 313;
delegated by a prætor, 404;
elected from the senate, 404.

_Jugera_, five hundred, as much as seventy rubbii now, ii, 277.

_Jugurtha_, son of Mastanabal, ii, 310;
sent to Spain, 310;
adopted by Micipsa, 311;
bribery in Rome, 311;
surrenders himself for appearance sake to the Romans, 314;
comes to Rome on the strength of Cassius’ word of honour, 315;
causes Massiva to be murdered in Rome, 315;
his behaviour towards Metellus, 317;
goes to Bocchus, 321;
given up to Marius, 321.

_Julia_, Cæsar’s aunt, married to Marius, iii, 83.

_Julia_, Cæsar’s daughter, married to Pompey, iii, 39.

_Julia_, Cæsar’s sister, wife of M. Atius Balbus, iii, 83.

_Julia_, Augustus’ daughter, first married to Marcellus, then to
Agrippa, iii, 143;
her shameful depravity, 146;
transported to Pandataria, 147.

_Julia Domna_, wife of Septimius Severus, iii, 252, 254, 259.

_Julia Emerita_ (Merida), a colony, iii, 150.

_Julian_, emperor, taken in by any one who called himself a
philosopher, iii, 245;
son of Julius Constantius, 304;
kept prisoner in Cæsarea, 306;
called by the Christian writers apostata, extolled by the Heathen
ones, 307;
Cæsar, 306;
marries Helena, 307;
proclaimed emperor by the soldiers, 308;
his ostentation, 309;
character, 309;
Misopogon, 311;
war against Persia, 311;
his death, 314.

_Julianus_, Claudius, Cæsar, his letter to Maximus and Balbinus, iii,
270.

_Julianus Didius_, Emperor, iii, 250;
character, 250;
put to death, 251.

_Julii_, an Alban clan, belonging to the _gentes minores_, iii, 29;
not to be found in the Fasti from the fourth to the seventh century,
29;
sided with the popular party, 29.

_July_, month, origin of its name, iii, 114.

_Julius._ See Cæsar.

_C. Julius_, decemvir, summons the people to pass judgment on one who
was not _reus manifestus_, i, 307.

JUNIORES, i, 180.

_Junius._ See Brutus.

_Junius._ See Pennus.

_C. Junius Bubulcus_, consul in the Samnite war, vows to Salus a
temple, i, 498.

_L. Junius_, consul, his fleet destroyed by a storm, ii, 34;
surprises Eryx, 35.

_Juno_, the worship of Juno on the Capitol Etruscan, i, 148.

_Jupiter_, his worship on the Capitol Etruscan, i, 148.

_Jurisdiction_ in Italy after the Lex Julia is obscure, iii, 255.

_Jurisprudence_, the study of, becomes the province of the French, i,
68;
revival in the eighteenth century, 73;
has two sides, 388;
history of the emperors indispensable for it, iii, 164;
foundation of its system under Hadrian, 231;
its progress under Antoninus Pius, 237.

_Jury_, in ancient Rome, instituted after the laws of Gracchus, ii,
297.

JUS AGRARIUM, i, 252;
the Romans stand alone with regard to it, 253.

JUS CÆRITUM EXULANDI, i, 210.

JUS FLAVIANUM, a sort of “Complete Lawyer,” i, 521.

JUS GENTIUM, had, perhaps originally a much wider meaning than is
generally believed, i, 161.

JUS PAPIRIANUM, i, 184, 226.

_Justina_, wife of Valentinian the first, iii, 321.

_Justin_, a careless writer, ii, 2.

_Justin_, the Martyr, iii, 235.

_Juthungi_, the reigning dynasty of the Lombards, iii, 280;
pass the Po, 287.

_Juvenal_, reproached with having in his writings chiefly described
depravity, iii, 178;
his opinion of Otho, 197;
one of the greatest minds, 210.

_P. Juventius Thalna_, beaten by Andriscus, ii, 247.

K

_Kant_ assails the eloquence and profession of advocate, iii, 21.

_Kent_, iii, 45.

_Kinburn_, iii, 71.

_Kinna_, a place now unknown, i, 495.

_Klopstock_, his hexameters, ii, 198.

_Kunersdorf_, battle, i, 560; iii, 278.

L

_Labeo._ See Atinius.

_Laberius_, ii, 16.

_Laberius, Dec._, composer of Mimes, iii, 129, 141.

_Labici._ See Lavici.

_Labienus_, in the battle of Munda, iii, 71;
his conduct, 106;
goes to the Parthians, 106.

_Lacedæmon_, one revolution follows another;
Machanidas seizes the government, ii, 145;
lose their ancient constitution, 151;
a separate state, 165.

_Lacedæmonians_, the general population of Sparta, ii, 249.

_Laco_, favourite of Galba, iii, 196.

_Lactantius_, his work a reproduction of Cicero, iii, 293, 325.

_Lælianus._ See Ælianus.

_Lælius_, supports Masinissa in his attack against Syphax, ii, 137.

_C. Lælius_, gets the surname of Sapiens, ii, 275;
fragment of a speech, 292, 394.

_Lænas._ See Popillius.

_Lætorius_, friend of C. Gracchus, ii, 305.

_Lætus Pomponius_ gives an impulse to the study of archæology, i, 67.

_Lætus_, _præfecto prætorio_ under Commodus, iii, 249.

_Lævians_, a people on the Ticinus, i, 365.

_Lævinus_, M. Valerius, restores Agrigentum, ii, 119;
takes out, as prætor, a fleet against Philip, 143;
his fleet a curse for Greece, 146.

_Lævinus_, P. Valerius, consul, against Pyrrhus, i, 558;
battle near Heracles, 558;
follows Pyrrhus on the Appian road, 562.

_Lamennais_, iii, 51.

_Lamia_, on the Thessalian side of Thermopylæ, belongs to Ætolia
Epictetus, ii, 174;
besieged by Philip, 174;
the siege given up, 174.

_Lampadius_, C. Octavius, divides Nævius’ history of the Punic war into
books, i, 17.

_Lamponius_ M., ii, 382.

_Land tax_, Savigny has done a great deal for its elucidation, iii,
229.

_Language_, Polish and Lithuanian, their relationship, i, 95;
that of a conquered people often becomes extinct, 144;
the Western part of the Roman empire preserves a kind of unity of
language, iii, 163.

_Languedoc_, ii, 308.

_Lanuvians_, full citizenship granted to them, i, 448.

_Lanuvium_ devastated by Marius, ii, 372.

_Lanzi_ supposes Etruscan to have been a sort of Greek, i, 142.

_Larinum_, ii, 126.

_Larissa_, a Pelasgian word signifying borough, i, 101.

_Lars_, probably signifies king or God in Etruscan, i, 136, 208, note.

_Sp. Lartius_, i, 206, 210.

_Latin language_, a medley of Oscan, and Siculo-Pelasgian, i, 105;
degenerates, iii, 232.

_Latin form_ of Greek proper names, ii, 194.

_Latins_, had a number of towns, from Tibur to the river Tiber, i, 101;
Latins and Sabines settle on the Aventine, 165;
the hegemony over them acquired by Tarquin the Proud, not by Servius
Tullus, 185;
the _feriæ Latinæ_ established on the Alban mount, 185;
the sacrifices on the Aventine offered in the temple of Diana,
afterwards in a grove near Aricia, 186;
bind themselves _ad majestatem populi Romani comiter colendam_, 195;
leagued under Octavius Mamilius with Porsena, 210;
break the alliance with Rome after the Etruscan calamity, 216;
peace concluded in the year 259, 219;
receive isopolity, 220;
league of Sp. Cassius in the year 261, 220;
receive isopolity _jus municipii_, 243;
league with the Romans and Hernicans, 246;
defeated by the Volscians and Æquians in the valley of Grotta
Ferrara, 276;
after the spread of the Volscians again subject to the Romans, 293;
free themselves after the Gallic calamity from the Roman rule, 386;
part of them unite with Velitræ and Antium in hostility against Rome,
390;
friendship with Rome restored, 410;
the new federation, 411;
has for its chiefs two prætors, 412;
continue the war against the Samnites alone, 436;
their constitution, 437;
proposals for a union with Rome, 437;
war with Rome, 438;
fight near Veseris, 439;
battle near Trifanum, 444;
conditions of their subjection, 444;
last insurrection, 445;
battle on the river Astura, 447;
the people are born husbandmen, 460;
revolt, 480;
opposed to the agrarian law of Ti. Gracchus, ii, 283;
C. Gracchus wishes to extend to them the full right of citizenship,
299;
meaning in the time of Livius Drusus, 346;
receive the full franchise by the Lex Julia, 354.

_Latini_, iii, 258.

_Latin fortifications_, i, 146.

_Latin towns_, thirty in number, i, 109;
have all of them a council of a Hundred, 120.

_Latium_ extends as far as Campania, i, 102;
suffers dreadfully in the war with Cinna, ii, 372.

_Latteen sails_ of the ancients, ii, 39.

LAUDATIONES FUNEBRES, i, 11;
owing to them falsifications creep into Roman history, 11;
a tissue of repetitions like the λόγοι ἐπιτάφιοι, 261.

_Laurentum_ alone retains the old fœdus, i, 451.

_Lautulæ_, insurrection, i, 430;
quelled by Valerius Corvus, 431;
battle, 494.

_Lavici_, not Labici, 344;
Roman colony, 345.

_Lavinium_ founded by thirty households, i, 109;
a general name for Latium, central point of the Prisci Latini, 109;
keeps faithful to Rome, 390.

_Lays_, historical, in Roman history, i, 88.

_Leagues_, a clause in those of the ancients, wherein the contracting
parties prescribed to each other the bounds of their intended
encroachments upon other nations, i, 412.

_Leave of absence_, purchased by the Roman soldiers, iii, 157.

LEGATI AUGUSTI, _pro consule, pro prætore_, &c., iii, 121.

LEGATI _pro prætore_ in the imperial provinces, often remained the
whole of their lives in the same province, iii, 244.

LEGES, the resolutions of the patricians, i, 241.

LEGES ANNALES, suspended during the second Punic war, ii, 132;
_lex Villia annalis_ rigorously observed, 239;
those in force in Cicero’s days, dated from the age of Sylla, 239.

_Leges Liciniæ_, (Licinian Rogations,) i, 205, 396;
violated in the year 412 for the last time, 425;
enlargement of it, 432.

LEGES POMPEIÆ, iii, 38.

LEGES PORCIÆ, iii, 35.

LEGES PUBLILIÆ, i, 447.

LEGES SACRATÆ, he who violated them was to be sold as a slave at the
temple of Ceres, i, 290.

LEGES SEMPRONIÆ, ii, 277, 294.

LEGES VALERIÆ, i, 207.

LEGIO MARTIA, iii, 89.

_Legion_, in the war of Hannibal, consisted of 4,200 men and 200 horse,
ii, 98.

_Legions_, the country and city, at the time of the Gallic calamity, i,
375;
the country legions armed with pikes, 376;
consisted half of Latins and half of Romans, 376;
three thousand men strong, 376;
their arrangement in the war against the Latins, 441;
their division in Cæsar’s time, ii, 326;
their time of service, iii, 126;
their camps on the frontiers in which they were stationed until
superannuated, 169;
outbreak in Illyricum and on the Rhine, 169;
their degeneracy in the East, 243.

_Legislations_, of old, did not only comprise civil and criminal law
and judicial procedure, but political law and transient measures
also, i, 278;
should be independent of magistracy, 278.

LEMBI, the lightest ships, ii, 17.

_Lentulus_, consul, prætor, accomplice of Catiline, iii, 22.

_Leo the Great_, iii, 327.

_Lepidus_, M. Æmilius, head of the democracy, ii, 395;
sets himself up as the avenger of Rome, 396;
dies in Sardinia, 397.

_Lepidus_, M. Æmilius, in Gaul, iii, 87;
triumvir, 91;
confined to Africa, 105;
Pontifex Maximus, 110, 118.

_Lepontians_, on the Lake of Como, of Etruscan race, i, 145;
stand against the immigrating Gauls, 368.

_Lerida in Catalonia_, battle, iii, 56.

_Lesbos_, allied with Chios and Byzantium, iii, 145.

_Lessing_, endowed with a most philological spirit, i, 73; ii, 245;
German literature reaches perfection through Lessing, iii, 127;
connecting link between two generations, 130;
has no equal among German prose writers, 226.

_Letronne_, ii, 78.

_Letters_, their use known in the earliest times among the Romans, i,
4;
a common use not to be thought of previous to the use of the Egyptian
papyrus, 4;
have a threefold root, 4, _note_;
of more ancient date in Europe than Homer, 4.

_Leuco-Syrians_, ii, 360.

_Levesque_, i, 73.

LEX ÆLIA ET FUFIA, ii, 225;
repealed by Clodius, 226.

LEX ÆLIA SENTIA, iii, 122, 163.

LEX AGRARIA of Sp. Cassius, i, 256;
probably accepted, 257;
_lex agraria_ TRIBUNICIA, 346.

LEX ATERNIA TARPEIA, i, 339.

LEX AURELIA _judiciaria_, iii, 4.

LEX CASSIA not to be regarded as an innovation, ii, 285.

LEX CORNELIA _de ambitu_, ii, 227.

LEX FLAMINIA, ii, 87.

LEX FURIA _testamentaria_ may be placed about the year 450, i, 303.

LEX DE GALLIA _Cisalpina_, ii, 165.

LEX GENUCIA, i, 517.

LEX HORTENSIA, i, 322, 542.

LEX DE IMPERIO, ii, 41.

LEX JULIA, i, 120, 172, 311;
unites Gallia Cispadana to Italy, ii, 165, 354.

LEX JULIA _de adulterio_, iii, 187.

LEX JULIA _de judiciis_, iii, 124.

LEX JULIA NORBANA, iii, 119.

LEX JUNIA, i, 280;
dated by Dionysius thirty years too early, 280.

LEX MÆNIA, made the confirmation by the curies a mere form, i, 406,
539.

LEX MENSIA, i, 173.

LEX MUCIA LICINIA, ii, 344.

LEX OGULNIA, i, 130, 523.

LEX OVINIA TRIBUNICIA, i, 335.

LEX PAPIA POPPÆA, iii, 163, 187.

LEX PEDIA, iii, 91.

LEX PUBLILIA, of the dictator, Q. Publilius Philo, i, 321.

LEX SERVILIA, ii, 345.

LEX TERENTILIA, i, 278.

LEX THORIA, ii, 290.

LEX TREBONIA, iii, 37.

LEX VALERIA, i, 235.

LEX VALERIA HORATIA, i, 320.

LEX VOCONIA, ii, 225.

_Leyden_ inhabited only about the centre, ii, 108.

_Libanius_ appeases the emperor Theodosius, iii, 322.

LIBERTINI and their descendants excluded from the _gentes_, i, 160. See
Freedmen.

_Library_ of Ptolemy Philadelphus burnt, iii, 64.

LIBRI AUGURALES, i, 11, 238.

LIBRI FATALES, of Etruscan origin, i, 151.

LIBRI LEGEM, i, 9.

LIBRI MAGISTRATUUM, i, 9.

LIBRI PONTIFICUM, i, 10.

LIBURNÆ, light ships, ii, 17.

_Liburnians_, the name of the earlier inhabitants of the North of
Italy, i, 98.

_Libyans_, oppressive neighbours of the Carthaginians, ii, 2;
mingle only gradually with the Phœnician settlers, 2, 4;
do not differ in their constitution from the inhabitants of Southern
Europe, 5;
the relation between the Libyans and Pœni analogous to that of the
Lettish and the Lithuanians to the Germans, 6;
take arms against Carthage, 44;
have an alphabet of their own, 310.

_Licinian family_, defends the rights of the plebeians, i, 402.

_Licinius’ laws_ are in fact only a repetition of former ones, ii, 402;
conf., ii, 270.

_Licinius._ See Crassus, Lucullus, etc.

_Licinius_, Augustus in Illyricum, iii, 298;
war with Maximinian Daza, 300;
war with Constantine, 300;
married to Constantia, half-sister of Constantine, 300;
conquered near Adrianople, executed, 300.

_P. Licinius Calvus_, plebeian senator, i, 340.

_C. Licinius Macer_, writes history from documents, i, 33;
one of Pliny’s sources, 33;
Cicero speaks unfavourably of him, 33.

_C. Licinius Stolo_, tribune of the people, i, 396;
accused of having evaded his own law, ii, 272.

_Lictors_, among the Tuscans the king of each town has a lictor, i,
221;
twelve Latin and twelve Roman lictors given to the common dictator,
221;
represent the curies, 539.

_Lightnings_, flashing forth from the earth, the fact already known to
the Etruscans, i, 154.

_Ligue_ sharpened the wit and quickened the mind of the people, ii,
395.

_Ligurians_ in South of France, Piedmont, and Lombardy, i, 368;
pushed on by the Iberians as far as Aix in Provence, 368;
a warlike race, 371;
war against Rome, ii, 51;
new war against Rome, 200;
did not extend beyond the borders of Provence, 200;
fifty thousand Ligurians led from their homes into Samnium, 200.

_Ligurian peoples_ in Piedmont, ii, 57.

_Lilybæum_, besieged by Pyrrhus, i, 566;
its fortifications one of the wonders of the ancient world, 567;
siege raised by Pyrrhus, 567;
the survivors of Motye become the founders of Lilybæum, 575;
besieged by the Romans, ii, 29;
etymology of its name, 29;
had a good harbour, 29;
Roman, 116.

LIMES, made road, iii, 157.

_Limigantes_, a Sarmatian colony, iii, 301.

_Linen manufactures_, iii, 237.

LINGUA RUSTICA, or _vulgaris_, iii, 232.

_Lipariotes_, the guardians of the Tyrrhenian sea against the pirates,
i, 428.

_Liparian isles_, sea fight, ii, 15.

_Lipsius_, Justus, i, 240;
does not distinguish between the different ages, 240.

LIS VINDICIÆ and _lis vindiciarum_, i, 123.

_Lista_, chief town of the Opicans, i, 103.

_Liternum_, a Latin colony, or _colonia maritima_, between Cumæ and
Minturnæ, ii, 185.

_Literature_, Christian, iii, 325.

_Literature_, Grecian, ruinous effects of the great fire at
Constantinople, iii, 190.

_Literature_, Roman, under Augustus, compared with that of the French
under Louis XIV., and the latter with that under Louis XV., i, 31;
the division into golden, silver, &c., ages very preposterous, iii,
185.

_Livia_, mother of M. Cato, iii, 76.

_Livia Drusilla_, wife of Augustus, iii, 143;
her sway over Augustus, 143;
accused of poisoning C. Cæsar, 148;
hatred to Germanicus 160;
daughter of Livius Drusus, 165;
Tiberius’ fear of her, 174;
her death, 174;
treated Claudius with particular harshness, 181.

_Livilla_, daughter of the elder Drusus, wife of the younger, iii, 175.

_Livius Andronicus_, ii, 195;
makes an abridgment of the Odyssey in the Italian measure, 196;
his tragedies, 196.

_M. Livius Drusus_, tries to undermine the popularity of C. Gracchus,
ii, 301;
founds twelve colonies, 302;
whether they were really founded, 302.

_M. Livius Drusus_, son of the former, tribune, ii, 344;
his probable aim, 345;
his legislation, 345;
goes over to the opposition, 348;
murdered, 349;
denounces the conspiracy of the Italians against the senate, 351.

_Livius Drusus_, father of Livia Drusilla, his real name Appius
Claudius Pulcher, iii, 165.