Chapter X

ETHICS: 1. THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE STOIC ETHICS. ABSTRACT THEORY OF MORALITY.

A. The Highest Good 225
1. Nature of the Highest Good 225
2. The Good and Evil 230
3. Pleasure and the Good 235
4. Negative character of Happiness 239
5. The Highest Good as Law 240
B. Emotions and Virtue 243
1. The Emotions—their nature—varieties of 243
2. Idea of Virtue—positive and negative aspects of—the
virtues severally—their mutual relations—unity of
virtue 254
C. The Wise Man 268
1. Wisdom and Folly 268
2. Universal Depravity 272
3. Conversion 275

CHAPTER XI.

ETHICS: 2. THE STOIC THEORY OF MORALS AS MODIFIED IN PRACTICE.

A. Things to be preferred and eschewed 278
1. Secondary goods 280
2. Classes of things indifferent 281
3. Collision of modified and abstract theory 284
B. Perfect and intermediate duties 287
C. Emotions 290
1. Permitted affections 290
2. Modification of apathy 292
3. The state of progress 293

CHAPTER XII.

ETHICS: 3. APPLIED MORAL SCIENCE.

A. The Individual 301
1. Importance attaching to the individual 301
2. Cynicism of the Stoics 305
B. Social Relations 311
1. Origin and use of society 311
2. Justice and mercy 315
3. Friendship 317
4. The family and civil life—aversion to political
life—citizenship of the world 320
C. Man and the Course of the World 332
1. Submission to the course of nature 332
2. Suicide 335

CHAPTER XIII.

THE RELATION OF THE STOICS TO RELIGION.

A. General connection of Stoicism and Religion 341
1. Connection of Stoicism with popular faith 343
2. Free criticism of popular belief 344
3. The truth in Polytheism 348
4. Doctrine of Demons 351
B. The Allegorising spirit 354
1. Allegorical interpretation of myths 354
2. Interpretation of myths respecting the Gods 357
3. Allegory applied to heroic myths 367
C. Prophetic powers 369
1. Divination 370
2. Prophecy explained by natural causes 374
3. Causes of divination 377

CHAPTER XIV.

THE STOIC PHILOSOPHY AS A WHOLE AND ITS HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS.

A. Inner connection of the system 381
1. Ethical side of Stoicism 382
2. Scientific side of the Stoic system 383
3. Connection of the moral and scientific elements 385
B. Relation of Stoicism to previous systems 387
1. Its relation to Socrates and the Cynics 387
2. Relation to Megarians and Heraclitus 392
3. Relation to Aristotle 396
4. Relation to Plato 399
C. The Stoic philosophy as a whole 400
1. Its place in history 400
2. Its onesidedness 402

PART III.

THE EPICUREANS.

CHAPTER XV.

EPICUREANS AND THE EPICUREAN SCHOOL.

A. Epicurus 404
B. Scholars of Epicurus 408
C. Epicureans of the Roman period 411

CHAPTER XVI.

CHARACTER AND DIVISIONS OF THE EPICUREAN TEACHING. THE TEST-SCIENCE OF TRUTH.

A. Character of Epicurean system 418
1. Its power of self-preservation 418
2. Aim of philosophy according to the Epicureans 420
3. Divisions of philosophy 424
B. Canonic or the Test-Science of Truth 425
1. Sensation and perception 425
2. Notions 428
3. Opinions 429
4. Standard of truth subjective 431