Chapter I (6)

Juda Mappilla.--A name by which the Cochin Jews are known.

Julaha.--A few members of this Muhammadan class of weavers have been returned at times of census.

Jungu (cock's-comb).--A gotra of Kurni.

NOTES

[1] Yule and Burnell. Hobson-Jobson.

[2] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[3] The bark of the avaram plant is one of the most valuable Indian tanning agents.

[4] Voyage to the East Indies, 1774 and 1781.

[5] Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies.

[6] Manual of the Tanjore district, 1883.

[7] Manual of the Madura district.

[8] Monograph of Tanning and Working in Leather, 1904.

[9] Pratiloma, as opposed to an anuloma union, is the marriage of a female of a higher caste with a man of a lower one.

[10] Madras Census Report, 1901.

[11] Madras Census Report, 1871.

[12] Madras Police Gazette, 1902.

[13] I. No. 4. 1908, Vellore.

[14] Criminal Tribes of India, No. III, 1907.

[15] Criminal Classes in the Bombay Presidency.

[16] Manual of the South Canara district.

[17] Manual of the South Canara district.

[18] Journal Asiatic Society, XXV, 1857.

[19] Journey through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar.

[20] Journal Royal Asiatic Society, VIII, 1846.

[21] Fauna, British India, Mammalia.

[22] Cassia auriculata.

[23] Marriage chaplet worn on the forehead.

[24] Wrist-threads dyed with turmeric.

[25] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[26] Monograph, Eth. Survey of Cochin, No. 6, 1906.

[27] Manual of Malabar.

[28] Calcutta Review, 1900.

[29] Madras Police Report, 1904.

[30] Gazetteer of the Malabar district.

[31] Malabar and its Folk, 1900.

[32] Karunakara Menon, Madras Mus. Bull., V. 2, 1906.

[33] Madras Mail, 1908.

[34] S. Appadorai Iyer.

[35] Calcutta Review, 1900.

[36] One fanam = four annas eight pies.

[37] Madras Mail, 1895.

[38] Ind. Ant., VIII, 1879.

[39] Native Life in Travancore.

[40] A mulikka is the collective name for a present of five betel leaves, one areca nut, and two tobacco leaves.

[41] Gazetteer of the Trichinopoly district.

[42] Rev. H. Jensen, Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.

[43] Madras Mail, 1904.

[44] Gazetteer of the Nilgiris.

[45] Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life.

[46] The fruits of several species of Momordica are eaten by Natives.

[47] Sidney Low. A Vision of India, 1906.

[48] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[49] Gazetteer of the Anantapur district.

[50] Manual of the Tanjore district.

[51] Calcutta Review, 1905.

[52] Madras Mail, 1901.

[53] John Company, a corruption of Company Jehan, a title of the English East India Company.

[54] Manual of the South Canara district.

[55] South Indian Inscriptions, Vol. II, part 3, p. 259.

[56] Journey from Madras through Mysore, Canara and Malabar, 1807.

[57] Elliott. History of India.

[58] Brahmanism and Hinduism.

[59] Evolution of Hinduism, 1903.

[60] J. T. Wheeler. Madras in the Olden Time.

[61] Notes from a Diary, 1881--86.

[62] J. Michaud. Histoire des Progrès et de la Chûlte de l'Empire de Mysore, sons les Règnes d'Hyder-Aly et Tippoo Saib.

[63] An Indian Olio.

[64] Manual of the Bellary district.

[65] Cyclopædia of India.

[66] Journ. Anth. Soc., Bombay, Vol. II.

[67] Journ. Anth. Soc., Bombay, 1891.

[68] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[69] Gazetteer of the Godavari district.

[70] See also collection of decisions on the law of succession, maintenance, etc., applicable to dancing-girls and their issues. C. Ramachendrier, Madras, 1892.

[71] Indian Law Reports, Madras Series, XXIII, 1900.

[72] Ibid., Vol. V, 1869-70.

[73] Ibid., Vol. I, 1876-78.

[74] Ibid., Vol. VI, 1883.

[75] Ibid., Vol. I, 1876-78.

[76] Ibid., Vol. I, 1876-78.

[77] Ibid., Vol. XIX, 1896.

[78] Ibid., Vol. XIII, 1890.

[79] Ibid., Vol. XIV, 1891.

[80] Ibid., Vol. XV, 1892.

[81] Ganga Bai v. Anant. 13 Bom., 690.

[82] Hindu Law and Usage.

[83] Macnaghten, Digest.

[84] Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.

[85] J. S. F. Mackenzie. Ind. Ant., IV, 1875.

[86] Madras Census Report, 1891; Manual of the South Canara district.

[87] Breeks. Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nilgiris.

[88] Section III, Inhabitants. Madras Government Press, 1907.

[89] Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, XV, Part I, 1883.

[90] Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson.

[91] Tropical Diseases.

[92] Madras Census Report, 1901.

[93] Rev. H. Jensen. Classified Collection of Tamil Proverbs, 1897.

[94] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[95] G. Bühler on the Indian Sect of the Jainas, 1903.

[96] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[97] Man., 1901.

[98] Jeypore, Breklum, 1901.

[99] Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.

[100] Man., 1902.

[101] Ibid.

[102] Money-lender.

[103] Madras Census Report, 1891; Manual of the North Arcot district.

[104] Notes on the Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.

[105] Gazetteer of the South Arcot district.

[106] M. Paupa Rao Naidu. History of Railway Thieves. 3rd Edition, 1904.

[107] Calcutta Review, 1905.

[108] Memoir of Sir Thomas Munro.

[109] Manual of the North Arcot district; Madras Census Report, 1891.

[110] Madras Census Report, 1901.

[111] Manual of the North Arcot district; Madras Census Report, 1891.

[112] Madras Census Report, 1901.

[113] Malabar Law and Custom.

[114] Malabar Quarterly Review, VII, 3, 1908.

[115] Wigram. Malabar Law and Custom.

[116] Monograph. Eth. Survey of Cochin, No. 9, 1906.

[117] Yule and Burnell, 2nd ed., 1903.

[118] Handbook of British India, 1854.

[119] Cyclopædia of India.

[120] Journ. Anth. Inst., XX, 1891.

[121] Danvers. The Portuguese in India, 1894.

[122] Manual Of Malabar.

[123] See Madras Museum Bulletin, II, 2, Table XXVI, 1898.

[124] Elephantiasis and allied disorders, Madras, 1891.

[125] Veterinarian, June, 1879.

[126] Endemic Skin and other Diseases of India. Fox and Farquhar.

[127] Linguistic Survey of India IV, 1906.

[128] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[129] Gazetteer of the Vizagapatam district.

[130] Madras Mail, 1907.

[131] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[132] Manual of the Vizagapatam district.

[133] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[134] Ind. Ant. XVIII, 1889.

[135] Manual of the South Canara district.

[136] Mysore Census Report, 1891.

[137] Gazetteer of the Bellary district.

[138] Calcutta Review, 1905.

[139] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[140] Original Inhabitants of Bharatavarsha.

[141] Manual of the South Canara district.

[142] Hobson-Jobson.

[143] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[144] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[145] Mysore Census Report, 1901.

[146] Journ. Anth. Soc., Bombay, 1, 1888.

[147] Mysore Census Report, 1891.

[148] Ind. Ant. VIII, 1879.

[149] See C. Ramchendrier, Collection of decisions of High Courts and the Privy Council applicable to dancing-girls, illatom, etc., Madras, 1892.

[150] J. S. F. Mackenzie, Ind. Ant., IV, 1875.

[151] Yule and Burnell, Hobson-Jobson.

[152] Wigram. Malabar Law and Custom.

[153] Thurston. Monograph on Wood-carving in Southern India. 1903.

[154] Yule and Burnell. Hobson-Jobson.

[155] Illustrations of the Guzarattee, Mahratlee, and English languages, 1808.

[156] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[157] Occasional Essays on Native South Indian Life.

[158] Hobson-Jobson.

[159] Letters from Madras. By a Lady. 1843.

[160] Monograph, Eth. Survey of Bombay, 12, 1904.

[161] T. P. Hughes., Dictionary of Islam.

[162] Mysore Census Report, 1901.

[163] Manual of the South Canara district.

[164] Manual of Coorg.

[165] Manual of the South Canara district.

[166] Manual of Coorg.

[167] Journey through Mysore, Canara and Malabar.

[168] Manual of the South Canara district.

[169] Ind. Ant. II, 1873.

[170] Manual of the Madura district.

[171] Madras Census Report, 1891.

[172] Manual of the Madura district.

[173] Madras Census Report, 1901.

[174] Malabar Quart. Review, II, 1903.

[175] Madras Mail, 1904.

[176] Classified Collection of Tamil proverbs, 1897.

[177] The Idigas are said to have been formerly employed as soldiers under the Poligars.

[178] J. S. F. Mackenzie, Ind. Ant., IV, 1875.

[179] Madras Census Report, 1901.

[180] Malabar Law and Custom.

[181] Criminal Tribes of India, No. III, Madras, 1907.

[182] Primitive Tribes of the Nilgiris.

[183] Description of a singular Aboriginal Race inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills, 1832.

[184] A. W. Lushington, Indian Forester, 1902.

[185] Agricultural Ledger Series, 1904.

[186] Ind. VI, 1877.

[187] Oriental Manuscripts.

[188] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[189] Gazetteer of the South Arcot district.

[190] Manual of the Nellore district.

[191] Letters from Malabar.

[192] Voyage to the East Indies. Translation, 1800.

[193] Monograph Ethnograph: Survey of Cochin, No. 10, Izhavas, 1905.

[194] Chuckrams and puthans are coins.

[195] Wide World Magazine, September 1899.

[196] Native Life in Travancore, 1883.

[197] Malabar Quart. Review, IV, 3, 1905. See also T. C. Rice. Jain Settlements in Karnata. Ibid., III, 4, 1904.

[198] On the Indian Sect of the Jainas. Translation by J. Burgess, 1903.

[199] The earlier Tirthankaras are believed to have been of prodigious proportions, and to have lived fabulously long lives, but the later ones were of more ordinary stature and longevity.

[200] Inscriptions at Sravana Belagola. Archæological Survey of Mysore, 1889.

[201] History of Indian and Eastern Architecture.

[202] Annual Report on Epigraphy, Madras, 1900-1901.

[203] The inscriptions on the three Jaina Colossi of Southern India have been published by Dr. Hultzsch in Epigraphia Indica, VII, 1902-1903.

[204] Ind. Ant., V, 1876.

[205] Ind. Ant., XXV, 220, sq., 1896.

[206] Op. cit.

[207] Loc. cit.

[208] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[209] Notes from a Diary, 1881-86.

[210] Gazetteer of the South Arcot district.

[211] Local oral tradition gives his name as Dupala Kistnappa Nayak.

[212] Also known as Jaina Tirupati.

[213] Gazetteer of the Madura district.

[214] Ibid.

[215] N. Sunkuni Wariar. Ind. Ant., XXI, 1892.

[216] Madras Census Report, 1901; Nellore Manual.

[217] Telugu Dictionary.

[218] Madras Census Report, 1901.

[219] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[220] Travels into East India and Arabia deserta, 1665.

[221] Wigram, Malabar Law and Custom.

[222] Logan, Manual of Malabar, which contains full details concerning Janmis.

[223] History of Korawars, Erukalas, or Kaikaries. Madras, 1905.

[224] Rice, Mysore and Coorg Gazetteer.

[225] Narrative Sketches of the Conquest of Mysore, 1800.

[226] Wilks' Historical Sketches: Mysore, 1810-17.

[227] The captivity, sufferings, and escape of James Scurry, 1824.

[228] Manual of the Bellary district.

[229] May 11th, June 1st and 29th, 1906.

[230] For the translations from the Dutch I am indebted to the kindness of the Rev. P. Grote.

[231] A new account of the East Indies, 1744.

[232] A. C. Burnell, Ind. Ant. III, 1874.

[233] Madras Journ. Lit. Science, XIII, Part I.

[234] Ibid., Part II.

[235] Loc. cit.

[236] Bhâskara-Ravi-Varmâ.

[237] This is explained in the Hebrew version by Cranganore, and Muyiri is, no doubt, the original of the Mouziris of Ptolemy and the Periplus of the Red Sea. It is (according to local tradition) the part where the Travancore lines end, opposite to Cranganore but across the back-water.

[238] I.e., Yusuf Rabbân.

[239] Ueber die Jüdischen Colonien in Indien. Kohut Memorial Volume, Semitic Studies, Berlin, 1897.

[240] Epigraphia Indica, III, 1894-95.

[241] Ind. Ant., XX, 1891.

[242] Epigraphia Indica, IV, 1896-97.

[243] The Land of the Permauls, or Cochin, its past and its present, 1863.

[244] Ind. Ant., III, 1874.

[245] A Description of ye East India Coasts of Malabar and Coromandel, 1703.

[246] The Jews in India and the Far East, 1907.

[247] Christian Researches in India, 1840.

[248] History of Christianity in India, I, 470-71, 1839.

[249] J. Splinter Stavorinus. Voyages to the East Indies, 1774-78.

[250] Edition by Major Heber Drury, 1862. Letter XVIII.

[251] Op. cit.

[252] Loc. cit.

[253] July, 1902.

[254] Madras Mail, 1907.

[255] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[256] Gazetteer of the Bellary district.

[257] Manual of the North Arcot district.

[258] Notes on Criminal Classes of the Madras Presidency.

[259] Op. cit.