Chapter V (1)

OF THE ANCIENT PLACES ON THE SOUTHERN COAST OF ASIA MINOR.

Although the _Karamania_ of Captain Beaufort has anticipated all that is most interesting in regard to the southern coast, the publication which has recently been made of his minute and accurate delineation of this coast, induces me to enter into an examination of its ancient geography at greater length than was consistent with the plan of the _Karamania_: for poor and deserted as this country now is, the numerous remains of antiquity which it possesses, attest that it was formerly one of the most populous and flourishing regions of the ancient world. It is remarkable that in Strabo, and in the anonymous Periplus, entitled the Stadiasmus of the Sea (σταδιασμὸς τῆς θαλάσσης), a fragment of which is preserved in the Madrid library, we have a more ample description of this coast than of any other that has been distinguished by Grecian civilization: and thus at the same time that history has preserved an abundance of information concerning its ancient places, the survey of Capt. Beaufort furnishes us with a most correct representation of its real topography.

The most convenient mode of putting the reader in possession of the ancient authorities on the sea coast of Lycia, Pamphylia, and Cilicia, in order that he may compare them with the actual delineation, will be to give a translation of its description by Strabo, subjoining in the notes the collateral information of other ancient authors, together with a few remarks suggested by a comparison of them. The passages of the Stadiasmus I shall cite at length in the original language, because they are found only in a scarce work. So minute is the description which this coasting pilot has given, that nothing short of the detailed accuracy of Captain Beaufort’s survey could have been sufficient to explain it, or to detect and rectify the numerous errors which have been left in it by the negligence and ignorance of the copier[212].

As Captain Beaufort’s survey begins at the gulf anciently called Glaucus, and now the gulf of Mákri, I shall also begin the extract from Strabo[213] at the same point, omitting all the passages which do not assist in elucidating the geography.

“Beyond Dædala, which is the last place in Peræa of the Rhodii(1), is a mountain of the same name, from whence begins the coast of Lycia, which is 1720 stades in circum-navigation, rugged and dangerous, but provided with good harbours.... Near Dædala, a mountain of the Lycii, is Telmissus, a small city of the Lycii, and Cape Telmissis with a harbour. Next is Anticragus, a very steep mountain, under which is Carmylessus, situated in a narrow valley: beyond it is Cragus, which has eight capes and a city of the same name. It is to these mountains that the fables related of the Chimæra are applied, and in the vicinity there is a ravine called Chimæra opening to the sea. Under Mount Cragus in the interior is Pinara, one of the largest cities in Lycia. Then occurs the river Xanthus, formerly called Sirbe. It may be ascended in small boats to the temple of Latona, which is situated ten stades above its mouth: sixty stades above the temple is the city of the Xanthii, the greatest in Lycia(2). Beyond the Xanthus is Patara, also a great city, and having a port and a temple of Apollo, founded by Patarus(3).... Then occurs Myra(4), situated twenty stades above the sea on a commanding hill; then the mouth of the river Limyrus; and twenty stades inland from it, the small town of Limyra. On the coast just mentioned are many harbours and islands: of the latter, the largest is called Cisthene(5), and has a town of the same name. In the interior are Phellus, Antiphellus(6), and Chimæra, of which last we have already spoken. Beyond the mouth of the Limyrus is the Sacred Promontory(7), and the three rugged islands called the Chelidoniæ, equal in size, and distant from each other about five stades, and from the continent six stades; one of them has an anchorage. From hence it is generally thought that Mount Taurus has its beginning.... But in truth the mountains are uninterrupted from Peræa of the Rhodii, as far as the parts about Pisidia; and the whole of this range also bears the name of Taurus.... From the Sacred Promontory to Olbia there is a distance of 367 stades(8), in which space occurs Crambusa(9) and Olympus: the latter is a large city, and has a mountain of the same name, which is also called Phœnicus(10); next to it is the coast named Corycus(11); and then Phaselis, a large city with three harbours and a lake. Above Phaselis is Mount Solyma. Termessus, a Pisidian city, is situated at the straits of Mount Solyma, where is the ascent into Milyas. Alexander destroyed Termessus, because he was desirous of opening those passes. Near Phaselis is the defile on the sea-shore through which Alexander led his army. The mountain is called Climax; it borders upon the Pamphylian sea, leaving a narrow passage along the shore, which, when the sea is calm, is dry and practicable to travellers, but when swollen, is, for the most part, covered by the waves. The road over the mountain is circuitous and difficult, for which reason the passage along the shore is preferred in fair weather. Alexander happening to be here in the winter season, and trusting to fortune, attempted to pass before the waves had subsided; the soldiers in consequence had to march the whole day up to the middle in water(12). Phaselis is a city of Lycia on the confines of Pamphylia; it does not, however, belong to the community of the Lycians, but has a separate government of its own. In like manner Homer considers the Solymi as separate from the Lycians.... Next to Phaselis is Olbia(13), a great fortress, and the beginning of Pamphylia; then the Catarrhactes, a large and rapid river, which falls from a lofty rock, with a sound heard at a great distance(14). Next is the city Attaleia, so named from its founder Attalus Philadelphus, who having also introduced a colony into the neighbouring town of Corycus, comprehended them within a wall, which inclosed a space of ground of no great extent(15). It is said that Thebe and Lyrnessus[214] are to be seen between Phaselis and Attaleia; for Callisthenes informs us that a part of the Cilices of Troas being driven out of the plain of Thebe, came into Pamphylia. Next is the river Cestrus(16), navigable for sixty stades to Perge; near Perge, in a lofty situation, is the temple of Diana Pergæa, where a religious assembly is held every year. Then, at a distance of forty stades from the sea, is a lofty city, conspicuous from Perge; then a lake of considerable size, called Capria; and next the river Eurymedon; and a navigable ascent of sixty stades to the populous city of Aspendus, which was a colony from Argus. Higher up lies Pednelissus. Beyond (the Eurymedon) is another river, with many small islands lying before it(17). Then occurs Side(18), a colony from Cyme, and having a temple of Minerva. Near it is the coast of the lesser Cibyra; then the river Melas(19), and a station for ships; and then the city Ptolemais(20), beyond which are the boundaries of Pamphylia and Coracesium, which is the beginning of Cilicia Tracheia. The whole circumnavigation of Pamphylia is 640 stades.

“Of Cilicia, beyond Taurus, a part is called Tracheia (rugged), and a part Pedias (plain). Of the rugged, the maritime part is narrow, and has very little or no level country; the part which the Taurus overhangs is equally mountainous, and is thinly inhabited as far as the northern flanks near Isaura, and the Homonadenses, and as far as Pisidia. Hence the country is called Tracheiotis, and the inhabitants Tracheiotæ. Cilicia Pedias extends from Soli and Tarsus as far as Issus; and includes all the country as far as the part of Cappadocia which is adjacent to the northern flank of Taurus. This division of Cilicia consists for the most part of plains, and a fertile land.

“Having spoken of the parts (of Cilicia) within Taurus[215], we shall now proceed to speak of those without Taurus, beginning with Tracheiotis. The first fortress of the Cilicians is Coracesium, built upon a precipitous rock(21). Diodotus, surnamed Tryphon, made use of it as an arsenal, when, with varying success, he headed an insurrection of Syria against its kings, and at length was forced to put an end to his own life, upon being blockaded in a certain fortress by Antiochus the son of Demetrius. Tryphon set the example of piracy to the Cilicians, &c.

“After Coracesium is Syedra(22), then Hamaxia(23), a small inhabited place upon a rock, with a station for vessels below it, to which ship-timber is brought down from the mountains. This consists chiefly of cedar, a wood apparently very abundant in these parts; for which reason Antonius gave this region to Cleopatra, as being well suited for fitting out her fleets. Next occurs Laertes(24), a fortress situated upon a hill shaped like a woman’s breast, and having an anchorage below it; then the river Selinus; then Cragus, a rock rising from the sea, and precipitous on every side; and then the castle of Charadrus, which has an anchorage below it. The mountain Andriclus rises above Charadrus, beyond which is a rugged shore called Platanistus, and the promontory Anemurium. Here the continent lies nearest to the coast of Cyprus, at the promontory Crommyon, the distance being 350 stades. From the frontier of Pamphylia to Anemurium, the length of the coast of Cilicia is 820 stades; the remainder, as far as Soli, is 500 stades(25). In this space Nagidus(26) is the first city which occurs after Anemurium; then Arsinoe(27), having a station for ships before it; then the place called Melania, and Celenderis, a city with a harbour(28). Some consider this place, and not Coracesium, as the beginning of Cilicia.... Next occurs Holmi, where the people of Seleuceia first dwelt, but who after the erection of Seleuceia upon the Calycadnus emigrated to that place. Immediately after turning the shore which forms a promontory, called Sarpedon, is the mouth of the Calycadnus; near the Calycadnus is Zephyrium, also a promontory; the river is navigable up to Seleuceia, which is a populous city(29).... Beyond the Calycadnus is the rock Pœcile(30), cut into steps leading to Seleuceia. Then occurs Anemurium, a cape, of the same name as the former, and the island Crambusa, and the promontory Corycus(31), 20 stades above which is the Corycian cave.... Next to Corycus is Elæussa, an island near the shore(32). The town was founded by Archelaus, and became his residence when he took all Cilicia Tracheia, except Seleuceia, in the same manner as Amyntas had it before him, and still earlier Cleopatra.... The boundary of Cilicia Tracheia is between Soli and Elæussa, at the river Lamus, where is a town of the same name.... Beyond Lamus is the important city of Soli, the beginning of Cilicia Issensis: it was founded by the Achæans, and the Rhodii of Lindus. To this place, being in a deserted state, Pompey the Great removed such of the pirates as he thought most worthy of clemency and protection, and named the place Pompeiopolis(33).... Next occurs Zephyrium, of the same name as that at the Calycadnus(34); then Anchiale, situated at a short distance from the shore(35).... Above it is the fortress Cyinda, where the Macedonians formerly kept their treasures, which Eumenes seized, rebelling against Antigonus. Above this place and Soli are mountainous districts, where is the city Olbe, with a temple of Jupiter, founded by Ajax the son of Teucer.... Next to Anchiale are the mouths of the Cydnus, near the place called Rhegma. This place, which resembles a lake, preserves some remains of the naval arsenal, which it formerly contained; it is now the port of Tarsus. The river Cydnus, which rises in the part of Mount Taurus above Tarsus, flows through the middle of that city, and into the lake(36).... Beyond the Cydnus is the Pyramus, flowing from Cataonia(37). Artemidorus says that the distance from this river to Soli, in a direct line, is 500 stades. Near it is Mallus, situated upon a height; it was founded by Amphilochus and Mopsus, who, having slain one another in single combat, were buried so that the tomb of one should not be visible from that of the other:—the sepulchres are now shown near Magarsa and the Pyramus.... Above this coast is the plain called Aleium, through which Philotas led the cavalry of Alexander, while the king himself conducted the phalanx from Soli by the sea-coast and the Mallotis to Issus(38).... Beyond Mallus is the town Ægææ, which has an anchorage below it, and then the gates (Pylæ) Amanides. Here also is an anchorage; and here Mount Amanus terminates, which joins to Taurus, and bounds Cilicia on the East. Next to Ægææ is the small town of Issus, where the battle was fought between Alexander and Darius. The gulf is called Issic: in it are the towns Rhosus and Myriandrus, and Alexandreia, and Nicopolis, and Mopsuestia(39): and the gates (Pylæ) as they are called, which are the boundary of Cilicia and Syria.”

NOTES.

(Note 1.) Peræa (from Πέρα) was the name of the coast of Caria opposite to Rhodus, which for several centuries formed a dependency of that opulent republic. In the time of Scylax, the Rhodii possessed only the peninsula immediately in face of their island. As a reward for their assistance in the Antiochian war, the Romans gave them a part of Lycia and all Caria as far as the Mæander. By having adopted a less prudent policy in the second Macedonic war, they lost it all, including Caunus, the chief town of Peræa. It was not long, however, before it was restored to them, together with the small islands near Rhodus; and from this time Peræa retained the limits which Strabo has described, namely, Dædala on the east, and Mount Loryma on the west, both included. Vespasian finally reduced Rhodus itself into the provincial form, and joined it to Caria. Liv. l. 38. c. 39.—l. 45. c. 20, 25. Cicero, Ep. ad Fratrem. l. 1. c. 1. Sueton. in Vespas. c. 8.

(2) The names and distances on this part of the coast, in the anonymous Periplus or Stadiasmus, which proceeds in a contrary direction to Strabo (or from east to west), are as follows:

Ἀπὸ Πατάρων ἐπὶ ποταμὸν πλωτὸν ὑπέρκειται πόλις Ξάνθος σταδ. ξ.
(60.)

Ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ Ξάντου εἰς Πύδνας ἐπ’ ἐπευθείας σταδ. ξ. (60.)

Ἀπὸ Πύδνων ἕως τῆς Ἱερᾶς ἄκρας σταδ. π. (80.)

Ἀπὸ Ἱερᾶς ἄκρας εἰς Καλαβαντίαν σταδ. λ. (30.)

Ἀπὸ Καλαβαντίων εἰς Περδικίας σταδ. ν. (50.)

Ἀπὸ Περδικίων εἰς Κισσίδας σταδ. ν. (50.)

Ἀπὸ Κισσίδων εἰς νῆσον Λάγουσαν σταδ. π. (80.)

Ἀπὸ Λαγούσων εἰς Τελεμενσὸν σταδ. εʹ. (5.)

Here it may be observed, that, reckoning about ten stades to the geographical mile, the total coasting distance of 355 stades between Telmissus and the Xanthus is not incorrect when applied to the map; that the 140 stades from the Xanthus to Cape Hiera, carries us to the most projecting point of the Efta Kávi, or _Seven Capes_, as the _eight_ promontories of Mount Cragus mentioned by Strabo are now called; and that the 130 stades from Cape Hiera to Cissides, and the 85 stades from Cissides to Telmissus,—concur in showing that Cissides was the name of the peninsular promontory, on the south side of which is the island and harbour of St. Nicholas. As the ruins upon this cape and island, which I visited in coasting from Castel Rosso to Mákri, indicate a late period of the Roman Empire, it is probable that the town did not exist in the time of Strabo; for the position will not answer to that of Carmylessus, which, according to the Geographer, was in a φάραγξ, or narrow valley, of Mount Anticragus. The exact situation of Carmylessus, therefore, still remains unknown; as well as that of the cities of Cragus, of Pinara at the foot of Mount Cragus, and of Tlos at the passage of the mountains leading from the sea-coast into the Cibyratis[216]. According to Artemidorus,—Pinara, Tlos, Patara, Xanthus, Myra, and Olympus were the six great cities of Lycia: so that Telmissus, which is styled a πολίχνη, probably had not in the time of Artemidorus reached that importance which its theatre shows that it afterwards enjoyed. The ruins remarked by Captain Beaufort under Mount Cragus, at the northern extremity of the sandy beach which extends to the river Xanthus, seem to answer to the Pydnæ of the Stadiasmus: it is perhaps the same as the Cydna, which Ptolemy places among the cities of Mount Cragus.

(3) The port of Patara, which was too small to contain the allied fleet of the Romans, Rhodii, and other Greek states under the command of L. Æmilius Regillus in the Antiochian war[217], is now entirely choked up by encroaching sands. The ruins of the city are extensive; consisting of the town-walls, and of numerous sepulchres on the outside; and within, of the remains of several public buildings. Among these is a theatre, in good preservation, and nearly of the same size as that of Telmissus; it is 295 feet in diameter, with thirty-four rows of seats, and a proscenium, upon which a long inscription shows that the theatre was built by Q. Velius Titianus, and dedicated by his daughter Velia Procla, in the fourth consulate of the Emperor Antoninus Pius (A.D. 145). Appian remarks, that Patara was like a port to Xanthus; which city appears from Strabo and the Stadiasmus to have been on the banks of the river Xanthus, eight or nine miles above Patara. Ruins are known to exist in this situation, but they have not yet been described by any modern traveller. According to Arrian[218], it seems to have been on the left bank of the river; for Alexander crossed the river Xanthus from Telmissus, before he took the cities Pinara, Xanthus, and Patara. Hence, also, we have some light on the site of Pinara.

(4) Myra still preserves its ancient name, together with the ruins of a theatre 355 feet in diameter; the remains of several public buildings, and numerous inscribed sepulchres, on some of which are the Lycian characters, found also at Limyra, Telmissus, and Cyana. The distance of the ruins of Myra from the sea corresponds very accurately with the twenty stades of Strabo.

Andriace, described as the port of Myra by Appian[219], and which is named also by Pliny and Ptolemy, is still called Andráki. On the banks of the river by which Lentulus ascended to Myra, after breaking the chain which closed the port, are the ruins of a large building, which appears by an inscription to have been a granary of Hadrian. Here are also several other remains of antiquity.

(5) There is no variation in the MSS. of Strabo in this place, and Isocrates also names Κισθήνη in a manner which leads one to believe that he is speaking of a place on this coast[220]. Later writers, however, make no mention of Cisthene; and Ptolemy[221], Pliny[222], and Stephanus[223], agree in showing that Megiste and Dolichiste were the two principal islands on the coast of Lycia: the former word (_greatest_) well describing the island of Kastelóryzo, or Castel Rosso, as the latter word (_longest_) does that of Kákava. Nor is Scylax less precise in pointing out Kastelóryzo as Megiste; which name is found in an inscription copied by Mr. Cockerell from a rock at Castel Rosso[224]. It would seem, therefore, that this island was anciently known by both names (Megiste and Cisthene), but in later times perhaps chiefly by that of Megiste. Its convenience to maritime war and commerce must have secured its importance in every age; whence its mention in the narrative, by Livy[225], of the transactions of the Rhodian fleet against Antiochus, would alone perhaps have been sufficient, without other evidence, to identify Castel Rosso with Megiste, although the historian describes Megiste as a port only, not as an island. The anonymous Periplus, or Stadiasmus, has accurately enumerated the islands between Antiphellus and Patara, in the passage cited in a following Note. His Rhope and islands of Xenagoras are evidently the Rhoge and Enagora of Pliny. Rhoge is now called St. George. The two islands of Xenagoras, now named Volo and O’khendra, are situated at the mouth of the bay of Kalamáki; the situation of which harbour, two miles eastward of the ruins of Patara, accords, no less than its steep rocky shore, with the description of Port Phœnicus, from whence, in the course of the operations against Antiochus, C. Livius made an unsuccessful attempt upon Patara[226].

(6) Strabo is inaccurate in placing Antiphellus among the inland towns, ἐν τῇ μεσογαίᾳ, in contradiction to Ptolemy, Pliny, and the author of the Stadiasmus. There can be no doubt of the ruins on the coast opposite to Castel Rosso being those of Antiphellus: the ancient name is still preserved in the corrupted form of Andífilo; at which place I distinguished on many of the ancient tombs the word Ἀντιφελλείτης, which is found to be the ethnic adjective in Stephanus of Byzantium.

(7) The name of the Chelidoniæ insulæ has been transferred to Cape Hiera, or the Sacred Promontory, which is now called Cape Khelidhóni. The following is the description of the coast between Patara and the Sacred Promontory in the Stadiasmus, which, as I have already observed, travels in an opposite direction to Strabo, or from east to west:—

Ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς Ἱερᾶς ἄκρας ἐν Μελανίππη σταδ. λ. (30.)

Ἀπὸ δὲ Μελανίππης εἰς Γάγας σταδ. ξ. (60.)

Ἀπὸ δὲ Μελανίππης ἐπὶ Ταμὸν (leg. ποταμὸν) ἀλμυρόν σταδ. ξ. (60.)
ὑπὲρ σταδ. ξ. (60.) κεῖται πόλις Ἀλμυρὰ καλουμένη.

Ἀπὸ Μελανίππης (τοῦ Λιμύρου?) εἰς πύργον τὸ Ἴσιον καλούμενον
σταδ. ξ. (60.)

Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰσίου πύργον εἰς Ἀδριακὴν σταδ. ξ. (60.)

Ἀπὸ Ἀδριακὴς εἰς Σόμηναν σταδ. δ. (4.)

Ἀπὸ Σόμηναν εἰς Ἀπέρλας σταδ. ξ. (60.)

Ἀπὸ Ἀκρωτηρίου εἰς Ἀντίφελλον σταδ. ν. (50.)

Ἀπὸ Ἀντιφέλλου εἰς νῆσον Μεγέστην σταδ. ν. (50.)

Ἀπὸ Μεγέστης εἰς νῆσον Ῥόπην σταδ. ν. (50.)

Ἀπὸ Ῥόπης εἰς τοῦ Ξεναγόρου νήσους σταδ. τ. (300.)

Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ξεναγόρου νήσων εἰς Πάταραν σταδ. ξ. (60.)

The greater part of the distances towards the beginning of this extract are quite unintelligible. Melanippe, however, seems to accord with the bay on the north side of Cape Khelidhóni. This place may possibly have been the port of Gagæ, which was a city of some celebrity[227], and appears from Scylax to have been near the coast, between Limyra and the Chelidoniæ. Being also named by Pliny[228] as near Olympus and Corydalla,—which last place, according to the Peutinger Table, was 29 miles from Phaselis on the road to Patara,—the site of Gagæ will accord very well with the ruins marked in Captain Beaufort’s survey at Aladjá, five miles from the centre of the Bay of Fínika. Following the same direction into the interior, we ought to meet with the remains of Corydalla, coins of which city are still extant. Rhodiopolis, also, called Rhodia by Stephanus and Ptolemy, which Pliny names next to Corydalla, and which Ptolemy enumerates together with Corydalla, among the cities adjacent to Mount Masicytus,—would also probably be found in the neighbouring part of the interior of Lycia[229]. And here it may be observed, that the position of several of the towns which Ptolemy enumerates around Mount Masicytus[230], are now determined with a degree of accuracy sufficient at least to show the situation and extent of that mountain, a very lofty projection of which separates the bays of Fínika and Myra, under the name of Cape Fínika.

Following the Stadiasmus to the westward, we cannot doubt that his river Almyrus is a corruption of Limyrus, mentioned, together with the town of Limyra, by Pliny and Stephanus, as well as by Strabo. The remains of Limyra are found at Fínika, on the river which enters the bay of Fínika at its western angle: not, however, at a distance of sixty stades from the river’s mouth, as the Stadiasmus indicates, but, as Strabo remarks, at twenty. Some of the curious sepulchres inscribed in the Lycian character and dialect, which Mr. Cockerell found here, have been published by him in the 2d volume of Walpole’s Collection (p. 524). A stream which joins the sea close to the mouth of the Limyrus, seems to be the Arycandus of Pliny[231], which name we learn to have been that of a Lycian city, from Hierocles, from Stephanus, and from the Scholiast of Pindar[232], who speaks also of a sacred place called Embolus in its vicinity. That Arycanda was in this part of the country, might be presumed likewise from an inscription found by Mr. Cockerell[233] at Limyra, in honour of a person who had acquired the rites of citizenship at Arycanda and Olympus. Some vestiges of Arycanda, therefore, might possibly be found on the banks of the river above mentioned. I am inclined to think that the name of a town near Mount Masicytus, which in some of the copies of Ptolemy is Τριβένδα, and in others Ἀρένδαι, ought to be Ἀρυκάνδαι. Pliny places Arycanda (perhaps improperly) in Milyas.

In Captain Beaufort’s survey, we find the beach of Myra bounded to the west by a small rocky cape, called Pýrgo. This seems to be the tower named Isium (εἰς Πύργον τὸ Ἴσιον καλούμενον) in the Stadiasmus; though in arriving at that conjecture we must overlook the distance from Andriace there stated. As to the distance of the same tower from Melanippe, I take that word to have been a mistake of the copier of the Stadiasmus for Limyrus: the repetition of Melanippe a second time was necessary, because Gagæ being an inland place, the Periplus was obliged to revert to Melanippe: and this second repetition may have led to an erroneous repetition a third time; for it is to be observed that the total distance from Cape Hiera to Andriace _minus_ that from Melanippe to Gagæ is correct. And so is the distance (120 stades) from Limyrus to Andriace, assuming the correction which I have mentioned.

To the westward of Andriace we have two ancient sites determined by inscribed sepulchres, which record the name of the city, and the inscriptions upon which have been copied by Mr. Cockerell:—that of Cyana, or the city τῶν ΚΥΑΝΕΙΤΩΝ, at the head of Port Trístomo, as the inner part of the bay behind the island of Kákava, is now called ——; and that of Aperlæ, or the city τῶν ΑΠΕΡΛΕΙΤΩΝ at the head of Assar Bay. In our copies of Pliny, the former name is written Cyane; in Hierocles and the Notitiæ Episcopatuum it is Cyaneæ. The Stadiasmus has omitted it, probably because it is at a considerable distance from the open sea. Aperlæ is erroneously written by Ptolemy Aperræ, by Pliny Apyræ; in the Notitiæ the bishopric is styled Ἀπριλλῶν: in Hierocles and the Stadiasmus we find the orthography correct. The Somena of the Stadiasmus we can hardly doubt to be the same place as the Simena mentioned as a Lycian city by Pliny (l. 5. c. 27.), and by Stephanus. Simena is placed by the Stadiasmus at four stades to the westward of Andriace, precisely in which situation we find some sepulchres marked in the survey of Captain Beaufort. A further examination of these monuments might perhaps discover the name of Simena as that of the ancient town which stood here.

(8) The Stadiasmus describes the places between Attaleia and Cape Hiera as follows:—

Ἀπὸ Ἀτταλείας ἐπὶ χωρίον Τένεδον σταδ. κ. (20.)

Ἀπὸ Τενέδου εἰς Λύρναντα χωρίον σταδ. ξ. (60.) ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως
ὄρος μέγα ὑπέρκειται Φασίλις ἐκ δὲ Φασιλίδος εἰς Κώρυκον σταδ.
(_deest_.)

Ἀπὸ Κωρύκου ἐπὶ τὸν Φοινικοῦντα σταδ. λ. (30.) ὑπὲρ μέγα ὄρος
ὑψηλὸν κεῖται Ὄλυμπος καλούμενον. Ἐκ δὲ Φασιλίδος ἐπ’ εὐθείας εἰς
Κράμβουσαν σταδ. ρ. (100.)

Ἀπὸ Κραμβούσης ἐπὶ χώρας Ποσιδαρισοῦντος σταδ. λ. (30.)

Ἀπὸ Ποσιδαρισοῦντος ἐπὶ Μωρὸν ὕδωρ καλούμενον σταδ. λ. (30.)

Ἀπὸ Μωροῦ ὕδατος ἐπὶ ἄκραν Ἱερὰν καὶ νῆσον Χελιδονίαν σταδ. ν.
(50.)

Captain Beaufort discovered the ruins of Olympus at Deliktash, and those of Phaselis at Tékrova; the inscriptions at either place leaving no doubt of the identity. The ὄρος μέγα, in the second paragraph of the above passage of the Stadiasmus, is Mount Solyma, which extends 70 miles to the northward, but the highest part of which, now called Taghtalu, is immediately above the ruins of Phaselis. From the third paragraph of the preceding passage of the Stadiasmus compared with Strabo, it appears that the names Phœnicus and Olympus were applied indifferently, both to the city which stood at Deliktash and to the mountain above it. In the inscriptions, however, and in the coins of this city, Olympus only occurs. In several of the inscriptions found at Deliktash, the name of the people is written ΟΛΥΝΠΗΝΟΙ, in others, as well as on the existing coins, it is ΟΛΥΜΠΗΝΟΙ, and thus also we find the name in the ancient authors. Scylax, in the place of Olympus, names the cape and harbour of Siderus[234]; and it cannot be doubted that he meant the bay of Deliktash or Olympus; for he adds that in the mountain above there was a temple of Vulcan, at which there was a perpetual fire issuing from the earth, exactly as Captain Beaufort discovered it, at a short distance above the ruins of Olympus.

(9) Crambusa is an island still known by its ancient name, slightly corrupted. It is probably the same as the Dionysia of Scylax and Pliny.

(10) Strabo in a subsequent passage (p. 671) remarks, that all Lycia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia, were visible from Mount Olympus; and that upon it was the fortress of a celebrated pirate named Zenicetus.

(11) The Corycus of the Stadiasmus corresponds exactly in situation with that which Strabo describes as a coast (Κώρυκος αἰγαλός) between Olympus and Phaselis; and Lyrnas is evidently the representative of Lyrnessus; which Homer mentions together with Thebe. According to Strabo, Thebe and Lyrnessus were supposed to have been between Phaselis and Attaleia.

(12) Arrian (l. 1. c. 26.) relates the same occurrence in the following manner: “Alexander moving from Phaselis, sent part of his army through the mountain to Perge, the Thracians pointing out the road, which was difficult, but not long. Those attached to his person, were led by himself along the sea-side. This road cannot be used, except when the wind is northerly; when the south wind blows, it is impracticable. When Alexander arrived there, a north wind succeeding to violent south winds, rendered the passage short and easy; an accident which, by Alexander and his court, was considered as having happened by the interposition of some deity.”

The incident is well illustrated by the actual geography; for the whole coast, from the ruins of Phaselis to the western corner of the plain of Attaleia, consists of a lofty mountain, rising abruptly from the shore. Arrian, in saying that the passage was not long through the mountains from Phaselis into the plains where Perge was situated, shows that there was a pass in Mount Solyma not far from Attaleia; for Alexander was not yet in possession of Termessus, which commanded the principal pass of Mount Solyma, and the detour that way instead of being short would have been very long.

(13) The position of Olbia is still uncertain; but as Strabo and Ptolemy agree in placing it at the beginning of Pamphylia, between Attaleia and the Lycian frontier, I am inclined to think that its remains may still be found (especially if Strabo has truly described it as a great fortress) in some part of the plain which extends for seven miles from the modern Adália to the foot of Mount Solyma. Stephanus, who states that the name is properly Olba, not Olbia, adds that it did not belong to Pamphylia, but to the country of the Solymi—a strong presumption that it stood upon or at the foot of Mount Solyma. As the Stadiasmus was a Periplus, the omission of Olbia is at once explained, if we suppose it to have been situated at some distance from the coast: and as Captain Beaufort’s survey was equally a Periplus, the same circumstance would account for the site of Olbia having eluded his researches. The following is the description of the coast between Coracesium and Attaleia in the Stadiasmus:

Ἀπὸ Κορακησίου εἰς Αὔνησιν ἐπὶ χωρίον Ἀνάξιον σταδ. π. (80.)

Ἀπὸ Ἀναξίων εἰς χωρίον καλούμενον Αὐγὰς σταδ. ο. (70.)

Ἀπὸ Αὐγῶν ἐπὶ ἀκρωτήριον Λευκόθειον σταδ. ν. (50.)

Ἀπὸ Λευκοθείου εἰς Κύβερναν σταδ. ν. (50.)

Ἀπὸ Κυβέρνης ἐπὶ Ἀρτεμίδος ναοῦ σταδ. ν. (50.)

Ἀπὸ Ἀρτεμίδος ναοῦ ἐπὶ ποταμὸν πλωτὸν Μέλανον σταδ. θ. (9.)

Λοιπὸν Παμφυλία.

Ἀπὸ τοῦ Μέλανος ποταμοῦ εἰς Σίδην σταδ. ν. (50.)

Ἀπὸ Σίδης εἰς Σελεύκειαν σταδ. π. (80.)

Ἀπὸ Σελευκείας εἰς ποταμὸν πλωτὸν καλούμενον Εὐρυμέδοντα σταδ. ρ.
(100.)

Ἀπὸ Κυνοσθρίου ἐπὶ ποταμὸν καλούμενον Κεστρόν σταδ. ξ. (60.)
ἀναπλεύσαντι τὸν ποταμὸν πόλις ἐστὶ Πέργη τοῦ Κέστρου ἐπὶ
Ῥουσκόποδα.

Ἀπὸ Ῥουσκόποδος ἐπὶ Μάσουραν καὶ τοὺς Καταῤῥάκτας σταδ. ν. (50.)

Ἀπὸ Μασούρας εἰς Μυγδάλην σταδ. ο. (70.)

Ἀπὸ Μυγδάλων εἰς Ἀττάλειαν σταδ. ι. (10.)

(14) Pomponius Mela gives a similar description of the Catarrhactes:—“Deinde duo validissimi fluvii, Cestros et Catarrhactes: Cestros navigari facilis, hic quia se præcipitat ita dictus. Inter eos, Perga est oppidum.” The Stadiasmus affords a still more accurate allusion to its present state, by using the plural τοὺς Καταῤῥάκτας, the Cataracts. The river on approaching the coast divides itself into several branches, which in falling over the cliffs that border the coast from Laara to Adália, form upon their upper part a mass of calcareous deposition, projecting considerably beyond the perpendicular line of the cliffs. Through the calcareous crust, the water makes its way to the sea; and being thus separated into several streams by a natural process, which has been rapidly increasing in its operation in the course of time, the river has now no determinate mouth (as it may perhaps have had in former ages), unless it be after heavy rains, when, as I saw it in passing along the coast, it precipitates itself copiously over the cliffs near the most projecting point of the coast a little to the west of Laara. Besides this natural peculiarity which divides the Catarrhactes into many branches, its main stream is further diminished by the derivations which turn the mills and supply water to the gardens and town of Adália.

(15) I am aware that this passage has been differently interpreted. The words of Strabo are these: Εἶτα πόλις Ἀττάλεια, ἐπώνυμος τοῦ κτίσαντος Φιλαδέλφου καὶ οἰκίσαντος εἰς Κώρυκον πολίχνιον ἄλλην κατοικίαν ὅμορον καὶ μικρὸν περίβολον περιθέντος. That the meaning of the geographer was that which I have given, seems confirmed by Demetrius, as quoted by Stephanus in the following words, in which, however, he has misnamed Cilicia for Pamphylia: Ἀττάλεια ... οἱ δὲ τὴν Κιλικίας Κώρυκον οὕτω φασὶ λέγεσθαι, ὡς Δημήτριος· ἀπὸ Ἀττάλου Φιλαδέλφου κτίσαντος αὐτήν. It seems, therefore, that Attalus sent a colony to occupy the shore of the harbour of Adália, near a small town then called Corycus; that Corycus also received a part of the colony, and that he inclosed that town and his new settlement within the same walls. The passage of Strabo is further illustrated by Suidas, (in Κωρυκαῖος,) who says that Corycus was a cape of Pamphylia, where Attaleia was built: Κώρυκος γὰρ τῆς Φαμφυλίας ἀκρωτήριον παρ’ ᾧ πόλις Ἀττάλεια.

Captain Beaufort expresses his conviction that the modern Adália stands on the site of Olbia; and he places Attaleia at some ancient ruins, which he discovered at Laara, to the eastward of the Catarrhactes. D’Anville, as well as M. Gosselin (See the new French translation of Strabo, l. 14. c. 4.), are of a similar opinion. This opinion is founded entirely upon the order of names in Strabo, though he is contradicted by the evidence of Ptolemy[235], of the Stadiasmus, and of the modern name of Adália. To me it appears that the ruins at Laara, whose position possesses no advantages adapted to the seat of a colony, are too inconsiderable for those of a city, the importance of which may be traced from the time of its Pergamenian founder, through the history of the Greeks, Romans, Crusaders, and Byzantines, down to the Turkish conquest of Constantinople, without any indication or probability of a change of situation. Adália possesses all the natural advantages likely to have made it the chief settlement of the adjacent country, when the power of Asia became embodied under the successors of Alexander. The walls and other fortifications—the magnificent gate or triumphal arch, bearing an inscription in honour of Hadrian—the aqueduct—the numerous fragments of sculpture and architecture—the inscribed marbles found in many parts of the town—the Episcopal church, now converted into a mosque—the European coats of arms seen upon this church and upon the city walls—and lastly, the bishopric of Attaleia (τῆς Ἀτταλείας), of which Adália is still the see—appear to me incontrovertible evidences of identity[236]. In regard to the names Adália and Satalía applied to the place by the Turks and Italians respectively, it may not be unworthy of observation that they are both taken immediately from the Greek; the former from the nominative or accusative case (ἡ Ἀττάλεια, or στὴν Ἀττάλειαν), which were the forms most frequently used by the Greeks in speaking of the town itself; the latter from the genitive case (τῆς Ἀτταλείας), this being perhaps the case which the Italian navigators are chiefly in the habit of hearing the Greeks employ in speaking of the gulf or port (of the κόρφος or πόρτος τῆς Ἀτταλείας). The great difference of sound in the two modern words has been the necessary consequence of the difference between the accent of the gen. case of the Greek word, and that of the nom. or acc. The Turkish name Adália is precisely the Greek, except that the Turks have hardened the tt into d.

The vestiges of an ancient town and port, which Captain Beaufort observed at Laara, answer to the Magydus of Ptolemy, a place which flourished under the Byzantine Empire, and was a bishopric of the province of Pamphylia[237]. The Masura of the Stadiasmus, and the Μάσηδος of Scylax, appear to be the same place as Magydus.

(16) Although the ancient geography of the coast of Pamphylia cannot be thoroughly illustrated until the position of its chief towns is examined and ascertained, there seems little doubt that the four rivers mentioned by Strabo,—namely the Cestrus, the Eurymedon, a third river not named with islands before it, and the Melas,—are accurately fixed by the survey of Captain Beaufort and the route of General Koehler, confronted with Strabo, the Stadiasmus, Zosimus[238], and Pomponius Mela[239]. The Cestrus is that which General Koehler crossed at two hours to the west of Stavros, and the ruins which he had on his left hand in crossing it seem to be those of Perge. The Eurymedon is called Kápri-su, a name derived from the ancient city of Capria, which, as well as can be understood from the imperfect text of Strabo, stood at the distance of about two miles from the sea, upon the banks of a lake of the same name, which occupies a part of the maritime region between the Eurymedon and Cestrus. The name of Kápri has, by a process not uncommon, been transferred from the lake or city to the neighbouring river Eurymedon. The remains of Aspendus ought to be found at six or eight miles from the mouth of the Eurymedon, on a lofty precipitous height on the banks of the river[240]. Higher up was Pednelissus. But the most interesting discovery in this part of the country would be Selge, a colony from Laconia, situate on the frontiers of Pisidia and Pamphylia, in a very fertile district, difficult of approach, in the upper regions of Mount Taurus, near the sources of the Cestrus and Eurymedon[241].

(17) There can be little doubt that the river without a name here mentioned, is that which is marked on the map between Side and the Eurymedon, although instead of any islands before it, nothing is now seen but some rocks below or even with the water’s surface. In proceeding by sea from Alaya to Castel Rosso, I remained for two or three days in the mouth of this river, in a two-masted vessel of Alaya of about 50 tons. It is the only river which affords shelter, or even entrance to a boat; the Cestrus and Eurymedon, although much larger streams, being now closed by _bars_. It is very probable that the remains of Sylleium would be found upon the banks of this river, for which we have no name either ancient or modern; for Sylleium appears both from Scylax and Arrian[242] to have been situate between Side and the Eurymedon; and as it continued to be a place of importance under the Byzantine empire, and became the principal bishopric of the province of Pamphylia upon the decline of Perge, and superior even in rank to Attaleia[243], I have little doubt that its site might be ascertained. According to the Stadiasmus, there stood also between Side and the Eurymedon one of the numerous places named Seleuceia. This may perhaps have been the port of Sylleium. The relative distances of the Stadiasmus, which are tolerably correct on this part of the coast, would place Seleuceia in the bay to the eastward of the nameless river. At the mouth of that river I did not observe any remains of antiquity.

(18) The fine ruins of Side have been described by Captain Beaufort. Its site is decisively fixed by the inscriptions found there. The extensive moles and artificial harbours, of which the remains still exist, illustrate the remark of Strabo, that Side was the chief port and place of construction of the piratic fleets; and its magnificent theatre, 400 feet in diameter, indicates that under the more civilised government of the Romans it still continued to be the chief city of this coast. Though the Turks are so ignorant as to give it the name of Eski Adália (Old Attaleia), the name of Side was not unknown to their geographers 150 years ago, being mentioned by Hadji Khalfa. The Greeks give the name of Παλαιὰ Ἀττάλεια to the ruins of Perge.

(19) There can be no doubt that the Melas is the river now called Menavgát-su, for Zosimus and Mela[244] agree in showing its proximity to Side. Strabo, Mela, and the Stadiasmus, all place it to the eastward of Side; and the distance of 50 stades in the Stadiasmus between the Melas and Side, is precisely that which occurs between the ruins of Side and the mouth of the river of Menavgát.

Cape Karáburnu being the most remarkable projection upon this coast, seems to be the promontory Leucotheius of the Stadiasmus, although the modern name implies _black_ and the ancient _white_. The situation of Karáburnu relatively to Coracesium and the Melas, agrees also with that of Leucotheius with regard to the same places in the Stadiasmus. It is probably the same as the Cape Leucolla of Pliny[245].

If the Κύβερνα of the Stadiasmus is the same as the Little Cibyra of Strabo, as we can hardly doubt, there is a manifest disagreement between the two authorities in regard to the position of its territory. It is probable that the text of Strabo is in fault, and that in the order of names the coast of Lesser Cibyra should follow instead of preceding the Melas; for it is difficult to believe that any other territory should have been interposed between that of so large a city as Side and a river which was only four miles distant from it. The vestiges of Cibyra are probably those observed by Captain Beaufort upon a height which rises from the right bank of a considerable river about 8 miles to the eastward of the Melas, about 4 miles to the westward of Cape Karáburnu, and nearly 2 miles from the shore. Ptolemy[246] places Cibyra among the inland towns of Cilicia Tracheia; Scylax names it as a city of Pamphylia, near Coracesium.

The 200 stades of the Stadiasmus between Coracesium and Leucotheius, accord tolerably well with the 16 G. M. of the map between Alaya Coracesium and Karáburna: and although the relative distances of the two ancient ruins which occur in this interval do not very accurately agree with the two places mentioned in that Periplus, I am inclined to consider the easternmost of the ruins as Anaxia, and the westernmost (which is on a cape) as Augæ. The meaning of the Stadiasmus seems to be, that Anaxia was not on the coast, and that it had a port called Aunesis,—circumstances which exactly agree with the ruins nearest to Alaya. I greatly suspect also that the Anaxia of the Periplus is the Hamaxia of Strabo, and that the geographer has erroneously placed that town to the eastward of Coracesium.

(20) As no other author makes mention of this Ptolemais, and as its name is not found in the Stadiasmus, it may be conjectured that Ptolemais did not stand upon the coast, but occupied, perhaps, the situation of the modern town of A´lara, where is a river, and upon its banks a steep hill crowned with a Turkish castle.

(21) The testimonies of Strabo, Ptolemy, Scylax, and the Stadiasmus, concur in placing Coracesium at Alaya, the extraordinary situation of which town upon a rocky promontory, precipitous on one side and on the other extremely steep, is well suited to that fortress, which alone held out against Antiochus the Great, when all the other places on the coast of Cilicia had submitted to his arms[247]. Coracesium was one of the positions which particularly assisted in supporting the spirit of piracy upon this coast; and it was the last at which the pirates ventured to make any united resistance to the fleet of Pompey, before they separated and retired to their strong holds in Mount Taurus. For the history of the pirates the reader may consult Strabo, the Mithridatic war of Appian, (who gives an account of their reduction by Pompey,) and Plutarch’s life of the same Roman commander. Their long success was owing to the commodious ports and strong positions of the coast, to the strength of Mount Taurus behind, and to the frequent disputes of the kings of Cyprus, Egypt, and Syria, among one another and with the Romans; which made it occasionally the interest of every party to support the Cilician cities in piracy and independence. Thus, like the Barbary states in the present day, the opportunity was afforded them of collecting plunder and captives from every vessel and shore that was unable to resist them. The sacred island of Delus became the entrepôt of their trade; and the increasing luxury of the Romans gave encouragement to their commerce in slaves.

(22) Lucan[248] calls Syedra a port. Floras describes it as a desertum Ciliciæ scopulum; yet its copper-coins are not uncommon[249]; it probably shared with Coracesium a fertile plain which here borders the coast, and stretches for ten miles to the eastward of the latter place.

(23) I have already observed that I am inclined to prefer the testimony of the Stadiasmus, as to the site of Hamaxia, to that which Strabo has here given: for notwithstanding the frequent interruptions, false spellings, and false distances in the Periplus, the order of names in a work of that description is more to be depended upon than in Strabo. Unfortunately, Hamaxia is not mentioned by any other author.

(24) The following is the description in the Stadiasmus of the coast between Anemurium and Coracesium.

Ἀπὸ δὲ Ἀνεμουρίου εἰς Πλατανοῦντα σταδ. τν. (350). Error.

Ἀπὸ Πλατανοῦντος εἰς χωρίον Χάραδρον σταδ. τν. (350). Error.

Ὑπὲρ δὲ Χαράδρου κεῖται ὄρος μέγα Ἄνδροκος καλούμενος ἀπὸ σταδ.
λ. (30.)

Ἀπὸ τοῦ Χαράδρου ἐπὶ χωρίον Κράγον καλούμενον σταδ. ρ. (100).

Ἀπὸ τοῦ Κράγου ἐπὶ χωριὸν ἐπὶ θαλάσσης, Ζεφελίους (lege Νεφέλεως)
σταδ. κε. (25).

Ἀπὸ τοῦ Ζεφελίου ἐπὶ ἄκραν Νησιαζούσης σταδ. π. (80).

Ἀπὸ Νησιαζούσης ἄκρας εἰς Σελινοῦντα σταδ. ρ. (100).

* * * * *

Ἀπὸ Λαερτοῦ εἰς Κορακήσιον σταδ. ρ. (100).

The distance between Selinus and Laertes is wanting; which, as it deprives us also of the whole number of stades between Anemurium and Coracesium, deducts very largely from the information contained in this passage of the Stadiasmus, where, moreover, there are great errors in some of the separate distances. Neither Syedra nor Hamaxia are mentioned; but the other names are the same as in Strabo and in the same order, with the addition of Cape Nesiazusa, which is not mentioned by any other author, and of Cape Nephelis, which according to Livy[250] was the station of the fleet of Antiochus the Great, when having reduced the cities of Cilicia as far as Selinus inclusive, he was employed in the siege of Coracesium, and where he received the ambassadors of the Rhodii.

The preservation of the ancient names of Selinus, Charadrus, and Anemurium, renders it easy to fix the principal places on the line of coast between Alaya and Anamúr. If we allow any weight to the evidence of the distances in the preceding passage of the Stadiasmus, the site of Laertes was at some ruins on a hill near the shore, 9 G. M. direct from Alaya, and 13½ from the ruins of Selinus, or Trajanopolis, at Selinti. Cragus, the Antiocheia super Crago of Ptolemy (l. 5. c. 8.), who places it next to Selinus eastward, is found about half way between Selinus and Charadrus on a steep hill rising from the shore, which exactly corresponds with the description of Cragus by Strabo. Nephelis appears from the distance in the Stadiasmus to have been the promontory two or three miles to the westward of the same place. But in this case Ptolemy has improperly inserted Nephelis between Antiocheia and Anemurium. It seems not improbable that Antiocheia was founded or named by Antiochus, when he chose the bay of Nephelis for the station of his fleet in his operations against the Cilician fortresses. According to Appian (Mithrid. c. 96.) there was a fortress of Anticragus, as well as of Cragus. In regard to Platanus, Captain Beaufort remarks, that “between the plain of Selinti and the promontory of Anamúr, a distance of 30 miles, the ridge of bare rocky hills forming the coast is interrupted but twice by narrow valleys which conduct the mountain torrents to the sea. The first of these is Kháradra; the other is half way between that place and Anamúr.” The latter seems therefore to be the Platanus of the Stadiasmus: in comparing which authority with Strabo and with the map, it would appear that Platanus gave the name of Platanistus to the whole coast between Charadrus and Anemurium, and that the distance of Platanus from either place in stades should be ρν (150) instead of τν (350).

(25) These two numbers, namely, 820 stades from Coracesium to Anemurium, and 500 stades from Anemurium to Soli, are obviously incorrect; nor would they be very accurate if they were to change places, the distance from Coracesium to Anemurium being about 50 geographical miles in direct distance, and that from Anemurium to Soli near 100.

(26) Nagidus, a colony of the Samii[251], appears from its silver coins[252] to have been anciently one of the chief cities upon this coast: it probably declined in proportion as the neighbouring position of Anemurium (which was better adapted to be one of the fortresses and ports of the pirates) rose into importance. The two theatres, the aqueduct, and other ruins at Anemurium, all show that it chiefly flourished under the Romans. The site of Nagidus appears to have been on the hill above the castle of Anamúr.

The river Arymagdus, placed by Ptolemy between Anemurium and Arsinoe, seems to be the same as the Lalassis, which, according to Pliny, flowed from Isauria into the sea of Anemurium[253]. The name of Lalassis was applied also to the country on the banks of this river. Ptolemy mentions Nineia, as the only town which it contained. The river is now called the Direk-Ondasi; it joins the coast at the castle of Anamúr, five miles north-eastward of Cape Anamúr.

The following are the places between Celenderis and Anemurium according to the Stadiasmus:

Ἀπὸ Κελενδέρεως εἰς Μανδάνην σταδ. ρ. (100).

Ἀπὸ Μανδάνης ἐπ’ ἀκρωτήριον Ποσείδιον καλούμενον σταδ. ζ. (7).

Ἀπὸ Μανδάνης ἐπὶ τὰς Διονυσιοφάνους σταδ. λ. (30).

Ἀπὸ Διονυσιοφάνους εἰς Ρυγμάνους (qu. Ἀρυμάγδους?) σταδ. ν. (50).

Ἀπὸ Ρυγμανῶν εἰς Ἀνεμούριον σταδ. ν. (50).

Notwithstanding the distortion of names in this passage, yet as the two extreme places preserve their ancient appellations, and the amount of distance 237 stades corresponds with the 26 G. M. of the map, we may place some confidence in the intermediate positions. The fifty stades of the Stadiasmus between Rhygmana and Anemurium accord with the real distance between the cape of Anamúr and the castle of Anamúr, which stands at the mouth of the Arymagdus: it is probable therefore that Ρύγμανα is an error for Ἀρύμαγδος. Nor can it well be doubted that the promontory Poseidium is the cape now called Kizlimán, this being the only remarkable headland between Anemurium and Celenderis, and the distances in the Stadiasmus according very accurately with the reality. According to an emendation of Saumaise, who was not acquainted with this corroborating passage of the Stadiasmus, Scylax also makes mention of the promontory of Poseidium.