Chapter II: The Cosmological Period: the Philosophy of

NATURE, 15
THE PERIL IN THE GREEK POLITICAL SITUATION: PERSIA AND
CARTHAGE, 15
THE PERIL IN THE NEW RELIGION: THE MYSTERIES AND PYTHAGORAS, 16
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COSMOLOGISTS, 18
TABLE OF COSMOLOGISTS, 20
HOW THE PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTION AROSE, 20
MAP SHOWING THE CITIES WHERE THE COSMOLOGISTS LIVED, 21
SUMMARY COMPARISON OF THE MONISTIC PHILOSOPHIES, 22
1. THE MILESIAN SCHOOL, 24
THE MILESIAN PHILOSOPHY, 25
2. XENOPHANES, THE RELIGIOUS PHILOSOPHER, 26
THE PHILOSOPHY OF XENOPHANES, 27
3. HERACLEITUS, “THE MISANTHROPIST” AND “THE OBSCURE,” 28
a. Heracleitus’ Doctrine of Absolute and Universal
Change, 28
b. Fire is the Cosmic Substance, 29
c. The Definite Changes of Fire, 30
d. The Practical Philosophy of Heracleitus, 31
4. THE ELEATIC SCHOOL, 32
a. PARMENIDES, 32
(1) The Cosmic Substance is Being, 33
(2) Other Things than the Cosmic Substance (Being)
have no Real Existence, 34
b. ZENO, 35
THE PHILOSOPHY OF ZENO, 36
THE RESULTS OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HERACLEITUS AND
PARMENIDES, 37