Chapter XIII: Farewell to Nemi (4)

Iron not to be used in digging fern root, ii. 65;
mistletoe gathered without the use of, 78;
not to be used in cutting certain plants, 81 _n._;
custom observed by the Toradjas at the working of, 154

Iron-wort, bunches of, held in the smoke of the Midsummer fires, i. 179

Iroquois, ceremony of the new fire among the, i. 133 _sq._;
need-fire among the, 299 _sq._

Isaiah, “houses of the soul” in, ii. 155 _n._ 3

Isfendiyar and Rustem, i. 104 _sq._, 314

Island, need-fire kindled in an, i. 290 _sq._, 291 _sq._

Isle de France, Midsummer giant burnt in, ii. 38

—— of Man, Beltane fires in the, i. 157.
_See_ Man, Isle of

Istria, the Croats of, ii. 75

Italian stories of the external soul, ii. 105, _sqq._;
ancient practice of passing conquered enemies under a yoke, 193 _sq._

Italians, the oak the chief sacred tree among the ancient, ii. 89

Italy, birth-trees in, ii. 165;
mistletoe in, 316, 317

_Itongo_, plural _amatongo_, ii. 202 _n._

Ivory Coast, totemism among the Siena of the, ii. 220 _n._ 2

Ivy to dream on, i. 242

_Ixia_, a kind of mistletoe, ii. 317, 318

Jablanica, need-fire at, i. 286

Jack-in-the-Green, ii. 37

Jaffa, new Easter fire carried to, i. 130 _n._

Jakkaneri, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. 9

James, M. R., on the Sibyl’s Wish, i. 100 _n._

James and Philip, the Apostles, feast of, i. 158

Jamieson, J., on the “quarter-ill,” i. 296 _n._ 1

January, the Holi festival in, ii. 1;
the fire-walk in, 8

—— the sixth, the nativity of Christ on, i. 246

Janus and Jupiter, ii. 302 _n._ 2

Japan, the Ainos of, i. 20, ii. 60;
the fire-walk in, 9 _sq._

Japanese ceremony of new fire, i. 137 _sq._

Java, birth-trees in, ii. 161 _n._ 1

Jebel Bela mountain, in the Sudan, i. 313

Jerusalem, ceremony of the new fire, at Easter in, i. 128 _sq._

Jeugny, the forest of, ii. 316

Jevons, Dr. F. B., on the Roman _genius_, ii. 212 _n._

Jewitt, John R., on ritual of mimic death among the Nootka Indians, ii.
270

_Johanniswurzel_, the male fern, ii. 66

Johnstone, Rev. A., quoted, i. 233

_Jônee_, _joanne_, _jouanne_, the Midsummer fire (the fire of St. John),
i. 189

Joyce, P. W., on driving cattle through fires, i. 159 _n._ 2;
on the bisection of the Celtic year, 223 _n._ 2

Judas, effigies of, burnt in Easter fires, i. 121, 127 _sq._, 130 _sq._,
143, 146, ii. 23;
driven out of church on Good Friday, i. 146

—— candle, i. 122 _n._

—— fire at Easter, i. 123, 144

Julian calendar used by Mohammedans, i. 218 _sq._

July, procession of giants at Douay in, ii. 33

—— the twenty-fifth, St. James’s Day, flower of chicory cut on, ii. 71

Jumièges, in Normandy, Brotherhood of the Green Wolf at, i. 185 _sq._, ii.
25

Jumping over a wife, significance of, i. 23

June, the fifteenth of, St. Vitus’s Day, i. 335

—— the fire-walk in, ii. 6

Juniper burnt in need-fire, i. 288;
used to fumigate byres, 296

Juno and Diana, ii. 302 _n._ 2

Jupiter represented by an oak-tree on the Capitol, ii. 89;
perhaps personified by the King of the Wood, the priest of Diana at
Nemi, 302 _sq._;
Jupiter and Janus, 302 _n._ 2

——, cycle of sixty years based on the sidereal revolution of the planet,
ii. 77 _n._ 1

Jura, fire-custom at Lent in the, i. 114

—— Mountains, Midsummer bonfires in the, i. 188 _sq._;
the Yule log in the, 249

Jurby, parish of, in the Isle of Man, i. 305

Jutland, sick children and cattle passed through holes in turf in, ii.
191;
superstitions about a parasitic rowan in, 281

_Ka_, external soul or double in ancient Egypt, ii. 157 _n._ 2

Kabadi, a district of British New Guinea, i. 35

Kabenau river, in German New Guinea, ii. 193

Kabyle tale, milk-tie in a, ii. 138 _n._ 1;
the external soul in a, 139

Kahma, in Burma, annual extinction of fires in, i. 136

Kai of New Guinea, their seclusion of women at menstruation, i. 79;
their use of a cleft stick as a cure, ii. 182;
their rites of initiation, 239 _sqq._

Kail, divination by stolen, i. 234 _sq._

Kakian association in Ceram, rites of initiation in the, ii. 249 _sqq._

Kalmuck story of the external soul, ii. 142

Kamenagora in Croatia, Midsummer fires at, i. 178

Kamtchatkans, their purification after a death, ii. 178

Kanna district, Northern Nigeria, ii. 210

Kappiliyans of Madura, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 69

Karens of Burma, their custom at childbirth, ii. 157

Kasai River, ii. 264

Katajalina, a spirit who eats up boys at initiation and restores them to
life, ii. 234

Katrine, Loch, i. 231

Kauffmann, Professor F., i. 102 _n._ 1, 103 _n._;
on the external soul, ii. 97 _n._

Kaupole, a Midsummer pole in Eastern Prussia, ii. 49

Kawars, of India, their cure for fever, ii. 190

Kaya-Kaya or Tugeri of Dutch New Guinea, their use of bull-roarers, ii.
242

Kayans or Bahaus of Central Borneo, i. 4 _sq._;
custom observed by them after a funeral, ii. 175 _sq._;
their way of giving the slip to a demon, 179

Keating, Geoffrey, Irish historian, quoted, i. 139;
on the Beltane fires, 158

Keating, W. H., quoted, i. 89

Kei Islands, birth-custom in the, ii. 155

Keitele, Lake, in Finland, ii. 165

Kemble, J. M., on need-fire, i. 288

Kerry, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

_Kersavondblok_, the Yule log, i. 249

_Kersmismot_, the Yule log, i. 249

Khambu caste in Sikkhim, their custom after a funeral, ii. 18

Kharwars of Mirzapur, their dread of menstruous women, i. 84

Khasis of Assam, story of the external soul told by the, i. 146 _sq._

Khnumu, Egyptian god, fashions a wife for Bata, ii. 135

Khonds, human sacrifices among the, ii. 286 _n._ 2

Kia blacks of Queensland, their treatment of girls at puberty, i. 39

Kidd, Dudley, on external souls of chiefs, ii. 156 _n._ 2

Kildare, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Kilkenny, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Killin, the hill of the fires at, i. 149

Killing a totem animal, ii. 220

—— the novice and bringing him to life again at initiation, pretence of,
ii. 225

King, nominal, chosen at Midsummer, i. 194, ii. 25;
presides at summer bonfire, 38

—— and Queen of Roses, i. 195

—— of the Bean, i. 153 _n._ 3

—— of Summer chosen on St. Peter’s Day, i. 195

—— of the Wood at Nemi put to death, i. 2;
in the Arician grove a personification of an oak-spirit, ii. 285;
the priest of Diana at Aricia, perhaps personified Jupiter, 302 _sq._
_See also_ Kings

Kingaru, clan of the Wadoe, ii. 313

Kings, sacred or divine, put to death, i. 1 _sq._;
subject to taboos, 2

—— and priests, their sanctity analogous to the uncleanness of women at
menstruation, i. 97 _sq._

—— of Uganda, their life bound up with barkcloth trees, ii. 160

_Kings, The Epic of_, i. 104

Kingsley, Miss Mary H., on external or bush souls, ii. 204 _sq._;
on rites of initiation in West Africa, 259

Kingussie, in Inverness-shire, Beltane cakes at, i. 153

Kinship created by the milk-tie, ii. 138 _n._ 1

Kirchmeyer, Thomas, author of _Regnum Papisticum_, i. 124, 125 _n._ 1;
his account of Midsummer customs, 162 _sq._

Kirghiz story of girl who might not see the sun, i. 74

Kirk Andreas, in the Isle of Man, i. 306

Kirkmichael, in Perthshire, Beltane fires and cakes at, i. 153

Kirton Lindsey, in Lincolnshire, i. 318;
medical use of mistletoe at, ii. 84

Kitching, Rev. A. L., on cure for lightning stroke, ii. 298 _n._ 2

Kiwai, island off New Guinea, use of bull-roarers in, ii. 232

Kiziba, to the west of Victoria Nyanza, theory of the afterbirth in, ii.
162 _n._ 2

Kloo, in the Queen Charlotte Islands, i. 45

Knawel, St. John’s blood on root of, ii. 56

Knife, divination by, i. 241;
soul of child bound up with, ii. 157;
“Darding Knife,” honorific totem of the Carrier Indians, 273, 274 _sq._

_Kobong_, totem, in Western Australia, ii. 219 _sq._

Köhler, Joh., lights need-fire and burnt as a witch, i. 270 _sq._

Köhler, Reinhold, on the external soul in folk-tales, ii. 97 _n._

Kolelo, in East Africa, ii. 313

Konz on the Moselle, custom of rolling a burning wheel down hill at, i.
118, 163 _sq._, 337 _sq._

Kooboos of Sumatra, their theory of the afterbirth and navel-string, ii.
162 _n._ 2

Koppenwal, church of St. Corona at, ii. 188 _sq._

Koran, passage of, used as a charm, i. 18

Koryaks, their festivals of the dead and subsequent purification, ii. 178;
their custom in time of pestilence, 179

Koshchei the Deathless, Russian story of, ii. 108 _sqq._

Koskimo Indians of British Columbia, use of bull-roarers among the, ii.
229 _n._

Kreemer, J., on the Looboos of Sumatra, ii. 182 _sq._

Kroeber, A. L., quoted, i. 41 _sq._

Kruijt, A. C., on Toradja custom as to the working of iron, ii. 154 _n._ 3

_Kuga_, an evil spirit, i. 282

Kuhn, Adalbert, on need-fire, i. 273;
on Midsummer fire, 335;
on the divining-rod, ii. 67

Kühnau, R., on precautions against witches in Silesia, ii. 20 _n._

Kukunjevac, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282

Kulin nation of South-Eastern Australia, sex totems in the, ii. 216

—— tribe of Victoria, ii. 226 _n._ 1

Kumaon, in North-West India, the Holi festival in, ii. 2

Kupalo, image of, burnt or thrown into stream on St. John’s Night, i. 176;
effigy of, carried across fire and thrown into water, ii. 5, 23

Kupalo’s Night, Midsummer Eve, i. 175, 176

Kurnai, a tribe of Gippsland, sex totems and fights concerning them among
the, ii. 215 _n._ 1, 216

Küstendil, in Bulgaria, need-fire at, i. 281

Kwakiutl, Indians of British Columbia, their story of an ogress whose life
was in a hemlock branch, ii. 152;
pass through a hemlock ring in time of epidemic, 186

Kylenagranagh, the hill of, in Ireland, i. 324

La Manche, in Normandy, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 115

La Paz, in Bolivia, Midsummer fires at, i. 213;
Midsummer flowers at, ii. 50 _sq._

Lacaune, belief as to mistletoe at, ii. 83

Lachlan River, in Australia, ii. 233

Lachlins of Rum and deer, superstition concerning, ii. 284

Ladyday, ii. 282

Lahn, the Yule log in the valley of the, i. 248

Lamb burnt alive to save the rest of the flock, i. 301

Lammas, the first of August, superstitious practice at, i. 98 _n._ 1

_Lamoa_, gods in Poso, ii. 154

Lancashire, Hallowe’en customs in, i. 244 _sq._

Landak, district of Dutch Borneo, i. 5, ii. 164

Lanercost, Chronicle of, i. 286

Lang, Andrew, on the fire-walk, ii. 2 _n._ 1;
on the bull-roarer, 228 _n._ 2

Language of animals learned by means of fern-seed, ii. 66 _n._

_L’ánṣăra_ (_El Anṣarah_), Midsummer Day in North Africa, i. 213, 214 _n._

Lanyon, in Cornwall, holed stone near, ii. 187

Laon, Midsummer fires near, i. 187

Laos, custom of elephant hunters in, i. 5;
the natives of, their doctrine of the plurality of souls, ii. 222

Lapps, their rule as to menstruous women, i. 91;
their story of the external soul, ii. 140 _sq._;
their custom of shooting arrows at skin of dead bear, 280 _n._

Larkspur, looking at Midsummer bonfires through bunches of, i. 163, 165
_sq._

Larrakeeyah tribe of South Australia, their treatment of girls at puberty,
i. 38

Laurus and Florus, feast of, on August 18th, i. 220

Lausitz, Midsummer fires in, i. 170;
marriage oaks in, ii. 165

Lawgivers, ancient, on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95
_sq._

Lead, melted, divination by, i. 242

Leaf-clad mummer on Midsummer Day, ii. 25 _sq._

Leaping over bonfires to ensure good crops, i. 107;
as a preventive of colic, 107, 195 _sq._, 344;
to make the flax grow tall, 119, 165, 166, 166 _sq._, 168, 173, 174,
337;
to ensure a happy marriage, 107, 108;
to ensure a plentiful harvest, 155, 156;
to be free from backache at reaping, 165, 168;
as a preventive of fever, 166, 173, 194;
for luck, 171, 189;
in order to be free from ague, 174;
in order to marry and have many children, 204, 338 _sq._;
as cure of sickness, 214;
to procure offspring, 214, 338;
over ashes of fire as remedy for skin diseases, ii. 2;
after a burial to escape the ghost, 18;
a panacea for almost all ills, 20;
as a protection against witchcraft, 40

Leaping of women over the Midsummer bonfires to ensure an easy delivery,
i. 194, 339

Leaps of lovers over the Midsummer bonfires, i. 165, 166, 168, 174

Leather, Mrs. Ella Mary, on the Yule log, i. 257 _sq._

Lebanon, peasants of the, their dread of menstruous women, i. 83 _sq._

Lech, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 166

Lechrain, the divining rod in, ii. 68

Lecky, W. E. H., on the treatment of magic and witchcraft by the Christian
Church, ii. 42 _n._ 2

Lee, the laird of, his “cureing stane,” i. 325

_Leeting_ the witches, i. 245

Legends of persons who could not die, i. 99 _sq._

Legs and thighs of diseased cattle cut off and hung up as a remedy, i. 296
_n._ 1, 325

Leine, river, i. 124

Leinster, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Leitrim, Midsummer fires in County, i. 203;
divination at Hallowe’en in, 242;
need-fire in, 297;
witch as hare in, 318

Lemnos, worship of Hephaestus in, i. 138

Lemon, external souls of ogres in a, ii. 102

Lengua Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco, i. 75 _n._ 2;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the, 56;
masquerade of boys among, 57 _n._ 1

Lent, the first Sunday in, fire-festival on, i. 107 _sqq._;
bonfires on, 107 _sqq._

Lenten fires, i. 106 _sqq._

Lenz, H. O., on ancient names for mistletoe, ii. 318

Leobschütz, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170

Leonard, Major A. G., on souls of people in animals, ii. 206 _n._ 2

Leopard the commonest familiar of Fan wizards, ii. 202

Leopards, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 201, 202, 203, 204,
205, 206;
external human souls in, 207

Lerwick, Christmas _guizing_ at, i. 268 _sq._;
procession with lighted tar-barrels on Christmas Eve at, 268;
celebration of Up-helly-a’ at, 269 _n._ 1

Lesachthal (Carinthia), new fire at Easter in the, i. 124

Lesbos, fires on St. John’s Eve in, i. 211 _sq._

Leslie, David, on Caffre belief as to spirits of the dead incarnate in
serpents, ii. 211 _n._ 2, 212 _n._

L’Étoile, Lenten fires at, i. 113

Lettermore Island, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Letts of Russia, Midsummer fires among the, i. 177 _sq._;
gather aromatic plants on Midsummer Day, ii. 50

Lewis, Professor W. J., i. 127 _n._ 1

Lewis, island of, custom of fiery circle in the, i. 151 _n._;
need-fire in the, 293

_Lexicon Mythologicum_, author of, on the Golden Bough, ii. 284 _n._ 3

Lhwyd, Edward, on snake stones, i. 16 _n._ 1

License, annual period of, i. 135;
at Midsummer festival, 180, 339

Liège, Lenten fires near, i. 108

Lierre, in Belgium, the witches’ Sabbath at, ii. 73

Life of community bound up with life of divine king, i. 1 _sq._;
the water of, ii. 114 _sq._;
of woman bound up with ornament, 156;
of a man bound up with the capital of a column, 156 _sq._;
of a man bound up with fire in hut, 157;
of child bound up with knife, 157;
of children bound up with trees, 160 _sqq._;
the divisibility of, 221.
_See also_ Soul

—— -indices, trees and plants as, ii. 160 _sqq._

—— -tokens in fairy tales, ii. 118 _n._ 1

—— -tree of the Manchu dynasty at Peking, ii. 167 _sq._

—— -trees of kings of Uganda, ii. 160

Ligho, a heathen deity of the Letts, i. 177, 178 _n._ 1

Light, girls at puberty not allowed to see the, i. 57;
external soul of witch in a, ii. 116

Lightning, charred sticks of Easter fire used as a talisman against, i.
121, 124, 140 _sq._, 145, 146;
the Easter candle a talisman against, 122;
brands of the Midsummer bonfires a protection against, 166 _n._ 1, 183;
flowers thrown on roofs at Midsummer as a protection against, 169;
charred sticks of bonfires a protection against, 174, 187, 188, 190;
ashes of Midsummer fires a protection against, 187, 188, 190;
torches interpreted as imitations of, 340 _n._ 1;
bonfires a protection against, 344;
a magical coal a protection against, ii. 61;
pine-tree struck by, used to make bull-roarer, 231;
superstitions about trees struck by, 296 _sqq._;
thought to be caused by a great bird, 297;
strikes oaks oftener than any other tree of the European forests, 298
_sq._;
regarded as a god descending out of heaven, 298;
mode of treating persons who have been struck by, 298 _n._ 2;
places struck by lightning enclosed and deemed sacred, 299.
_See also_ Thunder

Lightning and thunder, the Yule log a protection against, i. 248, 249,
250, 252, 253, 254, 258, 264;
mountain arnica a protection against, ii. 57 _sq._

Lillooet Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among
the, i. 52 _sq._

Limburg, processions, with torches in, i. 107 _sq._;
Midsummer fires in, 194;
the Yule log in, 249

Lime-kiln in divination, i. 235, 243

—— -tree, the bloom of the, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 49;
mistletoe on limes, 315, 316

—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 281, 283, 286

Lincolnshire, the Yule log in, i. 257;
witches as cats and hares in, 318;
calf buried to stop a murrain in, 326;
mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy and St. Vitus’s dance in, ii. 83 _sq._

Lindenbrog, on need-fire, i. 335 _n._ 1

Lint seed, divination by, i. 235

Liongo, an African Samson, ii. 314

Lion, the sun in the sign of the, ii. 66 _sq._

Lismore, witch as hare in, i. 316 _sq._

Lithuania, Midsummer fires in, i. 176;
sanctuary at Romove in, ii. 91

Lithuanians, their custom before first ploughing in spring, i. 18;
their worship of the oak, ii. 89;
their story of the external soul, 113 _sqq._

Lives of a family bound up with a fish, ii. 200;
with a cat, 150 _sq._

Living fire made by friction of wood, i. 220;
the need-fire, 281, 286

Livonia, story of a were-wolf in, i. 308

Livonians cull simples on Midsummer Day, ii. 49 _sq._

Lizard, external soul in, ii. 199 _n._ 1;
sex totem in the Port Lincoln tribe of South Australia, 216;
said to have divided the sexes in the human species, 216

Loaf thrown into river Neckar on St. John’s Day, ii. 28

Loango, rule as to infants in, i. 5;
girls secluded at puberty in, 22

Loch Katrine, i. 231

—— Tay, i. 232

Lock and key in a charm, i. 283

Locks opened by springwort, ii. 70;
and by the white flower of chicory, 71;
mistletoe a master-key to open all, 85

Locust, a Batta totem, ii. 223

Log, the Yule, i. 247 _sqq._

Logierait, in Perthshire, Beltane festival in, i. 152 _sq._;
Hallowe’en fires in, 231 _sq._

Loiret, Lenten fires in the department of, i. 114

Loki and Balder, i. 101 _sq._

Lokoja on the Niger, ii. 209

Lombardy, belief as to the “oil of St. John” on St. John’s Morning in, ii.
82 _sq._

London, the immortal girl of, i. 99;
Midsummer fires in, 196 _sq._

Longridge Fell, _leeting_ the witches at, i. 245

Looboos of Sumatra creep through a cleft rattan to escape a demon, ii. 182
_sq._

Looking at bonfires through mugwort a protection against headache and sore
eyes, ii. 59

_Loranthus europaeus_, a species of mistletoe, ii. 315, 317 _sqq._;
called “oak mistletoe” (_visco quercino_) in Italy, 317

—— _vestitus_, in India, ii. 317

Lord of the Wells at Midsummer, ii. 28

Lorne, the Beltane cake in, i. 149

Lorraine, Midsummer fires in, i. 169;
the Yule log in, 253;
Midsummer customs in, ii. 47

Loudoun, in Ayrshire, i. 207

Louis XIV. at Midsummer bonfire in Paris, ii. 39

Love-charm of arrows, i. 14

Lovers leap over the Midsummer bonfires, i. 165, 166, 168, 174

Low Countries, the Yule log in the, i. 249

Lowell, Percival, his fire-walk, ii. 10 _n._ 1

Lübeck, church of St. Mary at, i. 100

Lucerne, Lenten fire-custom in the canton of, i. 118 _sq._;
bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 30

Luchon, in the Pyrenees, serpents burnt alive at the Midsummer festival
in, ii. 38 _sq._, 43

Lucian, on the Platonic doctrine of the soul, ii. 221 _n._ 1

Luck, leaping over the Midsummer fires for good, i. 171, 189

Luckiness of the right hand, i. 151

Lunar calendar of Mohammedans, i. 216 _sq._, 218 _sq._

Lungs or liver of bewitched animal burnt or boiled to compel the witch to
appear, i. 321 _sq._

Lushais of Assam, sick children passed through a coil among the, ii. 185
_sq._

Lussac, in Poitou, Midsummer fires at, i. 191

Luther, Martin, burnt in effigy at Midsummer, i. 167, 172 _sq._, ii. 23

Luxemburg, “Burning the Witch” in, ii. 116

_Lythrum salicaria_, purple loosestrife, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 65

Mabuiag, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 36 _sq._;
dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 78 _sq._;
girls at puberty in, 92 _n._ 1;
belief as to a species of mistletoe in, ii. 79

Mac Crauford, the great arch witch, i. 293

Macassar in Celebes, magical unguent in, i. 14

Macdonald, Rev. James, on the story of Headless Hugh, ii. 131 _n._ 1;
on external soul in South Africa, 156

Macdonell, A. A., on Agni, ii. 296

McDougall, W., and C. Hose, on creeping through a cleft stick after a
funeral, ii. 176 _n._ 1

Macedonia, Midsummer fires among the Greeks of, i. 212;
bonfires on August 1st in, 220;
need-fire among the Serbs of Western, 281;
St. John’s flower at Midsummer in, ii. 50

Macedonian peasantry burn effigies of Judas at Easter, i. 131

McGregor, A. W., on the rite of new birth among the Akikuyu, ii. 263

Mackay, Alexander, on need-fire, i. 294 _sq._

Mackays, sept of the “descendants of the seal,” ii. 131 _sq._

Mackenzie, E., on need-fire, i. 288

Mackenzie, Sheriff David J., i. 268 _n._ 1

Macphail, John, on need-fire, i. 293 _sq._

Macusis of British Guiana, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 60

Madangs of Borneo, custom observed by them after a funeral, ii. 175 _sq._

Madern, parish of, Cornwall, holed stone in, ii. 187

Madonie Mountains, in Sicily, Midsummer fires on the, i. 210

Madras Presidency, the fire-walk in the, ii. 6

Madura, the Kappiliyans of, i. 69;
the Parivarams of, 69

Maeseyck, processions with torches at, i. 107 _sq._

Magic, homoeopathic or imitative, i. 49, 133, 329, ii. 231, 287;
dwindles into divination, i. 336;
movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. 304
_sq._

Magic and ghosts, mugwort a protection against, ii. 59

—— and science, different views of natural order postulated by the two,
ii. 305 _sq._

—— flowers of Midsummer Eve, ii. 45 _sqq._

Magical bone in sorcery, i. 14

—— implements not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14 _sq._

—— influence of medicine-bag, ii. 268

—— virtues of plants at Midsummer apparently derived from the sun, ii. 71
_sq._

Magician’s apprentice, Danish story of the, ii. 121 _sqq._

—— Glass, the, i. 16

Magyars, Midsummer fires among the, i. 178 _sq._;
stories of the external soul among the, ii. 139 _sq._

_Mahabharata_, Draupadi and her five husbands in the, ii. 7

“Maiden-flax” at Midsummer, ii. 48

Maidu Indians of California, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i.
42;
their notion as to fire in trees, ii. 295;
their idea of lightning, 298

Maimonides, on the seclusion of menstruous women, i. 83

Makalanga, a Bantu tribe, i. 135 _n._ 2

_Makral_, “the witch,” i. 107

Malabar, the Iluvans of, i. 5;
the Tiyans of, 68

Malassi, a fetish in West Africa, ii. 256

Malay belief as to sympathetic relation between man and animal, ii. 197

—— story of the external soul, ii. 147 _sq._

Malayo-Siamese families of the Patani States, their custom as to the
afterbirth, ii. 163 _sq._

Malays of the Peninsula, their doctrine of the plurality of souls, ii. 222

Male and female souls in Chinese philosophy, ii. 221

Malkin Tower, witches at the, i. 245

Malta, fires on St. John’s Eve in, i. 210 _sq._

_Malurus cyaneus_, superb warbler, women’s “sister,” among the Kurnai, ii.
216

Man and animal, sympathetic relation between, ii. 272 _sq._

Man, the Isle of, Midsummer fires in, i. 201, 337;
old New Year’s Day in, 224 _sq._;
Hallowe’en customs in, 243 _sq._;
bonfires on St. Thomas’s Day in, 266;
cattle burnt alive to stop a murrain in, 325 _sqq._;
mugwort gathered on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 59.
_See also_ Isle of Man

Manchu dynasty, the life-tree of the, ii. 167 _sq._

Mandragora, “the hand of glory,” ii. 316

Mang’anje woman, her external soul, ii. 157

Mango tree, festival of wild, i. 7 _sqq._;
ceremony for the fertilization of the, 10

_Manitoo_, personal totem, ii. 273 _n._ 1

Mannhardt, W., on fire-customs, i. 106 _n._ 3;
on burning leaf-clad representative of spirit of vegetation, 25;
his theory that the fires of the fire-festivals are charms to secure
sunshine, 329, 331 _sqq._;
on torches as imitations of lightning, 340 _n._ 1;
on the Hirpi Sorani, ii. 15 _n._;
on the human victims sacrificed by the Celts, 33;
his theory of the Druidical sacrifices, 43;
his solar theory of the bonfires at the European fire-festivals, 72;
on killing a cock on the harvest-field, 280 _n._

_Mantis religiosus_, a totem, ii. 248 _n._

Manu, Hindoo lawgiver, on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95;
the Laws of, on the three births of the Aryan, ii. 276 _sq._

Manx mummers at Hallowe’en, i. 224

Maoris, birth-trees among the, ii. 163

Mara tribe of Northern Australia, initiation of medicine-men in the, ii.
239

_Marake_, an ordeal of being stung by ants and wasps, i. 63 _sq._

Marcellus of Bordeaux, his medical treatise, i. 17

March, the month of, the fire-walk in, ii. 6;
mistletoe cut at the full moon of, 84, 86

—— moon, woodbine cut in the increase of the, ii. 184

_Margas_, exogamous totemic clans of the Battas of Sumatra, ii. 222 _sq._

Marilaun, A. Kerner von, on mistletoe, ii. 318 _n._ 6

Marjoram burnt at Midsummer, i. 214;
gathered at Midsummer, ii. 51;
a talisman against witchcraft, 74

Mark of Brandenburg, need-fire in the, i. 273;
simples culled at Midsummer in the, ii. 48;
St. John’s blood in the, 56;
the divining-rod in the, 67

Marotse. _See_ Barotse

Marquesas Islands, the fire-walk in the, ii. 11

Marriage, leaping over bonfires to ensure a happy, i. 107, 108, 110;
omens of, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, 168, 174, 178, 185, 189;
omens of, drawn from bonfires, 338 _sq._;
omens of, from flowers, ii. 52 _sq._, 61;
oak-trees planted at, 165

Married, the person last, lights the bonfire, i. 107, 109, 111, 119, 339;
young man last married provides wheel to be burnt, 116;
the person last married officiates at Midsummer fire, 192;
men married within the year collect fuel for Midsummer fire, 192 _sq._;
married men kindle need-fire, 289;
last married bride made to leap over bonfire, ii. 22

Mars and Silvia, ii. 105

Marsaba, a devil who swallows lads at initiation, ii. 246

Marseilles, drenching people with water at Midsummer in, i. 193;
Midsummer king of the double-axe at, 194;
the Yule log at, 250;
Midsummer flowers at, ii. 46

Marshall Islands, belief in the external soul in the, ii. 200

Marsi, the ancient, i. 209

Martin of Urzedow, i. 177

Martin, M., on _dessil_ (_deiseal_), i. 151 _n._;
on need-fire, 289

Marwaris, of India, Holi festival among the, ii. 2 _sq._

Marxberg, the, on the Moselle, i. 118

Masai, peace-making ceremony among the, ii. 139 _n._

Mask, not to wear a, i. 4

Masked dances, bull-roarers used at, ii. 230 _n._

Masks worn by girls at puberty, i. 31, 52;
worn at Duk-duk ceremonies in New Britain, ii. 247;
worn by members of a secret society, 270, 271

Masquerade of boys among the Lengua Indians, i. 57 _n._ 1

Masuren, a district of Eastern Prussia, Midsummer fire kindled by the
revolution of a wheel at, i. 177, 335 _sq._;
divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 52, 53;
divination by orpine at Midsummer in, 61;
camomile gathered at Midsummer in, 63;
fire kindled by friction of oak at Midsummer in, 91

Matabeles fumigate their gardens, i. 337

Matacos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding girls
at puberty, i. 58

Mataguayos, Indian tribe of the Gran Chaco, their custom of secluding
girls at puberty, i. 58

Matthes, B. F., on sympathetic relation between man and animal, ii. 197
_n._ 4

Mauhes, Indians of Brazil, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 59;
ordeal of young men among the, 62

Maundy Thursday, i. 125 _n._ 1

Maurer, Konrad, on Icelandic story of the external soul, ii. 125 _n._ 1

May Day in the Isle of Man, i. 157;
sheep burnt as a sacrifice on, 306;
witches active on, ii. 19, 184 _n._ 4, 185

——, Eve of, Snake Stones thought to be formed on, i. 15;
a witching time, 295;
witches active on, ii. 73

May-tree carried about, i. 120, ii. 22

Mayo, County, story of Guleesh in, i. 228

M’Bengas of the Gaboon, birth-trees among the, ii. 160

Mbengga, in Fiji, the fire-walk in, ii. 10 _sq._

Meakin, Budgett, on Midsummer fires in Morocco, i. 214 _n._

Meath, County, Hill of Ward in, i. 139;
Uisnech in, 158

Meaux, Midsummer bonfires in the diocese of, i. 182

Mecklenburg, need-fire in, i. 274 _sq._;
simples gathered at Midsummer in, ii. 48;
mugwort at Midsummer in, 60;
the divining-rod in, 67;
treatment of the afterbirth in, 165;
children passed through a cleft oak as a cure in, 171 _sq._;
custom of striking blindfold at a half-buried cock in, 279 _n._ 4

Medicine-bag, instrument of pretended death and resurrection at
initiation, ii. 268 _sq._

—— -man in Australia, initiation of, ii. 237 _sqq._

Megara besieged by Minos, ii. 103

Meinersen, in Hanover, i. 275

Meissen or Thuringia, horse’s head thrown into Midsummer fire in, ii. 40

Melanesian conception of the external soul, ii. 197 _sqq._

—— and Papuan stocks in New Guinea, ii. 239

Meleager and the firebrand, story of, ii. 103;
and the olive-leaf, 103 _n._ 2

Melur, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. 8 _sq._

Men disguised as women, i. 107

—— and women eat apart, i. 81

_Mên-an-tol_, “holed stone” in Cornwall, ii. 187

Menomini Indians, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268 _n._
1

Menstruation, seclusion of girls at the first, i. 22 _sqq._;
the first, attributed to defloration by a spirit, 24;
reasons for secluding women at, 97

Menstruous blood, the dread of, i. 76.
_See also_ Blood

—— energy, beneficent applications of, i. 98 _n._ 1

—— fluid, medicinal applications of the, i. 98 _n._ 1

Menstruous women keep their heads or faces covered, i. 22, 24, 25, 29, 31,
44 _sq._, 48 _sq._, 55, 90, 92;
not allowed to cross or bathe in rivers, 77;
not allowed to go near water, 77;
supposed to spoil fisheries, 77, 78, 90 _sq._, 93;
painted red, or red and white, 78;
not allowed to use the ordinary paths, 78, 80, 84, 89, 90;
not allowed to approach the sea, 79;
not allowed to enter cultivated fields, 79;
obliged to occupy special huts, 79, 82, 85 _sqq._;
supposed to spoil crops, 79, 96;
not allowed to cook, 80, 82, 84, 90;
not allowed to drink milk, 80, 84;
not allowed to handle salt, 81 _sq._, 84;
kept from wells, 81, 82, 97;
obliged to use separate doors, 84;
not allowed to lie on high beds, 84;
not allowed to touch or see fire, 84, 85;
not allowed to cross the tracks of animals, 84, 91, 93;
excluded from religious ceremonies, 85;
not allowed to eat with men, 85, 90;
thought to spoil the luck of hunters, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94;
not allowed to ride horses, 88 _sq._, 96;
not allowed to walk on ice of rivers and lakes, 90;
dangers to which they are thought to be exposed, 94;
not allowed to touch beer, wine or vinegar, 96;
not allowed to salt or pickle meat, 96 _n._ 2;
not allowed to cross running streams, 97;
not allowed to draw water at wells, 97;
used to protect fields against insects, 98 _n._ 1
dreaded and secluded in Australia, i. 76 _sqq._,
in the Torres Straits Islands, 78 _sq._,
in New Guinea, 79,
in Galela, 79,
in Sumatra, 79,
in Africa, 79 _sqq._,
among the Jews and in Syria, 83 _sq._,
in India, 84 _sq._,
in Annam, 85,
in America, 85 _sqq._

Mequinez, Midsummer custom at, i. 216

Merolla, J., on seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 31 _n._ 3

Merrakech, in Morocco, Midsummer custom at, i. 216;
New Year fires at, 217

Mesopotamia, Atrae in, i. 82

Mespelaer, St. Peter’s fires at, i. 195

Messaria, in Cythnos, ii. 189

Metz, F., on the fire-walk, ii. 9

Metz, cats burnt alive in Midsummer fire at, ii. 39

Mexican ceremony of new fire, i. 132

—— representation of the sun as a wheel, i. 334 _n._ 1

Mexico, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 127 _sq._;
the Zapotecs of, ii. 212

Michael, in the Isle of Man, i. 307

Michaelmas, cakes baked at, i. 149.
_See also_ St. Michael

Michemis, a Tibetan tribe, a funeral ceremony among the, i. 5

Middle Ages, the Yule log in the, i. 252;
the need-fire in the, 270

Midsummer, wells crowned with flowers at, ii. 28;
bathing at, 29 _sq._;
sacred to Balder, 87.
_See also_ St. John’s Day

—— bonfire called “fire of heaven,” i. 334;
intended to drive away dragons, 161

“—— Brooms” in Sweden, ii. 54

—— Day, charm for fig-trees on, i. 18;
water claims human victims on, 26 _sqq._;
in ancient Rome, 178;
regarded as unlucky, ii. 29

—— Eve, Snake Stones thought to be formed on, i. 15;
Trolls and evil spirits abroad on, 172;
witches active on, ii. 19;
the season for gathering wonderful herbs and flowers, 45 _sqq._;
the magic flowers of, 45 _sqq._;
divination on, 46 _n._ 3, 50, 52 _sqq._, 61, 64, 67 _sqq._;
dreams of love on, 52, 54;
fernseed blooms at, 65, 287;
the divining-rod cut at, 67 _sqq._;
activity of witches and warlocks on, 73 _sqq._;
treasures bloom in the earth on, 288 _n._ 5;
the oak thought to bloom on, 292, 293

—— festival common to peoples on both sides of the Mediterranean, i. 219,
ii. 31;
the most important of the year among the primitive Aryans of Europe, 40;
its relation to Druidism, 45

—— fires, i. 160 _sqq._;
in Wales, 156

—— flowers and plants used as talismans against witchcraft, ii. 72

—— Men, orpine, ii. 61

—— mummers clad in green fir branches, ii. 25 _sq._

Midwinter fires, i. 246 _sqq._

Mijatovich, Chedo, on the _Zadrooga_ or Servian house-community, i. 259
_n._ 1

Mikado not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 2 _sq._;
the sun not allowed to shine on him, 18 _sq._

Milk, girls at puberty forbidden to drink, i. 22, 30;
libations of, 30;
not to be drunk by menstruous women, 80, 84;
stolen by witches from cows, 176, 343, ii. 74;
omens drawn from boiling, 8;
libations of, poured on fire, 8, 9;
libations of, poured into a stream, 9;
poured on sick cattle, 13

—— and butter thought to be improved by the Midsummer fires, i. 180;
stolen by witches at Midsummer, 185;
witchcraft fatal to, ii. 86

—— -tie as a bond of kinship, ii. 138 _n._ 1

—— -vessels not to be touched by menstruous women, i. 80

Milking cows through a hole in a branch or a “witch’s nest,” ii. 185

Millaeus on judicial torture, ii. 158

Miller’s wife a witch, story of the, i. 319 _sq._

Miming, a satyr of the woods, i. 103

Minahassa, in Celebes, ceremony at a house-warming in, ii. 153

Minangkabauers of Sumatra, their belief as to menstruous women, i. 79;
use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 229 _n._

Minos, king of Crete, besieges Megara, ii. 103

Mint, flowers of, gathered on St. John’s Day, ii. 51

Mirzapur, the Bhuiyars of, i. 84

Misfortune burnt in Midsummer fires, i. 215;
got rid of by leaping over Midsummer fires, 215

Missel-thrush and mistletoe, ii. 316

“Mist-healing,” Swiss expression for kindling a need-fire, i. 279

Mistletoe, the divining-rod made of, ii. 69, 291;
worshipped by the Druids, 76 _sq._, 301;
cut on the sixth day of the moon, 77;
makes barren animals and women to bring forth, 77, 78, 79;
cut with a golden sickle, 77, 80;
thought to have fallen from the sky, 77, 80;
called the “all-healer,” 77, 79, 82;
an antidote to all poison, 77, 83;
gathered on the first day of the moon, 78;
not to touch the earth, 78, 80;
a cure for epilepsy, 78, 83, 84;
extinguishes fire, 78, 84 _sq._, 293;
venerated by the Ainos of Japan, 79;
growing on willow specially efficacious, 79;
confers invulnerability, 79 _sq._;
its position as a parasite on a tree the source of superstitions about
it, 80, 81, 84;
not to be cut but shot or knocked down with stones, 81 _sq._;
in the folk-lore of modern European peasants, 81 _sqq._;
medical virtues ascribed to, 82 _sqq._;
these virtues a pure superstition, 84;
cut when the sun is in Sagittarius, 82, 86;
growing on oak a panacea for green wounds, 83;
mystic qualities ascribed to mistletoe at Midsummer (St. John’s Day or
Eve), 83, 86;
cut at the full moon of March, 84, 86;
called “thunder-besom” in Aargau, 85, 301;
a masterkey to open all locks, 85;
a protection against witchcraft, 85 _sq._;
given to first cow that calves after New Year, 86;
gathered especially at Midsummer, 86 _sq._;
grows on oaks in Sweden, 87;
ancient Italian belief that mistletoe could be destroyed neither by fire
nor water, 94;
Balder’s life or death in the, 279, 283;
life of oak in, 280;
not allowed to touch the ground, 280;
a protection against witchcraft and Trolls, 282, 283, 294;
a protection against fairy changelings, 283;
hung over doors of stables and byres in Brittany, 287; thought to
disclose treasures in the earth, 287, 291 _sq._;
gathered at the solstices, Midsummer and Christmas, 291 _sqq._;
traditional privilege of, 291 _n._ 2;
growing on a hazel, 291 _n._ 3;
growing on a thorn, 291 _n._ 3;
life of the oak conceived to be in the, 292;
perhaps conceived as a germ or seed of fire, 292;
sanctity of mistletoe perhaps explained by the belief that the plant has
fallen on the tree in a flash of lightning, 301;
two species of, _Viscum album_ and _Loranthus europaeus_, 315 _sqq._;
found most commonly on apple-trees, 315, compare 316 _n._ 5;
growing on oaks in England, 316;
seeds of, deposited by missel-thrush, 316;
ancient names of, 317 _sq._;
Virgil on, 318 _sqq._;
Dutch names for, 319 _n._ 1

Mistletoe and Balder, i. 101 _sq._, ii. 76 _sqq._, 302

—— and the Golden Bough, ii. 315 _sqq._

Mitchell, Sir Arthur, on a barbarous cure for murrain, i. 326

Mithr, Armenian fire-god, i. 131 _n._ 3

Mithraic mysteries, initiation into the, ii. 277

_Mizimu_, spirits of the dead, ii. 312

Mlanje, in British Central Africa, ii. 314

Mnasara tribe of Morocco, i. 214

Mogk, Professor Eugen, i. 330

Mohammedan calendar lunar, i. 216 _sq._, 218 _sq._

—— New Year festival in North Africa, i. 217 _sq._

—— peoples of North Africa, Midsummer fires among the, i. 213 _sqq._

Moharram, first Mohammedan month, i. 217

Moles and field-mice driven away by torches, i. 115, ii. 340

Molsheim in Baden, i. 117

Mondays, witches dreaded on, ii. 73

Mongolian story, milk-tie in a, i. 138 _n._ 1;
the external soul in a, ii. 143 _sq._

Monster supposed to swallow and disgorge novices at initiation, ii. 240
_sq._, 242

Mont des Fourches, in the Vosges, i. 318

Montaigne on ceremonial extinction of fires, i. 135 _n._ 2

Montanus, on the Yule log, i. 248

Montenegro, the Yule log in, i. 263

Montezuma not allowed to set foot on ground, i. 2

Montols of Northern Nigeria, their belief in their sympathetic relation to
snakes, ii. 209 _sq._

Moon, impregnation of women by the, i. 75 _sq._;
the sixth day of the, mistletoe cut on, 77;
the first day of the, mistletoe gathered on, 78;
the full, transformation of were-wolves at, 314 _n._ 1

Mooney, James, on Cherokee ideas as to trees struck by lightning, ii. 296

Moore, _Manx Surnames,_ quoted by Sir John Rhys, i. 306

Moors, their superstition as to the “sultan of the oleander,” i. 18

Moosheim, in Wurtemberg, leaf-clad mummer at, ii. 26

Moravia, fires to burn the witches in, i. 160;
Midsummer fires in, 175;
the divining-rod in, ii. 67

Moravians cull simples at Midsummer, ii. 49, 54

Moray, remedy for a murrain in the county of, i. 326

Morayshire, medical use of mistletoe in, ii. 84

Morbihan in Brittany, ii. 287

Moresin, Thomas, on St. Peter’s fires in Scotland, i. 207

Morice, Father A. G., on customs and beliefs of the Carrier Indians as to
menstruous women, i. 91 _sqq._;
on the honorific totems of the Carrier Indians, ii. 273 _sqq._

Morlaks, the Yule log among the, i. 264

Morlanwelz, bonfires at, i. 107

Morning star, the rising of the, i. 40, 133

Morocco, magical virtue ascribed to rain-water in, i. 17 _sq._;
Midsummer fires in, 213 _sqq._;
water thought to acquire marvellous virtue at Midsummer in, ii. 30
_sq._;
magical plants gathered at Midsummer in, 51

Morven, i. 290;
consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, ii. 186 _sq._

Moscow, annual new fire in villages near, i. 139

Moselle, bonfires on the, i. 109;
Konz on the, 118, 163 _sq._

Moses on the uncleanness of women at menstruation, i. 95 _sq._

Mosquito territory, Central America, seclusion of menstruous women in the,
i. 86

Mota, in the New Hebrides, conception of the external soul in, ii. 197
_sq._

Motherwort, garlands of, at Midsummer, i. 162

Moulin, parish of, in Perthshire, Hallowe’en fires in, i. 230

Moulton, Professor J. H., on the etymology of Soranus, ii. 15 _n._ 1

Mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer, ii. 57 _sq._;
a protection against thunder, lightning, hail, and conflagration, 58

Mountain-ash, parasitic, used to make the divining rod, ii. 69;
mistletoe on, 315.
_See also_ Rowan

—— scaur, external soul in, ii. 156

Mourne Mountains, i. 159

Mourners tabooed, i. 20;
step over fire after funeral in China, ii. 17;
purified by fire, 17, 18 _sq._;
customs observed by, among the Bella Coola Indians, 174

Mourning, the great, for Isfendiyar, i. 105

Mouse-ear hawkweed (_Hieracium pilosella_) gathered at Midsummer, ii. 57

Movement of thought from magic through religion to science, ii. 304 _sq._

Mugwort (_Artemisia vulgaris_), wreaths of, at Midsummer, i. 163, 165,
174;
a preventive of sore eyes, 174;
a preservative against witchcraft, 177;
a protection against thunder, ghosts, magic, and witchcraft, ii. 59
_sq._;
gathered on Midsummer Day or Eve, ii. 58 _sqq._;
thrown into the Midsummer fires, 59;
used in exorcism, 60

Mull, the need-fire in, i. 148, 289 _sq._;
the Beltane cake in, 149;
remedy for cattle-disease in, 325;
consumptive people passed through rifted rocks in, ii. 186 _sq._

Mullein, sprigs of, passed across Midsummer fires protect cattle against
sickness and sorcery, i. 190;
bunches of, passed across Midsummer fires and fastened on cattle-shed,
191;
yellow (_Verbascum_), gathered at Midsummer, ii. 63 _sq._;
yellow hoary (_Verbascum pulverulentum_), its golden pyramid of blooms,
64;
great (_Verbascum thapsus_), called King’s Candle or High Taper, 64

Mummers at Hallowe’en in the Isle of Man, i. 224

Munster, the King of, i. 139;
Midsummer fires in, 203

Münsterberg, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 _n._

Münsterland, Easter fires in, i. 141;
the Yule log in, 247

Muralug, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 78

Murderer, fire of oak-wood used to detect a, ii. 92 _n._ 4

Murrain, need-fire kindled as a remedy for, i. 278, 282, 290 _sqq._;
burnt sacrifices to stay a, in England, Wales, and Scotland, 300 _sqq._;
calf burnt alive to stop a, 300 _sq._;
cattle buried to stop a, 326.
_See also_ Cattle disease

Murray, the country of, i. 154 _n._ 1

Murray River, in Australia, ii. 233;
natives of, their dread of menstruous women, i. 77

Muskau, in Lausitz, marriage oaks at, ii. 165

Myrtle-trees of the Patricians and Plebeians at Rome, ii. 168

Myths dramatized in ritual, i. 105

Na Ivilankata, a Fijian clan, ii. 10

Nagas of North-Eastern India, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 136

_Nagual_, external soul, among the Indians of Guatemala and Honduras, ii.
212 _sqq._, 220, 226 _n._ 1

Nahuqua Indians of Brazil, their use of bull-roarers, ii. 230

Names on chimney-piece, divination by, i. 237;
of savages kept secret, ii. 224 _n._ 2;
new, taken by novices after initiation, 259

Namoluk, one of the Caroline Islands, traditionary origin of fire in, ii.
295

Namuci and Indra, legend of, ii. 280

Namur, Lenten fires in, i. 108

Nandi, the, of British East Africa, their custom of driving sick cattle
round a fire, ii. 13;
use of bull-roarers among the, 229 _n._

_Nanga_, sacred enclosure in Fiji, ii. 243, 244

Nanna, the wife of Balder, i. 102, 103

Nanny, a Yorkshire witch, i. 317

Naples, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin at, i. 220 _sq._

Narrow openings, creeping through, in order to escape ghostly pursuers,
ii. 177 _sqq._

Nathuram, image supposed to make women fruitful, ii. 3

Nativity of the Virgin, feast of the, i. 220 _sq._

Naudowessies, Indian tribe of North America, ritual of death and
resurrection among the, ii. 267

_Naueld_, need-fire, i. 280

Nauru, in the Marshall Islands, lives of people bound up with a fish in,
ii. 200

Navajoes, their story of the external soul, ii. 151 _sq._;
use of bull-roarers among the, 230 _n._, 231

Navel-string buried under a plant or tree, ii. 160 _sq._, 161, 163;
regarded as brother or sister of child, 162 _n._ 2

_Ndembo_, secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. 251 _sqq._

Ndolo, on the Moeko River, West Africa, ii. 200

Neckar, the river, requires three human victims at Midsummer, ii. 26;
loaf thrown into the river, 28

Necklace, girl’s soul in a, ii. 99 _sq._

Need-fire, i. 269 _sqq._;
kindled as a remedy for cattle-plague, 270 _sqq._, 343;
cattle driven through the, 270 _sqq._;
derivation of the name, 270 _n._;
kindled by the friction of a wheel, 270, 273, 289 _sq._, 292;
kindled with oak-wood, 271, 272, 275, 276, 278, 281, 289 _sq._, 294;
called “wild-fire,” 272, 273, 277;
kindled by fir-wood, 278, 282;
kindled as a remedy for witchcraft, 280, 292 _sq._, 293, 295;
called “living fire,” 281, 286;
healing virtue ascribed to, 281, 286;
kindled by lime-wood, 281, 283, 286;
kindled by poplar-wood, 282;
regarded as a barrier interposed between cattle and an evil spirit, 282,
285 _sq._;
kindled by cornel-tree wood, 286;
revealed by an angel from heaven, 287;
used to heat water, 289;
kindled on an island, 290 _sq._, 291 _sq._;
kindled by birch-wood, 291;
kindled between two running streams, 292;
kindled to prevent fever, 297;
probable antiquity of the, 297 _sq._;
kindled by elm-wood, 299;
the parent of the periodic fire-festivals, 299, 343;
used by Slavonic peoples to combat vampyres, 344;
sometimes kindled by the friction of fir, plane, birch, lime, poplar,
cornel-wood, ii. 91 _n._ 1

Need-fire, John Ramsay’s account of, i. 147 _sq._;
Lindenbrog on, 335 _n._ 1

Negro children pale at birth, ii. 251 _n._ 1, 259 _n._ 2

Neil, R. A., on Gaelic name for mistletoe, ii. 82 _n._ 5

Neilgherry Hills, the Badagas of the, ii. 8 _sq._;
the Todas of the, i. 136

Neisse, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 _n._

Nellingen in Lorraine, simples gathered on Midsummer Day at, ii. 47

Nemi, the King of the Wood at, i. 2;
the Lake of, annual tragedy enacted at, ii. 286;
sacramental bread at, 286 _n._ 2;
Virbius at, 295; at evening, 308 _sq._;
sacred grove of, 315;
priests of Diana at, 315

Nerthus, old German goddess, ii. 28 _n._ 1

_Nestelknüpfen_, i. 346 _n._ 2

Nets fumigated with smoke of need-fire, i. 280

Nettles, Indians beaten with, as an ordeal, i. 64

Neuchatel, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172

Neumann, J. B., on the Batta doctrine of souls, ii. 223 _n._ 2

Neustadt, in Silesia, Midsummer fires at, i. 170;
near Marburg, the need-fire at, 270

New birth of novices at initiation, ii. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261, 262 _sq._

—— body obtained at initiation, ii. 252

—— Britain, the Duk-duk society of i. 11, ii. 246 _sq._

—— fire kindled on Easter Saturday, i. 121 _sqq._;
made at the New Year, 134 _sq._, 138, 140;
made by the friction of wood at Christmas, 264

—— Guinea, British, festival of wild mango in, i. 7;
custom observed after childbirth in, 20;
seclusion of girls at puberty in, 35;
dread and seclusion of women at menstruation in, 79;
the Toaripi of, 84;
use of bull-roarers in, ii. 228 _n._ 2

—— Guinea, German, the Kai of, ii. 182;
ceremony of initiation in, 193;
the Yabim of, 232;
rites of initiation in, 239 _sqq._

—— Hebrides, conception of the external soul in the, ii. 197 _sqq._

—— Ireland, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 32 _sqq._;
Duk-duk society in, ii. 247

—— Mexico, the Zuni Indians of, i. 132;
and Arizona, use of bull-roarers in, ii. 230 _n._, 231

—— South Wales, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 78;
the Wongh tribe of, ii. 227;
the drama of resurrection at initiation in, 235 _sqq._

—— water at Easter, i. 123

—— World, Easter ceremonies in the, i. 127 _sq._;
magical virtue of plants at Midsummer in the, ii. 50 _sq._

—— Year, new fire made at the, i. 134 _sq._, 138, 140;
festival of Mohammedans in North Africa, 217 _sq._;
the Celtic, on November first, 224 _sq._;
the Fijian, Tahitian, and Hawaiian, ii. 244

Newstead, Byron’s oak at, ii. 166

_Nganga_, “the Knowing Ones,” initiates, ii. 251

_Ngarong_, secret helper, of the Ibans of Borneo, ii. 224 _n._ 1

Nguu, district of German East Africa, ii. 312

Nias, story of the external soul told in the island of, ii. 148;
ceremonies performed by candidates for the priesthood in, 173 _sq._

Niceros and the were-wolf, story of, i. 313 _sq._

Nidugala, in the Neilgherry Hills, the fire-walk at, ii. 8

Nieder-Lausitz, the Midsummer log in, ii. 92 _n._ 1

Niederehe, in the Eifel Mountains, Midsummer flowers at, ii. 48

Niger, belief as to external human souls lodged in animals on the, ii. 209

Nigeria, the Ibo of Southern, i. 4;
theory of the external soul in, ii. 200, 203, _sqq._

Nigerian, South, story of the external soul, ii. 150

Night-jars, the lives of women in, ii. 215;
called women’s “sisters,” 216

Nikclerith, Neane, buries cow alive, i. 324 _sq._

Nile, the Alur of the Upper, i. 64

Nine, ruptured child passed nine times on nine successive mornings through
a cleft ash-tree and attended by nine persons, ii. 170

—— bonfires on Midsummer Eve an omen of marriage, i. 174, 185, 189, 339

—— different kinds of wood burnt in the Beltane fires, i. 155;
used for the Midsummer bonfires, 172, 201;
burnt in the need-fire, 271, 278;
used to kindle need-fire, 278, 280

—— grains of oats in divination, i. 243

—— leaps over Midsummer fire, i. 193

—— men employed to make fire by the friction of wood, i. 148, 155

—— ridges of ploughed land in divination, i. 235

—— sorts of flowers on Midsummer Eve, to dream on, i. 175;
gathered, ii. 52 _sq._

—— times to crawl under a bramble as a cure, ii. 180

—— times nine men make need-fire, i. 289, 294, 295

—— (thrice three) times passed through a girth of woodbine, ii. 184;
passed through a holed stone, 187

—— turns round a rick, i. 243

Niska Indians of British Columbia, rites of initiation among the, ii. 271
_sq._

Nisus and his purple or golden hair, story of, ii. 103

_Nkimba_, secret society on the Lower Congo, ii. 255 _n._ 1

Nocturnal creatures the sex totems of men and women, ii. 217 _n._ 4

Nograd-Ludany, in Hungary, Midsummer fires at, i. 179

Noguès, J. L. M., on the wonderful herbs of St. John’s Eve, ii. 45

Nootka Indians of Vancouver Island, seclusion of girls at puberty among
the, i. 43 _sq._;
ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 270 _sq._

Nord, the department of, giants at Shrove Tuesday in, ii. 35

Norden, E., on the Golden Bough, ii. 284 _n._ 3

Nore, A. de, on the Yule log, i. 250 _sq._, 253

Norfolk, use of orpine for divination in, ii. 61 _n._ 4

Norman peasants gather seven kinds of plants on St. John’s Day, ii. 51
_sq._

Normandy, Midsummer fires in, i. 185 _sq._;
the Yule log in, 252;
torch-light processions on Christmas Eve in, 266;
processions with torches on the Eve of Twelfth Day, in, 340;
wonderful herbs and flowers gathered at Midsummer in, ii, 46;
wreaths of mugwort in, 59;
vervain gathered at Midsummer in, 62

Norrland, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 172

Norse stories of the external soul, ii. 119 _sq._

North American Indians, their personal totems, ii. 222 _n._ 5, 226 _n._ 1

—— Berwick, Satan preaches at, ii. 158

Northamptonshire, sacrifice of a calf in, i. 300