Chapter M: Antoninus Caracalla. Macrinus. Elagabalus. Alexander Severus (4)

To Alaric the murder of Stilicho became a pretext for again invading Italy. Honorius now took up his abode in the inaccessible city of Ravenna, which at that time was built on islands, like Venice now, being separated by lagunes from the main land, with which it was only connected by an isthmus. Without troubling himself to besiege Ravenna, Alaric marched on the Flaminian road against Rome, which he blockaded. Here, before long, the most horrible famine was seen: people murdered to feed on the corpses, so that even children are said to have been eaten by their own parents: besides which there broke out a plague, the necessary consequence of this state of things. At last a capitulation was concluded, though one cannot understand why Alaric acceded to it: perhaps he did so because the summer had already come on, and was severely felt by the army, which may likewise have suffered from epidemics. Rome having ransomed itself, negociations for peace were to be set on foot between the court of Ravenna and Alaric, it being proposed that the emperor should appoint Alaric commander-in-chief of the whole of the western empire. As these negociations did not lead to any result, Alaric turned himself for the second time towards Rome. The senate fell off from Honorius; Alaric proclaimed Attalus, the _præfectus prætorio_, emperor, and marched with him to Ravenna; and Honorius was so faint-hearted as to acknowledge Attalus as his colleague. When, however, in the meanwhile, reinforcements had landed in the port of Ravenna, and Attalus had fallen into disgrace with the Gothic chief, Honorius again broke off the negociations, and Alaric returned for the third time to Rome. On the 24th August, 410, was that awful burning of Rome which is still so famous in the world’s history, the Salarian gate, which is yet standing, having been opened to the Goths by treachery. Although Rome had to suffer many of the horrors of a town taken by storm, little blood was shed: many were led away as prisoners. The lust and rapine of the Goths hardly knew any bounds: the inhabitants were racked to make them show where they had hidden their treasures. The churches only were not plundered. After a pillage of three days, the evacuation began, which was completed by the sixth day. Alaric marched to Rhegium, intending to go also to Sicily; but he turned back. Two years after the taking of Rome, he died in Cosenza. (To this refers the beautiful poem of Count Platen, “The Tomb at Busento.”) The command of the army fell to his brother-in-law Adolphus, who, quite unlike Alaric, had a fondness for the Romans: he left Italy and marched to Languedoc. On both sides of the Pyrenees, over part of Languedoc and Catalonia, he reigned as an independent prince, the ally of the Romans. There he married Placidia, Honorius’ sister, who had been led away as a captive, and who now so closely knit the alliance, that it changed into real friendship. Adolphus, who had already led his troops into Spain, where he conquered the Vandals, Sueves, and Alans, and drove them into Asturias, Galicia, and Lusitania; gave back to the Roman empire the provinces which he did not occupy himself. He also did very good service against Jovinus, a usurper, and his brother Sebastianus.

In Britain, whilst Alaric was in Italy, an officer of the name of Constantine had been proclaimed Augustus by the soldiers, and had been favourably received in Gaul. Against him arose Gerontius, another usurper, who placed Maximus, a friend of his, on the throne; but in Gaul there came forth an army of Honorius under Constantius, ostensibly to the assistance of Constantine, which was quite a sound policy. Constantius compelled Gerontius and Maximus, who were besieging Arles, to put an end to their own lives; then he afterwards went on with the war against Constantine, and thus regained Gaul and Spain for the Romans. For this, after the death of Adolphus, he was rewarded with the hand of Galla Placidia. The friendship between the Western Goths and the Romans now ceased again: Singeric and Wallia broke off with them, and the Visigoths, who were very jealous of their independence, returned to their former attitude towards them. Thenceforth, except that her coasts were pillaged by Genseric, Italy had peace until the invasion of Attila: yet we may easily imagine how little she was able to recover herself. Honorius died in 423.

Placidia had borne to Constantius two children, Placidus Valentinianus and Justa Grata Honoria, both of them a curse to the empire. Constantius indeed had extorted from Honorius his being acknowledged as Augustus; but he died immediately after, even before Honorius, at whose death Placidus was a boy of not more than four years old, and therefore not capable of taking to himself the throne. Arcadius also was already dead, and his rule was nominally in the hands of his very youthful son, Theodosius II., who his whole life long never became his own master, but really was in those of Pulcheria, the new emperor’s sister: thus the East was very badly governed. Galla Placidia fled with her children to Constantinople; but before succours arrived from thence, the government was seized by a usurper, Johannes, the first emperor with a Christian name.[73] He reigned two years. Theodosius, on the other hand, bestowed the crown on his cousin, the boy Valentinian III., and sent two armies to Italy under Ardaburius and Aspar, both of whom were Isaurians. This undertaking did not succeed at first, the fleet having been scattered by a storm; but Aspar advanced unresisted through Illyricum, which seems to have returned again beneath the sovereignty of the emperor, and Johannes was deserted by his troops, and Placidus[74] Valentinian proclaimed emperor. His mother Placidia now governed the West, in a way which indeed was not much to her credit, though things became worse after her death in the middle of the century, when her son ruled alone. Rome was then richer in distinguished men than it had been in the times of the better emperors; above all are the names of Boniface and Aëtius, neither of whom could have outvied the other without causing the fall of the empire. Who Boniface was, is little known: he seems to have been an Italian. Aëtius was from Scythia, that is to say, Lower Mœsia, somewhere in the neighbourhood of Silistria, and of Latin blood, notwithstanding his Greek name: his father was a man of rank who lost his life owing to treachery, or some tyrannical act of Alaric. The age of Aëtius cannot exactly be ascertained: he must have been between fifty and sixty, or more than sixty when he died; for as a young man he was with Alaric and the Huns as a hostage, and often afterwards as an ambassador: he commanded their respect, being their equal in bravery, and yet having the advantage of superior civilization as well. He was an extraordinary man, and those who were in power ought to have allowed him to have his own way; just as the Athenian people did Alcibiades: but he was by no means without blemish, and he behaved unjustly and spitefully towards Boniface, by which he brought the empire into great trouble. His influence over Placidia and Valentinian being unbounded, he got Boniface, who was governor (_comes_) of Africa, recalled, and summoned to Ravenna where the court then was. As Boniface had to expect to lose his life if he went, he formed the accursed resolution of calling the Vandals, who at that time were in the west of Spain, over into Africa: they came under Gonderic, and the consequence was the devastation of Africa from the Straits of Gibraltar to Carthage. No German people has carried on war with such faithlessness and doggedness: hitherto Africa had suffered but little. They found support among the Donatists, who had been driven to despair by a frightful persecution, though they were only impracticable seceders who had gone out in Diocletian’s reign on account of the election of a bishop: these were a rude sect, but noble-hearted fanatics, and they were horribly dealt with. There is no doubt that their persecution lasted even later than this, and that the Arabs in their turn found partisans among them: they looked upon the barbarians as their deliverers. Their example may well be a lesson to those who shut their eyes to the misery to which intolerance, or, rather, to call it by its right name, injustice gives birth: the dreadful persecution of the Donatists had now lasted more than a hundred years. Genseric, who had succeeded his brother Gonderic, took the whole country, with the exception of a few places (429). The Moorish tribes he left alone; they were perfectly free: the Vandal rule only extended over the province of Tunis, and the maritime towns. The eyes of Boniface were now opened to the fearful calamity of which he had been the cause, and he tried in vain to check the stream. He met with confidence from Placidia, who in this instance behaved nobly: she sent him troops, which, however, were beaten in two decisive battles. After some years a truce, and then a peace was made, in which Rome gave up the greatest part of Africa; all indeed but Carthage, and some other places. This peace the faithless Genseric did not keep; but, on the contrary, took advantage of it to make himself master of Carthage.—Carthage, next to Rome, was the largest town in the Western Empire, being to that capital, as Hadrianople was to Constantinople. Its extent was considerable, and it was built on the spot where the gardens of Old Carthage had been, outside the walls of the old town. Salvian of Marseilles shows what a place it was; yet he says, that one ought rather to rejoice at its having been taken by the barbarians, than grieve over it, as immorality had reached the highest pitch, and it was inconceivable how the city could have called itself Christian. In former times, Christianity had certainly done a great deal of good to many individuals; but since the masses had adopted it, the church was no longer a select community, and therefore it had ceased to have any influence upon morals. It is remarkable how thoughtlessly at that time whole towns became christian, just as if a new ruler were proclaimed, the people remaining at heart as bad as they ever were. It is the greatest misfortune for the world and for Christianity itself, that Constantine should have been in such haste to make the faith universal: the hierarchy thus grew worse and worse, and although there were still Popes like Leo the Great, there were likewise many bad bishops.

The Vandal fleets from Africa pillaged Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and also the coast of Italy. This piracy was a fresh calamity for Italy, which had already begun to recover a little from its sufferings, although many parts had indeed remained waste, and the mass of the population had given themselves up as serfs to the great lords. And as ill luck would have it, most of the Roman nobles had their estates in Africa; so that these families, whose wealth sounds quite fabulous, were utterly ruined, as Genseric confiscated everything.

A new storm came from another quarter, even the Huns who had formerly driven away the Goths. Of their abodes in the times of Theodosius and his sons, we have no certain trace; perhaps they dwelled in the country between the banks of the Don and the borders of Wallachia: during the first years of Theodosius, they are to be found on the banks of the Danube, and even beyond the Theiss, as far as Pannonia. Concerning all these points, our sources are too scanty: as for the hypothesis of De Guignes, who traces them from China, I have already branded it as false; it is a view which in this day is justly rejected. The Huns being now met with as far as Pannonia, the Pannonian frontier must have been lost by the Romans. Bledas and Attila (Bledel and Etzel), the two sons[75] of Rugilas, appear with a formidable power as the kings of the Huns: the description of the might of Attila, however, is one of the weak points in Gibbon, as he believes the rule of Attila to have reached as far as China. It is indeed very likely that his sway extended beyond the Don even to the Volga: the German peoples paid homage to him, as one may see from our own poems; and as they were treated by him with forbearance, the lays are not bitter upon him. The main strength of his empire, according to a very correct remark of Friedrich Schlegel, was in German tribes: he himself, as Jornandes describes him, was a Mogul, and surrounded by Moguls. Yet this Mogul tribe is comparatively weak; so that, immediately after his death, the German tribes are free again. Until the middle of the fifth century, Attila had turned himself against the eastern empire only, which he made to suffer dreadfully by devastation, disgraceful treaties of peace, and tribute: Servia, and the greater part of Bulgaria, he altogether changed into a desert. The Huns carried on their frightful and bloodthirsty havoc in quite a different manner from the Goths, for instance: they were in the true sense of the word, destroyers. The western empire, being hard pressed by the Vandals, was not able to aid that of the East in this distress: there was even a sort of friendly relation between the former and the Huns, namely, by means of presents. Aëtius, having been banished, had betaken himself to the Huns, from whence, however, he returned: under their protection, he laid the foundations of his power in the empire, until he was so firmly established that he could do without them. He had revived the authority of Rome beyond all expectation: in Gaul, he had reduced the distant countries on the coast, which had made themselves independent; he also restored the frontier of the Rhine, though indeed the Franks still dwelled from Belgium to the Saone, and the Burgundians lived under their own kings, being tributary to the Romans. Provence, however, part of Dauphiné, Lower Languedoc, Lower Loire, Auvergne, and the north-west of Gaul, as well as Spain on the side of the Mediterranean, with the exception of Catalonia, were subject to the latter: the Visigoths had the South. No European country is so torn in pieces as the western empire then was: the countries there were for the most part covered with heaps of ruins, even as a land brought down to the deepest misery; of which we may form an idea by reading the poems of Logau at the end of the Thirty Years’ War.

Attila had been led by a quarrel with a Frankish royal house to march into Gaul. Here Aëtius united with the feeble forces of the empire against him, the warriors of the Visigoths, the ruling party of the Franks in Gaul under Merovæus, and the Burgundians: nearly all his troops were barbarians, but the spirit was his. Attila laid siege to Orleans, which was on the point of surrendering, and it would have been destroyed like the places on the banks of the Rhine, when Aëtius and Theodoric the king of the Visigoths came to its relief. Attila fell back into Champagne (_Campi Catalaunici_). The decisive battle in the year 451, is wrongly called the battle near Chalons, which I do not at all look upon as certain: _Campi Catalaunici_ mean Champagne; so that it does not necessarily follow that the battle was precisely near Chalons. In this mighty combat, Attila led the barbarians of the East, the majority of them being German tribes, against the barbarians of the West. Yet Aëtius had to contend not only against superior numbers, but also against treachery, as the Alans, who were placed in the centre of his host, gave way, and the Huns were enabled to break through his ranks. The Visigoths were about to be overpowered, Theodoric being dead; but Thorismund, his heir, made a decisive charge and Aëtius also conquered at last. The Huns were not driven back, but retreated behind their rampart of waggons, where Aëtius did not venture to attack them; so that both parties retired. The numbers which have been given of those who were killed and taken prisoners, are beyond all belief.

When the winter was over, Attila made his appearance in Italy. Here Aëtius could only oppose to him the feeble, uncertain forces of a land which had become utterly unwarlike. Aquileia, Padua, and other towns were destroyed; all who did not flee, were murdered: people took refuge in the marshes, which was the occasion of the founding of Venice. The details which we have concerning the first tribunes of Venice, &c., are fabulous. Attila had been invited by the princess Honoria into Italy.

The death of Attila, which soon followed, would perhaps have given rest to Italy, had not Aëtius, the only support of Rome, met with his death at the same time. Aëtius, had he wished to rebel, might long ago have taken the throne for himself; but he was satisfied with being the acknowledged and actual ruler of the empire: his title was that of Patrician; but he is also mentioned in the chronicles as _Dux Romanorum_. His younger son Gaudentius was betrothed to Eudoxia, the daughter of Valentinian, both of them being very young; without doubt Aëtius thereby wished to secure the succession for Gaudentius. Valentinian, however, who was not yet old, expected that this would put an end to his own dominion; and therefore he formed a plot against Aëtius. The latter, suspecting nothing, went to the imperial palace at Rome on the Palatine, and there Valentinian stabbed him with his own hand: very likely, no one was allowed to present himself with arms before the emperor, as was the case in Constantinople. His son also, and many of his friends were murdered. One is tempted to think that this led to the rise of Ricimer; at least, he very soon after is met with in Aëtius’ place. Rome was now deprived of the great man, who alone could guarantee the safety of the empire: all the successors of Valentinian were merely emperors in name. Valentinian filled the measure of his wretchedness by an outrage on the wife of Petronius Maximus. He treacherously decoyed her into the palace, to gratify his infamous lusts; and by this deed he drove the injured husband into a conspiracy. Valentinian was murdered in the Field of Mars, and Petronius was proclaimed emperor.

Petronius’ wife having died in the meanwhile, he compelled Valentinian’s widow, Eudoxia, to marry him. She, however, had loved her former husband in spite of his profligacy, and she brooded over schemes of revenge: she invited Genseric to come to Rome and to achieve its conquest. This was so easily done, that one wonders at his not having made it before, and frequently afterwards: the co-operation of the empress is quite evident. When Genseric appeared, the clergy and the senate went out to meet him, imploring his mercy: whereupon he promised not to destroy the people. Notwithstanding this, the outrages of the soldiers were nearly as wanton as if the city had been taken by sword; only there was not quite so much bloodshed. Fourteen whole days was the city pillaged: all the silver, all the bronze was taken away; the golden plates, and the gilt tiles on the Capitol, nay, all that had any value, and could be moved, was carried away to the Vandal ships at Ostia. Petronius himself was slain in the tumult. The conquerors had left Rome exhausted, like a body bled to death: the senate had not even the spirit to proclaim a new emperor.

And now, the senator M. Mæcilius Avitus, a very rich and accomplished nobleman in Auvergne, declared himself emperor in Gaul, and crossed the Alps. No one indeed had really proclaimed him. The state of things had become very strange: it was not the army in the province, that proclaimed the emperor; but a peculiar right had then sprung up by which, when there was no hereditary claim, the senate would elect, the people give its assent by acclamation, and the soldiers acknowledge the choice. Avitus came to Rome, and was recognised; but Ricimer, a Sueve of royal race, was even then all-powerful there. All the barbarians who acted a part in Rome, must not be looked upon as mere savages: they were Christians, and understood and spoke the _Volgare_, which even then came nearer to the modern Italian, than to the Latin; and they were quite as civilized as our own ancestors were in the middle ages. Some few of them had a tinge of classical knowledge, like Theodoric the Visigoth and the younger Alaric; but it was otherwise with Ricimer and those of his class, who undoubtedly had a hearty contempt for the Roman civilisation. All those Germans, alas! were not a whit better than the degenerate Italians: they were just as faithless, just as cruel. Ricimer soon became false to Avitus; and the latter took possession of the see of Placentia, from whence he also soon fled: he seems to have died a natural death, owing to a sickness brought on by the persecutions which he had had to suffer.

In the room of Avitus, Ricimer set up a man of a character such as was no more to be looked for in those days of Rome’s decline—Majorian, who, as it seems, was an Italian born, (457). However unwarlike the Italian people then was, it yet produced distinguished generals, as we may see in the cases of Aëtius and Majorian. The latter undoubtedly deserves the high character which Procopius gives him; Sidonius, his epitaph, his laws, the individual traits recorded of him, all redound to his praise. Procopius says that he had surpassed all the Roman emperors in excellence: he had a great mind, and was of a highly practical turn. For four whole years he still stood his ground, and was actually master by the side of the faithless barbarian Ricimer, who had the main forces of the empire at his disposal. The Visigoths in Upper Languedoc and in Catalonia, owned his personal greatness, and paid homage to him and to the majesty of the Roman empire which he had restored. The Vandals being the curse of that empire, he planned an expedition against them, for which he had made extraordinary preparations: he was resolved not to grant them any terms, but to crush them. And they must needs have been overpowered, but for treachery at home. It is quite evident that Ricimer betrayed him, and was the cause of Genseric’s getting the Roman fleet at Carthagena set on fire. Notwithstanding this, Majorian concluded an advantageous peace, which at least secured the coasts of Italy and Sicily. On his return, at the instigation of Ricimer, a rebellion broke out against him: he was obliged to renounce the throne, and a few days after he ceased to live (461).

Ricimer’s absolute sway under a nominal emperor, lasted until 467, during which seven years a quite unknown emperor, Libius Severus, had the empty name of sovereign. Ricimer had an army, enlisted from what were called the _fœderati_ (all sorts of German tribes), and he looked upon Italy as his realm; yet he was in a critical position, as he had to protect Italy; for he could not have kept it against Genseric. His power was limited. What still belonged to the Romans in Gaul and Spain, was subject to the _Magister militum_ Ægidius, a very distinguished man, and a Roman, who had made himself independent, and ruled over Spain and part of Gaul. Marcellinus, another commander, an old and faithful servant of Aëtius, had become prince of Illyricum. Ricimer, after the death of Severus (465), ruled alone; but not beyond Italy. As, however, that country still continued to be a prey to the pirate-ships of the Vandals, Ricimer allowed the senate to apply to the emperor Leo at Constantinople, and to ask him to appoint an emperor under his supremacy, and to come to the aid of the empire.

Leo named Anthemius, the son-in-law of his predecessor Marcian, and whom he was glad to get rid of; sent him with a considerable body of troops; and made preparations for a grand expedition against the Vandals. By the death of Ægidius, the prefecture of Gaul was reunited with Italy; and Marcellinus also had placed Illyricum again under the supremacy of the emperor. On the side of Italy, Sardinia was wrested out of the grasp of the Vandals; Basiliscus, a general of the east and a brother-in-law of Leo, led a considerable army against Carthage; and another was sent against Tripolis. The plan was a brilliant one, and the beginning of the undertaking successful; but Genseric, who always got the advantage by discovering those who would sell themselves, now also warded off the decisive moment by craftiness. There is some suspicion that even Basiliscus sold himself; perhaps Ricimer also was guilty again. However this may have been, the expedition proved a total failure. Ricimer and Anthemius now fell out, although Anthemius had married his daughter to Ricimer; and thus the help which had been expected from the eastern emperor, only became the source of still greater calamity. Ricimer now kept his court at Milan; Anthemius lived at Rome: they were implacable enemies, nor did the attempt to reconcile them lead to any result.

A new pretender to the crown, Olybrius, the husband of the younger daughter of Valentinian, who besides such claims had also those of the _gens Anicia_, now offered himself to Ricimer. The latter caused him to be proclaimed. Anthemius, however, would not give up Rome; on which Ricimer laid siege to it for three months, when he at last burst in over the bridge, and it was taken by storm, and had to suffer all the horrors of a conquered city. As the marriage of Ricimer with the daughter of Anthemius had been the last brilliant moment for Rome, thus the present calamity was the most awful one, being indeed far more terrible than when it was taken by the Goths and Vandals: Pope Gelasius speaks in very strong terms of the horrors which were perpetrated on this occasion. Anthemius himself lost his life: Ricimer and Olybrius survived him only a few months. There seem to have been epidemics, of which there is also mention.

Now Gundobald, the king of the Burgundians, who had taken Ricimer’s place, in his capacity of Patrician appointed a Roman of the name of Glycerius, emperor. Against him, however, the court of Constantinople sent Julius Nepos, another Roman of rank, who with some assistance from Constantinople got possession of Rome and Ravenna. Glycerius abdicated; but Nepos was refused obedience by Orestes, a Roman from Noricum, who had been great even in the days of Attila. At this time, after Gundobald had left Italy, Orestes was Patrician, that is to say, commander-in-chief. Although a Roman by birth, he had been brought up among barbarians, and had adopted their language, manners, dress, and way of living: from reasons which we cannot account for, he conferred the imperial dignity upon his son Romulus, who had received his strange name from the father of his mother, a count Romulus in Noricum. Nepos, that he might be acknowledged by the Visigoths, had already given up the Roman lands in Gaul, even more than those barbarians were able to occupy: the people of Auvergne abandoned the hopeless idea of resistance; but in the north of Gaul, between Burgundy and the settlements of the Franks, a considerable part of the country was still Roman, though separated from the bulk of the empire ever since the death of Ægidius. That territory was now subject to Syagrius, and it yet lasted ten years longer than the western empire, until it was likewise broken up by Clovis. Romulus, who was not called Augustus, but Augustulus, was the last emperor. Against him the barbarian tribes, stirred up by Odoachar, a German prince, arose in rebellion: they demanded, over and above their exorbitant pay, no less than a third of all the lands, like the Visigoths and Burgundians, to be allotted on a tenure of military service. As Orestes would not grant this, they revolted, and, wanting to have a ruler who was one of themselves, proclaimed Odoachar king. He defeated Orestes and his brother in two battles, and they both of them lost their lives. Odoachar marched to Ravenna, and Romulus surrendered to him: he was treated with humanity, as he received a liberal maintenance, and the _Lucullianum_ in Campania was assigned to him as his residence. Whether he died there of a natural death, is more than we know.

Thus ended the Roman empire.

FINE ARTS AND LITERATURE.

Of the fifth century some buildings are still preserved. The noble church of St. Paul, although built up by the robbery of other fabrics, was yet in a grand style, and put together with much taste: the robbery is described in a statute of the emperor Majorian who forbade it. A hundred and fifty years ago, there still existed, in the church of S. Agata di Goti, a mosaic from which it appeared that this church was built and dedicated by Ricimer.

But the history of the Roman nation is not yet run out, although the Romans have ceased to be a state. Even literature survives, not only in Rome, but also at Ravenna. We have still a number of small detached poems, epitaphs, inscriptions on churches, many of which are ingenious and fine: one can see that the times were not yet barbarous. Boëthius was worthy of the best ages of literature. To the seventh and the eighth centuries belong several of the schoolmen who are left to us; for instance, Acron and Porphyrio. The Roman law continued to be much more decidedly in force than is generally believed. A description of the lingering influence of the Roman mind would be highly interesting and much to be desired.

INDEX.

_Abdera_, subject to Macedon, ii, 203.

_Abdera_, Phœnician settlement in Spain, ii, 59.

_Abgarus of Osroëne_, iii, 258.

_Ablavius, præfectus prætorio_, iii, 304.

Ἀβλεψία, iii, 181.

ABORIGINES, the same people as the Siculians, i, 101;
the nominative singular must have been _aboriginus_, 101;
emigrate from Achaia to Latium, 101;
Varro’s opinion of them, 103;
their villages were scattered on hills, 110.

_Abyssinian Annals_, from the thirteenth century, contain a piece of
contemporary narrative, i, 125.

_Acarnanians_ apply to Rome for help against the Ætolians, ii, 49;
call upon Philip for help against the Athenians, 149;
part of them Ætolian, 150;
united with Macedon, 151;
a separate state, 163;
become Roman, 175.

ACCENSI, i, 441;
are armed in the battle of Veseris, 442.

_Accius._ See Attius.

_Acerræ_ reduced by the Romans, ii, 56;
the story of the extermination of the senate unauthenticated, ii, 65;
taken by Hannibal, 107;
conquered by the Romans, as periœcians of Capua, 114.

_Achæans_ sink into utter insignificance owing to the treason of
Aratus, ii, 145;
undertake a war against the Ætolians, in conjunction with Philip,
145;
dependent on their allies, 145;
the extent of their rule, 151;
unwarlike, 151;
bitterness against Rome, 172;
three factions among them, 206;
outrages of the Roman party after the victory over Perseus, 217;
more than a thousand Achæans sent to Rome, 217;
the state of its affairs at the time of the third Punic war, 248;
they defeat the Lacedæmonians, 250;
extent of their power, 250;
oppose the unjust demands of the Romans, 252;
scattered near Scarphea, 254;
their country changed into a Roman province, 256;
their constitution, 256;
conf. _Ætolians_.

_Achæan towns_, twelve of them, i, 111.

_Achaia_, belonging to the Achæan league, ii, 151;
plundered by the Goths, iii, 280.

_Achillas_, guardian of Ptolemy, iii, 63.

_Achradina_, a quarter of Syracuse, ii, 117.

_C. Acilius_, a Roman senator, writes Roman annals, down to the war
with Antiochus, i, 23;
his work translated into Latin by a certain Claudius, 23, and ii,
121, 199.

_Acrocorinth_ occupied by the Romans, ii, 162;
evacuated, 172.

ACTA DIURNA, a sort of town gazette, which also contained the acts of
the senate, i, 9.

ACTA MARTYRUM, spurious, felt quite a particular pleasure in devising
and relating the most horrible tortures, ii, 26.

ACTIONES REPETUNDARUM, for which formerly special _quæsitores_ were
appointed, are from the seventh century to be judged according to
the common course of law, ii, 297.

_Actium_, battle of, iii, 111.

_Actius._ See Attius.

_Addiction_, i, 229, 523.

_Aderbidjan_ given up by Persia to Armenia, iii, 296;
wrested from the latter by Sapor, 313.

_Adherbal_, general of the Carthaginians, ii, 32.

_Adherbal_, son of Micipsa, ii, 310;
taken by the Romans under their protection, 311;
beset by Jugurtha in Cirta, 311;
murdered, 312.

_Adiabene_, the country east of the Tigris, iii, 253;
subject to the supremacy of the Romans, 254.

_Adige_ had fords in it, ii, 331.

_Adis_ (Adin), ii, 21.

_Administrative offices_, no other kind of knowledge was requisite in
Rome for holding them, but the _artes liberales_.

_Adolphus_, Alaric’s brother-in-law, commander of the Visigoths, iii,
334;
reigns on both sides of the Pyrenees, 334;
married to Placidia, 334.

_Adoption_ by will, first known example of it, iii, 84.

_Aduatici_, Cimbrian tribe on the Lower Rhine, ii, 333.

_Æacidas_, father of Pyrrhus, i, 352;
attached to Olympias, 352;
driven out of his kingdom by Alexander, 352;
expelled from Epirus by Cassander, 553.

_Ædiles_, a plebeian magistracy, i, 241;
a general Latin magistracy, 241 and 405;
are charged with all the police matters in Rome, iii, 123.

ÆDILES CEREALES limited to the plebs, iii, 75.

ÆDILES CURULES elected in the place of the old _quæstores parricidii_,
i, 405;
their office is held by plebeians also, 405;
it becomes a _liturgy_ in the Greek acceptation of the word, 405;
their attributes, 405;
they are chosen by the _comitia tributa_, 406;
they take upon themselves the burden of the public festivals, ii, 43;
the holding of the ædileship in turns by the two orders done away
with, 269.

_Ædui_ get the hegemony in Gaul, iii, 42;
brothers and friends of the Roman people, 42;
rising against Tiberius under Julius Sacrovir, 202.

_Ægation islands_, victory of the Romans over the Carthaginian fleet,
ii, 38.

_Ægidius_, _magister militum_ in Gaul and Spain, iii, 344.

_Ægina_ taken by the Romans, ii, 146;
sold by the Ætolians to Attalus, 146;
given up to Eumenes, 163.

_Ælia Capitolina_, iii, 230;
the name has been kept up to this day 230.

_Ælianus_, (Lælianus), emperor, conquered by Postumus in Mentz, iii,
282.

_Æmilianus_, governor of Illyricum, proclaimed emperor, defeats Gallus
Trebonianus on the borders of Umbria, iii, 279;
murdered, 279.

_Æmilianus._ See Scipio.

_Æmilius._ See Lepidus.

_L. Æmilius_, consul in the war of the Cisalpine Gauls, ii, 52.

_Mam. Æmilius_, said to have limited the censorial power to eighteen
months, i, 336.

_Q. Æmilius_, general against the Etruscans, i, 506;
relieves Sutrium, 507.

_L. Æmilius Barbula_, consul against Tarentum, i, 551.

_Q. Æmilius Papus_, i, 548.

_Q. Æmilius Paullus_, reduces the Illyrians, ii, 57;
μισόδημος, having been wrongfully accused after the Illyrian
campaign, 98;
mortally wounded in the battle of Cannæ, 102.

_L. Æmilius Paullus_, son of the former, brings in Greeks for the
education of his children, ii, 199;
consul, 212;
defeats Perseus in the battle of Pydna, 213;
is not to be ranked among the great men, 216;
his triumph, 218.

_L. Æmilius Paullus_, consul, iii, 49;
bought over by Cæsar, 50;
builds the Basilica Æmilia, 50.

_Æneas_, according to Nævius, arrives with on ship only, i, 106;
earliest traditions concerning him, 106.

_Ænianians_, subjected to the Ætolians, ii, 151.

_Ænos_, Macedonian, ii, 203.

_Æquians_, are Opicans, i, 98;
_gens magna_, 275;
march from the Anio against Rome, 275;
war of them in the year 323, 343;
their power broken by Postumius Tubertus, 344;
receive their deathblow from the Gauls, 384;
in the first Samnite war allied to the Latins 436;
conquered, receive the right of Roman citizenship, 505.

_Æqui Falisci_, i, 361.

_Æquimælium_, the place where the house of Sp. Mælius had stood, i,
338.

_Ærarii_, i, 180, 333;
had very likely to pay a war-tax for the _pedites_ to carry on
trades, 515.

_Ærarium_, the chest of the plebeians, i, 233;
of the senate and of the emperor, iii, 121.

_Æschines_, i, 248.

_Æsculetum_, place of meeting of the _populus_ outside the town, i,
269.

_Æsernia_, colony, i, 535; ii, 106;
conquered, by the Samnites, 356;
seat of the Italian government, 358.

_Aëtius_, iii, 336;
from Lower Mœsia, 336;
with the Huns, 340;
his achievements, 340;
against Attila, 340;
defeats Attila, 341;
his death, 341;
his title is _Patricius_ and _Dux Romanorum_, 341.

_Ætna_, eruption in the year 354, i, 357.

_Ætolians_ and Achæans united against Demetrius, ii, 48;
divide Acarnania with Alexander of Epirus, 49;
treat the embassy of the Romans with scorn, 49;
war of Philip and the Achæans against them, 145;
they are humbled by it, 145;
free, 145;
alliance with the Romans, 146;
deserve praise after the Lamian war, 146;
they sink afterwards into a state of barbarism, 146;
attacked by Philip, they conclude a very disadvantageous peace, 147;
hostile to Macedon, 150;
extent of their possessions, 150;
they have isopolity with many places in Elis and Messene, 151;
misunderstanding with Rome, 152;
dissensions between them and the Romans after the battle of
Cynoscephalæ, 160;
their vanity, 160;
side with Antiochus, 167;
defend Ambracia, 174;
peace, 175;
outrages of the Roman party after the defeat of Perseus, 216.

_Ætolian_ cavalry is bad, i, 440.

_Afranius_, Pompey’s general in Spain a commonplace man, iii, 54;
defeated near Lerida, 56;
in Africa, 67.

_Africa_, numerous and zealous church there, iii, 273.

_African school_, iii, 234;
has no peculiar dialect, 234;
its origin unknown, 234.

_Agathias_, his history is most authentic, iii, 263.

_Agathocles_ employed by the Tarentines, i, 461;
his character, 575;
shows the weakness of the Carthaginians in Africa, ii, 17.

_Agathyrsians_, i, 369.

AGER LIMITATUS, its law on the _tabula Heracleensis_, seems to have
been similar to that which was in force at Rome, i, 269.

_Ager publicus_, i, 243; ii, 270;
one instance only of any thing like it in Greece, i, 253;
occupation of it, 253;
_agrum locare_ and _agrum vendere_ are synonymous, 254.

_Agis_, PROXENUS of the Romans at Tarentum, i, 551.

_Agon Capitolinus_ instituted by Domitian, iii, 210.

_Agrarian law_, i, 250;
peculiar to the Romans, 253.

_Agricola Julius_, from Forum Julii, may have sprung from Gallic
ancestors, iii, 193;
completes the conquest of Britain, 211.

_Agrigentum_ laid waste by the Carthaginians, i, 576;
independent, 576;
destroyed by the Carthaginians, ii, 4;
condition at the outbreak of the Punic wars, 10;
sacked, 12;
taken by the Romans, 119;
its several devastations, 119;
afterwards restored, 119.

_C. Agrippa_, iii, 147;
adopted by Augustus, 147;
sent to Armenia, 147;
Velleius’ character of him, 147;
murdered there, 148.

_L. Agrippa_ adopted by Augustus, iii, 147;
sent to Gaul and Spain, 147;
his death, 148.

_M. Agrippa_ Octavian’s adviser, iii, 85;
conducts the war against Sextus Pompey, 109;
victory near Mylæ, 109;
marries Julia, 143, 146;
his influence on Augustus, 144;
his buildings, 144;
Augustus gives him his ring, 146;
differences between him and Marcellus, 146;
Velleius’ saying of him, 146;
withdraws to Mitylene, 146;
his death, 146.

_Agrippa Postumus_ adopted by Augustus, iii, 148.

_Agrippina_, Agrippa’s daughter, wife of Germanicus, iii, 146;
her virtue, 146, 160;
banished by Sejanus, 176.

_Agrippina_, wife of the Emperor Claudius, her character, iii, 183;
daughter of Germanicus, 188;
mother of Nero, 189;
murdered, 189.

_Agron_, king of the Illyrians, ii, 47.

_Agylla_ receives the worship of Greek heroes, i, 147;
is called Cære by the Etruscans, 147;
Conf. Cære.

_Ahenobarbus._ See Domitius.

_Aisne_, battle, iii, 44.

_Alans_, iii, 288;
cross the Rhine, 331;
withdraw from Gaul, 332;
conquered by Adolphus, 334;
treachery towards Aëtius, 341.

_Alaric_, king of the Visigoths, iii, 329;
defeated by Stilicho, 329;
appointed _magister militum_, 329;
appears in the West, 330;
defeated near Pollentia, 330;
withdraws from Italy, 330;
blockades Rome twice, 333;
dies in Cosenza, 334.

_Alaric_, the younger, his classical knowledge, iii, 343.

_Alatrum_, town of the Hernicans, i, 247.

_Alba_, on the Alban lake, capital of the ruling conquerors, i, 107;
its historical existence, 108;
shares with the thirty towns the flesh of the sacrifices on the Alban
Mount, 108;
religious reference of Roman _gentes_ to Alba, 113;
its destruction is historical, 125;
not the least connexion between it and Rome, 126;
its destruction by the Latins is most probable, 128.

_Alba_ on the Lake Fucinus, from thence the Sacranians issued, i, 107;
Roman colony, 505;
Syphax dies there as an exile, ii, 137;
Perseus and his sons live there in captivity, 245;
and likewise Bituitus, king of the Allobroges, 308.

_Albans_ had the dominion over Latium, i, 108;
their reception into Rome is probably historical, 125

_Albanian_, the modern Albanian language is like the ancient Illyrian,
ii, 57.

_Alban kings_, their chronology is a forgery of L. Cornelius Alexander,
i, 107.

_Alban lake_ drained, i, 356–359.

_Albenses_ (_Populi_), in Pliny, i, 107.

_Albinovanus_ makes his peace with Sylla, ii, 282.

_Albinovanus_ Pedo, iii, 140.

_A. Albinus_, surrounded in Africa, ii, 315.

_Albinus Clodius_, the title of Cæsar offered to him by Commodus, iii,
250;
proclaimed emperor by the British and Gallic legions, 250;
his descent, 253;
overreached by Septimius Severus, 253;
defeated near Lyons, his death, 253.

_Sp. Albinus_, consul, ii, 315.

_Album_, explanation of the term, i, 6.

_Alcæus of Messene_, epigrams of his, ii, 160.

_Alcibiades_, the bravest Athenian, i, 296.

_Alemanni_, iii, 277;
break into the Roman empire, 279;
must have undertaken an expedition as far as Spain, 282;
pass the Po, 287;
war of Probus against them, 288;
on both banks of the Rhine, 310;
force the passage across the Rhine, 331.

_Aleppo_, famine there, i, 338.

_Alesia_, between Autun and Langres, iii, 47.

_Alexander VI._, Pope, lays down a division of countries in the new
world between Spain and Portugal, i, 413.

_Alexander_, L. Cornelius, a freedman of Sylla, i, 107.

_Alexander_, king of Epirus, the treaty with him is the first connexion
between Greece and Rome, i, 458;
family connexions, 463;
unites the Greek towns of Lower Italy in a confederacy, 464;
quarrels with the Tarentines, after which he carries on the war as an
adventurer, 464;
is slain near Pandosia, 465;
treaty with the Romans, 465;
usurps the kingdom of Æacidas, 552.

_Alexander the Great_, the embassy of the Romans to him seems not to be
a fiction, i, 469;
embassy of the Samnites and Lucanians, 469;
of the Iberians, 469;
whether the Romans knew of him, 469;
has done little in comparison with Hannibal, ii, 67.

_Alexander_, son of Pyrrhus, ii, 49 and 50.

_Alexander Severus_, formerly called Alexianus, adopted by Elagabalus,
iii, 261;
his character, 261;
the authors seem to have written a sort of Cyropædia on him, 262;
weak to Mamæa, 262;
Ulpianus his minister, 262;
displays great firmness on many occasions, 262;
his war against the Persians, 265;
contradictions concerning it, 265;
goes to the Rhine, 266;
mutiny of the troops, 266;
murdered, 267.

_Alexandria_, its population, iii, 64;
massacre under Caracalla, 257;
seat of wit, 257;
many Christians there, 273;
reduced by Diocletian, 296.

_Alexandrines_, drive Ptolemy Auletes away, iii, 28.

_Alexandrine literature_ must be deemed to end with the death of
Eratosthenes, iii, 228.

_Alexianus._ See Alexander Severus.

_Alexo_, an Achæan, discovers a plot in the Carthaginian camp before
Lilybæum, ii, 30.

_Alfatarians_, i, 419.

_Algidus_, a cold rugged height, its situation, i, 277.

_Aliens_ were better treated in the Germanic states, than in the
ancient world and in France, i, 167.

_Alia_, battle on the, was fought July 16th, i, 373;
an historical event, 376;
site of the river uncertain, 376;
description of the battle, 377.

_Aliphera_ during the war of Hannibal well affected to Macedon, ii,
145.

_Aliso_ on the Lippe, very likely in the neighbourhood of Hamm, iii,
157.

_Allobroges_, are pure Celts, i, 370;
their country at the time of Hannibal, ii, 79;
their abodes, 308;
acknowledge the _majestas populi Romani_, 79;
Roman citizens, iii, 23;
their envoys at the conspiracy of Catiline, 23;
call for Cæsar’s protection against the Helvetians, 41.

_Alps_, their extent in Polybius, ii, 77.

_Alpine tribes_, their treachery to Hannibal, ii, 78.

_Alumentus_, Latin form for Laomedon, ii, 194.

_Alva_, Duke of —’s cruelty in the Netherlands, iii, 297.

_Amazirgh_, ii, 5.

_Ambiorix_, leader of the Eburones, iii, 46.

_Ambitio Campi_, iii, 118.

_Ambitus_, laws against it, ii, 227, 318; iii, 13, 38.

_Ambracia_ yielded to Pyrrhus by the son of Cassander, i, 554;
residence of Pyrrhus, 555;
siege, ii, 174;
given up to the Romans, 175.

_Ambrones_ join the Cimbrians, ii, 324;
they are most likely Ligurians, 324;
defeated by Marius, 329.

_Ambrose_, iii, 325.

_America_, state of things before the constitution of Washington, ii,
248.

_Americans_, beat the English fleets by means of masses, ii, 14.

_Amida_ taken by Sapor, iii, 309.

_Amiternum_, leagued with the Samnites, taken in the third Samnite war,
i, 535.

_Ammianus Marcellinus_, an ingenious writer, iii, 323;
a native of Antioch, 324.

_Ammonius_, iii, 293.

_Amphilochia_ yielded by the son of Cassander to Pyrrhus, i, 554.

_Amphipolitans_ receive the Chalcidians and drive out the old Athenian
colony, i, 419.

_Amulet_, iii, 355.

_Amulius_, i, 112.

_Amynander_ drives the Macedonian garrisons from Athamania, ii, 203.

_Anagnia_, town of the Hernicans, i, 247;
loses its political existence, 503;
becomes a municipal town of the second class, 503;
receives a provost from Rome to administer justice, 503.

_Anaitis_, her temple in Comana plundered, ii, 407.

_Ancient literature_ revived, iii, 232.

_Ancona_, the March of, a country with a very temperate climate, and
exceedingly healthy, ii, 94;
its constitution in recent times, 398;
its mole and harbour built by Trajan, iii, 223.

_Ancus Marcius_, his conquest very credible, i, 125;
he is a Sabine, 131;
establishes Latins on the Aventine, 131;
founds the colony of Ostia, 132.

_Andalusia_, the Latin language, forbidden there by punishment of
death, dies away within a hundred years, i, 145;
Latinized, ii, 258.

_S. Andreas_ IN BUSTA GALLICA, church in Rome, i, 384.

_Andriscus._ See Pseudophilip.

_Andronidas_, ii, 248.

_Q. Anicius_, a Prænestine, plebeian ædile, i, 495, 521.

ANNALES BERTINIANI, FULDENSES, etc., their arrangement, i, 5.

ANNALES MAXIMI _or_ PONTIFICUM, i, 5;
for the earlier times restored afterwards, 6;
according to Servius divided into eighty books, 8;
Cicero’s opinion on them, 8;
one may form an idea of them from the passages which Livy quotes from
them at the end of the tenth book, 8;
Livy’s copy began with the year 460, 8;
according to Diomedes they were still continued in his time, 9;
the probable cause of their having ceased in the times of P. Mucius
is the publication of the _acta diurna_, 9;
destroyed in the burning of the town by the Gauls, 83.

_Annius of Viterbo_, his forgeries, i, 141.

_Antagoras_, ii, 198.

_Anthemius_, emperor, iii, 345.

_Antibes_ (Antipolis) conquered, ii, 220.

_Antigonea_, founded by Pyrrhus, the present Argyrocastro, ii, 153;
_fauces Antigoneæ_, 153;
victory of Flaminius, 155.

_Antigonus Doson_ (Epitropus), guardian of Philip, i, 144;
in the last years of his guardianship the Macedonian empire recovers,
145.

_Antigonus the One-eyed_, killed in the battle Ipsus, i, 553.

_Antigonus Gonatas_, abandoned by his troops, i, 569;
again appointed king, 569;
marches to Argos, 569;
decay of the Macedonian empire during the later years of his reign,
ii, 144.

_Antioch_, the seat of wit, iii, 257;
many Christians there, 273;
sacked by the Persians, 280;
battle, 286.

_Antioch_, the people of, their frivolity and luxury, iii, 311;
rouse the wrath of Theodosius, 322.

_Antiochus Epiphanes_, his character correctly described in the book of
the Maccabees, ii, 207;
his connexion with Perseus, 211;
war against Egypt, 220;
his last disease, 390.

_Antiochus the Great_ of Syria, allies himself with Philip III. against
Ptolemy Epiphanes, ii, 147;
conquers Perinthus, Ephesus, and Lycia, 148;
bears unjustly the surname of the Great, 165;
better than the princes of his house who had the same name, 166;
extent of his rule, 166;
negociations of the Romans with him, 167;
rejects Hannibal’s advice, 170;
lands in Greece, 171;
battle of Thermopylæ, 173;
returns to Asia, 173;
his fleet commanded by Hannibal, 175;
conquered near Myonnesus, 175;
evacuates the Chersonesus, 176;
falls back into Lydia, 176;
offers to conclude a peace, 177;
battle of Magnesia, 178;
peace, 179.

_Antiochus Hierax_ war against Ptolemy Euergetes, ii, 182.

_Antiochus Soter_, ii, 166.

_Antiochus Theos_, an utterly infamous prince, ii, 166.

_Antipater_ L. Cœlius. See Cœlius.

_Antiquities_, the study of Roman antiquities makes rapid progress in
the beginning of the 16th century, i, 68.

_Antium_, at first Tyrrhenian, afterwards Volscian, i, 223;
sprung from the same stock with Rome and Ardea, 223;
conquered in 286 by the Romans, 274;
receives a Volscian colony, 274;
opposition; the old citizens call in the Romans, 274;
receives a colony of Romans, Latins, and Hernicans, 274;
_Antiates mille milites_, 274;
restored to the Volscians, 286;
severed from Rome, 390;
a marine colony, 450;
its fate after the Latin war, 450;
laid waste, ii, 372.

_Antonia_, daughter of M. Antonius and Octavia, Drusus’ wife, iii, 104;
mother of the emperor Claudius, 181.

_M. Antoninus_ marries one of his daughters to Pompeian, a Greek, i,
62;
in his reign, there remains only the art of casting in bronze, iii,
224;
his real name Annius Verus, 236;
called by Hadrian, Verissimus, 236;
different accounts concerning his adoption, 237;
his beauty, 238;
character, 238;
meditations, 238;
correspondence with Fronto, 238;
stoicism, 239;
love of his subjects, 239;
his monumental column very much damaged, 242;
goes to the East, 245;
_dialogista_, 245;
Avidius Cassius’ opinion on him, 245;
his death, 246;
he sells the valuable things of his palace, 248;
his equestrian statue, a noble work, 275;
writes very good Greek, 324.

_M. Antoninus Magnus_, son of Septimius Severus, iii, 254;
see Caracalla.

_T. Antoninus Pius_, grandson of Arrius Antoninus, adopted by Hadrian,
iii, 231;
emperor, 236;
married to Galeria Faustina, 236;
a native of Nemausus, 236;
his history little known to us, 236;
his surname _Pius_, 236;
his wars, 236;
his character, 237.

_Antoninus Diadumenianus_, son of Macrinus, iii, 260.

_Antonius._ See Primus.

_C. Antonius_, consul, Cicero’s colleague, iii, 24.

_C. Antonius_, brother of the triumvir, receives the province of
Macedon, iii, 86;
executed by Brutus, 96.

_L. Antonius_, brother of the triumvir, places himself at the head of
the malcontents against Octavian, iii, 102;
the Perusian war, 103;
makes up with Octavian, 103.

_M. Antonius_, consul, ii, 339;
orator, 349, 373.

_M. Antony_, tribune of the people, iii, 52;
makes his passage to Illyricum, 59;
quarrels with Dolabella; both of them equally bad, 70;
offers to Cæsar the diadem, 76;
his behaviour after Cæsar’s murder, 82;
delivers a funeral oration for Cæsar, 83;
is not among his heirs, 83;
administers Cæsar’s property, 84;
makes away with the greatest part of the money, 85;
chooses Cisalpine Gaul for his province, 86;
shows himself friendly to the _optimates_, 86;
although a bad man he might be gained over, 86;
incensed against Cicero, 87;
besieges Dec. Brutus in Mutina, 87;
goes to Gaul, 90;
imperator, 90;
triumvirate, 91;
battle of Philippi, 97;
his moderation after the war, 99;
falls into the nets of Cleopatra, 101;
peace of Brundusium, 103;
marries Octavia, 104;
gets the empire of the east, 104;
unsuccessful attempt against Sicily, 105;
of Misenum, 105;
campaign in Media, 108;
divorce from Octavia, 110;
marries Cleopatra, 110;
his fleet, 111;
battle of Actium, 111;
his death, 113.

_Antonius Musa_, physician of Augustus, iii, 146.

_Antrodoco_, the defiles of —, disgracefully abandoned by the
Neapolitans in 1821, i, 477.

_d’Anville_, his maps of Italy to be recommended, i, 76;
characteristics, 76;
C. Niebuhr always spoke of him in the highest terms of
acknowledgment, 77.

_Anxur_, i, 344;
conf. Terracina.

_Aous_, river, ii, 153.

_Apennines_, geologically different from the mountain ranges of
Southern Italy, ii, 8;
ways leading through them to Italy, 52;
roads through them, 89.

_Aper._ See Arrius.

_Apollodorus of Damascus_, his likeness is the most ancient of an
artist which we have, i, 61; iii, 221;
architect of Trajan, iii, 221.

_Apollonia_, dependent on the Romans, ii, 48, 153; iii, 58, 84.

_Appeal_ to the people, done away with, ii, 297;
it had only been allowed for _judicium publicum_, 297;
source of the modern appeal, iii, 117.

_Appia Aqua_, i, 518.

_Appian_ has borrowed from Fabius, i, 20;
closely follows the track of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 20;
his sources, 252;
a jurist from Alexandria, lives in Rome during the reigns of Hadrian
and Antoninus Pius, greatly befriended by Fronto, 60; iii, 237;
his history arranged after the _Origines_ of Cato, i, 60;
he knew well how to choose his sources, 60;
his ignorance particularly of geography, 61;
editions, 61;
on the _ager publicus_, 252;
the groundwork of his history of the second Punic war, is taken from
Fabius, ii, 62;
is the only source for the third Punic war, 240;
has copied from Polybius, 240;
otherwise below criticism, 240.

_Appian_ road built, i, 517, 518.

_Apuleius._ See Saturninus.

_Apuleius_, to be placed among the first geniuses of his age, iii, 234;
shows talent wherever he has a subject, 235.