Chapter M: Antoninus Caracalla. Macrinus. Elagabalus. Alexander Severus (5)

_Apulia_, description of the country, i, 477;
clothed in winter with fine and excellent grass, 478;
joins Pyrrhus, 557;
a mild, sunny district, ii, 95;
a breeze rises there every afternoon from the east, (the sea), 102;
part of it falls away from the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, 107;
under arms in the Social war, but without having any share in the
Italian state, 352.

_Apulians_ of the same stock as the Opicans, i, 99.

_Aqua Appia._ See Appia.

_Aqua Claudia_, the finest Roman aqueduct, iii, 189.

_Aqua Marcia_, ii, 339.

_Aqua Marrana_, i, 188.

_Aquæ Sextiæ_, first Roman colony beyond the Alps, ii, 308;
gets the Roman franchise in virtue of the _lex Julia_, 354.

_Aqueducts_ of the emperors are of brick, with a cast of mortar in the
middle, i, 138;
of the Romans, 518;
of Appius, 518.

_Aquila_, town in Latium, founded in the middle ages, i, 77.

_Aquileia_, besieged by Maximin, ii, 269;
battles, 321;
destroyed, 341.

_Aquitanians_ are pure Hispanians, i, 367;
of the Iberian race, in Guienne, iii, 42;
conquered by Crassus, 46.

_Arabia_, vassal kingdom of Persia, iii, 253;
Arabia Petræa, made a Roman province by Trajan, 220.

_Aræ Flaviæ_, on the military road from the Main to Augsburg, iii, 216

_Aratus_ sacrifices Corinth and the liberty of Greece, not to let
Cleomenes have the authority which was due to him, ii, 145.

_Aratus_, the poet, ii, 199;
the paraphrase of the phænomena is by Domitian, 209.

_Arbiter_, one only was needed in criminal causes, ii, 297.

_Arbogastes_, a Frank general, commander of the army of Valentinian
II., rises against him, iii, 321.

_Arcadians_, an essentially Pelasgian people, i, 96.

_Arcadia_, its position completely changed, i, 390;
Achæan, ii, 151.

_Arcadius_, iii, 328.

_Archelaus_, commander of the army of Mithridates in Greece, ii, 369;
defends himself in the Piræeus, 375.

_Archidamus_ of Sparta employed by the Tarentines, i, 461;
killed on the day of the battle of Chæronea, 463.

_Archimedes_ builds a ship for Hiero, which is sent by the latter to
Alexandria, ii, 17;
defends Syracuse, 117.

_Architecture_, its different stages of development, iii, 222;
its decline under Hadrian, 275.

_Archytas_, the Leibnitz of his age, i, 461;
seven times called to the office of general, 461.

_Ardaburius_, iii, 336.

_Ardaschir_, son of Babek, of the race of Sassan, king of the Persians,
iii, 264;
restores the old fire-worship, 264;
sets up monuments in Persepolis, 264;
is called by the Greeks Artaxerxes, 265;
war against the Romans, 265.

_Ardea_, the war of Tarquin the Proud against Ardea is fabulous, i,
198;
is of the same stock with Rome and Antium, 223;
insurrection, 343;
make head against the Gauls, 381.

_Ardeates_, the decision between them and the people of Aricia was
pronounced by the Curies, i, 94.

_Ardyæans_ in northern Illyricum, are under the protection of Rome, ii,
146;
overcome by Philip, 146;
their country ceded to him by the Romans, 147.

_Arevaci_, a Spanish people, ii, 220;
a tribe of the Celtiberians, 260.

_Argolis_ Archæan, ii, 151, 163.

_Argos_, a Pelasgian word, probably meaning town, i, 101;
synonymous with Peloponnesus, 101;
also for Thessaly, 101;
the republican party calls in Pyrrhus against the aristocrats, 569;
the latter summon Antigonus to their aid, 569;
devastated by the Goths, iii, 280.

_Argyrocastro_, very important pass, ii, 147;
the old Antigonea, 153.

_Aricia_, in a grove before its gates, was the sanctuary of the Latins,
i, 186;
Porsena defeated there, 213;
after the Latin war it does not receive the franchise, but becomes an
independent municipium, 448;
laid waste by Marius, 372.

_Ariminum_, colony of, ii, 50;
opens its gates to Cæsar, iii, 53.

_Ariobarzanes_, Persian governor of Pontus, ii, 360;
king of Cappadocia, 363, 407.

_Ariovistus_, ii, 43;
acknowledged by the Romans as a sovereign king, 43;
defeated near Besançon, 43.

_Aristænus_, Achæan strategus, ii, 156.

_Aristæus_, a Pelasgian hero from Arcadia, i, 96.

_Aristarchus_, the period from him to Dio Chrysostomus is an
intermediate one, which has no distinct character, iii, 228.

_Aristides_, Ælius, a most disagreeable writer, iii, 235;
his declamation on the battle of Leuctra, 235.

_Aristion_, sophist, tyrant of Athens, ii, 364.

_Aristippus_, tyrant of Argos, i, 569.

_Aristobulus_, historian, i, 470.

_Aristobulus_, pretender to the crown of Judæa, made prisoner by Pompey and led in his triumph, iii, 11.

_Aristocracy_, as it was in the earliest times in Rome, i, 164.

_Aristocrats_, their hypocrisy, ii, 87.

_Aristonicus_, a bastard son of Eumenes, usurps the throne of Pergamus,
ii, 266;
defeats Crassus, 267;
overcome by Peperna, 267.

_Aristotle_, ii, 6;
the text of his Politics is derived from a single MS. of the
fourteenth century, 6.

_Armenia_, nature of the country, iii, 7;
acknowledges the _majestas populi Romani_, 161;
vassal kingdom of the Romans and Parthians, 240;
recognised as a tributary dependency of Rome, 296.

_Armenians_, Gibbon’s remark on the change in their character, iii, 7;
slight Tiberius, 170;
their princes are Arsacidæ and Christians, 313.

_Arminius_, iii, 156;
a Roman knight, 157.

_Arnobius_, his erudition is of great value to us, iii, 293.

_Arpi_, chief town of Apulia, i, 477;
returns to the side of the Romans, ii, 110;
taken by Hannibal, 120.

_Arpinum_ conquered by the Samnites, i, 501;
reconquered by the Romans, 504;
municipal town, large and important; a Cyclopian town; birthplace of
Marius and Cicero, iii, 15.

_Arretinian_ vessels of baked red clay, i, 135.

_Arretinus_, Leonardus, i, 67.

_Arretium_ makes peace with Rome, i, 509;
governed by the Cilnians; besieged by the Gauls, 546;
razed to the ground, ii, 383;
military colony, 385.

_Arria_, wife of Thrasea Pætus, iii, 191.

_Arrian_, a distinguished man, iii, 239.

_Arrius Aper_, præfectus prætorio, iii, 290.

_Arsacidæ_, the younger branch of them on the Parthian throne in
Armenia, iii, 191.

_Arsia_, the forest of, the battle there is purely mythical, i, 208.

_Arsinoë_, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, iii, 62.

_Artabanus_, king of the Parthians, iii, 258.

_Artavasdes_, king of Armenia, iii, 107.

_Artaxata_ conquered, iii, 191.

_Artillery_, its masses mark the decline of intellectual spirit and
humanity in warfare, ii, 17.

_Art_ in Rome, i, 498;
its decline in the third century, iii, 295.

_Arulenus._ See Rusticus.

_Aruns_, a common Etruscan name, i, 136.

_Arvernians_, have the _principatus Galliæ_ at time of the second Punic
war, ii, 125;
defeated by the Romans, 308;
they never raise their head again, iii, 42.

_Arx_ of Rome climbed by the Gauls, i, 383.

_Arymbas_, prince of the Molossians, i, 552.

_As_, is worth one stiver and a half (²⁵³⁄₄₀₀ penny sterling), i, 181.

_Asconius Pedianus_, a writer of first-rate historical learning, ii,
385.

_Asculum_, battle, i, 564;
massacre of the Romans, ii, 352;
victory of the Romans, 356.

_Asiatics_ were merely archers, i, 176.

_Asia_, kingdom of, ii, 183;
province, 267;
its division in the seventh century, 361;
chastised by Sylla, 377;
the name of Tiberius Claudius a general prænomen there, iii, 193.

_Asinii_ are Marrucinians, ii, 300.

_Asinius_, Herius, father or grandfather of Asinius Pollio, iii, 107.

_Asinius Pollio_ taxes Livy with Patavinity, i, 51;
is said to have still been living after C. Cæsar’s death, 52; iii,
37, 60;
in Spain, 87;
his frankness, 92;
his opinion on Cicero, 95;
does not declare for Antony, though in his heart he is for him, 93;
protects Virgil, 93;
enemy to Sextus Pompey, 104;
united with Domitius Ahenobarbus, 105;
the motives his conduct, 107;
his style very unequal, 129;
forms the connecting link between two generations, 130;
historian, 130;
his opinion of Livy may have arisen from party spirit, 141.

_Asclepieum_, a hallowed place in Carthage, ii, 243.

_Aspar_, iii, 336.

_Aspis_, town in Africa, ii, 20;
conf. Clupea.

_Assignatio_, i, 256.

_Associations_ in the states of the ancients, i, 160.

_Astapa_ rising against Rome, ii, 129.

_Astronomy_, flourishes, iii, 237.

_Astura_, river, the position of which is not known; battle, i, 447.

_Asylum_ on the Capitol, i, 116;
the old tradition of the asylum has reference to the clientship, 170.

_Atella_, i, 453;
as periœcians of Capua conquered by Rome, ii, 114.

_Atellan plays_, ii, 194;
extemporised, 194.

_Athamania_, Macedonian, ii, 203;
the Macedonian garrisons driven off by Amynander, 203.

_Athanasius_, bishop, iii, 309.

_Athens_, the registers of mortgages very prolix there, i, 333;
pay of the soldiers since Pericles, 351;
alone raises itself to general Greek patriotism, 461;
wishes for peace in the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, ii, 475;
its relations to its allies change about Ol. 100, after the battle of
Naxos, 248;
the character of the _Demos_ much changed in the Peloponnesian war,
514;
unfortunate expedition to Sicily, 574;
had in the Peloponnesian war and immediately after no other ships but
penteconters, triremes and _lembi_, ii, 12;
fallen to the lowest ebb, 48;
keeps aloof from all political activity, 146;
alliance with Rome; isopolity, 148;
cenotaphs, very likely referring to the second Illyrian war, 149;
involved in hostilities with Philip, 149;
temples pulled down, tombs demolished, 149;
applies to its allies, especially to Rome, 149;
has still some schools, but poesy and even the art of speech dead,
152;
a separate state, 163;
treated by the Romans, down to the times of Sylla, with particular
favour, 163;
receives Scyros, Delos, Imbros, Paros, 164;
quarrels with the Oropians, 249;
remains a _libera civitas_, 256;
opens its gates to Mithridates, 364;
the communication with the Piræeus seems not to have been free since
the times of Antigonus Gonatas, 376;
a small hamlet in the time of Pausanias, 376;
anarchy, iii, 13;
adorned by Hadrian, iii, 230;
receives a theatre and an entire new town, 230;
burned and sacked by the Goths, 280.

_Athenagoras_, iii, 235.

_Atia_, married to C. Octavius, iii, 83.

_Atilius._ See Regulus, Serranus.

_C. Atilius_, consul, goes to Sardinia, ii, 52;
lands at Pisa, 54;
killed near Telamon, 55.

_A. Atilius Calatinus_, ii, 16.

_Atina_, conquered by the Romans, i, 496;
probably gets the rights of citizenship by the _Lex Julia_, ii, 354.

_C. Atinius Labeo_, Trib. Pleb., ii, 269.

_Atintanians_ conquered by Philip, ii, 145;
their country given up by the Romans, 147.

_M. Atius Balbus_ married to a sister of Cæsar, iii, 83.

_Attalus_ of Pergamus conquers Lydia, ii, 146;
allied with Egypt, 148;
his fleet combined with that of the Romans, 155;
defeats the Galatians, 182.

_Attalus_, brother of Eumenes, ii, 221.

_Attalus_, præfectus prætorio, proclaimed emperor by Alaric, iii, 383.

_Attalus Philometor_ of Pergamus, ii, 266;
bequeaths his kingdom to the Romans, 266;
leaves a treasure, 283.

_Atticus_, T. Pomponius, his annals were only tables, i, 35;
is also called Cæcilius, 39;
friend of Cicero, iii, 18.

_Attila_, son of Rugilas, iii, 339;
the main strength of his empire is in German tribes, 339;
devastates the Eastern empire, 339;
goes to Gaul, 340;
lays siege to Orleans, 340;
battle in the _Campi Catalaunici_, 340;
in Italy, 341.

_Attic law_ belongs to a later time when the forms were already very
polished, i, 296.

_L. Attius_, author of _prætextatæ_, ii, 195;
of tragedies, 393;
form of his poems, 393;
is not called Accius or Actius, 393.

_Attius Navius_, augur, i, 139.

_Attius Tullius_ in Antiam, ii, 288.

_Auerstedt_, battle, ii, 91.

_Cn. Aufidius_, a contemporary of Cicero in his youth, wrote history in
Greek, i, 23.

_Aufidius Bassus_, iii, 185.

_Aufidus_, river near Cannæ, ii, 99.

Αὐγούστειοι, iii, 130.

_Augsburgh_, the guilds are there the ruling power in the fourteenth
century, i, 168;
of fifty-one houses, thirty-eight become extinct in one hundred
years, 446;
the chambers (_Stuben_); the meetings of the houses, 539;
founded, iii, 152.

_Augural system_, i, 256.

_Augural divinations_, an inheritance of the Sabellian peoples, i, 154.

_Augurs_, their number doubled by Numa, two Ramnes, and two Tities, i,
124;
are to represent the three tribes, 130;
later number, 130.

_August_, month of, its name, iii, 114.

_Augustan_ age, not Augustean, iii, 130.

_St. Augustine_, one of the greatest minds, i, 224;
exaggerates, 535;
the Punic language is his mother tongue, ii, 5;
as writer, iii, 325;
his eloquence, 326.

_Augustinus_, Antonius, i, 312.

_Augustus_ assigned to every region a certain number of _vici_ without
counting how many there were of them, i, 172;
was an actor in all he did, iii, 32, 86;
named, 115;
his consulships, 116;
wants to lay down his power as dictator, 116;
_Imperator_ as _prænomen_, 117;
not altogether free from superstition, 117;
proconsular power over the whole of the Roman empire given him, 117;
censor, 117;
tribune, 117;
pontifex maximus, 118;
purifies the senate, 119;
_princeps senatus_, 119;
has the control over the finances of the whole empire, 120;
assigns fixed appointments to the governors of the provinces, 121;
_legati Augusti, pro consule, pro prætore_, 121;
new division of the city, 123;
his division of Italy, 124;
his private fortune, 124;
his power absolute in the provinces, 125;
founds military colonies, 125;
his susceptibility towards Horace, 135;
an uncommonly fine man;
there are many busts and statues extant of him, 142;
a remarkable man, 142;
his courage, 142;
a bad general, 142;
his good qualities, 142;
his domestic relations, 143;
a thorough profligate, 143;
Livia’s influence on him, 143;
his physical constitution, 146;
incensed against Tiberius, 147;
his buildings, 148;
campaign against the Dalmatians, 149;
against the Cantabrians, 149;
his memoirs little notice taken of, 150;
poetry, letters, 150;
shuts the temple of Janus, 151;
German wars, 152;
the defeat of Varus puts him utterly beside himself, 160;
his death, 160;
his burial, 161;
not a close-fisted manager, 173.

_Aurei_, iii, 302.

_Aurelian_, emperor, yields Dacia to the Goths, ii, 147;
general of Claudius Gothicus by whom he is recommended as emperor,
iii, 284;
obscurity of his history, 285;
peace with the Goths, 285;
war against Zenobia, 286;
against the soldiers of Tetricus, 286;
defeats the Germans near Fano, 287;
murdered, 287;
insurrection of a master of the mint, 302;
fortifies Rome, 330.

_C. Aurelius Orestes_, Roman commissioner in Achaia, ii, 249.

_M. Aurelius Antoninus._ See Elagabalus.

_Aureolus_, pretender, iii, 284.

_Auruncians_, their invasion twice told by Livy, i, 222;
Auruncians and Ausonians are the same, 223;
advance as far as Latium, 224;
subjected, 435;
their cities destroyed by the Romans, 494.

_Ausonius_, tutor of Gratian, iii, 316;
a bad poet, 323.

_Auspices_ are valid for the plebes only in later times, i, 270;
were taken for the centuries and curies only, 406.

_Austerlitz_, battle, false reports concerning it, i, 222, 531.

_Autun_ lies in ruins until the reign of Diocletian, iii, 282.

_Auxilia_, iii, 125.

_Aventine_ and Palatine hostile, i, 113;
the city of the plebeians, 115;
Latin settlement there under Ancus, 132;
always occupied by the plebeians, 311;
a sort of suburb of Rome, iii, 123.

_Aventinus_, John, quotes some verses from the Nibelungen (Waltharius),
i, 13.

_Avidius Cassius_, iii, 241;
his descent, 243;
restores discipline, 244;
victorious against the Parthians, 244;
proclaimed emperor, 244;
murdered, 244;
his son murdered without the knowledge of M. Antoninus, 245;
his letters, 245.

_Avitus._ See Elagabalus.

_Avitus_, Flavius Mæcilius, emperor, iii, 343;
takes possession of the see of Placentia, 343.

B

_Badajoz_, founded, iii, 150;
conf. Pax.

_Bagaudæ_, iii, 332.

_Bagradas_, river in Africa, iii, 21.

_Bahram_, king of the Persians, iii, 290.

_Balearic isles_ subject to the Carthaginians, ii, 5;
subdued by the Romans, 307.

_Ballistæ_ invented at Syracuse, i, 354.

_Barbarians_ never fought in dense masses, i, 176.

_Barbatus._ See Horatius.

_Barbié du Bocage_, i, 76.

_Barbula._ See Æmilius.

_Barkochba_, iii, 230.

_Bardylis_ creates in the days of Philip an empire in Illyria, ii, 46.

_Barka_, meaning lightning, the Syriac form, ii, 35.

_Bartholomæus_, i, 67.

_Basbretons_ belong to the race of the Cymri, ii, 322.

_Basilicæ_, ii, 190;
Basilica Æmilia, iii, 50.

_Basiliscus_, general of the eastern empire against Carthage, iii, 345.

_Basques_ are still dwelling north of the Pyrenees, i, 367.

_Basque poem_ on the Cantabrian war, iii, 150.

_Basreliefs_, the art of Basreliefs is at its height under Trajan, iii,
274;
thoroughly bad on the triumphal arch of Severus, 275.

_M. Bassianus_, son of Septimius Severus, iii, 254.
See Caracalla.

_Bassianus._ See Elagabalus.

_Bassus._ See Aufidius.

_Bastarnians_, i, 369;
their abodes, ii, 204;
their movements, 211.

_Bastulans_ in Spain, Μιξοφοίνικες, ii, 59.

_Bato_, two men of this name leaders of the Dalmatians, iii, 155;
one of them treacherously gives up Pinnes to the Romans, 156.

_Battle_, oblique line of, ii, 101;
order of, i, 441.

_Bautzen_, battle, i, 428.

_Bayle_, i, 3, 70.

_Beaufort_, i, 3;
his work on the Roman antiquities recommended, 72, 269, footnote;
his _Dissertation sur l’incertitude des quatre premiers siècles de
l’histoire Romaine_, 72;
the war of Porsena and the time of Camillus beautifully handled by
him, 211;
shows that the peace of Porsena is quite a different thing from what
the Romans would make us believe, 211;
on Camillus, 382;
on the Licinian laws, 396;
on Regulus’ death, ii, 25.

_Ul. Becker’s_ treatise on the history of the war of Hannibal is a
valuable work, ii, 64.

_Bedriacum_, in the neighbourhood of Cremona, battle, iii, 197.

_Beja_ founded, iii, 150;
conf. Pax.

_Belgians_, not unmingled with Gaels, ii, 322;
war against the Romans, iii, 44;
they had no free population, 44;
defeated in two battles, 44;
conf. Cymri.

_Belli_, name of a tribe of the Celtiberians, ii, 261.

_Bellovaci_, iii, 48.

_Bellovesus_, leader of the Gauls, i, 368.

_Benedict_ of Soracte, chronicle, i, 9;
gives a detailed account of an expedition of Charlemagne to
Jerusalem, 86.

_Beneventum_, battle, i, 568;
Roman colony, ii, 106.

_Beni Tai_ are ten thousand families who cannot all descend from Edid
Tai, i, 159.

_Bentley_ ran down at Oxford, i, 42, 71.

_Bergamo_, a Rhætian town, ii, 32.

_Bern._ See Lucerne.

_St. Bernard_, the great, there is everlasting snow on it, ii, 78.

_St. Bernard_, the little, is the mountain over which Hannibal passed,
ii, 78;
has no glaciers, 78;
is in summer a green Alp, 78.

_Bernard_, the holy, iii, 94.

_Berosus_, is genuine, ii, 1.

_Besançon_, battle, iii, 43.

_Besieging_, Greek art of, first applied by the Romans at Lilybæum, ii,
30.

_Bestia._ See Calpurnius.

_Bibulus_, Cæsar’s colleague, commander of Pompey’s fleet, iii, 58.

_Biondo_ of Forli, iii, 114.

_Bithyas_, Carthaginian general in the third Punic war, ii, 241.

_Bithynia_, ii, 181, 377;
the monarchy broken up, iii, 1.

_Bituitus_, king of the Arvernians, ii, 308.

_Bledes_, (Bledel,) son of Rugilas, iii, 339.

_Blemmyans_ in Dongola, Trajan’s expedition against them, iii, 162.

_C. Blossius_, teacher of the Gracchi, ii, 270;
author of Rhintonian comedies, 270 (conf. the footnote);
anecdote of him, 287.

_Boardingbridges_, ii, 14, 17.

_Bocchus_, king of the Mauritanians, ii, 321.

_Bochart_, one of the last highly gifted French philologists, i, 94;
his hypothesis concerning the influence of the Phœnicians is carried
too far, 95.

_Bœcler_ is to be reckoned among the ornaments of Germany, i, 70.

_Bœotians_, independent in appearance only, under the supremacy of
Macedon, ii, 151;
drawn by Flaminius into a league with Rome, 156;
a separate state, 163;
kill the leader of the Macedonian party among them, 172;
join the Achæans in their war against the Romans, 253;
pay a tribute to Rome, 256.

_Boëthius_, iii, 348.

_Bogud_, king of Mauritania, iii, 67.

_Bohemund_, his conduct in the crusades, ii, 65, footnote.

_Boians_, defeated near the lake Vadimo, i, 547;
in Italy, ii, 51;
submit to the Romans, 56;
beat a Roman legion and keep the survivors shut up in Modena, 83;
extent of their territory, 83;
they seize three Romans of rank, 83;
send ambassadors to meet Hannibal, 83;
defend themselves against the Romans with distinguished bravery, 164;
destroy Placentia and Cremona, 165;
are probably exterminated, 165;
_desertum Boiorum_, 165;
are said to have had a hundred and twelve cantons in Italy, 165;
independent, iii, 3.

_Bolæ_ or _Bola_, i, 344.

_Bolingbroke_, Lord, i, 281.

_Bolivar_, ii, 369.

_Bologna_ has a _palatium civium_ and a _palatium communis_, i, 168;
conf. Bononia.

_Bona Dea_, her festival is only celebrated by women, iii, 27.

_Boniface_, iii, 336;
seems to have been an Italian, 336;
recalled from Africa by the influence of Aëtius, 336;
calls the Vandals into Africa, 337.

_Bononia_, the colony has the obligation to serve in war, ii, 384;
conf. Bologna.

_Bononia_ (Boulogne sur Mer), iii, 296.

_Bosporus_, kingdom of the, conquered by the Goths, iii, 278.

_Bosporus_, Thracian, lay open since the destruction of Byzantium, iii,
278.

_Bostra_, in Arabia Petræa, iii, 271;
_colonia Romana_, 271;
in the neighbourhood of Pella, 272.

_Boudicea_, (Bunduica), queen of the Britons, iii, 191.

_Bourg_, i, 167.

_Bourgeois_, i, 167.

_Bourges_, taken by Cæsar, iii, 47.

_Bovianum_, the most thriving town of the Samnites, taken by the
Romans, i, 500;
in Strabo’s time a small place, 500;
battle, 504.

_Bozra_ (Βύρσα), original name of Carthage, ii, 2.

_Brabant_, the towns there neutral in the war between Spain and the
Netherlands, i, 391.

_Brandenburg_, the Vandal (Wendish) tongue forbidden on pain of death,
i, 145.

_Brandy_, there was none except in Egypt;
the process of distillation depicted on the walls of Thebes, ii, 86.

_Brass_ is only of late invention, iii, 45.

_Bremen_, duchy of, the equestrian body there dwindled within fifty
years to half its number, i, 140.

_Brenin_ means in Welsh and Bas Breton a King, i, 366.

_Brescia_, Rhætian town, ii, 52.

_Bretagne_, the immigration from Britain in the fifth century is
fabulous, iii, 42.

BRITAIN, is according to a tradition one of the most ancient seats of
the Celts, i, 366;
thought inaccessible, iii, 45;
neither gold nor silver found there, 45;
Claudius’ expedition, 134;
province, 134;
insurrection under Nero, 191;
wall against the Caledonians erected by Hadrian, 230;
the two elements of the population preserved, 230;
rising under Antoninus Pius, 236;
war of Septimius Severus, 254;
revolt of Carausius, 296;
casts itself off from the Roman empire, 331;
the usurper Constantine, 334.

_Britannicus_, son of Claudius of his first marriage, iii, 183.

_Britomaris_, chieftain of the Sennonian Gauls, i, 546.

_Britons_, their name transferred to the English, i, 143.

_Bronze_ is met with in the temple of Solomon, and even in the
tabernacle of Moses, iii, 45.

_Bructeri_ reduced by Drusus, iii, 153;
defeat the legate M. Lollius, 153;
subdued by Tiberius, 154;
rising under Vespasian, 242.

_Brundusium_, Roman fortress, i, 571;
Roman colony, ii, 106;
faithful to the Syllanian interest, iii, 55;
peace, 103.

_Bruttians_, the Oscan part of them sprung from the Sabine stock, i,
120;
their insurrection, 153;
their origin, 419;
league themselves with the enemies of Rome, 545;
acknowledge Rome’s supremacy, 571;
fall off again, ii, 107;
gain over Locri, 107;
are deprived of their constitution, 186;
nearly the whole country under Honorius was pasture land, 264.

_Dec. Brutus_, general of Cæsar, conspires against him, iii, 79;
entices him into the curia, 80;
withdraws to Cisalpine Gaul, 83;
besieged in Mutina, 89;
the war of Mutina, 89;
murdered, 91.

_Brutus_, Dec. Junius Callaicus, peace with the Lusitanians, ii, 260.

_Brutus_, L. Junius, legends concerning him, i, 82, 198;
the name is Oscan, 198;
given him because he was a plebeian, 199;
_Tribunus Celerum_, 199;
plebeian, 200;
the statement that plebeians had been introduced by him into the
senate, 334.

_Brutus_, M. Junius, the father, brings forward a motion concerning the
colony of Capua, iii, 34.

_Brutus_, M. Junius, i, 200;
beloved by Cicero, iii, 26;
prætor, 76;
prætor urbanus, 78;
nephew of Cato, 76;
marries Cato’s daughter, 77;
introduced by him into the Stoic philosophy, 77;
his character, 77;
fights at Pharsalus, 78;
is intrusted by Cæsar with the government of Cisalpine Gaul, 78;
goes to Greece, 88;
outlawed, 91;
makes himself master of Macedonia, 95;
battle of Philippi, 97;
sees the vision, 95;
victory of his fleet, 98;
defeated; takes his own life, 99;
his age, 99.

_M. Brutus_ carries on the business of a sycophant, iii, 77.

_Bubulcus._ See Junius.

_Bunduica._ See Boudicea.

_Burgundians_ cross the Rhine, iii, 331;
remain in Gaul under Roman supremacy, 332.

_Burning glasses_, the destruction of the Roman fleet by means of them,
doubtful, ii, 117.

_Burrhus_, Nero’s tutor, præfectus prætorio, iii, 189.

_Busta Gallica_ near the Carinæ were still shown in Cæsar’s times, i,
384.

_Busts_, after the time of Caracalla no busts were made, iii, 275.

_Buxentum_, it is uncertain whether it became Roman after the Samnite
war, i, 505;
conf. Pyxus.

_Byng_, admiral, shot by the English, ii, 109.

_Bysacene_ belonged to Carthage as early as in the days of the Roman
kings, ii, 229.

_Byzantines_, fought in their most brilliant days with very small
ships, ii, 17.

_Byzantium_ allied with Chios and Lesbos, ii, 145, 151;
with Egypt, 148;
destroyed by Septimius Severus, iii, 252;
conf. Constantinople.

C

_Caia Cæcilia_, wife of Tarquinius Priscus, i, 37;
her image in the temple of Semo Sancus, 37;
filings from the girdle of her brazen image were used as remedies,
37.

_Cæcilius_ mentioned by Strabo is very likely Dionysius of
Halicarnassus, i, 39.

_Cæcilius_, see Atticus, Metellus, Statius.

_Cæcina_, Etruscan historian, i, 191.

_Cæcina_ is a gentile name, ii, 403, footnote.

_Cæcina_, iii, 195, 197;
killed by the order of Titus, 208.

_Cæculus_, founder of Præneste, i, 137.

_Cædicius_, iii, 158.

_Q. Cæditius_, ii, 16.

_Cæles Vibenna_, i, 88, 118, 129;
_condottiere_, 155;
an historical person, 191.

_Cælius_ joins Romulus in his war against the Sabines, i, 117.

_Cælius_, Mount, foundation of the town on it, i, 129.

_Cælius Antipater._ See Cœlius.

_Cælius Rufus_, judicious, ii, 379;
beloved by Cicero, iii, 26;
his insurrection, 65;
his language like that of Cicero for excellence, 127.

_Cæpio_, proconsul, ii, 259.

_Cæpio_, proconsul, his army destroyed by the Teutones and the Cimbri,
ii, 325.

_Cæpio_, Q. Servilius, proconsul, murdered at Asculum, ii, 351.

_Cære_, formerly called Agylla, i, 147;
gets isopolity, 152.

_Cærites_, according to Diodorus, conquer the Gauls, i, 383;
give up part of their territory to Rome, 416.

_Cærite citizenship_ (sympolity), i, 535.

_Cæsar_, C. Julius, his fondness for Marius, ii, 327;
his consulship to be looked upon as the beginning of the civil wars,
iii, 28;
married to the daughter of Cinna, 29;
does not stoop to Sylla, 29;
the greatest general of his age, 30;
declares for Marius’ party, 30;
consul, 31;
his character, 31, 58;
had no military schooling, 31;
his work on analogy, 32;
his style, 33;
not one witty saying of him is recorded, 33;
gets Gaul as a province, 34;
founds a colony in Capua, 34;
estrangement between him and Cicero, 34;
his province belonged to him for five years, 37;
congress at Lucca, 39;
his commentaries, 39;
much to be expected from the MSS. for his _bellum Gallicum_, 40;
the MSS. _de bello civili_ to be traced to one single family, not so
those _de bello Gallico_, 40;
the other books, 40;
war with the Helvetians, 41;
against Ariovistus, 43;
victory near Besançon, 43;
conquers the Belgians, 44;
his conduct to the Usipetes and Tenchteri, 44;
victorious against the Veneti, 45;
goes to Britain, 45;
second expedition thither, 46;
crosses the Rhine twice, 46;
puts down the insurrection of Vercingetorix, 46;
made prisoner by the Gauls, 47;
has Vercingetorix put to death, 48;
is required to lay down the _imperium_, 51;
crosses the Rubicon, 53;
reaches Rome, 54;
to Brundusium, 55;
acts in Rome as a sovereign, 55;
goes to Spain, 56;
siege of Massilia, 56;
defeats Afranius and Petreius near Lerida, 56;
dictator, 57;
his law of debts, 57;
goes to Illyria, 58;
fails in his attempt against Dyrrachium, 58;
his bold march to Gomphi, 60;
battle of Pharsalus, 61;
the numbers which he gives are exaggerated, 61;
buries Pompey, 63;
the Alexandrine war, 64;
enslaved by Cleopatra, 65;
marches against Pharnaces, 65;
returns to Rome, 65;
meeting of the troops, 66;
surrounded in Thapsus, 67;
his victory, 67;
his Anti-Cato, 68;
goes to Spain, 70;
battle of Munda, 70;
his triumphs, 71;
regulates the calendar, 72;
plans a war against the Parthians, 73;
other plans, 73;
his places of honour, 74;
aspires to the title of king, 76;
want of courtesy to the senate, 76;
loves Brutus, 77;
pardons almost all his enemies, 78;
murdered, 80;
divine honours conferred upon him, 82;
his will, 83;
the finish of his style to be attributed to Cicero, 127;
his aim as a law-giver, 162.

_C. Cæsar._ See C. Agrippa.

_C. Cæsar_, called _Caligula_, son of Germanicus, conspires against
Tiberius, iii, 177;
not born on the banks of the Rhine, but at Antium, 177;
his madness, 177;
favourable reception from the Romans, 178;
the name of Caligula is not to be met with among the ancient writers,
but was only given him by the soldiers when a child, 178;
his sleeplessness, 179;
his waste, 179;
his war against the Germans, 179;
murdered, 180.

_Cæsar_, L. Julius, consul, author of the _lex Julia_ concerning the
franchise of the Italians, ii, 354.

_Q. Cæsar._ See L. Agrippa.

_Cæsar augusta_ (Saragossa), colony founded, iii, 150.

_Cæsarea_, a bashaw there forbids to speak Greek, i, 145;
destroyed by the Persians after a noble defence, iii, 281.

_Cæsetius Flavus_, tribune of the people, takes the diadem from Cæsar’s
statue, iii, 76.

_Calabria_, nearly the whole of it under Honorius is pasture land, ii,
265.

_Calagurris_, siege of, ii, 403.

_Calatinus._ See Atilius.

_Calendar_ in Cæsar’s times, more than eighty days behind hand, ii,
344; iii, 23;
regulated, 72.

_Cales_, colony, i, 455; ii, 106;
occupied by the Romans, i, 497.

_Caligula._ See C. Cæsar.

_Callicrates_, Roman party-leader in Achaia, ii, 209, 216.

_Callimachus_, ii, 198.

_Callicula_, mount, ii, 96.

CALONES, i, 178.

_Calpurnius_, his eclogues, iii, 292.

_L. Calpurnius Bestia_, ii, 314;
condemned, 316.

_M. Calpurnius Flamma_, ii, 16.

_Calpurnius._ See Piso.

_Camarina_ conquered by the Carthaginians, i, 575;
destroyed, ii, 4.

_Calvus_, C. Licinius, poet and orator;
Quinctilian’s and Tacitus’s opinion of him, iii, 127;
conf. Licinius.

_Cameria_, a _colonia Romana_, forms a separate community, i, 279.

_Camers_, treaty with Rome, i, 509;
Umbrian name of Clusium, 528.

_Camillus_, L. Furius, compelled by the Curies to go into exile, i, 94;
fictitious victory of his, 222;
his alleged condemnation by the tribes, 304;
appointed dictator, 356;
general against the Faliscans, 361;
accused of having enriched himself from the Veientine booty, 362;
goes to Ardea, 363;
probably condemned by the centuries, 363;
dictator, 380;
his appearance in Rome whilst the money was weighed to the Gauls,
fictitious, 382;
a second Romulus, 385;
dictator, to counteract Manlius Capitolinus, 394;
at the age of eighty appointed dictator against the Licinian
rogations, 402;
makes a vow to build a temple to _Concordia_, 402.

_Campanians_, their people is formed, i, 343;
Campanian legion at Rhegium, 573;
overpowered, 574;
properly speaking, in rank equal to the Romans, 572.
See Capua.

_Campania_, extent of the country, i, 424;
has a large _ager publicus_, ii, 282.

CAMPANUS, CAMPAS, appellatives derived from Capua, i, 161, 424.

_Campbells_, five thousand of them looked upon the Duke of Argyle as
their cousin, i, 159.

CAMPI CATALAUNICI, Champagne, not Chalons, iii, 340.

CAMPI RAUDII, battle, ii, 332.

_Camunians_, are of Etruscan race, i, 145;
stand their ground against the Gauls, 369.

CANDIDATI CÆSARIS, iii, 118.

_Candidus_, historian, iii, 327.

_Canidius_, lieutenant of Antony in the battle of Actium, iii, 112.

_Cannæ_ in Apulia, destroyed by earthquake, ii, 92;
battle, 99;
seems to have been fought before the second of August, 99;
the first satisfactory description given by Swinburne, 100;
fifty to sixty German miles distant from Rome, 103;
the surviving soldiers have to stay a long time in Sicily, 377.

_Canosa_, Prince of, witty but eccentric, ii, 298.

_Cantabrians_, are according to the ancients of different race from the
Turdetanians, according to Humboldt of the same, ii, 60;
a free nation, iii, 1;
Augustus’ war against them, 149.

_Canusium_, chief town of Apulia, i, 477.

_Canvassing_, for the first time met with under the second decemvirate,
i, 299.

_Capellianus_, lieutenant of Maximin in Mauritania, iii, 268.

_Capena_, its situation, i, 348, footnote;
disappears entirely, 362.

_Capenates_, hasten to the help of the Fidenates, i, 347.

_Capital punishment_, i, 316.

CAPITE SENSI, i, 178.

CAPITIS DEMINUTIO, i, 177.

_Capitol_, i, 378;
burned to ashes under Sylla, under Vitellius, iii, 201.

_Cappadocia_, kingdom of, ii, 361; iii, 121;
quarrels about the succession decided by Mithridates, ii, 360, 362;
given up by Mithridates, 377;
not completely surrendered, 407;
kingdom under Roman supremacy, iii, 161.

_Capreæ_, the most paradise like spot in the world, iii, 160.

_Capua_, founded in the year 283 by the Etruscans, i, 148, 342, 419;
history of the Etruscan colony, 420;
the Campanians ask for the help of the Romans, 420;
_equites Campani_, 420, 453;
shuts its gates from Pyrrhus, 560;
Hannibal master of it, ii, 104;
enjoys isopolity with Rome, under its own government, 104;
wealthy, 104;
_effeminate_, 104;
separates from Rome and forms a league with Hannibal, 104;
three hundred Campanians serve with the Romans in Sicily, 104;
put the Romans to death in overheated bath rooms, 105;
besieged by the Romans, 111;
taken, 113;
colony founded by Jul. Cæsar, iii, 34.

_Caput_, the place where the liver is grown to the midriff, in Italian
_capo_, i, 440.

_Caracalla_, eldest son of Septimius Severus, iii, 254;
this appellation is so generally bestowed on him only by the moderns,
in the _Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ_ it is Caracallus, 254;
emperor, 256;
murders his brother, 256;
his cruelty, 256;
travels through the provinces, 257;
massacre at Alexandria, 257;
grants the right of citizenship to all the subjects of the Roman
empire, 257;
his taste for gladiatorial arts, 258;
war against the Parthians, 258;
his fondness for Alexander the Great, 258;
murdered, 259;
fine busts of his age, 275.

_Carausius_, revolts against Diocletian, iii, 296.

_Carbo_, E. Papirius, an unworthy disciple of Tib. Gracchus, ii, 288;
his character, 288;
leaves his party, 306;
consul, 306;
takes away his own life, 306.

_Carbo_, Cn. Papirius, consul, defeated near Noreia by the Cimbrians,
ii, 324.

_Carbo_, Cn. Papirius, joins Sylla, ii, 371;
consul, tyrant, 375;
consul, 380;
war in Etruria, 382;
flies to Africa, 383.

_Carchedon_, ii, 2.

_Caria_, belonging to Egypt, ii, 145;
to the Rhodians, 183;
taken from the latter by the Romans, 219.

_Carians_, after the destruction of Troy, push forward from the
interior country to the coast of Asia Minor, i, 144;
had attained to a considerable degree of civilization, even before
they were hellenized, ii, 2.

_Carinus_, son of Carus, profligate, iii, 290.

_Carmen_, formula, i, 93.

_Carmentalis Porta_, i, 263, footnote.

_Carnians_, i, 369;
attacked in Noricum by the Cimbrians, ii, 323.

_Carnot_, opposes masses to the thin lines of the enemy, ii, 14.

_Caroline_, Queen of Naples, iii, 102.

_Carpenters_, i, 177.

_Carseoli_, Roman colony, i, 505.

_Carthage_, _Carthaginians_, oldest alliance with Rome, i, 195;
renewed several times, 573; ii, 3;
spreads in Sicily, i, 566;
inclined to conclude peace with Pyrrhus, 566;
attack Pyrrhus on his passage to Italy, 567;
alliance with Rome, 574;
fleet of one hundred and twenty ships before Ostia, 574;
fleet appears in the roadstead of Tarentum, 574;
conquer Gela, Camarina, and other towns, and encamp before Syracuse,
575;
peace with Dionysius, 575;
is a colony of Tyre, ii, 1;
date of its foundation, 1;
origin of the legend of the bullock’s hide, 2;
was originally called Kartha chadta, new town, 2;
dependence upon the Libyan peoples and Tyre, 2;
makes its first appearance as a power about the middle of the third
century of Rome;
conquered by Malcus, 3;
against Gelon of Syracuse and Theron of Agrigentum, 3;
chronological objections to this statement, 3;
confined in Sicily to Motye, Panormus, and Solois, 4;
after the defeat of the Athenians, Carthaginians send a considerable
army over to Sicily, 4;
besiege Syracuse under Agathocles, 4;
peace on the basis of the river Himera forming the boundary, 4;
extent of their rule in the beginning of the first Punic war, 4;
factories on the coast of Algiers, 5;
constitution, 5;
the Hundred and Four, 6, 168;
mode of taxation of the subjects, 7;
they keep mercenaries, and have only a cavalry of their own, 7;
they were probably drawn up in a phalanx, just like the Greeks 10;
they had family-names and bye-names, 10;
their generals are very bad at the beginning of the war, 11;
reverse near the Liparian isles, 15;
had pulled down the walls of all the towns from fear of rebellions,
20;
treatment of the subjects, 20;
never employed their citizens as soldiers, but only as officers, 30;
try to get a loan from Ptolemy, 35;
their distress after the first Punic war, 44;
war of the mercenaries, 44;
new peace with Rome, 46;
their rule deeply hated in Africa, very easy in Spain, 59;
their weakness is this, that they have no national army of their own,
59;
their empire in Spain, 61;
their generals not only keep their office for life, but they also
bequeath it at their death to others as an heir-loom, 61;
are at the beginning of the second Punic war in possession of
Andalusia and the greater part of Valencia, 70;
boundaries of their empire there, 70;
their fleet makes its appearance off the coast of Etruria, 70;
have commissaries in the camp of Hannibal, 73;
have no fleet of any importance in the beginning of Hannibal’s war,
73;
their army encamps in the neighbourhood of Syracuse, to relieve it,
but is destroyed by the unwholesome air, 117;
they make proposals of peace, 137;
take a Roman fleet during the truce, 139;
the democratical element is considerably on the increase after the
second Punic war, 168;
Ordo judicum, the Hundred and Four to be compared with the
state-inquisition of Venice, 168;
war with Masinissa, 229;
extent of territory, 230;
their arms given up to Rome, 233;
last demands previous to the third Punic war, 233;
despair, 233;
topography, 234, 239;
siege, 241;
they build a new fleet, 241;
conquest of the town, 243;
colony of C. Gracchus, 301;
their library given to the Numidian kings, 310;
conf. _Hamilcar_, _Hannibal_, etc.

_Carthage_, Roman, its situation, ii, 240;
colony established by Cæsar, iii, 74;
the second city of the Western Empire, 234, 338;
literary opposition to Rome, 234;
many Christians there, 273;
profligacy of the people, 338.

_Carthagena_, _Carthago nova_, founded by Hamilcar or Hasdrubal on
account of the silver mines, ii, 59;
important place of arms, 124;
taken, 124.

_Carthalo_, Carthaginian ambassador not received by Rome, ii, 106.

_Carus_, _præfectus prætorio_, raised to the throne, iii, 289;
descent, 289;
war against the Persians, 290;
his death, 290.

_Carvilius_, Sp., completes the reduction of Samnium, i, 569.

_Carvilius_, Sp., brings forward a motion during the war of Hannibal,
to complete the Roman senate, i, 342.

_Casca_, iii, 80.

_Cascans_, name of the conquering people in Italy, i, 104;
_cascus_, quaint, 105.

_Casilinum._ See Casinum.

_Casinum_, town of the Samnites, i, 480;
fortified, 497;
confounded with Casilinum, ii, 96;
Roman colony, 106.

_Casperius_, præfect, iii, 215.

_Cassander_ expels Æacidas from his kingdom, 553.

_Cassius_, prætor, iii, 76;
his character, 78;
quarrel between him and Brutus, 78;
demands the death of Antony, 81;
spoke Greek, 84;
goes to Greece, 88;
outlawed, 91;
in possession of Syria, 95;
battle of Philippi, 97;
death, 98.

_Cassius, Dio._ See Dio.

_C. Cassius Hemina_ wrote a history of Rome, i, 26.

_C. Cassius Longinus_, honoured as the justest man, goes as
commissioner of inquiry to Africa, ii, 314;
patrician, 315.

_L. Cassius Longinus_, defeated by the Cimbrians and Teutones, ii, 324.

_Sp. Cassius_, his league with the Latins, i, 220, 246, 248;
his agrarian law, 256;
executed for high treason, 257;
question of his guilt or innocence, 257;
his family goes over to the Plebs, 258;
a son or grandson of his is tribune of the people, 325.

_Cassius of Parma_, one of the murderers of Jul. Cæsar, iii, 113.

_Cassius Severus_, his opinion on Cicero, iii, 95.

_Cassubians_ are Sclavonians, speak Wendish to this day, i, 367.

_Castes_ in the ancient states remained always exclusive, i, 158.

CASTRA CORNELIA, ii, 135.

CASTRUM PRÆTORIANUM, iii, 125, 175.

_Catalaunici._ See Campi.

_Catamitus_, Latin form instead of Ganymedes, ii, 194.

_Catana_, an ally of Carthage, i, 578;
opens its gates to the Romans, 581;
Roman, ii, 116.

_Catapults_ invented in Syracuse for Dionysius, i, 354.

_Catiline_, become a popular character, iii, 12;
his character, 13;
his object, 13;
Cicero’s saying of him, 14;
an action _repetundarum_ brought against him, 14;
Cicero’s attack on him in the senate, 22;
he leaves Rome, 22;
in Etruria, 22;
his death, 24.

_Cato_, M. Porcius, Censorius, his _Origines_, i, 26;
treated the Roman history ethnographically, 26;
plan of his work, 26;
fragment _de sumtu suo_, ii, 190;
his character, 191;
conquers the heights which command the Thermopylæ, 173;
carries on wars in Spain, 201;
his cunning, 201;
interests himself for the Rhodians, 219;
brings an impeachment against Galba, 224;
urges in the senate that Carthage should be destroyed, 231;
learned Greek only late in life, 191.

_Cato_, M. Porcius, of Utica, his vote in Catiline’s affair, iii, 23,
68;
dreams of olden times, 32;
votes for having Cæsar given up to the Germans, 45;
leaves Sicily where he was prætor, 56;
in Africa, 66;
takes the command of Utica, 66;
his character, 67;
death, 69.

_Cato_, Valerius, his Diræ are very doubtful, iii, 129.

_Catullus_ means by _gens Romulique Ancique_ the _Populus_ and the
Plebes, i, 171;
Cicero’s kindness to him, iii, 26;
is the greatest poet Rome ever had, 128, 136;
his superiority not acknowledged until the end of the eighteenth
century, 133;
in independent circumstances, 139.

_Catulus_, Q. Lutatius, consul, defeats the Carthaginians near the
Ægatian islands, thereby putting an end to the first Punic war, ii,
39.

_Catulus_, Q. Lutatius, consul, a fair author, left memoirs in Greek,
ii, 328;
falls back upon the Po, 331;
victory near Vercelli, 332;
death, 373.

_Catulus_, Q. Lutatius, head of the aristocracy, ii, 395;
an honest man, 396;
wants to have steps taken against Cæsar, iii, 30.

_Cavalry_, always the worst part of the Roman army, i, 440, 559;
Thessalian cavalry excellent, 559;
the Roman was in the battle of Zama superior to that of the
Carthaginians, ii, 141.

_Cavalry service_, the terms belonging to it of Celtic origin, iii,
156.

_Cauca_, its horrible fate, ii, 223.

_Caudinians_, sprung from Sabine stock, i, 120;
seem to have declared for Hannibal, whilst he was still on his march
to Capua, ii, 107;
carry on the Marsian war, 358.

_Caudium_, i, 421;
the capital of the Caudine Samnites, 487;
battle in the Caudine passes, 488;
what the yoke was, 490;
the peace ratified in Rome, 490;
broken, 491;
the town razed to the ground, 534.

_Caulonia_, i, 458.

_Celer_ slays Remus, i, 115.

_Celeres_, the patrician knights, i, 199.

_Celtiberians_, mixture of Celts and Iberians, i, 367;
a brave people, ii, 60;
their country, 202;
peace of Gracchus, 60;
won over by Viriathus, 258;
war with the Romans, 260;
their tribes, 260;
seem to have had republican institutions, 260;
oppose the Cimbrians, 325.

_Celtiberian_ war, ii, 223.

_Celts_, some of their tribes keep their ground in Spain longer than
others, i, 146;
had Greek letters, 366;
according to tradition, Britain one of their most ancient seats, 366;
met with in Britain, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, 366;
possessed once the whole of Spain with the exception of Andalusia,
besides southern France, Ireland, and part of England, 367;
driven by the Iberians across the Pyrenees into Aquitain, ii, 60;
barbarians, 71;
destroyed south of the Po, 164.

_Cenis_, (Mount,) there was, in times of old, no road over it, ii, 77.

_Cenomanians_, place themselves under the protection of the Romans, ii,
52;
between the Adda and the Lago di Garda, 55.

_Censors_ would place a plebeian in the equestrian body as a mark of
distinction, i, 179;
are already elected in conformity with the law of the twelve tables,
328;
the first censors are not mentioned as consuls either in the _Fasti_
or the _libri magistratuum_, but only in one of the _libri
lintei_, 328;
have jurisdiction, 332;
the consuls are said to have formerly had their functions, 332;
their office, 333;
their registers are double, 333;
deprived of their arbitrary sway, 335;
their power had no reference to the patricians, 335;
they had also a moral control, 336;
two plebeians are censors, ii, 266.

_Censorinus._ See Marcius.

_Censorship_ established, i, 328;
plebeians first entitled by law to hold it, 446.

_Census_ in Rome required very extensive book-keeping, i, 4;
affected realized property only, 179;
was not a property-tax, but a land-tax, 179;
before the Gallic calamity, 375;
the Attic census was a real property-tax, 179;
the census disturbed, ii, 344;
the _census senatori_ is raised to a million sesterces, iii, 119.

_Centenius_, ii, 93.

CENTESIMÆ, i, 388.

_Centoripa_, independent after the first Punic war, ii, 41.

_Centumcellæ_, (Civitavecchia,) harbour built, iii, 222;
baths at the hot springs, 223.

CENTUMVIRI, judges in questions of MEUM and TUUM, i, 404;
plebeian judges to decide in all cases concerning Quiritary property,
313.

_Centuria_, a square in assignations, i, 256.

_Centuries_ and tribes, originally the same thing, i, 140;
the centuries of Servius Tullius, 174;
they could not vote on any subject which had not been laid before
them by the senate, 184;
no one could get up and speak in them, 184;
could legally transact business on the _dies comitiales_ only, 269;
a grand national court of justice, 303;
decrees of the senate are laid before them, as late as in Tiberius’
times, iii, 119.

_Centurions_, non-commissioned officers, i, 434.

_Cephalenia_, laid waste by the Romans, i, 175.

_Ceraunian_ rocks, sudden squalls there, i, 556.

_Ceres_, bread distributed at her temple, i, 183; ii, 295.

_Ceremonial_ of the East, transplanted by Diocletian into the Roman
court, iii, 295.

_Cerinthus_, iii, 138.

_Cethegus_, P. Cornelius, ii, 200;
outlawed with Marius, surrenders to Sylla, ii, 382.

_Cetræ_, linen coats of mail, ii, 10.

_Chæreas_ writes a history of the first Punic war, spoken of with
censure by Polybius, ii, 62.

_Chæronea_, the battle there, and the downfall of the Latins takes
place in the same year, i, 457;
battle in which Sylla defeats the Asiatics, 375.

_Chalcedon_, destroyed by the Goths, iii, 278;
oracle concerning its foundation, 296.

_Chalcis_, pillaged, ii, 155;
evacuated by the Romans, 163;
joins the Achæans in the war against Rome, 253;
destroyed, 255.

_Chalcis_, name of Cleopatra’s empire in Asia, ii, 108.

_Champagne_, has calcareous soil, ii, 99.

_Charilaus_, i, 473.

_Charisius_, encyclopedist, iii, 323.

_Charles_, Archduke of Austria, his military talent, i, 553.

_Charles_ XII., his march to Pultawa, iii, 60.

_Charlemagne_, fabulous accounts of his expedition to Jerusalem, across
the Alps, and others, in the chronicles, i, 86;
is stated to have driven all the Lombards out of Italy, 222;
in his laws the period is fixed, during which the people are bound to
service, 350.

_Charops_, a chieftain of the Epirote republic, betrays Philip, ii,
154;
brought up in Rome, 209.

_Chateaubriand_ neither more nor less than a bad Lucan, iii, 186.

_Chatti_, in the country about the Mayne, Domitian’s expedition against
them, iii, 211;
defensive war of the Romans, 242.

_Chauci_, iii, 156.

_Chersonesus_, belonging to Egypt, ii, 145;
fortified by the Romans, ii, 167;
situation, 176;
abandoned by Antiochus, 176.

_Cherusci_ reduced by Drusus, iii, 153;
by Tiberius, 154.

_China_, the old books are destroyed, but restored from the memory of
old men and the supplements of the astronomers, i, 7

_Chios_, in confederacy with Byzantium, ii, 145;
allied with Egypt, 148;
sea fight, 148;
free, 151;
in a league with Attalus, 152.

_Choiseul_, Duc de, iii, 72.

_Christian_ VII. of Denmark, his insanity shown by his sleeplessness,
iii, 179.

_Christian literature_, iii, 325.

_Christian religion_ taken up by many like any other theurgy, iii, 251.

_Christians_, persecution of, iii, 273;
by Diocletian, 297.

_Christianity_, its spread unjustly reproached with having driven out
the fine arts, iii, 224;
Severus’ reign favourable to it, 252;
increase of the number of Christians, 273;
in the west in towns only, not in the country, 273;
in the east in minority, but with life and energy, 312;
its working, 338.

_Chronographies_ of the Greeks, i, 5.

_Chronology_ of the earliest Roman history made according to a system
of numbers, i, 84;
in the first thirty years of the republic there are wanting in Livy
three pairs of consuls, given by Dionysius, 306;
the war of Porsena is to be dated ten years later than is generally
stated, 215;
no fixed date for the battle at the Regillus, 219;
the story of Coriolanus placed in a wrong time, 244;
irregularity in the Fasti at the tribuneship of Lucinius and Sextius,
399;
the conquest of Rome by the Gauls is thought by the ancients to have
happened under Archon Pyrgion (Ol. 98, 1), 400;
chronology is very unsettled towards the end of the fourth century on
account of the uncertain change of the magistrates, 407;
Cato’s chronology is followed by Livy, 407;
and likewise by Polybius, 533;
that of Cato to be preferred to that of Varro, 533;
a perfectly satisfactory Roman chronology possible only from the time
of the first Punic war, 533;
according to Cato the birth of Christ happens in the year 752, 546.

_Chrysogonus_, ii, 390; iii, 17.

_Chrysostomus_, Dio, see Dio.

_St. Chrysostom_ appeases the emperor Theodosius, iii, 322.

_Cibalis_, battle, iii, 300.

_Cicero_, M. Tullius, the MSS. of the books _de legibus_ have all of
them, in the fifteenth century, been copied from one single MS, i,
8;
the books _de Divinatione_ exist only in bad MSS, 21;
little versed in Roman history, 21;
incorrect sometimes with regard to the prænomens, 21;
the books de _Oratore_ and _Brutus_ are corrupted in many little
passages, 28;
the MSS. of Brutus do not date higher than 1430, 28;
speaks unfavourably of Licinius Macer, 33;
was unsuited for the task of writing history, 36;
a revolution in literature has been brought about by him, 172;
seems to have seen the tablets of Sp. Cassius, 220;
the old writers not to his taste, ii, 196;
the introduction of the _Somnium Scipionis_ not historical, 239;
taken in by the hypocrisy of those in power with regard to the affair
of the Gracchi, 283;
is to be blamed as the author of erroneous opinions on many subjects,
285;
explanation of the _duodecim coloniæ_ in the oration _pro Cæcina_,
302;
as a youth of seventeen introduced by his father into the presence of
the statesmen of the age, 313;
mistaken with regard to L. Opimius, 316;
his love for Marius, 327;
does not allow himself to be overawed, 337;
oration _de imperio Cn. Pompeii_, not _pro lege Manilia_, iii, 9;
defended Catiline before a court of justice, 14;
his youth, 15;
had in poetry all his life long the old Roman tinge, 16;
unwarlike, 16;
his knowledge of the law, 16;
the inward struggle of his mind, 17;
orations _pro Roscio Comædo_, _pro Quinctio_, _pro Roscio Amerino_,
and others, 17;
goes to Rhodes, 17;
defects of his education, 17;
his wit, 18, 33;
his friendship with Atticus sprung up only in later years, 18;
his marriage, 18,
the source of his boastfulness, 19;
accusation of Verres, 19;
orations for and against Vatinius, for Gabinius, for Rabirius
Postumus, 20;
answer of the Delphian oracle on him, 21, footnote;
consul, 21;
orations against Rullus, 21;
his sensibility, 24;
oration for Murena, 26;
attaches young men to himself, 26;
not a weak character, 26;
against Clodius, 27;
tacks between the two parties, 32;
speaks against a colony in Capua, 34;
estranged from Cæsar, 34;
leaves Rome, 36;
his house pulled down, rebuilt by the emperor Claudius, burnt down
again in Nero’s fire, 36;
recalled, 36;
oration for Flaccus, 37;
speaks for the assignment of the provinces to Pompey, Crassus, and
Cæsar, 37;
loses his presence of mind in pleading for Milo, 38;
proconsul of Cilicia, 39;
tries to mediate the peace between Cæsar and Pompey, 39;
in his books, _de Republica_, his conviction of the want of a king
distinctly to be remarked, 75;
his affection for Brutus, 77;
for Virgil, 77;
slander against him, 79;
his Greek has a foreign air about it, 84;
allows himself to be entrapped by Octavian, 85;
_de Officiis_, _de Divinatione_, _de Fato_, _Topica_, _de Gloria_,
85;
stops at Rhegium, 86;
opposition against Antony, 86;
second Philippic, 87;
the question of the letters to Brutus being genuine or forged, 88;
oration _pro Marcello_, 88;
his death, 94;
his literary character, 94;
his oration _pro Cælio_, 95.

_Cicero_, M. Tullius, the son, iii, 94.

_Cicero_, Q. Tullius, a worthless man, iii, 18;
with Cæsar in Spain, 35;
nearly destroyed by the Eburones, 46.

_Ciceroniani_, iii, 94.

_Cid_, the romances of him have more historical matter in them than
many others, i, 85.

_Cilicia_, iii, 8;
well suited for pirates, 9;
hardly the rudiments of Greek learning to be met there, 69.

_Cilnii_, iii, 144.

_Cimber_, C. Tillius, iii, 80.

_Cimbrians_ did not come from Jutland, but from the East, i, 370;
their first appearance in the Roman empire, ii, 308.

_Cimbri_ and _Teutones_ on the frontiers of Italy, ii, 322;
their descent, 322;
on the middle of the Danube, 323;
march into Gaul, 324;
defeat the Romans, 324;
turn towards Spain, 325;
go round the northern range of the Alps, 328;
burst upon Italy, 330;
remarks on their passage over the Adige, 331;
defeated at Vercelli, 332;
destroyed, 333.

_Ciminia silva_, i, 506, 508.

_Cincinnatus_ L. Quinctius, alleged cause of his poverty, i, 281;
the poem on his dictatorship, 282;
brings about the condemnation of Volscius, 284;
dictator, 338.