Chapter XIII: Farewell to Nemi (2)

Beans, divination by, i. 209

Bear, external soul of warrior in a, ii. 151;
Basque hunter transformed into, 226, 270;
simulated transformation of novice into a, 274 _sq._

—— clan, ii. 271, 272 _n._ 1

—— -dance of man who pretends to be a bear, ii. 274

Bear’s skin, Lapp women shoot blindfold at a, ii. 280 _n._

Bearers to carry royal personages, i. 3 _sq._

Beating girls at puberty, i. 61, 66 _sq._;
as a form of purification, 61, 64 _sqq._

Beauce, festival of torches in, i. 113;
story of a were-wolf in, 309

—— and Perche, Midsummer fires in, i. 188

Beaver clan, ii. 272

Bechuana belief as to sympathetic relation of man to wounded crocodile,
ii. 210 _sq._

Bee, external soul of an ogre in a, ii. 101

Beech or fir used to make the Yule log, i. 249

—— -tree burnt in Lenten bonfire, i. 115 _sq._

Beeches, struck by lightning, proportion of, ii. 298 _sq._;
free from mistletoe, 315

Bees thought to be killed by menstruous women, i. 96;
ashes of bonfires used to cure ailments of, 142

Beetle, external soul in a, ii. 138, 140

Begetting novices anew at initiation, pretence of, ii. 248

Behar, the fire-walk in, ii. 5

_Beifuss_, German name for mugwort, ii. 60 _n._ 6

Bel, the fires of, i. 147, 157, 158 _sq._

Beleth, John, his _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_ quoted, i. 161 _n._ 2

Belford, in Northumberland, the Yule log at, i. 256

Belgium, Lenten fires in, i. 107 _sq._;
Midsummer fires in, 194 _sq._;
the Yule log in, 249;
bathing on Midsummer Day in, ii. 30;
divination by flowers on Midsummer Eve in, 53;
mugwort gathered on St. John’s Day or Eve in, 59 _sq._;
vervain gathered on St. John’s Day in, 62;
four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, 63;
the witches’ Sabbath in, 73

Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty
among the, i. 46;
custom of mourners among the, ii. 174

Belli-Paaro society in West Africa, rites of initiation in the, ii. 257
_sqq._

Bellochroy, i. 290

Bells worn by priest in exorcism, i. 5;
on his legs, ii. 8

——, church, silenced in Holy Week, i. 123, 125 _n._ 1;
rung on Midsummer Eve, ii. 47 _sq._;
rung to drive away witches, 73

Beltane, popularly derived from Baal, i. 149 _n._ 1, 150 _n._ 1;
the need-fire at, 293;
the Yellow Day of, 293;
sheep passed through a hoop at, ii. 184

—— and Hallowe’en the two chief fire-festivals of the British Celts, ii.
40 _sq._

—— cakes, i. 148 _sq._, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155

—— carline, i. 148, 153

—— Eve (the Eve of May Day), a witching time, i. 295

—— fire, pretence of throwing a man into the, i. 148, ii. 25;
kindled by the friction of oak-wood, i. 148, 155, ii. 91

—— fires, i. 146 _sqq._;
in Wales, 155 _sq._;
in Ireland, 157 _sq._;
in Nottinghamshire, 157

Benametapa, the king of, in East Africa, i. 135

Bengal, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 68;
the Oraons of, ii. 311

Bengalee stories of the external soul, ii. 101 _sq._, 102

Beni Ahsen, a tribe in Morocco, ii. 31;
their Midsummer fires, i. 215 _sq._

—— Mgild, a Berber tribe of Morocco, their Midsummer fires, i. 215

—— Snous, the, of Morocco, their Midsummer rites, i. 216

Bent, J. Theodore, on passing sick children through a cleft oak, ii. 172

Berber belief as to water at Midsummer, ii. 31

—— tale, milk-tie in a, ii. 138 _n._ 1

Berbers of North Africa, their Midsummer customs, i. 213 _sqq._, 219

Bergen, Midsummer bonfires at, i. 171

Bering Strait, the Esquimaux of, i. 91

Berleburg, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, i. 248

Berlin, the divining-rod at, ii. 68

Bern, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172;
the Yule log in the canton of, 249;
witches put to death in the canton of, ii. 42 _n._ 2

Berry, Lenten fire custom in, i. 115;
Midsummer fires in, 189;
the Yule log in, 251 _sq._;
four-leaved clover at Midsummer in, ii. 63

Besoms, blazing, flung aloft to make the corn grow high, i. 340;
used to drive away witches, ii. 74

Bethlehem, new Easter fire carried to, i. 130 _n._

“Between the two Beltane fires,” i. 149

Beul, fire of, need-fire, i. 293

Bevan, Professor A. A., i. 83 _n._ 1

Beverley, on the initiatory rites of the Virginian Indians, ii. 266 _sq._

Bewitched animals burnt alive, i. 300 _sqq._;
buried alive, 324 _sqq._

—— cow, mugwort applied to, ii. 59

—— things burnt to compel the witch to appear, i. 322

Bhils of India, torture of witches among the, ii. 159

Bhuiyars of Mirzapur, their dread of menstrual pollution, i. 84

Bhuiyas, a Dravidian tribe, fire-walk among the, ii. 5 _sq._

_Bhut_, demon, ii. 312

Bidasari and the golden fish, Malay story of, ii. 147 _sq._, 220

Bilqula. _See_ Bella Coola

Binbinga tribe of Northern Australia, their rites of initiation, ii. 234
_sq._;
initiation of medicine-man in the, 239

Binding up a cleft stick or tree a mode of barricading the road against a
ghostly pursuer, ii. 176

Bir, a tribal hero, ii. 6

Birch used to kindle need-fire, i. 291

—— and plane, fire made by the friction of, i. 220

——, branches of, on Midsummer Day, i. 177, 196;
a protection against witchcraft, ii. 185

—— trees set up at Midsummer, i. 177;
used to keep off witches, ii. 20 _n._;
mistletoe on, 315

Bird, disease transferred to, ii. 187;
brings first fire to earth, 295

Bird-lime made from mistletoe, ii. 317

Birds, external souls in, ii. 104, 111, 119, 142, 144, 150;
carry seed of mistletoe, 316

Birseck, Lenten fires at, i. 119

Birth, the new, of novices at initiation, ii. 247, 251, 256, 257, 261

Birth-names of Central American Indians, ii. 214 _n._ 1

—— -trees in Africa, ii. 160 _sqq._;
in Europe, 165

Birthday of the Sun at the winter solstice, i. 246

Bisection of the year, Celtic, i. 223

Black Corrie of Ben Breck, the giant of, in an Argyleshire tale, ii. 129
_sq._

—— Forest, Midsummer fires in the, i. 168

—— Isle, Ross-shire, i. 301

—— poplars, mistletoe on, ii. 316, 318 _n._ 6

—— spauld, a disease of cattle, cure for, i. 325

—— three-legged horse ridden by witches, ii. 74

Blackening girls at puberty, i. 41, 60

Blemishes, physical, transferred to witches, i. 160 _n._ 1

Blindness of Hother, ii. 279 _n._ 4

Block, the Yule, i. 247

Blocksberg, the resort of witches, i. 171;
the Mount of the Witches, ii. 74

Blood, girls at puberty forbidden to see, i. 46;
disastrous effect of seeing menstruous, 77;
drawn from women who do not menstruate, 81

—— -brotherhood between men and animals among the Fans, ii. 201, 226 _n._
1

—— -covenant between men and animals, ii. 201, 214, 226 _n._ 1

——, human, used in rain-making ceremonies, ii. 232 _sq._

——, menstruous, dread of, i. 76;
deemed fatal to cattle, 80;
miraculous virtue attributed to, 82 _sq._;
medicinal application of, 98 _n._ 1

—— of St. John found on St. John’s wort and other plants at Midsummer, ii.
56, 57

—— of sheep poured on image of god as a sin-offering, i. 82

Boa-constrictors, kings at death turn into, ii. 212 _n._

Boas, Dr. Franz, on seclusion of Shuswap girls at puberty, i. 53;
on customs observed by mourners among the Bella Coola Indians, ii. 174;
on initiation into the wolf society of the Nootka Indians, 270 _sq._;
on the relation between clans and secret societies, 273 _n._ 1

Boar’s skin, shoes of, worn by a king at inauguration, i. 4

Boars, familiar spirits of wizards in, ii. 196 _sq._;
lives of persons bound up with those of, 201, 203, 205;
external human souls in, 207

Bocage of Normandy, Midsummer fires in the, i. 185;
the Yule log in the, 252;
torchlight processions on Christmas Eve in the, 266

Body-without-soul in a Ligurian story, ii. 107;
in a German story, 116 _sq._;
in a Breton story, 132 _sq._;
in a Basque story, 139

Boeotian festival of the Great Daedala, ii. 77 _n._ 1

Bogota, rigorous training of the heir to the throne of, i. 19

Bohemia, water and fire consecrated at Easter in, i. 123 _sq._;
bonfires on May Day in, 159;
Midsummer fires in, 173 _sqq._;
need-fire in, 278 _sq._;
charm to make corn grow high in, 340;
offering to water-spirits on Midsummer Eve in, ii. 28;
simples gathered on St. John’s Night in, 49;
divination by means of flowers on Midsummer Eve in, 52 _sq._;
mugwort at Midsummer in, 59;
elder-flowers gathered at Midsummer in, 64;
wild thyme gathered on Midsummer Day in, 64;
fern-seed at Midsummer in, 66;
“thunder besoms” in, 85;
fern-seed on St. John’s Day in, 287, 288

Bohemian poachers, their use of vervain, ii. 62;
their use of seeds of fir-cones, 64

—— story of the external soul, ii. 110

Bohus, Midsummer fires in, i. 172

_Boidès_, bonfires, i. 111 _n._ 1

Boiling bewitched animal or part of it to compel witch to appear, i. 321
_sq._, 323

—— milk, omens drawn from, ii. 8

—— resin, ordeal of, i. 311

Boils, crawling under a bramble as a cure for, ii. 180

Bolivia, the Chiriguanos of, i. 56;
the Yuracares of, 57 _sq._;
fires on St. John’s Eve in, 213;
La Paz in, ii. 50

Boloki of the Upper Congo, birth-plants among the, ii. 161 _sq._;
use of bull-roarers among the, 229 _n._

Bondeis of German East Africa, rites of initiation among the, ii. 263
_sq._

Bone used to point with in sorcery, i. 14;
incident of, in folk-tales, 73 _n._ 3;
of bird (eagle or swan), women at menstruation obliged to drink out of,
45, 48, 49, 50, 73 _n._ 3, 90, 92

Bones burnt in the Easter bonfires, i. 142;
burnt in Midsummer fires, 203

—— of dead husbands carried by their widows, i. 91 _n._ 4

Bonfire Day in County Leitrim, i. 203

Bonfires supposed to protect against conflagrations, i. 107, 108;
protect houses against lightning and conflagration, 344;
lit by the persons last married, 107, 109;
a protection against witchcraft, 108, 109, 154;
a protection against sickness, 108, 109;
a protection against sorcery, 156;
quickening and fertilizing influence of, 336 _sqq._;
omens of marriage drawn from, 338 _sq._;
protect fields against hail, 344;
at festivals in India, ii. 1 _sqq._
_See also_ Fires

Bonfires, Midsummer, intended to drive away dragons, i. 161;
protect cattle against witchcraft, 188;
thought to ensure good crops, 188, 336

Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz, i. 270

Bonnach stone in a Celtic story, ii. 126

_Bordes_, bonfires, i. 111 _n._ 1, 113

Borlase, William, on Midsummer fires in Cornwall, i. 199

Borneo, festivals in, i. 13;
seclusion of girls at puberty in, 35 _sq._;
birth-custom in, ii. 154 _sq._;
trees and plants as life-indices in, 164 _sq._;
creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral in, 175 _sq._;
giving the slip to an evil spirit in, 179 _sq._

——, the Dyaks of, i. 5, ii. 222

——, the Kayans of, i. 4 _sq._

Bororo of Brazil, their use of bull-roarers, ii. 230 _n._

Borrow, witches come to, i. 322, 323, ii. 73

Bosnia, need-fire in, i. 286;
life-trees of children in, ii. 165

Bossuet, Bishop, on the Midsummer bonfires, i. 182

Bottesford, in Lincolnshire, mistletoe deemed a remedy for epilepsy at,
ii. 83

Bottle, external soul of queen in a, ii. 138

Bougainville, use of bull-roarers in, ii. 229 _n._

Bough, the Golden, ii. 279 _sqq._;
and the priest of Aricia, i. 1;
a branch of mistletoe, ii. 284 _sqq._, 315 _sqq._
_See also_ Golden Bough

Boulia district of Queensland, i. 14

Bourbonnais, mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, ii. 83

_Bourdifailles_, bonfires, i. 111 _n._ 1

Bourke, Captain J. G., on the bull-roarer, ii. 231

Bowels, novice at initiation supplied by spirits with a new set of, ii.
235 _sqq._

Bowes, in Yorkshire, need-fire at, i. 287

Box, external soul of king in a, ii. 102, 149;
external soul of cannibal in a, 117

Boxes or arks, sacred, i. 11 _sq._

Box-tree, external soul of giant in a, ii. 133

Boxwood blessed on Palm Sunday, i. 184, ii. 47

Boy and girl produce need-fire by friction of wood, i. 281

Boys at initiation thought to be swallowed by wizards, ii. 233

Brabant, Midsummer fires in, i. 194;
St. Peter’s bonfires in, 195;
wicker giants in, ii. 35

Bracelets as amulets, i. 92

Braemar Highlanders, their Hallowe’en fires, i. 233 _sq._

Brahman, the Hindoo creator, i. 95

Brahman called “twice born,” ii. 276

—— boys forbidden to see the sun, i. 68 _n._ 2

—— student, his observances at end of his studentship, i. 20

Brahmanic ritual at inauguration of a king, i. 4

Bramble, crawling under a, as a cure for whooping-cough, etc., ii. 180

Brand, John, on the Yule log, i. 247, 255

Brandenburg, simples culled at Midsummer in, ii. 48

_Brandons_, the Sunday of the, i. 110;
torches carried about fields and streets, 111 _n._ 1

Brands of Midsummer fires a protection against lightning, conflagration,
and spells, i. 183;
a protection against thunder, 191;
lighted, carried round cattle, 341

Braunrode in the Harz Mountains, Easter fires at, i. 142

Brazier, walking through a lighted, ii. 3 _sqq._

Brazil, the Guaranis of, i. 56;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, 56, 59 _sq._;
the Uaupes of, 61;
ordeals undergone by young men among the Indians of, 62 _sq._;
effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, 128;
fires of St. John in, 213;
the Caripunas of, ii. 230;
the Bororo of, 230 _n._;
the Nahuqua of, 230;
the Bakairi of, 231

Bread, reverence for, i. 13

Breadalbane, i. 149;
treatment of mad cow in, 326

Breadfruit-tree planted over navel-string of child, ii. 163

“Breath, scoring above the,” cutting a witch on the forehead, i. 315 _n._
2

Breitenbrunn, the “Charcoal Man” at, ii. 26 _n._ 2

Brekinjska, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282

Bresse, Midsummer bonfires in, i. 189

Brest, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 184

Breteuil, canton of, Midsummer fires in the, i. 187

Breton belief that women can be impregnated by the moon, i. 76

—— stories of the external soul, ii. 132 _sq._

Brezina, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282

Briar-thorn, divination by, i. 242

Bri-bri Indians of Costa Rica, seclusion of women at menstruation among
the, i. 86

Bride not allowed to tread the earth, i. 5;
last married, made to leap over bonfire, ii. 22

—— and bridegroom, mock, at bonfires, i. 109 _sq._

Bride, parish of, in the Isle of Man, i. 306, 307 _n._ 1

Bridegroom not to touch the ground with his feet, i. 5

Brie, Isle de France, effigy of giant burnt on Midsummer Eve at, ii. 38

Brihaspati, Hindoo deity, i. 99 _n._ 2

Briony, wreaths of, at Midsummer, i. 210

Brisbane River in Queensland, use of bull-roarers on the, ii. 233 _sqq._

British Columbia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i.
46 _sqq._;
dread and seclusion of menstruous women among the Indians of, 89 _sq._;
the Kwakiutl of, ii. 186;
Koskimo Indians of, 229;
rites of initiation among the Indians of, 270 _sqq._;
the Thompson Indians of, 297;
the Shuswap Indians of, 297 _n._ 3

Brittany, Midsummer fires in, i. 183 _sqq._;
stones thrown into the Midsummer fires in, 240;
the Yule log in, 253;
mistletoe hung over doors of stables and byres in, ii. 287;
fern-seed used by treasure-seekers in, 288

_Brochs_, prehistoric ruins, i. 291

Brocken, in the Harz mountains, associated with witches, i. 160 _n._ 1,
171 _n._ 3

Broom, a protective against witchcraft, i. 210

“Brother” and “sister,” titles given by men and women to their sex totems,
ii. 215, 216, 218

Brotherhood of the Green Wolf at Jumièges in Normandy, i. 185 _sq._

Brothers, ancient Egyptian story of the Two, ii. 134 _sqq._

Brown, Dr. George, quoted, i. 32 _sqq._;
on external soul in Melanesia, ii. 199

Brughe, John, his cure for bewitched cattle, i. 324 _sq._

Brund (or brand), the Christmas, the Yule log, i. 257

Brunswick, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96;
Easter bonfires in, 140;
need-fire in, 277 _sq._

Buchan, Hallowe’en fires in, i. 232 _sq._

_Bûche de Noël_, the Yule log, i. 249

Buddha and the crocodile, Indian story, ii. 102 _n._ 4

Buffalo, external souls of a clan in a, ii. 151;
a Batta totem, 223

—— clan in Uganda, i. 3

Buffaloes, external human souls in, ii. 207, 208

Bühl, St. John’s fires at, i. 168

Bukaua, the, of New Guinea, girls at puberty secluded among the, i. 35;
their rites of initiation, ii. 239 _sqq._

_Bu-ku-rú_, ceremonial uncleanness, i. 65 _n._ 1, 86

Buléon, Mgr., quoted by Father H. Trilles, ii. 202 _n._ 1

Bulgaria, the Yule log in, i. 264 _n._ 1;
need-fire in, 281, 285;
simples and flowers culled on St. John’s Day in, ii. 50;
creeping through an arch of vines as a cure in, 180;
creeping under the root of a willow as a cure for whooping-cough in, 180
_sq._

——, Simeon, prince of, ii. 156 _sq._

Bullet blessed by St. Hubert used to shoot witches with, i. 315 _sq._

Bullock, bewitched, burnt to cause the witch to appear, i. 303

Bull-roarers swung, i. 133;
sounded at initiation of lads, ii. 227, 228 _sqq._, 233 _sqq._, 240,
241;
used as magical instruments to make rain, 230 _sqq._;
sounded at festivals of the dead, 230 _n._;
made from trees struck by lightning, 231;
sounded to make the wind blow, 232;
called “thunder and lightning,” 232;
sounded to promote the growth of the crops, 232;
originally magical instruments for making thunder, wind, and rain, 233;
not to be seen by women, 234, 235, 242;
called by name which means a ghost or spirit of the dead, 242;
called by the same name as the monster who swallows lads at initiation,
242;
kept in men’s club-house, 242;
named after dead men, 242 _n._ 1

——, sound of, thought to resemble thunder, ii. 228 _sqq._;
supposed to increase the food supply, 230;
supposed to be the voice of a spirit, 233, 234, 235

Burchard, Bishop of Worms, his condemnation of a heathen practice, ii. 191

_Bures_, bonfires, i. 110 _n._ 1, 111 _n._ 1

Burford, in Oxfordshire, Midsummer giant and dragon at, ii. 37

Burghead, the burning of the Clavie at, i. 266 _sq._;
the old rampart at, 267 _sq._

Burgundy, Firebrand Sunday in, i. 114;
the Yule log in, 254

Burma, the Karens of, ii. 157

Burne, Miss F. C., and Jackson, Miss G. F., on the fear of witchcraft in
Shropshire, i. 342 _n._ 4

Burning the witches on May Day, i. 157, 159, 160;
of effigies in the Midsummer fires, 195;
of the witches in the Hallowe’en fires, 232 _sq._;
of the Clavie at Burghead, 266 _sq._;
of a bewitched animal or part of it to cause the witch to appear, 303,
305, 307 _sq._, 321 _sq._;
of human beings in the fires, ii. 21 _sqq._;
of live animals at spring and Midsummer festivals, 38 _sqq._;
the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, 41 _sq._, 43 _sq._;
of human victims annually, 286 _n._ 2

—— discs thrown into the air, i. 116 _sq._, 119, 143, 165, 166, 168 _sq._,
172

—— the Easter Man, i. 144

“—— the Old Wife (Old Woman),” i. 116, 120

“—— the Witches,” i. 116, 118 _sq._, 154;
a popular name for the fires of the festivals, ii. 43

—— wheels rolled down hill, i. 116, 117 _sq._, 119, 141, 143, 161, 162
_sq._, 163 _sq._, 166, 173, 174, 201, 328, 334, 337 _sq._;
rolled over fields at Midsummer to fertilize them, 191, 340 _sq._;
perhaps intended to burn witches, 345

Burns, Robert, i. 207;
on Hallowe’en, 234

Burnt sacrifices to stay cattle-plague in England, Wales, and Scotland, i.
300 _sqq._

Burs, a preservative against witchcraft, i. 177

Burying bewitched animals alive, i. 324 _sqq._

—— girls at puberty in the ground, i. 38 _sqq._

Bushmen, their dread of menstruous women, i. 79;
their way of warming up the star Sirius, 332 _sq._

Bushongo, royal persons among the, not allowed to set foot on the ground,
i. 4;
use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 229;
rites of initiation among the, 264 _sqq._

Butter thought to be improved by the Midsummer fires, i. 180;
bewitched, burnt at a cross-road, 322

“—— -churning,” Swiss expression for kindling a need-fire, i. 279

Byron, Lord, and the oak, ii. 166

Cabbages, divination by, at Hallowe’en, i. 242.
_See also_ Kail

Caesar on the fortification walls of the Gauls, i. 267;
on human sacrifices among the Celts of Gaul, ii. 32

Caesarea. _See_ Everek

Caffre villages, women’s tracks at, i. 80

Caffres of South Africa, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 30;
use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 229 _n._, 232

Cages, girls at puberty confined in, i. 32 _sqq._, 44, 45

_Cailleach beal-tine_, the Beltane carline, i. 148

Cairnshee, in Kincardineshire, Midsummer fires on, i. 206

Caithness, need-fire in, i. 290 _sqq._

Cake, St. Michael’s, i. 149, 154 _n._ 3;
salt, divination by, 238 _sq._;
the Yule or Christmas, 257, 259, 261

Cakes, Hallowe’en, i. 238, 241, 245;
Beltane, 148 _sq._, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155;
divination by, 242, 243

Calabar, soul of chief in sacred grove at, ii. 161;
negroes of, their belief in external or bush souls lodged in animals,
204 _sqq._, 220, 222 _n._ 5;
the fattening-house for girls in, 259

Calabria, holy water at Easter in, i. 123

Calamities, almost all, set down to witchcraft, ii. 19 _sq._

Calendar, change in the Chinese, i. 137;
Mohammedan, 216 _sq._, 218 _sq._;
the Julian, used by Mohammedans, 218 _sq._;
the reform of, in relation to floral superstitions, ii. 55 _n._ 1

Calendars, conflict of, i. 218

_Calendeau_, _calignau_, the Yule-log, i. 250

Calf burnt alive to stop a murrain, i. 300 _sq._

California, seclusion of girls at puberty among the Indians of, i. 41
_sqq._;
ordeals among the Indians of, 64;
the Senal Indians of, ii. 295;
the Maidu Indians of, 295, 298

Callander, the parish of, Beltane fires in, i. 150 _sqq._;
Hallowe’en fires in, 231

Calves burnt to stop disease in the herds, i. 301, 306

Calymnos, a Greek island, superstition as to menstruous women in, i. 96
_sq._;
Midsummer fires in, 212

Cambodia, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 70;
ritual at cutting a parasitic orchid in, ii. 81

Cambodian or Siamese story of the external soul, ii. 102

Cambridgeshire, witch as cat in, i. 317

Cambus o’ May, near Ballater, holed stone at, ii. 187

Cameroons, life of person bound up with tree in the, ii. 161;
theory of the external soul in, 200, 202 _sq._

Camomile (_Anthemis nobilis_) burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213;
sacred to Balder, ii. 63;
gathered at Midsummer, 63

Campbell, Rev. J. G., on _deiseal_, i. 151 _n._

Campbell, Rev. John, on Coranna customs, ii. 192, 192 _n._ 1

Campo di Giove, in the Abruzzi, Easter candles at, i. 122

Candle, the Easter or Paschal, i. 121, 122, 125;
divination by the flame of a, 229;
the Yule or Christmas, 255, 256, 260;
external soul in a, ii. 125 _sq._

—— and apple, biting at, i. 241, 242, 243, 245

Candlemas in the Armenian church, bonfires at, i. 131;
the Yule log at, 256 _n._

—— candles, i. 264 _n._ 4

Candles used to keep off witches, i. 245

Canopus and Sirius in Bushman lore, i. 333

Capart, Jean, on palettes found in Egyptian tombs, ii. 155 _n._ 3

Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, i. 37, 38

Caper-spurge (_Euphorbia lathyris_) identified with mythical springwort,
ii. 69

Capital of column, external soul in, ii. 156 _sq._

Capitol at Rome, the oak of Jupiter on the, ii. 89

Cappadocia, the fire-walk at Castabala in, ii. 14

Capri, feast of the Nativity of the Virgin in, i. 220 _sq._

Capricorn, time when the sun enters the tropic of, ii. 1

Caps worn in mourning, i. 20

Cardiganshire, Hallowe’en in, i. 226

Caribs, their theory of the plurality of souls, ii. 221

Carinthia, new fire at Easter in, i. 124

Caripunas Indians of Brazil, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 230 _n._

Carmichael, Alexander, on need-fire, i. 293 _sqq._;
on snake stones, ii. 311

Carn Brea, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199

Carnarvonshire, the cutty black sow in, i. 240

Carnival, effigy burnt at end of, i. 120;
wicker giants at the, ii. 35

Carnmoor, in Mull, need-fire kindled on, i. 289 _sq._

Carnwarth, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires at, i. 199

Caroline Islands, traditionary origin of fire in the, ii. 295

Carpathian Mountains, Midsummer fires on the, i. 175;
need-fire in the, 281;
the Huzuls of the, ii. 49

Carrier Indians of North-Western America, funeral custom of the, i. 11;
their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, 91 _sqq._;
their honorific totems, ii. 273 _sqq._

Carver, Captain Jonathan, his description of the rite of death and
resurrection, ii. 267 _sq._

Casablanca, Midsummer fires at, i. 214

Cashmeer stories of the external soul, ii. 100 _sq._, 138 _n._ 1

Caspar, Balthasar, and Melchior, the Three Holy Kings, ii. 68

Cassel, in France, wicker giants on Shrove Tuesday at, ii. 35

Cassowaries, men disguised as, in Duk-duk ceremonies, ii. 247

Castabala, in Cappadocia, the fire-walk at, ii. 14

Castiglione a Casauria, Midsummer customs at, i. 210

Castle Ditches, in the Vale of Glamorgan, bonfires at, i. 156

Castres, in Southern France, ii. 187

Cat, a representative of the devil, ii. 40;
story of a clan whose souls were all in one, 150 _sq._;
a Batta totem, 223.
_See also_ Cats

Caterpillars, bonfires as a protection against, i. 114

Catholic Church, its consecration of the Midsummer festival to St. John
the Baptist, i. 181

Cato on a Roman cure for dislocation, ii. 177

Cats burnt in bonfires, i. 109, ii. 39 _sq._;
perhaps burnt as witches, 41;
witches changed into, i. 315 _n._ 1, 317, 318, 319 _sq._, ii. 311 _sq._

Cattle sacrificed at holy oak, i. 181;
protected against sorcery by sprigs of mullein, 190;
fire carried round, 201, 206;
driven out to pasture in spring and back in autumn, 223;
acquire the gift of speech on Christmas Eve, 254;
driven through the need-fire, 270 _sqq._;
killed by fairy darts, 303;
lighted brands carried round, 341;
thought to benefit by festivals of fire, ii. 4, 7;
fumigated with smoke of Midsummer herbs, 53

—— and sheep driven through, round, or between bonfires, i. 108, 109, 141,
154, 157, 158, 159, 165, 175, 176, 179, 185, 188, 192, 202,
203, 204, 301, ii. 8, 9, 11 _sq._, 13

—— disease, the Midsummer fires a protection against, i. 176;
attributed to witchcraft, 302 _sq._, 343

—— -plague, need-fire kindled as a remedy for, i. 270 _sqq._;
sacrifice of an animal to stay a, 300 _sqq._

—— -rearing tribes of South Africa, their dread of menstruous women, i. 79
_sq._

Cave, initiation of medicine-men by spirits in a, ii. 237 _sqq._

—— of Cruachan, the “Hell-gate of Ireland,” i. 226

Cedar-bark, red, used in ceremonies of a secret society, ii. 271

Celebes, Macassar in, i. 14;
souls of persons removed for safety from their bodies in, ii. 153 _sq._

——, Central, the Toradjas of, i. 311 _sqq._

——, Southern, birth-trees in, ii. 164

Celibacy of the Vestal Virgins, i. 138 _n._ 5

Celtic bisection of the year, i. 223

—— population, their superstition as to Snake Stones, i. 15

—— stories of the external soul, ii. 126 _sqq._

Celts, their two great fire-festivals on the Eve of May Day and
Hallowe’en, i. 222, 224;
the oak worshipped by the, ii. 89

——, the British, their chief fire-festivals, Beltane and Hallowe’en, ii.
40 _sq._

—— of Brittany, their use of mistletoe, ii. 320

—— of Gaul, their human sacrifices, ii. 32 _sq._;
the victims perhaps witches and wizards, 41 _sq._;
W. Mannhardt’s theory, 43

—— of Ireland, their new fire on Hallowe’en, i. 139

—— of northern Italy, ii. 320

Celts (prehistoric implements) called “thunderbolts,” i. 14 _sq._

Central Provinces of India, cure for fever in the, ii. 190

Ceos, Greek island of, sick children passed through a cleft oak in, ii.
172

Ceram, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 36;
belief that strength of young people is in their hair in, ii. 158;
rites of initiation to the Kakian association in, 249 _sqq._

Ceremony, magical, to ensure fertility of women, i. 23 _sq._, 31

Cetraro in Calabria, Easter custom at, i. 123

Ceylon, the king of, and his external soul, ii. 102

Chaco, the Gran, i. 58;
marriage custom of Indians of the, i. 75;
Indians of the, i. 98 _n._ 1

——, the Paraguayan, i. 56

Chadwick, Professor H. M., i. 103 _n._

Chaka, Zulu king, ii. 212 _n._

Chalk, white, bodies of newly initiated lads coated with, ii. 241

Chambers, E. K., on the Celtic bisection of the year, i. 223

“Charcoal Man” at Midsummer, ii. 26 _n._ 2

Charente Inférieure, department of, St. John’s fires in the, i. 192

Chariot, patient drawn through the yoke of a, ii. 192

Chariots used by sacred persons, i. 4 _n._ 1

Charlemagne, i. 270

Chaste young men kindle need-fire, i. 273

Chastity associated with abstinence from salt, i. 27 _sq._

Château-Tierry, Midsummer fires at, i. 187 _sq._

Chatham Islands, birth-trees in the, ii. 165

_Chavandes_, bonfires, i. 109 _n._ 2

Cheadle, in Staffordshire, the Yule log at, i. 256

Cheese, the Beltane, kept as a charm against the bewitching of
milk-produce, i. 154

_Chêne-Doré_, “the gilded oak,” in Perche, ii. 287 _n._ 1

Chepstow oak, in Gloucestershire, ii. 316

Cheremiss of the Volga, their Midsummer festival, i. 181

Cherokees, their sacred arks, i. 11 _sq._;
their ideas as to trees struck by lightning, ii. 296 _sq._

Cherry-tree wood used for Yule log, i. 250

—— -trees, torches thrown at, i. 108

Chervil-seed burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213

_Chesnitsa_, Christmas cake, i. 261

Chester, Midsummer giants at, ii. 37

_Chevannes_, bonfires, i. 111 _n._ 1

Cheyenne Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 54 _sq._

—— women secluded at menstruation, i. 89

Chiaromonte, Midsummer custom at, i. 210

Chibisa, an African chief, ii. 314

_Chicha_, a native intoxicant, i. 57, 58

Chicory, the white flower of, opens all locks, ii. 71

Chief’s daughter, ceremonies observed by her at puberty, i. 30, 43

Chikumbu, a Yao chief, ii. 314

Chilblains, the Yule log a preventive of, i. 250

Childbirth, customs observed by women after, i. 20

Childless couples leap over bonfires to procure offspring, i. 214, 338

Childless women creep through a holed stone, ii. 187

Children live apart from their parents among the Baganda, i. 23 _n._ 2;
born feet foremost, curative power attributed to, 295;
passed across the Midsummer fires, 182, 189 _sq._, 192, 203;
passed through holes in ground or turf to cure them, ii. 190 _sq._

Chillingworth, Thomas, passed through a cleft ash-tree for rupture, ii.
168 _sq._

Chimney, witches fly up the, ii. 74

—— -piece, divination by names on, i. 237

China, were-wolves in, i. 310 _sq._;
annual ceremony of the new fire in, 136 _sq._, ii. 3;
use of fire to bar ghosts in, 17 _sq._;
spirits of plants in snake form in, 44 _n._ 1;
use of mugwort in, 60

Chinese festival of fire, ii. 3 _sqq._;
story of the external soul, 145 _sq._;
theories as to the human soul, 221

Chinook Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 43

Chippeway Indians, their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, i. 90
_sq._

Chiquites Indians of Paraguay, their theory of sickness, ii. 226 _n._ 1

Chirbury, in Shropshire, the Yule log at, i. 257

Chiriguanos of Bolivia, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 56

Choctaw women secluded at menstruation, i. 88

Chopping-knife, soul of woman in childbirth transferred for safety to a,
ii. 153 _sq._

Chota Nagpur, the fire-walk in, ii. 5

Chouquet, in Normandy, the Green Wolf at, i. 185

_Christbrand_, the Yule log, i. 248

Christenburg Crags, in Northumberland, Midsummer fires at, i. 198

Christian Church, its treatment of witches, ii. 42

_Christklotz_, the Yule log, i. 248

Christmas, an old pagan festival of the sun, i. 246, 331 _sq._;
new fire made by the friction of wood at, 264;
mistletoe gathered at, ii. 291

—— cake, i. 257, 259, 261

—— candle, the, i. 255, 256, 260

—— Eve, cattle acquire the gift of speech on, i. 254;
trees fumigated with wild thyme on, ii. 64;
the fern blooms at, 66;
witches dreaded on, 73;
sick children passed through cleft trees on, 172

—— night, fern-seed blooms on, ii. 289

—— pig, i. 259

—— visiter, the, i. 261 _sq._, 263, 264

Church, the Christian, its treatment of witches, ii. 42

—— bells on Midsummer Eve, custom as to ringing, ii. 47 _sq._;
rung to drive away witches, 73

Churches used as places of divination at Hallowe’en, i. 229

_Churinga_, sacred sticks and stones of the Arunta, ii. 218 _n._ 3, 234

Chu-Tu-shi, a Chinese were-tiger, i. 310 _sq._

Ciotat, Midsummer rites of fire and water at, i. 194

Circumambulating fields with lighted torches, i. 233 _sq._

Circumcision, custom at, among the Washamba, ii. 183;
of lads at initiation in Australia, 227 _sq._, 233, 234, 235;
in New Guinea, 240 _sq._;
in Fiji, 243 _sq._;
in Rook, 246;
custom of, on the Lower Congo, 251, 255 _n._ 1

_Clach-nathrach_, serpent stone, ii. 311

Clam shell, sacred, of the Omahas, i. 11

Clan of the Cat, ii. 150 _sq._

Clappers, used instead of church bells in Holy Week, i. 125;
wooden, used in China, 137

Classificatory system of relationship, ii. 234 _n._ 1, 314 _n._ 4

Claudius, the emperor, i. 15

Clavie, the burning of the, at Burghead, i. 266 _sq._

Clay plastered on girls at puberty, i. 31;
white, bodies of novices at initiation smeared with, ii. 255 _n._ 1, 259

Cleary, Bridget, burnt as a witch in Tipperary, i. 323 _sq._

——, Michael, burns his wife as a witch, i. 323 _sq._

Clee, in Lincolnshire, the Yule log at, i. 257

—— Hills, in Shropshire, fear of witchcraft in the, i. 342 _n._ 4

Cleft stick, passage through a, in connexion with puberty and
circumcision, ii. 183 _sq._

_Climacteris scandens_, women’s “sister” among the Kulin, ii. 216

Clodd, Edward, on the external soul, ii. 96 _n._ 1

Clog, the Yule, i. 247

Clonmel, trial for witch-burning at, i. 324

Clover, four-leaved, a counter-charm for witchcraft, i. 316;
found at Midsummer, ii. 62 _sq._

Clue of yarn, divination by a, i. 235, 240, 241, 243

Coal, magical, that turns to gold at Midsummer, ii. 60 _sq._

Coast Murring tribe of New South Wales, the drama of resurrection
exhibited to novices at initiation in the, ii. 235 _sqq._

Cobern, effigy burnt at, i. 120

Coblentz, i. 248

_Coccus Polonica_ and St. John’s blood, ii. 56

Cock, effigy of, in bonfire, i. iii;
a black, used as counter-charm to witchcraft, 321;
white, burnt in Midsummer bonfire, ii. 40;
external soul of ogre in a, 100;
killed on harvest-field, 280 _n._;
red, killed to cure person struck by lightning, 298 _n._ 2

—— or hen, striking blindfold at a, ii. 279 _n._ 4

Cock’s blood poured on divining-rod, ii. 282

Cockchafer, external soul in a golden, ii. 140

Cockchafers, witches as, i. 322

Coco-nut, soul of child deposited in a, i. 154 _sq._

—— palm planted over navel-string and afterbirth of child, ii. 161, 163,
compare 164;
attracts lightning, 299 _n._ 2

Codrington, Dr. R. H., on the Melanesian conception of the external soul,
ii. 197 _sq._

_Coel Coeth_, Hallowe’en bonfire, i. 239

Cohen, S. S., i. 128 _n._ 1

Coil, sick children passed through a, ii. 185 _sq._

Cold food, festival of the, in China, i. 137

Cole, Lieut.-Colonel H. W. G., on a custom of the Lushais, ii. 185 _sq._

Colic, popular remedies for, i. 17;
leaping over bonfires as a preventive of, 107, 195 _sq._, 344;
attributed to witchcraft, 344

Coll, the Hole Stone in the island of, ii. 187

Colleda, an old Servian goddess, i. 259

Cologne, St. John’s fourteen Midsummer victims at, ii. 27

Colombia, the Goajiras of, i. 34 _n._ 1;
Guacheta in, 74

Combe d’Ain, i. 114

Comminges, Midsummer fires in, i. 192 _sq._

Community, welfare of, bound up with the life of the divine king, i. 1
_sq._;
purified in the persons of its representatives, ii. 24

Condé, in Normandy, i. 266

Conductivity, electric, of various kinds of wood, ii. 299 _n._ 2

Conflagrations, bonfires supposed to protect against, i. 107, 108, 140,
142, 344;
brands of Midsummer bonfires thought to be a protection against, 165,
174, 183, 188, 196;
the Yule log a protection against, 248 _sq._, 250, 255, 256, 258;
Midsummer flowers a protection against, ii. 48;
mountain arnica a protection against, 58;
oak-mistletoe a protection against, 85

Conflict of calendars, solar and lunar, i. 218

Congo, seclusion of girls at puberty on the Lower, i. 31;
birth-trees on the, 161 _sq._;
theory of the external soul on the, ii. 200;
use of bull-roarers on the, 229

——, the French, the Fans of, ii. 161

——, the Lower, rites of initiation on the, ii. 251 _sqq._

Connaught, Midsummer fires in, i. 203;
cave of Cruachan in, 226;
palace of the kings of, ii. 127

Connemara, Midsummer fires in, i. 203

Constance, the Lake of, ii. 26

Constantinople, column at, ii. 157

Consumption, ashes of the Midsummer fires a cure for, i. 194 _sq._;
transferred to bird, ii. 187

Consumptive patients passed through holes in stones or rocks, ii. 186
_sq._

Continence as preparation for walking through fire, ii. 3

Conty, Lenten fires at, i. 113

Conway, Professor R. S., on the etymology of Soranus, ii. 15 _n._ 1

Cook, A. B., on the oak of Errol, ii. 284 _n._ 1

Cook, menstruous women not allowed to, i. 80, 82, 84, 90

Copper needle, story of man who could only be killed by a, ii. 314

Corannas, a Hottentot people, children after an illness passed under an
arch among the, ii. 192

Cords tied tightly round the bodies of girls at puberty, i. 92 _n._ 1

Corea, custom observed after childbirth by women in, i. 20;
use of torches to ensure good crops in, 340

Cormac, on Beltane fires, i. 157

Cor-mass, procession of wicker giants at Dunkirk, ii. 34

Corn, charm to make the corn grow tall, i. 18;
thrown on the man who brings in the Yule log, 260, 262, 264;
blazing besoms flung aloft to make the corn grow high, 340

—— -spirit in last standing corn, i. 12;
human representatives of, put to death, ii. 25;
in animal shape, 43

Cornel-tree wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 286

Cornwall, Snake Stones in, i. 15, 16 _n._ 1;
Midsummer fires in, 199 _sq._;
burnt sacrifices to stay cattle-disease in, 300 _sq._;
holed stone through which people used to creep in, ii. 187

Corpse, priest of Earth forbidden to see a, i. 4

Corpus Christi Day, processions on, i. 165

Corrèze and Creuse, departments of, St. John’s fires in the, i. 190

Corsica, Midsummer fires in, i. 209

Cos, effigies of Judas burnt at Easter in, i. 130;
Midsummer fires in, 212

Cosquin, E., on helpful animals and external souls in folk-tales, ii. 133
_n._ 1

_Cosse de Nau_, the Yule log, i. 251

Costa Rica, Indians of, their customs in fasts, i. 20;
ceremonial uncleanness among the, 65 _n._ 1;
the Bri-bri Indians of, 86;
the Guatusos of, ii. 230 _n._

Coudreau, H., quoted, i. 63 _sq._

Coulommiers, in France, notion as to mistletoe at, ii. 316 _n._ 1

Counter-charm for witchcraft, “scoring above the breath,” i. 316 _n._ 2

Couples married within the year obliged to dance by torchlight, i. 115,
339

Coventry, Midsummer giants at, ii. 37

Cows, witches steal milk from, i. 343;
mistletoe given to, ii. 86;
milked through a hole in a branch or a “witch’s nest,” 185

Crackers burnt to frighten ghosts, ii. 17, 18

Cracow, Midsummer fires in the district of, i. 175

Cream, ceremony for thickening, i. 262

Creek Indians, their dread of menstruous women, i. 88

Creeping through a tunnel as a remedy for an epidemic, i. 283 _sq._;
through cleft trees as cure for various maladies, ii. 170 _sqq._;
through narrow openings in order to escape ghostly pursuers, 177 _sqq._

Creuse and Corrèze, departments of, St. John’s fires in the, i. 190

Criminals shorn to make them confess, ii. 158 _sq._

Croatia, Midsummer fires in, i. 178

Croats of Istria, their belief as to the activity of witches on Midsummer
Eve, ii. 75

Crocodile, a Batta totem, ii. 223

Crocodiles, fat of, i. 14;
lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 201, 202, 206, 209;
external human souls in, 207, 209

Cronus, cakes offered to, i. 153 _n._ 3

Crops supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, i. 79, 96;
leaping over bonfires to ensure good, 107;
Midsummer fires thought to ensure good, 188, 336;
torches swung by eunuchs to ensure good, 340;
bull-roarers sounded to promote the growth of the, ii. 232

Cross River natives, their lives bound up with those of certain animals,
ii. 202 _sq._, 204

—— -roads, ceremonies at, i. 24;
witches at, 160 _n._ 1;
Midsummer fires lighted at, 172, 191;
divination at, 229;
bewitched things burnt at, 322

Crosses chalked up to protect houses and cattle-stalls against witches, i.
160 _n._ 1, ii. 74

Crow, hooded, sacrifice to, i. 152

_Crowdie_, a dish of milk and meal, i. 237

Crown or garland of flowers in Midsummer bonfire, i. 184, 185, 188, 192;
of Roses, festival of the, 195.
_See also_ Flowers

Cruachan, the herdsman or king of, Argyleshire story of, ii. 127 _sqq._;
in Connaught, the cave of, i. 226

_Cryptocerus atratus_, F., stinging ants, i. 62

Cuissard, Ch., on Midsummer fires, i. 182 _sq._

Cumae, the Sibyl at, i. 99

Cumanus, inquisitor, ii. 158

Cumberland, Midsummer fires in, i. 197

Cups, special, used by girls at puberty, i. 50, 53

Curative powers ascribed to persons born feet foremost, i. 295

Cures, popular, prescribed by Marcellus of Bordeaux, i. 17

Cursing a mist in Switzerland, i. 280

Cuzco, ceremony of the new fire in, i. 132

Cycle of thirty years (Druidical), ii. 77

Cycles of sixty years (Boeotian, Indian, and Tibetan), ii. 77 _n._ 1

Cythnos, Greek island, sickly children pushed through a hole in a rock in,
ii. 189

Czechs cull simples at Midsummer, ii. 49

Dacotas or Sioux, ritual of death and resurrection among the, ii. 268
_sq._

Daedala, Boeotian festival of the Great, ii. 77 _n._ 1

Dairy, mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive, ii. 86

Daizan, king of Atrae, i. 83

Dalhousie Castle, the Edgewell Tree at, ii. 166

Dalmatia, the Yule log in, i. 263

Dalyell, J. G., on Beltane, i. 149 _n._ 1

Damun, in German New Guinea, ceremony of initiation at, ii. 193

Danae, the story of, i. 73 _sq._

Dance at Sipi in Northern India, i. 12;
of young women at puberty, ii. 183;
in the grave at initiation, 237;
in honour of the big or grey wolf, 276 _n._ 2

Dances of fasting men and women at festival, i. 8 _sq._;
of Duk-duk society, 11;
of girls at puberty, 28, 29, 30, 37, 42, 50, 58, 59;
round bonfires, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 116, 120, 131, 142, 145, 148,
153 _sq._, 159, 166, 172, 173, 175, 178, 182, 183, 185, 187,
188, 189, 191, 193, 194, 195, 198, 246, ii. 2, 39;
masked, bull-roarers used at, 230 _n._;
of novices at initiation, 258, 259

Dancing with the fairies at Hallowe’en, i. 227

Dandelions gathered at Midsummer, ii. 49

Danger apprehended from the sexual relation, ii. 277 _sq._

Dangers thought to attend women at menstruation, i. 94

Danish stories of the external soul, ii. 120 _sqq._

—— story of a girl who was forbidden to see the sun, i. 70 _sqq._

_Danserosse_ or _danseresse_, a stone, i. 110

Danube, worship of Grannus on the, i. 112

Danzig, the immortal lady of, i. 100

_Daphne gnidium_ gathered at Midsummer, ii. 51

Dapper, O., on ritual of death and resurrection at initiation in the
Belli-Paaro society, ii. 257 _sqq._

Daramulun, a mythical being who instituted and superintends the initiation
of lads in Australia, ii. 228, 233, 237;
his voice heard in the sound of the bull-roarer, 228.
_See also_ Thrumalun and Thuremlin

“Darding Knife,” pretence of death and resurrection at initiation to the,
ii. 274 _sq._

Darling River, the Ualaroi of the, ii. 233

Darma Rajah, Hindoo god, ii. 6

Darowen, in Wales, Midsummer fires at, i. 201

Darwin, Charles, on the cooling of the sun, ii. 307

Darwin, Sir Francis, on the Golden Bough, ii. 318, 319 _n._ 3

Dashers of churns, witches ride on, ii. 73 _sq._

Date of Chinese festival changed, i. 137

Dathi, king of Ireland, and his Druid, i. 228 _sq._

Davies, J. Ceredig, as to witches in Wales, i. 321 _n._ 2

Dawn of the Day, prayers to the, i. 50 _sq._, 53;
prayer of adolescent girl to the, 98 _n._ 1

Dawson, James, on sex totems in Victoria, ii. 216

Dead, festival of the, i. 223 _sq._, 225 _sq._;
souls of the, sit round the Midsummer fire, 183, 184;
sacrifice of reindeer to the, ii. 178;
incarnate in serpents, 211 _sq._;
bull-roarers sounded at festivals of the, 230 _n._;
first-fruits offered to the souls of the, 243

“Death, carrying out,” i. 119;
“the burying of,” 119;
effigies of, burnt in spring fires, ii. 21 _sq._;
omens of, 54, 64;
customs observed by mourners after a death in order to escape from the
ghost, 174 _sqq._;
identified with the sun, 174 _n._ 1

Death and resurrection, ritual of, ii. 225 _sqq._;
in Australia, 227 _sqq._;
in New Guinea, 239 _sqq._;
in Fiji, 243 _sqq._;
in Rook, 246;
in New Britain, 246 _sq._;
in Ceram, 249 _sqq._;
in Africa, 251 _sqq._;
in North America, 266 _sqq._;
traces of it elsewhere, 276 _sq._

_Debregeasia velutina_, used to kindle fire by friction, ii. 8

December, the last day of, Hogmanay, i. 266;
the twenty-first, St. Thomas’s Day, 266

Decle, L., quoted, i. 4 _n._ 1

Dee, holed stone used by childless women in the Aberdeenshire, ii. 187

Deer and the family of Lachlin, superstition concerning, ii. 284

Deffingin, in Swabia, Midsummer bonfires at, i. 166 _sq._

Dehon, P., on witches as cats among the Oraons, ii. 312

_Deiseal_, _deisheal_, _dessil_, the right-hand turn, in the Highlands of
Scotland, i. 150 _n._ 1, 154

Delagoa Bay, the Thonga of, i. 29

Delaware Indians, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 54

Delivery, charms to ensure women an easy, i. 49, 50 _sq._, 52;
women creep through a rifted rock to obtain an easy, ii. 189

Delmenhorst, in Oldenburg, Easter fires at, i. 142

Delos, new fire brought from, i. 136

Delphi, perpetual fire at, ii. 91 _n._ 7;
the picture of Orpheus at, 294;
Stheni, near, 317

Demeter, the torches of, i. 340 _n._ 1;
serpents in the worship of, ii. 44 _n._

Demnat, in the Atlas, New Year rites at, i. 217, 218

Demon supposed to attack girls at puberty, i. 67 _sq._;
festival of fire instituted to ban a, ii. 3

Demons attack women at puberty and childbirth, i. 24 _n._ 2;
expelled at the New Year, 134 _sq._;
abroad on Midsummer Eve, 172;
ashes of holy fires a protection against, ii. 8, 17;
vervain a protection against, 62;
guard treasures, 65.
_See also_ Evil Spirits

Déné or Tinneh Indians, their dread and seclusion of menstruous women, i.
91 _sqq._;
the Western, tattooing among the, 98 _n._ 1
_See also_ Tinneh

_Denham Tracts_, on need-fire in Yorkshire, i. 287 _sq._

Denmark, fires on St. John’s Eve in, i. 171;
passing sick children through a hole in the ground in, 190, 191;
children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in,
ii. 170, 172

_Dessil._ _See_ _Deiseal_

Deux-Sèvres, department of, Midsummer fires in the, i. 191;
fires on All Saints’ Day in the, 245 _sq._

Devil, the, seen on Midsummer Eve, i. 208

Devil’s bit, St. John’s wort, ii. 55 _n._ 2

Devils, ghosts, and hobgoblins abroad on Midsummer Eve, i. 202

Devonshire, need-fire in, i. 288;
animals burnt alive as a sacrifice in, 302;
belief in witchcraft in, 302;
crawling under a bramble as a cure for whooping-cough in, ii. 180

Dew, rolling in the, at Midsummer, i. 208, with _n._ 1;
at Midsummer a protection against witchcraft, ii. 74

Diana and Juno, ii. 302 _n._ 2

Diana, priest of, at Nemi, ii. 315

Diana’s Mirror, the Lake of Nemi, ii. 303

Dieri of Central Australia, their dread of women at menstruation, i. 77;
use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 229 _sq._, 232;
bleed themselves to make rain, 232

Dijon, Lenten fires at, i, 114

Dingle, church of St. Brandon near, ii. 190

Diodorus Siculus, on the human sacrifices of the Celts, ii. 32

Dioscorides on mistletoe, ii. 318 _n._ 1

Dipping for apples at Hallowe’en, i. 237, 239, 241, 242, 245

Discs, burning, thrown into the air, i. 116 _sq._, 119, 143, 165, 166, 168
_sq._, 172, 328, 334;
burning, perhaps directed at witches, 345

Disease, walking through fire as a remedy for, ii. 7;
conceived as something physical that can be stripped off the patient and
left behind, 172

Diseases of cattle ascribed to witchcraft, i. 343

Dish, external soul of warlock in a, ii. 141

Dishes, special, used by girls at puberty, i. 47, 49

Dislocation, Roman cure for, ii. 177

Divination on St. John’s Night (Midsummer Eve), i. 173, ii. 46 _n._ 3, 50,
52 _sqq._, 61, 64, 67 _sqq._;
at Midsummer in Spain and the Azores, i. 208 _sq._;
at Hallowe’en, 225, 228 _sqq._;
by stones at Hallowe’en fires, 230 _sq._, 239, 240;
by stolen kail, 234 _sq._, 241;
by clue of yarn, 235, 240, 241, 243;
by hemp seed, 235, 241, 245;
by winnowing-basket, 236;
by thrown shoe, 236;
by wet shirt, 236, 241;
by white of eggs, 236 _sq._, 238;
by apples in water, 237;
by a ring, 237;
by names on chimney-piece, 237;
by three plates or basins, 237 _sq._, 240, 244;
by nuts in fire, 237, 239, 241, 242, 245;
by salt cake, or salt herring, 238 _sq._;
by the sliced apple, 238;
by eavesdropping, 238, 243, 244;
by knife, 241;
by briar-thorn, 242;
by melted lead, 242;
by cabbages, 242;
by cake at Hallowe’en, 242, 243;
by ashes, 243, 244, 245;
by salt, 244;
by raking a rick, 247;
magic dwindles into, 336.
_See also_ Divining-rod

Divine personages not allowed to touch the ground with their feet, i. 2
_sqq._;
not allowed to see the sun, 18 _sqq._;
suspended for safety between heaven and earth, 98 _sq._

Divining-rod cut on Midsummer Eve, ii. 67 _sqq._;
made of hazel, 67 _sq._, 291 _n._ 3;
made of mistletoe in Sweden, 69, 291;
made of four sorts of wood, 69;
made of willow, 69 _n._;
made out of a parasitic rowan, 281 _sq._

Divisibility of life, doctrine of the, ii. 221

Dobischwald, in Silesia, need-fire at, i. 278

Dodona, Zeus and his sacred oak at, ii. 49 _sq._

Dog not allowed to enter priest’s house, i. 4;
beaten to ensure woman’s fertility, 69;
charm against the bite of a mad, ii. 56;
a Batta totem, 223

—— Star, or Sirius, supposed by the ancients to cause the heat of summer,
i. 332

Dolac, need-fire at, i. 286

Dolmen, sick children passed through a hole in a, ii. 188

Dommartin, Lenten fires at, i. 109

Door, separate, for girls at puberty, i. 43, 44

Doorie, hill of, at Burghead, i. 267

Doors, separate, used by menstruous women, i. 84

Doorway, creeping through narrow opening in, as a cure, ii. 181 _sq._

Dosadhs, an Indian caste, the fire-walk among the, ii. 5

Dosuma, king of, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 3

Douay, procession of the giants at, ii. 33 _sq._

Double-axe, Midsummer king of the, i. 194

Dourgne, in Southern France, crawling through holed stones near, ii. 187
_sq._

Dove, the ceremony of the fiery, at Easter in Florence, i. 126;
a Batta totem, ii. 223

Doves, external soul of magicians in, ii. 104;
Aeneas led by doves to the Golden Bough, 285, 316 _n._ 1

Dragon at Midsummer, effigy of, ii. 37;
external soul of a queen in a, 105;
of the water-mill, Servian story of the, 111 _sqq._

Dragons driven away by smoke of Midsummer bonfires, i. 161;
St. Peter’s fires lighted to drive away, 195

Draguignan, in the department of Var, Midsummer fires at, i. 193

Draupadi, the heroine of the _Mahabharata_, ii. 7

Dread and seclusion of menstruous women, i. 76 _sqq._;
dread of witchcraft in Europe, 342

Dream, guardian spirit or animal acquired in a, ii. 256 _sq._

Dreaming on flowers on Midsummer Eve, i. 175

Dreams, oracular, i. 238, 242;
of love on Midsummer Eve, ii. 52, 54;
prophetic, on the bloom of the oak, 292;
prophetic, on mistletoe, 293

Driving away the witches on Walpurgis Night, i. 160;
at Midsummer, 170, 171

Drobede (Draupadi), the heroine of the epic _Mahabharata_, ii. 7

Drömling district, in Hanover, need-fire in, i. 277

Drought attributed to misconduct of young girls, i. 31

Druid, etymology of the word, i. 76 _n._ 1

Druidical custom of burning live animals, ii. 38;
the animals perhaps deemed embodiments of witches, 41 _sq._, 43 _sq._;
festivals, so-called, of the Scotch Highlanders, i. 147, 206

—— sacrifices, W. Mannhardt’s theory of the, ii. 43

Druidism, so-called, remains of, i. 233, 241;
and the Christian Church in relation to witchcraft, ii. 42

Druid’s Glass, the, i. 16; prediction, the, 229

Druids’ Hill, the, i. 229