Chapter XLV

_Progress of Medical Science in Scotland
in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries._

⭘ The prime phenomenon of Medical Science――Sketch of the state
of Medical Science in Europe at the beginning of the Eighteenth
Century

⭘ Founding of the Edinburgh Medical School――The College of
Physicians and College of Surgeons――The first Professor of
Anatomy Recognition of other Chairs by the University――John
Monro; Alexander Monro

⭘ Alexander Monro, Professor of Anatomy――His method and course of
Instruction――His Work on the Human Bones――Erection of the Royal
Infirmary――By his Teaching and energy Monro contributed to
raise the standing of the Edinburgh School――A Chair of Midwifery
instituted

⭘ Dr. Cullen; his education and early career――His first Course of
Lectures in the University of Glasgow――His method of Instruction
and energy

⭘ Cullen appointed Professor of Chemistry in the University
of Edinburgh――Subsequently he was appointed to the Chair of
Institutes of Medicine――His Expository Powers――His Works and
Influence

⭘ Dr. John Gregory; his Works――Dr. James Gregory――Dr. Andrew
Duncan, Professor of the Institutes of Medicine――His Works――His
son, Dr. Andrew, was Professor of Medical Jurisprudence――His
Writings

⭘ Alexander Monro succeeded his father as Professor of Anatomy
――His Teaching and Works――And his son, Alexander, also ♦succeeded
to the Chair of Anatomy――His Works are numerous――John Goodsir

♦ “succeded” replaced with “succeeded”

⭘ Extra-mural Teaching――John Bell, Lecturer on Surgery and
Midwifery――His Works――Sir Charles Bell, Lecturer on Anatomy and
Surgery――He was appointed Professor of Surgery in the University
of Edinburgh――His Works――Dr. Barclay, Dr. Gordon and Dr. Knox,
were extra-mural Lecturers

⭘ Dr. John Thomson, his work as a Professor of Military Surgery,
a Lecturer, and Professor of Pathology

⭘ Dr. Henderson, Professor of Pathology――His Writings――Dr. Sanders
――Dr. ♦Ballingall, his Writings――Dr. Alison――James Syme――An
extra-mural Lecturer and Professor of Clinical Surgery――His Works

♦ “Balingall” replaced with “Ballingall”

⭘ Dr. Alexander Hamilton――Sir James Y. Simpson――Robert Christison

⭘ Institution of the Glasgow Medical School――New Chairs instituted
Extra-mural Lecturers――The University Buildings――The Infirmaries
of Glasgow

⭘ Aberdeen Medical School――Institution of New Chairs――Erection of
New Buildings――Present state of the Medical School――Dr. Pirrie
――Dr. Keith――Dr. Lizars――Dr. Ogston

⭘ Dr. James Douglas, his Works――Dr. William Hunter――William
Cruickshanks――John Hunter

CHAPTER XLVI.

_Progress of Education in the Eighteenth
and Nineteenth Centuries._

⭘ The old Parish School System ineffective in the Highlands――The
People took an interest in Education――Annual Grants from
Government――Government Inspectors of Schools

⭘ Effect of the Disruption upon Education――Free Church and
Established Church Schools――Sabbath Schools――Reformatory Schools

⭘ Grammar Schools in the last Century, a marked improvement in
these Schools――Technical and Art Schools

⭘ The Universities in the early part of this Century――Universities
Act and Executive Commission of 1858――Act and Executive
Commission of 1889――New Ordinances

⭘ Libraries in Scotland

CHAPTER XLVII.

_Progress of Agriculture in the Eighteenth
and Nineteenth Centuries._

⭘ State of Agriculture in the last Century――The Implements
primitive and rude――Introduction of Fanners and Thrashing-Machines
――Andrew Meikle――Washing away the Moss of Kincardine

⭘ A revolution has been effected in Agricultural Implements and
Machines――Enclosing of Pasture Lands――Reports on the state of
Agriculture――Institution of the Highland and Agricultural Society
of Scotland

⭘ Change in the method of Rotation of Crops――♦Improvements in
the system of Breeding, Rearing, and Feeding of Cattle――Rents
――Horticulture

♦ “Inprovements” replaced with “Improvements”

CHAPTER XLVIII.

_Progress of Mining, Manufactures, and Commerce
in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries._

SECTION I.

_Coal, Iron, and Lead Mining._

⭘ Coal Mining in the early part of last Century――Improved methods
of working the Mines, application of Steam-power――Gradual
increase in the consumption of Coal――State of the Coal Miners
in the last Century

⭘ The Collieries are now worked by Steam-power――Quantities of Coal
raised in Scotland――Number of persons employed――Wages of Coal
Miners at different periods

⭘ Iron, Lead, and Copper Miners

SECTION II.

_Iron Works, and Iron Manufactures._

⭘ Scottish Iron Ores――Furnaces erected in Scotland――Carron Iron
Works――Erection of other Iron Works in the last Century――Quantity
of Iron annually produced

⭘ More Blast-furnaces erected――Discovery of the Blackband
Ironstone――Increasing demand for Iron――Invention of the
Hot-blast――Annual production of Iron at different periods

⭘ Account of Iron Works――Malleable Iron Works――Steel Manufacture

⭘ Iron-founding and other branches of the Iron Trade――Sequence of
Industrial Development

SECTION III.

_Improvement of the Means of Communication._

⭘ State of the Roads in the last Century――New Roads and Bridges
in the Highlands――Making of Canals

⭘ Introduction and Development of Railways――Improved Postal and
Telegraphic Arrangements

SECTION IV.

_Shipbuilding._

⭘ Progress of Shipping from the end of the Seventeenth Century
Onwards

⭘ Shipbuilding in Leith――In Dundee――In Aberdeen, and other Ports
――Effect of Changes in the Construction of Vessels

⭘ Shipbuilding on the Clyde, Steam vessels――Iron Ships――War Ships
――Steel Vessels――Number and Tonnage of Vessels built and launched

SECTION V.

_Glass and Earthenware Manufactures._

⭘ Various kinds of Glass――Process of making it――Glass Engraving
――Glass Painting

⭘ Earthenware Works――Brick and Tile Works