Chapter V

THE WARS OF SCOTLAND, NORTHUMBERLAND, AND WALES.
1093-1098.

A. D. PAGE

Events of the year 1093; relations between England
and Scotland; results of the war of 1093 3-4

Growth of the English power and of the English
nation under Rufus; the Scottish kingdom becomes
English 4-5

1093 Death of Malcolm; first reign of Donald 5

1094 Reign of Duncan; second reign of Donald 5

1097 Establishment of Eadgar 5

1095 Revolt of Robert of Mowbray 5-5

Affairs of Wales; comparison between Wales and
Scotland 6

Effects of the reign on the union of Britain;
comparison with Ireland and Normandy 6-8

§ 1. _The last year of Malcolm._ 1093.

Complaints of Malcolm against William Rufus;
effects on Scotland of the restoration of Carlisle;
other grounds of offence 8-9

March, 1093 Scottish embassy at Gloucester; Malcolm
summoned to Gloucester; Eadgar sent to bring him 9-10

Present favour of Eadgar with William 9-10

August Malcolm sets forth; he stops at Durham 11

August 11 He lays a foundation stone of the abbey; import of
the ceremony 11-12

August 24 Malcolm at Gloucester; William refuses to see him;
questions between the kings; William observes his
safe-conduct 13-14

Malcolm’s last invasion of England; he draws near
to Alnwick; history of the place 15-16

English feeling about Malcolm 16

Nov. 13 Malcolm slain by Morel 16-17

Burial of Malcolm at Tynemouth; history of Tynemouth;
his translation to Dunfermline 18-19

Local estimate of Malcolm’s death 19

Character of Margaret; Malcolm’s devotion to her;
her children and their education 20-22

Margaret’s reforms; Scottish feeling towards them 22-26

Her religious reforms 22-23

She increases the pomp of the court 23-24

English influence in Scotland; English and Norman
settlers 24-26

Nov. 27 Death of Margaret; different versions; her burial at
Dunfermline; Scottish feeling towards her 26-28

Donald elected king; he drives out the English;
meaning of the words 29-30

Margaret’s children driven out; action of the elder
Eadgar 30

Eadgyth and Mary brought up at Romsey; Malcolm
at Romsey; story of Eadgyth and William Rufus 31-32

Events of 1094; order of Scottish events 32-33

Christmas, Assembly at Gloucester; Duncan claims the Scottish 1093-1094 crown; his Norman education 33-34

1094 He receives the crown from William, and wins the
kingdom by the help of Norman and English
volunteers 34-35

May, 1094 Revolution in Scotland; the foreigners driven out 35

November Duncan slain and Donald restored 36

1094-1097 Second reign of Donald 36

§ 2. _The revolt of Robert of Mowbray._ 1095-1096.

Conspiracy against William Rufus; no general support
for the plot 37-40

Robert of Mowbray marries Matilda of Laigle 38

His dealings with Earl Hugh and Bishop William;
other conspirators; William of Eu 38-39

Designs on behalf of Stephen of Aumale 39-40

Earl Robert plunders the Norwegian ships; the
merchants complain to the King; Robert refuses
redress 40-41

March 25, Easter assembly at Winchester; Robert summoned, 1095 but refuses to come 41

April 4 Falling stars 41-42

Messages between the King and Robert 42

May 13 Whitsun assembly at Windsor; Robert again refuses
to come 42

The King marches against Robert; his rebellion 42-43

The rebels expect help from Normandy 44

The King marches to Nottingham; Anselm’s command
in Kent 44-45

Robert’s fortresses; the New Castle, Tynemouth,
Bamburgh; taking of the New Castle 46-47

July Siege of Tynemouth; description of the site;
taking of Tynemouth 47-48

The castle of Bamburgh; Robert defends it against
the King 49-50

Failure of direct attacks; making of the _Malvoisin_;
the King goes away 51-52

Robert entrapped by a false message; he flees to
Tynemouth; he is besieged in the monastery,
taken, and imprisoned 52-53

Bamburgh defended by Matilda of Laigle 54

November She yields to save her husband’s eyes 54

Later history of Robert and Matilda 54-55

Morel turns King’s evidence 55

1095-1096 Christmas assembly at Windsor; all tenants-in-chief
summoned; constitutional importance of the meeting 56-59

January 13 The meeting adjourned to Salisbury; action of the
assembly; no general sympathy with the accused 56-59

Bishop William charged with treason and summoned
to take his trial; portents foretelling his death 59-61

Dec. 25, His sickness and death 61 1095- Jan. 1, 1096 Debate as to his burial-place; he is buried in the chapter-house 61-62

Sentences of the assembly; Earl Hugh buys his
pardon 62-63

January 13 William of Eu appealed by Geoffrey of Baynard, and
convicted by battle 63

He is blinded and mutilated; action of Earl Hugh 64-65

Story of Arnulf of Hesdin; his innocence proved by
battle 65

He goes to the crusade and dies 66

William of Alderi sentenced to death; the King
refuses to spare him 66-67

His pious end 67-68

Last days of William of Eu and of Morel 68-69

§ 3. _The Conquest and Revolt of Wales._
1093-1097.

Relations with Wales; character of the Welsh wars
of Rufus; effect of the building of castles 69-71

Welsh campaigns of Harold and William Rufus compared 71-72

Immediate failure and lasting success 71

Comparison of the conquest of Wales with the English
and Norman conquests; difference of geographical
conditions 72-74

Extension of England by conquest and settlement 74

Various elements in Wales; the Flemish settlements;
endurance of the Welsh language 74-75

The local nomenclature of Wales contrasted with that
of England 75-76

The Welsh castles; contrast with England; the
Welsh towns 76-77

Conquests before the accession of Rufus; Robert of
Rhuddlan; reigns of Rhys ap Tewdwr and Cedivor 77-78

1091 Saint David’s robbed by pirates 78

1093 Beginning of the conquest of South Wales; legend of
the conquest of Glamorgan 79-81

Story of Jestin and Einion; settlement of Robert
Fitz-hamon and his knights 80-81

Estimate of the story; elements of truth 81-82

History of Robert Fitz-hamon; his lands, marriage,
and settlement at Cardiff 82-83

His works at Gloucester and Tewkesbury; his grants
of Welsh churches to English monasteries 84

Distinction between Morganwg and Glamorgan; extent
of Glamorgan 85

The lords and their castles 86-87

The South-Welsh churches and monasteries 88-89

Saxon and Flemish settlements in South Wales;
foundation of boroughs 88

Conquest of Brecknock; Bernard of Newmarch and
his wife Nest 89-91

Easter, Defeat and death of Rhys at Brecknock; effects of 1093 his death 91-92

April 30 Cadwgan harries Dyfed 92

July 1 Norman conquest of Ceredigion and Dyfed 92-93

Tale of Rufus’s threats against Ireland 92-93

Acquisition of Saint David’s; Bishop Wilfrith 94

The Pembrokeshire castles 95

Pembroke castle begun by Arnulf of Montgomery;
second building by Gerald of Windsor; his wife
Nest 96-97

Earl Hugh in Anglesey; castle of Aberlleiniog 97

Advance of Earl Roger in Powys; castle of Rhyd-y-gors 97

Seeming conquest of Wales; Gower and Caermarthen
unsubdued 98

Effect of William’s absence; general revolt under
Cadwgan son of Bleddyn 98-100

Invasion of England 100

Deliverance of Anglesey; Aberlleiniog castle broken
down 101

Character of the war; action of Cadwgan in Dyfed;
Pembroke castle holds out 101-102

Question of a winter campaign; conquest of Kidwelly,
Gower, and Caermarthen 102

1099 Alleged West-Saxon settlement in Gower; the Gower
castles 103

Pagan of Turberville helps the Welsh 104

North Wales holds out; the Welsh take Montgomery 104-105

Michaelmas, William’s invasion of Wales 105 1095

November 1 He reaches Snowdon; ill-success of the campaign 105

1096 The Welsh take Rhyd-y-gors; revolt of Gwent and
Brecknock 106

English feeling towards the war 106-107

Vain attempts to recover Gwent 107

Importance of the castles; the Welsh attack Pembroke;
defence of Gerald of Windsor 108-109

1097 Gerald takes the offensive against the Welsh 110

Easter, William’s second campaign; seeming conquest; fresh 1097 revolt under Cadwgan 110-111

June-Aug. 1097 William’s third campaign; his ill-success 111-112

October He determines to build castles 112-113

§ 4. _The Establishment of Eadgar in Scotland._
1097-1098.

August, Decree for action in Scotland; the elder Eadgar 1097 commissioned to restore the younger 114

Story of Godwine and Ordgar; the Ætheling Eadgar
cleared by battle 114-118

Estimate and importance of the story 117-118

September The two Eadgars march to Scotland; exploits of
Robert son of Godwine; defeat and blinding of
Donald; later life of Eadmund 118-120

1097-1107 Reign of Eadgar in Scotland 120-123

Eadgar’s gifts to Robert son of Godwine 121

1099-1100 Eadgar and Robert go to the Crusade 121-122

1103 Exploits and martyrdom of Robert son of Godwine;
parallels and contrasts 122-123

1107-1124 Reign of Alexander in Scotland; friendship of the
Scottish kings for England; Turgot and Eadmer 124

1124-1153 Reign of David in Scotland; English influence in
Scotland; the Scottish kings of the second series 125-126

§ 5. _The Expedition of Magnus._ 1098.

Events of the year 1098; their wide geographical
range; Anglesey the centre of the story 126-127

Winter, Schemes of Cadwgan and Gruffydd; they take 1097-1098 wikings from Ireland into pay 127-128

The two Earls Hugh of Chester and Shrewsbury 129

The Earls enter Anglesey; they rebuild the castle
of Aberlleiniog 129-130

The Earls bribe the wikings; Cadwgan and Gruffydd
flee to Ireland 130-131

Cruelties of the Earls; mutilation and restoration
of Cenred 131-132

1093-1103 Reign of Magnus Barefoot in Norway; his surnames 133

He professes friendship for England; his treasure
at Lincoln 133-134

Harold son of Harold in his fleet 134-136

Designs of Magnus on Ireland; Irish marriage of his
son Sigurd; his voyage among the islands 136

1075-1095 Reign of Godred Crouan in Man and the Sudereys 136-137

1078-1094 His Irish dominion 136-137

His sons Lagman and Harold 137

Rulers of Man sent from Ireland and Norway; civil
war in Man 137-138

Legend of Magnus and Saint Olaf 138-140

Magnus seizes the Orkney earls and gives the
earldom to his son Sigurd 140

Further voyage of Magnus; he occupies Man; his
designs 140-142

He approaches Anglesey; preparations of the earls;
the fleet off Aberlleiniog 142-143

Death of Hugh of Shrewsbury; different versions 143-144

Peace between Magnus and Hugh of Chester 145

Anglesey and North Wales subdued by Hugh 145-146

Sigurd’s kingdom in the islands; dealings of
Magnus with Scotland 145-146

§ 6. _The Establishment of Robert of Bellême in England._
1098.

1098 Effects of the death of Hugh of Shrewsbury; Robert
of Bellême buys his earldom and his other
possessions; doubtful policy of the grant 147-149

Unique position of Robert in England; effects of his
coming; his cruelty and spoliations 149-151

His skill in castle-building; his defences in
Shropshire; early history of the Shropshire
fortresses 151-152

896-912 First works at the _Bridge_ 152-153

Quatford; Earl Roger’s house and chapel 153-154

Robert of Bellême removes to Bridgenorth and
Oldbury 155-158

The group of fortresses 158

Robert builds the castle of Careghova 158

Roger of Bully; his Yorkshire and Nottingham
estates 159-160

The castle of Tickhill; use of the names Tickhill
and Blyth 160-162

1088 The priory of Blyth founded by Roger of Bully 161

Death of Roger of Bully; his lands granted to Robert
of Bellême 162-164