Chapter XIII: Farewell to Nemi (3)

Druids, their superstition as to “serpents’ eggs,” i. 15;
their human sacrifices, ii. 32 _sq._;
in relation to the Midsummer festival, 33 _sqq._, 45;
their worship of the mistletoe and the oak, 76 _sq._, 301;
their cycle of thirty years, 77;
catch the mistletoe in a white cloth, 293

—— of Ireland, i. 157

Drynemetum, “the temple of the oak,” ii. 89

Duck baked alive as a sacrifice in Suffolk, i. 304

Duck’s egg, external soul in a, ii. 109 _sq._, 115 _sq._, 116, 119 _sq._,
120, 126, 130, 132

Duk-duk, secret society of New Britain, i. 11, ii. 246 _sq._

Duke of York Island, ii. 199 _n._ 2;
Duk-duk society in, 247;
exogamous classes in, 248 _n._

Duke Town, on the Calabar River, ii. 209

Dukkala, New Year customs in, i. 218

Dumbartonshire, Hallowe’en in, i. 237 _n._ 5

Dunbeath, in Caithness, i. 291

Dunkeld, i. 232

Dunkirk, procession of giants on Midsummer Day at, ii. 34 _sq._

Durandus, G. (W. Durantis), his _Rationale Divinorum Officiorum_, i. 161

Durham, Easter candle in the cathedral of, i. 122 _n._

Durris, parish of, Kincardineshire, Midsummer fires in the, i. 206 _sq._

Dusk of the Evening, prayers to the, i. 53

Düsseldorf, Shrove Tuesday custom in the district of, i. 120

Dutch names for mistletoe, ii. 319 _n._ 1

Dwarf-elder at Midsummer detects witchcraft, ii. 64

Dyaks of Borneo, trees and plants as life indices among the, ii. 164
_sq._;
their doctrine of the plurality of souls, 222;
of Landak and Tajan, marriage custom of the, i. 5;
birth-trees among the, ii. 164;
of Pinoeh, their custom at a birth, ii. 154 _sq._

Eagle, sacrifice to, i. 152

—— bone, used to drink out of, i. 45

—— clan, ii. 271, 272 _n._ 1

—— -hawk, external soul of medicine-man in, ii. 199

—— -spirits and buried treasures, i. 218

Earth, taboos observed by the priest of, in Southern Nigeria, i. 4;
prayers to, 50;
and heaven, between, 1 _sqq._

Easter, fern-seed blooms at, ii. 292 _n._ 2

—— candle, i. 121, 122, 125

—— ceremonies in the New World, i. 127 _sq._

—— eggs, i. 108, 143, 144

—— Eve, new fire on, i. 121, 124, 126, 158;
the fern blooms at, ii. 66

—— fires, i. 120 _sqq._

—— Man, burning the, i. 144

—— Monday, fire-custom on, i. 143

—— Mountains, bonfires on, i. 140, 141

—— Saturday, new fire on, i. 121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 130;
the divining-rod baptized on, ii. 69

—— Sunday, red eggs on, i. 122

Eavesdropping, divination by, i. 238, 243, 244

Echternach in Luxemburg, Lenten fire-custom at, i. 116

Eclipses attributed to monster biting the sun or moon, i. 70;
air thought to be poisoned at, 162 _n._;
thought to be caused by a monster attacking the luminary, 162 _n._

_Edda_, the prose, story of Balder in, i. 101;
the poetic, story of Balder in, 102

Eddesse, in Hanover, need-fire at, i. 275 _sq._

Edersleben, Midsummer fire-custom at, i. 169

Edgewell Tree, oak at castle of Dalhousie, ii. 166, 284

Effect, supposed, of killing a totem animal, ii. 220

Effigies burnt in bonfires, i. 106, 107, 116, 118 _sq._, 119 _sq._, 121,
122, 159, 167;
of Judas burnt at Easter, 121, 127 _sq._, 130 _sq._;
burnt in the Midsummer fires, 172 _sq._, 195;
of witches burnt in the fires, 342, ii. 19, 43;
of human beings burnt in the fires, 21 _sqq._;
of giants burnt in the summer fires, 38

Effigy of absent friend cut in a tree, ii. 159 _sq._

Efik, a tribe of Calabar, their belief in external or bush souls, ii. 206

Egede, Hans, on impregnation by the moon, i. 76

Egg broken in water, divination by means of, i. 208 _sq._

Eggs, charm to ensure plenty of, i. 112, 338;
begged for at Midsummer, 169;
divination by white of, 236 _sq._, 238;
external souls of fairy beings in, ii. 106 _sqq._, 110, 125, 132 _sq._,
140 _sq._

——, Easter, i. 108, 122, 143, 144

Egypt, the Flight into, ii. 69 _n._;
deified kings of, their souls deposited during life in portrait statues,
157

Egyptian, ancient, story of the external soul, ii. 134 _sqq._

—— doctrine of the _ka_ or external soul, ii. 157 _n._ 2

—— tombs, plaques or palettes of schist in, ii. 155

Egyptians, human sacrifices among the, ii. 286 _n._ 2

Eifel Mountains, Lenten fires in the, i. 115 _sq._, 336 _sq._;
Cobern in the, 120;
St. John’s fires in the, 169;
the Yule log in the, 248;
Midsummer flowers in the, ii. 48

Eighty-one (nine times nine), men make need-fire, i. 289, 294, 295

Eket, in North Calabar, ii. 209

Ekoi, a tribe of Calabar, their belief in external or bush souls, ii. 206
_sqq._

_Elangela_, external soul in Fan language, ii. 201, 226 _n._ 1

Elbe, the river, dangerous on Midsummer Day, ii. 26

Elder-flowers gathered at Midsummer, ii. 64

Elecampane in a popular remedy, i. 17

Electric conductivity of various kinds of wood, ii. 299 _n._ 2

Elephant hunters, custom of, i. 5

Elephants, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 202, 203;
external human souls in, 207

Elgin, medical use of mistletoe in, ii. 84

Elk clan of the Omaha Indians, i. 11

Elm wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 299

Embers of bonfires planted in fields, i. 117, 121;
stuck in cabbage gardens, 174, 175;
promote growth of crops, 337.
_See also_ Ashes _and_ Sticks, charred

—— of Midsummer fires a protection against conflagration, i. 188;
a protection against lightning, 190

Emily plain of Central Australia, ii. 238

Emmenthal, in Switzerland, superstition as to Midsummer Day in the, ii.
27;
use of orpine at Midsummer in the, 62 _n._

Emu fat not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13

—— -wren, called men’s “brother” among the Kurnai, ii. 215 _n._ 1, 216,
218

Encounter Bay tribe in South Australia, their dread of women at
menstruation, i. 76

Energy, sanctity and uncleanness, different forms of the same mysterious,
i. 97 _sq._

England, belief as to menstruous women in, i. 96 _n._ 1;
Midsummer fires in, 196 _sqq._;
the Yule log in, 255 _sqq._;
the need-fire in, 286 _sqq._;
Midsummer giants in, ii. 36 _sqq._;
divination by orpine at Midsummer in, 61;
fern-seed at Midsummer in, 65;
the north of, mistletoe used to make the dairy thrive in, 85 _sq._;
birth-trees in, 165;
children passed through cleft ash-trees as a cure for rupture or rickets
in, 168 _sqq._;
oak-mistletoe in, 316

English cure for whooping-cough, rheumatism, and boils, ii. 180

Ensival, bonfires at, i. 108

Entrails, external soul in, ii. 146 _sq._, 152

_Epic of Kings_, Firdusi’s, i. 104

Epidemic, creeping through a tunnel as a remedy for an, i. 283 _sq._

Epilepsy, yellow mullein a protection against, ii. 63;
mistletoe a cure for, 78, 83, 84

Épinal, Lenten fires at, i. 109

Eriskay, fairies at Hallowe’en in, i. 226;
salt cake at Hallowe’en in, 238 _sq._

Errol, the Hays of, their fate bound up with oak-mistletoe, ii. 283 _sq._

_Escouvion_ or _Scouvion_, the Great and the Little, i. 108

Esquimaux, their superstition as to various meats, i. 13 _sq._;
seclusion of girls at puberty among the, 55;
ceremony of the new fire among the, 134;
their custom at eclipses, 162 _n._

—— of Alaska, child’s soul deposited in a bag among the, ii. 155

—— of Bering Strait, their belief as to menstruous women, i. 91

Esthonia, bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 29;
flowers gathered for divination and magic at Midsummer in, 53 _sq._

Esthonians, Midsummer fires among the, i. 179 _sq._;
of Oesel cull St. John’s herbs on St. John’s Day, ii. 49

Eteobutads as umbrella-bearers at the festival of Scira, i. 20 _n._ 1

Eton, Midsummer fires at, i. 197

Eunuchs perform a ceremony for the fertility of the fields, i. 340

_Euphorbia lathyris_, caper-spurge, ii. 69

Euripides, his play on Meleager, ii. 103 _n._ 2

Europe, superstitions as to menstruous women in, i. 96 _sq._;
the fire-festivals of, 106 _sqq._;
great dread of witchcraft in, 342;
birth-trees in, ii. 165;
belief in, that strength of witches and wizards is in their hair, 158

Eurydice, Orpheus and, ii. 294

Eve of Samhain (Hallowe’en) in Ireland, i. 139

Everek (Caesarea), in Asia Minor, creeping through a rifted rock at, ii.
189

Evil eye, protection against, i. 17

—— spirit, mode of cure for possession by an, ii. 186

Evil spirits driven away at the New Year, i. 134 _sq._;
kept off by fire, 282, 285 _sq._;
St. John’s herbs a protection against, ii. 49;
kept off by flowers gathered at Midsummer, 53 _sq._;
creeping through cleft trees to escape the pursuit of, 173 _sqq._
_See also_ Demons

Ewe negroes, their dread of menstruous women, i. 82

Exogamous classes in Duke of York island, ii. 248 _n._

Exorcizing vermin with torches, i. 340

Exorcism of evil spirits, i. 5;
and ordeals, 66;
at Easter, 123;
use of St. John’s wort in, ii. 55;
use of mugwort in, 60;
by vervain, 62 _n._ 4

Expulsion of demons, annual, i. 135

External soul in folk-tales, ii. 95 _sqq._;
in folk-custom, 153 _sqq._;
in inanimate things, 153 _sqq._;
in plants, 159 _sqq._;
in animals, 196 _sqq._;
kept in totem, 220 _sqq._
_See also_ Souls, External

Extinction of common fires before the kindling of the need-fire, i. 271,
272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277 _sq._, 279, 283, 285, 288, 289,
289 _sq._, 291, 291 _sq._, 292, 294, 297, 298 _sq._;
ceremonial, of fires, ii. 297 _sq._

Eye, the evil, cast on cattle, i. 302, 303;
oleander a protection against the, ii. 51

Eyes, looking through flowers at the Midsummer fire, thought to be good
for the, i. 162, 163, 165 _sq._, 171, 174 _sq._, 344;
ashes or smoke of Midsummer fire supposed to benefit the, 214 _sq._;
sore, attributed to witchcraft, 344;
mugwort a protection against sore, ii. 59;
of newly initiated lads closed, 241

Eyre, E. J., on menstruous women in Australia, i. 77

“Faery dairts” thought to kill cattle, i. 303

_Failles_, bonfires, i. 111 _n._ 1

Fair, great, at Uisnech in County Meath, i. 158

Fairies let loose at Hallowe’en, i. 224 _sqq._;
carry off men’s wives, 227;
at Hallowe’en, dancing with the, 227;
thought to kill cattle by their darts, 303;
active on Hallowe’en and May Day, ii. 184 _n._ 4, 185

Fairy changelings, i. 151 _n._;
mistletoe a protection against, ii. 283

Falcon stone, at Errol, in Perthshire, ii. 283

Falkenstein chapel of St. Wolfgang, creeping through a rifted rock near
the, ii. 189

Falling sickness, mistletoe a remedy for, ii. 83, 84

Famenne in Namur, Lenten fires in, i. 108

Familiar spirits of wizards in boars, ii. 196 _sq._

Fans of the French Congo, birth-trees among the, ii. 161

—— of the Gaboon, their theory of the external soul, ii. 200 _sqq._, 226
_n._ 1;
guardian spirits acquired in dreams among the, 257

—— of West Africa, custom at end of mourning among the, ii. 18

Fast at puberty, ii. 222 _n._ 5

Fasting of girls at puberty, i. 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66;
of women at menstruation, 93, 94;
as preparation for gathering magical plants, ii. 45, 55 _n._ 1, 58

—— men and women at a dancing festival, i. 8 _sqq._

Fasts imposed on heirs to thrones in South America, i. 19;
rules observed in, 20

Fat of emu not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13;
of crocodiles and snakes as unguent, 14

Fattening-house for girls in Calabar, ii. 259

Feast of Florus and Lauras on August 18th, i. 220;
of the Nativity of the Virgin, 220 _sq._;
of All Souls, 223 _sq._, 225 _n._ 3

_Fechenots_, _fechenottes_, Valentines, i. 110

Feet foremost, children born, curative power attributed to, i. 295

Fen-hall, i. 102

Ferintosh district, in Scotland, i. 227

Fern in a popular remedy, i. 17;
the male (_Aspidium filix mas_), superstitions as 10, ii. 66 _sq._

—— owl or goatsucker, sex totem of women, ii. 217

—— -seed gathered on Midsummer Eve, magical properties ascribed to, ii. 65
_sqq._;
blooms on Midsummer Eve, 287;
blooms on Christmas Night, 288 _sq._;
reveals treasures in the earth, 287 _sqq._;
brought by Satan on Christmas night, 289;
gathered at the solstices, Midsummer Eve and Christmas, 290 _sq._;
procured by shooting at the sun on Midsummer Day, 291;
blooms at Easter, 292 _n._ 2

Feronia, Italian goddess, ii. 14

Ferrara, synod of, denounces practice of gathering fern-seed, ii. 66 _n._

Fertility of women, magical ceremony to ensure, i. 23 _sq._, 31;
of fields, processions with lighted torches to ensure the, 233 _sq._;
of the land supposed to depend on the number of human beings sacrificed,
ii. 32, 33, 42 _sq._

Fertilization of mango trees, ceremony for the, i. 10

Fertilizing fields with ashes of Midsummer fires, i. 170

Festival of the cold food in China, i. 137;
Chinese, shifted in the calendar, 137;
of the Cross on August 1st, 220;
of the Dead, 223 _sq._, 225 _sq._

Fetish, the great, in West Africa, ii. 256

Fever, leaping over the Midsummer bonfires as a preventive of, i. 166,
173, 194;
Midsummer fires a protection against, 190;
need-fire kindled to prevent, 297;
cure for, in India, ii. 190

_Fey_, devoted, i. 231

Fez, Midsummer custom at, i. 216, ii. 31

Field-mice, burning torches as a protection against, i. 114, 115

—— and moles driven away by torches, ii. 340

Fields, cultivated, menstruous women not allowed to enter, i. 79;
protected against insects by menstruous women, 98 _n._ 1;
processions with torches through, 107 _sq._, 110 _sqq._, 113 _sqq._,
179, 339 _sq._;
protected against witches, 121;
made fruitful by bonfires, 140;
fertilized by ashes of Midsummer fires, 170;
fertilized by burning wheel rolled over them, 191, 340 _sq._;
protected against hail by bonfires, 344

Fig-trees, charm to benefit, i. 18; sacred among the Fans, ii. 161

Fights between men and women about their sex totems, ii. 215, 217

_Figo_, bonfire, i. 111

Fiji, brides tattooed in, i. 34 _n._ 1;
the fire-walk in, ii. 10 _sq._;
birth-trees in, 163;
the drama of death and resurrection exhibited to novices at initiation
in, 243 _sqq._

Filey, in Yorkshire, the Yule log and candle at, i. 256

Finchra, mountain in Rum, ii. 284

Fingan Eve in the Isle of Man, i. 266

Finistère, bonfires on St. John’s Day in, i. 183

Finland, Midsummer fires in, i. 180 _sq._;
fir-tree as life-index in, ii. 165 _sq._

Finsch Harbour in German New Guinea, ii. 239

Fir-branches, prayers to, i. 51;
at Midsummer, 177;
Midsummer mummers clad in, ii. 25 _sq._

—— -cones, seeds of, gathered on St. John’s Day, ii. 64

—— -tree as life-index, ii. 165 _sq._;
mistletoe on fir-trees, 315, 316

—— -wood used to kindle need-fire, i. 278, 282

—— or beech used to make the Yule log, i. 249

Firdusi’s _Epic of Kings_, i. 104

Fire, girls at puberty forbidden to see or go near, i. 29, 45, 46;
menstruous women not allowed to touch or see, 84, 85;
extinguished at menstruation, 87;
in fire-festivals, different possible explanations of its use, 112
_sq._;
made by flints or by flint and steel, 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159;
made by a burning-glass, 121, 127;
made by a metal mirror, 132, 137, 138 _n._ 5;
made by the friction of wood, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144 _sq._,
148, 155, 169 _sq._, 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, 270 _sqq._,
335 _sq._, ii. 8, 90, 295;
not to be blown up with breath, i. 133;
year called a fire, 137;
thought to grow weak with age, 137;
pretence of throwing a man into, 148, 186, ii. 25;
carried round houses, corn, cattle, and women after child-bearing, 151
_n._;
used to drive away witches and demons at Midsummer, 170;
as a protection against evil spirits, 282, 285 _sq._;
made by means of a wheel, 335 _sq._, ii. 91;
as a destructive and purificatory agent, i. 341;
used as a charm to produce sunshine, 341 _sq._;
employed as a barrier against ghosts, ii. 17 _sqq._;
as a purificatory agency, 19;
used to burn or ban witches, 19 _sq._;
extinguished by mistletoe, 78, 84 _sq._, 293;
of oak-wood used to detect a murderer, 92 _n._ 4;
life of man bound up with a, 157;
perpetual, of oak-wood, 285 _sq._;
conceived by savages as a property stored like sap in trees, 295;
primitive ideas as to the origin of, 295 _sq._

——, living, made by friction of wood, i. 220

——, new, kindled on Easter Saturday, i. 121 _sqq._;
festivals of new, 131 _sqq._;
made by the friction of wood at Christmas, 264

“—— of heaven,” term applied to Midsummer bonfire, i. 334, 335

—— -drill used to kindle need-fire, i. 292

Fire-festivals of Europe, i. 106 _sqq._;
interpretation of the, 328 _sqq._, ii. 15 _sqq._;
at the solstices, i. 331 _sq._;
solar theory of the, 331 _sqq._;
purificatory theory of the, 341 _sqq._;
regarded as a protection against witchcraft, 342;
the purificatory theory of the, more probable than the solar theory,
346;
elsewhere than in Europe, ii. 1 _sqq._;
in India, 1 _sqq._, 5 _sqq._;
in China, 3 _sqq._;
in Japan, 9 _sq._;
in Fiji, 10 _sq._;
in Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, and Trinidad, 11;
in Africa, 11 _sqq._;
in classical antiquity in Cappadocia and Italy, 14 _sq._;
their relation to Druidism, 33 _sqq._, 45

Fire-god, Armenian, i. 131 _n._ 3;
of the Iroquois, prayers to the, 299 _sq._

—— -walk, the, ii. 1 _sqq._;
a remedy for disease, 7;
the meaning of the, 15 _sqq._

Firebrand, external soul of Meleager in a, ii. 103

Firebrands, the Sunday of the, i. 110, 114

Fires extinguished as preliminary to obtaining new fire, i. 5;
annually extinguished and relit, 132 _sqq._;
to burn the witches on the Eve of May Day (Walpurgis Night), 159 _sq._;
autumn, 220 _sqq._;
the need-fire, 269 _sqq._;
extinguished before the lighting of the need-fire, 270, 271, 272, 273,
274, 275, 276, 277 _sq._, 279, 283, 285, 288, 289 _sq._,
291, 291 _sq._, 292, 294, 297, 298 _sq._;
of the fire-festivals explained as sun-charms, 329, 331 _sqq._;
explained as purificatory, 329 _sq._, 341 _sqq._;
the burning of human beings in the, ii. 21 _sqq._;
perpetual, fed with oak-wood, 91;
with pinewood, 91 _n._ 7;
the solstitial, perhaps sun-charms, 292;
extinguished and relighted from a flame kindled by lightning, 297 _sq._
_See also_ Fire, Bonfires

——, the Beltane, i. 146 _sqq._

——, the Easter, i. 120 _sqq._

——, Hallowe’en, i. 222 _sq._, 230 _sqq._

——, the Lenten, i. 106 _sqq._

——, Midsummer, i. 160 _sqq._;
a protection against witches, 180;
supposed to stop rain, 188, 336;
supposed to be a preventive of backache in reaping, 189, 344 _sq._;
a protection against fever, 190

——, Midwinter, i. 246 _sqq._

—— of St. John in France, i. 183, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193

—— on the Eve of Twelfth Day, i. 107

First-born lamb, wool of, used as cure for colic, i. 17

—— sons make need-fire, i. 294;
special magical virtue attributed to, 295

First-fruits offered to the souls of the dead, ii. 243

Fish frightened or killed by proximity of menstruous women, i. 77, 93;
external soul in a, ii. 99 _sq._, 122 _sq._;
golden, external soul of girl in a, 147 _sq._;
lives of people bound up with, 200, 202, 204, 209

Fisheries supposed to be spoiled by menstruous women, i. 77, 78, 90 _sq._,
93

Fison, Rev. Lorimer, on Fijian religion, ii. 244 _n._ 1, 2, 3, 246 _n._ 1

Fittleworth, in Sussex, cleft ash-trees used for the cure of rupture at,
ii. 169 _sq._

Flames of bonfires, omens drawn from, i. 159, 165, 336

Flanders, Midsummer fires in, i. 194;
the Yule log in, 249;
wicker giants in, ii. 35

Flax, leaping over bonfires to make the flax grow tall, i. 119;
charms to make flax grow tall, 165, 166, 173, 174, 176, 180

—— crop, omens of the, drawn from Midsummer bonfires, i. 165

—— seed sown in direction of flames of bonfire, i. 140, 337

Fleabane as a cure for headache, i. 17

Fleas, leaping over Midsummer fires to get rid of, i. 211, 212, 217

Flight into Egypt, the, ii. 69 _n._

Flints, fire kindled by, i. 121, 124, 126, 127, 145, 146, 159

Floor, sitting on the, at Christmas, i. 261

Florence, ceremony of the new fire at Easter in, i. 126 _sq._

Florus and Laurus, feast of, on August 18th, i. 220

Flowers thrown on bonfire, ii. 8;
external souls in, 117 _sq._
_See also_ Crown

—— and herbs cast into the Midsummer bonfires, i. 162, 163, 172, 173

—— at Midsummer thrown on roofs as a protection against lightning, i. 169;
festival of, 177 _sq._;
as talismans, 183;
in fires, 184, 188, 190;
wreaths of, hung over doors and windows, 201;
placed on mouths of wells, ii. 28;
divination from, 50

—— on Midsummer Eve, blessed by St. John, i. 171;
the magic flowers of Midsummer Eve, ii. 45 _sqq._;
used in divination, 52 _sq._;
used to dream upon, 52, 54

Flutes, sacred, played at initiation, ii. 241

Fly River, in British New Guinea, ii. 232

“Flying-rowan” (parasitic rowan), superstitions in regard to, ii. 281;
used to make a divining-rod, 281 _sq._

Foam of the sea, the demon Namuci killed by the, ii. 280;
the totem of a clan in India, 281

Fo-Kien, province of China, festival of fire in, ii. 3 _sqq._

Folgareit, in the Tyrol, Midsummer custom at, ii. 47

Folk-custom, external soul in, ii. 153 _sqq._

—— -tales, the external soul in, ii. 95 _sqq._

Follies of Dunkirk, ii. 34 _sq._

Food, sacred, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 13 _sq._;
girls at puberty not allowed to handle, 23, 28, 36, 40 _sq._, 42

Foods, forbidden, i. 4, 7, 19, 36 _sq._, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47,
48, 49, 54, 56, 57, 58, 68, 77, 78, 94

“Fool’s Stone” in ashes of Midsummer fire, i. 195

Forbidden thing of clan, ii. 313

Forchheim, in Bavaria, the burning of Judas at Easter in, i. 143

Foreskins of young men offered to ancestral spirits in Fiji, ii. 243 _sq._

Forespeaking men and cattle, i. 303

Forgetfulness of the past after initiation, ii. 238, 254, 256, 258, 259,
266 _sq._

Forked shape of divining-rod, ii. 67 _n._ 3

“Forlorn fire,” need-fire, i. 292

_Foulères_, bonfires, i. 111 _n._ 1

Foulkes, Captain, quoted, ii. 210

Four kinds of wood used to make the divining-rod, ii. 69, 291

Fourdin, E., on the procession of the giants at Ath, ii. 36 _n._ 2

Four-leaved clover, a counter-charm for witchcraft, i. 316;
at Midsummer useful for magic, ii. 62 _sq._

Fowler, W. Warde, on Midsummer custom, i. 206 _n._ 2;
on _sexta luna,_ ii. 77 _n._ 1;
on the ceremony of passing under the yoke, 195 _n._ 4;
on the oak and the thunder-god, 298, 299 _n._ 2, 300

Fowls’ nests, ashes of bonfires put in, i, 112, 338

Fox prayed to spare lambs, i. 152

Foxes burnt in Midsummer fires, ii. 39, 41;
witches turn into, 41

Foxwell, Ernest, on the fire-walk in Japan, ii. 10 _n._ 1

Fraas, F., on the various sorts of mistletoe known to the ancients, ii.
318

Frampton-on-Severn in Gloucestershire, ii. 316

France, Lenten fires in, i. 109 _sqq._;
Midsummer fires in, 181 _sqq._;
fires on All Saints’ Day in, 245 _sq._;
the Yule log in, 249 _sqq._;
wonderful herbs gathered on St. John’s Eve (Midsummer Eve) in, ii. 45
_sqq._;
mugwort (herb of St. John) at Midsummer in, 58 _sq._;
fern-seed at Midsummer in, 65;
judicial treatment of sorcerers in, 158;
birth-trees in, 165;
children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture or rickets in,
170.
_See also_ French

Franche-Comté, Lenten fires in, i. 110 _sq._;
fires of St. John in, 189;
the Yule log in, 254

Franken, Middle, fire custom at Easter in, i. 143

Frankenstein, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 _n._

Fraser Lake in British Columbia, i. 47

Freiburg, in Switzerland, Lenten fires in, i. 119;
fern and treasure on St. John’s Night in, ii. 288

Freising, in Bavaria, creeping through a narrow opening in the cathedral
of, ii. 189

French cure for whooping-cough, ii. 192 _n._ 1

—— Islands, use of bull-roarers in, ii. 229 _n._

—— peasants, their superstition as to a virgin and a flame, i. 137 _n._

Friction of wood, fire made by the, i. 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 144
_sq._, 148, 155, 169 _sq._, 175, 177, 179, 220, 264, 270
_sqq._, 335 _sq._, ii. 8;
the most primitive mode of making fire, 90, 295

“Friendly Society of the Spirit” among the Naudowessies, ii. 267

Frigg or Frigga, the goddess, and Balder, i. 101, 102

Fringes worn over the eyes by girls at puberty, i. 47, 48

Fruit-trees threatened, i. 114;
Midsummer fires lit under, 215;
shaken at Christmas to make them bear fruit, 248;
fumigated with smoke of need-fire, 280;
fertilized by burning torches, 340

_Fuga daemonum_, St. John’s wort, ii. 55

Fulda, the Lord of the Wells at, ii. 28

Fumigating crops with smoke of bonfires, i. 201, 337

—— sheep and cattle, ii. 12, 13

Fumigation of pastures at Midsummer to drive away witches and demons, i.
170;
of fruit-trees, nets, and cattle with smoke of need-fire, 280;
of byres with juniper, 296;
of trees with wild thyme on Christmas Eve, ii. 64

Fünen, in Denmark, cure for childish ailments at, ii. 191

Funeral, customs observed by mourners after a funeral in order to escape
from the ghost, ii. 174 _sqq._

—— ceremony among the Michemis, i. 5

Furnace, walking through a fiery, ii. 3 _sqq._

Furness, W. H., on passing under an archway, ii. 179 _sq._, 180 _n._ 1

Gabb, W. M., on ceremonial uncleanness, i. 65 _n._ 1

Gablonz, in Bohemia, Midsummer bed of flowers at, ii. 57

Gaboon, birth-trees in the, ii. 160;
theory of the external soul in, 200 _sq._

Gacko, need-fire at, i. 286

Gaidoz, H., on the custom of passing sick people through cleft trees, ii.
171

Gage, Thomas, on _naguals_ among the Indians of Guatemala, ii. 213

Gaj, in Slavonia, need-fire at, i. 282

Galatian senate met in Drynemetum, “the temple of the oak,” ii. 89

Galatians kept their old Celtic speech, ii. 89 _n._ 2

Galela, dread of women at menstruation in, i. 79

Galelareese of Halmahera, their rites of initiation, ii. 248

Gallic Councils, their prohibition of carrying torches, i. 199

Gallows Hill, magical plants gathered on the, ii. 57

—— -rope used to kindle need-fire, i. 277

Gandersheim, in Brunswick, need-fire at, i. 277

Gap, in the High Alps, cats roasted alive in the Midsummer fire at, ii. 39
_sq._

Gardner, Mrs. E. A., i. 131 _n._ 1

Garlands of flowers placed on wells at Midsummer, ii. 28;
thrown on trees, a form of divination, 53

Garlic roasted at Midsummer fires, i. 193

Garonne, Midsummer fires in the valley of the, i. 193

Gatschet, A. S., on the Toukawe Indians, ii. 276 _n._ 2

Gaul, “serpents’ eggs” in ancient, i. 15;
human sacrifices in ancient, ii. 32 _sq._

Gauls, their fortification walls, i. 267 _sq._

Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, the Ingniet society in the, ii. 156

Gem, external soul of magician in a, ii. 105 _sq._;
external soul of giant in a, 130

Geneva, Midsummer fires in the canton of, i. 172

_Genius_, the Roman, ii. 212 _n._

Geranium burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213

Gerhausen, i. 166

German stories of the external soul, ii. 116 _sqq._

Germans, human sacrifices offered by the ancient, ii. 28 _n._ 1;
the oak sacred among the, 89

Germany, Lenten fires in, i. 115 _sq._;
Easter bonfires in, 140 _sqq._;
custom at eclipses in, 162 _n._;
the Midsummer fires in, 163 _sqq._;
the Yule log in, 247 _sqq._;
belief in the transformation of witches into animals in, 321 _n._ 2;
colic, sore eyes, and stiffness of the back attributed to witchcraft in,
344 _sq._;
mugwort at Midsummer in, ii. 59;
orpine gathered at Midsummer in, 62 _n._;
fern-seed at Midsummer in, 65;
mistletoe a remedy for epilepsy in, 83;
the need-fire kindled by the friction of oak in, 91;
oak-wood used to make up cottage fires on Midsummer Day in, 91 _sq._;
birth-trees in, 165;
children passed through a cleft oak as a cure for rupture in, 170 _sqq._

Gestr and the spae-wives, Icelandic story of, ii. 125 _sq._

Gewar, King of Norway, i. 103

Ghost, oracular, in a cave, ii. 312 _sq._

Ghosts extracted from wooden posts, i. 8;
fire used to get rid of, ii. 17 _sqq._;
mugwort a protection against, 59;
kept off by thorn bushes, 174 _sq._;
creeping through cleft sticks to escape from, 174 _sqq._

Giant who had no heart in his body, stories of the, ii. 96 _sqq._, 119
_sq._;
mythical, supposed to kill and resuscitate lads at initiation, 243

Giant-fennel burnt in Midsummer fire, i. 213

Giants of wicker-work at popular festivals in Europe, ii. 33 _sqq._;
burnt in the summer bonfires, 38

Giggenhausen, in Bavaria, burning the Easter Man at, i. 144

Gion shrine in Japan, i. 138

Gippsland, the Kurnai of, ii. 216

Giraldus Cambrensis on transformation of witches into hares, i. 315 _n._ 1

Girdle of wolf’s hide worn by were-wolves, i. 310 _n._ 1;
of St. John, mugwort, ii. 59

Girdles of mugwort worn on St. John’s Day or Eve as preservative against
backache, sore eyes, ghosts, magic, and sickness, ii. 59

Girkshausen, in Westphalia, the Yule log at, i. 248

Girl at puberty said to be wounded by a snake, i. 56;
to be swallowed by a serpent, 57

—— and boy produce need-fire by friction of wood, 281

Girls at puberty, secluded, i. 22 _sqq._;
not allowed to touch the ground, 22, 33, 35, 36, 60;
not allowed to see the sun, 22, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 46, 47, 68;
not allowed to handle food, 23, 28, 36, 40 sq., 42; half buried in
ground, 38 _sqq._;
not allowed to scratch themselves with their fingers, 38, 39, 41, 42,
44, 47, 50, 53, 92;
not allowed to lie down, 44;
gashed on back, breast, and belly, 60;
stung by ants, 61;
beaten severely, 61, 66 _sq._;
supposed to be attacked by a demon, 67 _sq._;
not to see the sky, 69;
forbidden to break bones of hares, 73 _n._ 3

Gisors, crawling through a holed stone near, ii. 188

_Givoy agon_, living fire, made by the friction of wood, i. 220

Glamorgan, the Vale of, Beltane and Midsummer fires in the, i. 154;
Midsummer fires in, 201, 338

Glands, ashes of Yule log used to cure swollen, i. 251

Glanvil, Joseph, on a witch in the form of a cat, i. 317

Glass, the Magician’s or Druid’s, i. 16

Glatz, precautions against witches on Walpurgis Night in, ii. 20 _n._

Glawi, in the Atlas, New Year fires at, i. 217

Glencuaich, the hawk of, in a Celtic tale, ii. 127 _sqq._

Glenorchy, the Beltane cake in, i. 149

“Glory, the Hand of,” mandragora, ii. 316

Gloucestershire, mistletoe growing on oaks in, ii. 316

Gnabaia, a spirit who swallows and disgorges lads at initiation, ii. 235

_Gnid-eld_, need-fire, i. 280

Goajiras of Colombia, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 34 _n._ 1

Goatsucker or fern owl, sex totem of women, ii. 217

God, Aryan, of the thunder and the oak, i. 265

—— on Earth, title of supreme chief of the Bushongo, ii. 264

Godolphin, in Cornwall, Midsummer fires on, i. 199

Gold, the flower of chicory to be cut with, ii. 71;
root of marsh mallow to be dug with, 80 _n._ 3;
buried, revealed by mistletoe and fern-seed, 287 _sqq._, 291

—— coin, magic plant to be dug up with a, ii. 57.
_See also_ Golden

Golden axe, sacred tamarisk touched with, ii. 80 _n._ 3

Golden Bough, the, ii. 279 _sqq._;
and the priest of Aricia, i. 1;
a branch of mistletoe, ii. 284 _sqq._, 315 _sqq._;
Virgil’s account of the, 284 _sq._, 286, 293 _sq._, 315 _sqq._;
origin of the name, 286 _sqq._

—— fish, girl’s external soul in a, ii. 147 _sq._, 220

—— knife, horse slain in sacrifice with a, ii. 80 _n._ 3

—— ring, half a hero’s strength in a, ii. 143

—— sickle, mistletoe cut by Druids with a, ii. 77, 88;
sacred olive at Olympia cut with a, 80 _n._ 3

Golden sword and golden arrow, external soul of a hero in a, ii. 145

Goldie, Rev. Hugh, on the _ukpong_ or external soul in Calabar, ii. 206

Goliath, effigy of, ii. 36

_Goluan_, Midsummer, i. 199

Good Friday, Judas driven out of church on, i. 146;
the divining-rod cut on, ii. 68 _n._ 4;
sick children passed through cleft trees on, 172

Goodrich-Freer, A., quoted, i. 154 _n._ 3

Googe, Barnabe, i. 124

Gooseberry bushes, wild, custom as to, ii. 48

Gorillas, lives of persons bound up with those of, ii. 202

Görz, belief as to witches at Midsummer about, ii. 75

Grain Coast, West Africa, initiation of girls on the, ii. 259

Grammont, in Belgium, festival of the “Crown of Roses” at, i. 195;
the Yule log at, 249

Granada (South America), youthful rulers secluded in, i. 19

Grand Halleux, bonfires at, i. 107

_Grannas-mias_, torches, i. 111

Granno, invocation of, i. 111 _sq._

_Granno-mio_, a torch, i. 111

Grannus, a Celtic deity, identified with Apollo, i. 111 _sq._

Grant, the great laird of, not exempt from witchcraft, i. 342 _n._ 4

Grass, ceremony to make grass plentiful, i. 136

Gratz, puppet burned on St. John’s Eve at, i. 173

Grave, dance at initiation in, ii. 237

Great Man, who created the world and comes down in the form of lightning,
ii. 298

Greece, Midsummer fires in, i. 211 _sq._;
mistletoe in, ii. 316, 317

Greek belief as to menstruous women, i. 98 _n._ 1

—— Church, ritual of the new fire at Easter in the, i. 128 _sq._

—— stories of girls who were forbidden to see the sun, i. 72 _sqq._;
of the external soul, ii. 103 _sqq._

Greeks deemed sacred the places which were struck by lightning, ii. 299

Green Wolf, Brotherhood of the, ii. 15 _n._;
at Jumièges in Normandy, i. 185 _sq._, ii. 25, 88

Greenlanders, their notion that women can conceive by the moon, i. 75
_sq._

Gregor, Rev. Walter, ii. 284 _n._ 1;
on virtue of children born feet foremost, i. 295 _n._ 3;
on the “quarter-ill,” 296 _n._ 1;
on the bewitching of cattle, 303

Greig, James S., ii. 187 _n._ 3

Greta, river in Yorkshire, i. 287

Grey, Sir George, on the _kobong_ or totem, ii. 219 _sq._

Grimm, J., on need-fire, i. 270 _n._, 272 _sq._;
on the relation of the Midsummer fires to Balder, ii. 87 _n._ 6;
on the sanctity of the oak, 89;
on the oak and lightning, 300

Grisons, threatening a mist in the, i. 280

Grizzly Bear clan, ii. 274

Groot, J. J. M. de, on mugwort in China, ii. 60

Grottkau, precautions against witches in, ii. 20 _n._

Ground, sacred persons not allowed to set foot on, i. 2 _sqq._;
not to sit on bare, 4, 5, 12;
girls at puberty not allowed to touch the, 22, 33, 35, 36, 60;
magical plants not to touch the, ii. 51;
mistletoe not allowed to touch the, 280

Grouse clan, ii. 273

Grove, Miss Florence, on withered mistletoe, ii. 287 _n._ 1

Grove, Balder’s, i. 104, ii. 315;
sacred grove of Nemi, 315;
soul of chief in sacred, 161.
_See also_ Arician

Grubb, Rev. W. B., i. 57 _n._ 1

Grün, in Bohemia, mountain arnica gathered at Midsummer at, ii. 58 _n._ 1

Guacheta in Colombia, i. 74

Guaranis of Brazil, their seclusion of girls at puberty, i. 56

Guaraunos of the Orinoco, uncleanness of menstruous women among the, i. 85
_sq._

Guardian angels, afterbirth and navel-string regarded as a man’s, ii. 162
_n._ 2

—— spirit, afterbirth and seed regarded as, ii. 223 _n._ 2;
acquired in a dream, 256 _sq._

Guatemala, the _nagual_ or external soul among the Indians of, ii. 212
_sq._

Guatusos of Costa Rica, use of bull-roarers among the, ii. 230 _n._

Guayquiries of the Orinoco, their beliefs as to menstruous women, i. 85

Guelphs, the oak of the, ii. 166

Guiana, British, the Macusis of, i. 60;
ordeals undergone by young men among the Indians of, 63 _sq._

——, French, the Wayanas of, i. 63

_Guizing_ at Christmas in Lerwick, i. 268 _sq._

Guleesh and the fairies at Hallowe’en, i. 277 _sq._

Gunn, David, kindles need-fire, i. 291

Guns fired to drive away witches, ii. 74

Gwalior, Holi fires in, ii. 2

Hadji Mohammad shoots a were-wolf, i. 312 _sq._

Haida Indians of Queen Charlotte Islands, girls at puberty secluded among
the, i. 44 _sq._

Hail, bonfires thought to protect fields against, i. 344;
ceremonies to avert, 144, 145;
Midsummer fires a protection against, 176;
mountain arnica a protection against, ii. 57 _sq._

—— and thunderstorms caused by witches, i. 344

Hainan, island, i. 137

Hainaut, province of Belgium, fire customs in, i. 108;
procession of giants in, ii. 36

Hair, unguent for, i. 14;
prohibition to cut, 28;
of girls at puberty shaved, 31, 56, 57, 59;
Hindoo ritual of cutting a child’s, 99 _n._ 2;
of the Virgin or St. John looked for in ashes of Midsummer fire, 182
_sq._, 190, 191;
external soul in, ii. 103 _sq._, 148;
strength of people bound up with their, 158 _sq._;
of criminals, witches, and wizards shorn to make them confess, 158
_sq._;
of children tied to trees, 165;
of novices cut at initiation, 245, 251

—— and nails of child buried under a tree, ii. 161

Hairy Stone, the, at Midsummer, i. 212

Halberstadt district, need-fire in the, i. 273

Hall, C. F., among the Esquimaux, i. 13, 134

——, Rev. G. R., quoted, i. 198

Hallowe’en, new fire at, in Ireland, i. 139;
an old Celtic festival of New Year, 224 _sqq._;
divination at, 225, 228 _sqq._;
witches, hobgoblins, and fairies let loose at, 226 _sqq._, 245;
witches and fairies active on, ii. 184 _n._ 4, 185

—— and Beltane, the two chief fire festivals of the British Celts, ii. 40
_sq._

—— cakes, i. 238, 241, 245

—— fires, i. 222 _sq._, 230 _sqq._;
in Wales, 156

Halmahera, rites of initiation in, ii. 248

Haltwhistle, in Northumberland, burnt sacrifice at, i. 301

Hamilton, Gavin, quoted, i. 47 _sq._

Hammocks, girls at puberty hung up in, i. 56, 59, 60, 61, 66

“Hand of Glory,” mandragora, ii. 316

Hannibal despoils the shrine on Soracte, ii. 15

Hanover, the need-fire in, i. 275;
Easter bonfires in, 140;
custom on St. John’s Day about, ii. 56

Hare, pastern bone of a, in a popular remedy, i. 17

Hares, witches in the form of, i. 157;
witches changed into, 315 _n._ 1, 316 _sqq._, ii. 41

Hares and witches in Yorkshire, ii. 197

Hareskin Tinneh, seclusion of girls at puberty among the, i. 48

Harris, Slope of Big Stones in, i. 227

Hartland, E. S., on the life-token, ii. 119 _n._

Haruvarus, degenerate Brahmans, their fire-walk, ii. 9

Harz district, Easter bonfires in the, i. 140;
Midsummer fires in the, 169

—— Mountains, Easter fires in the, i. 142;
need-fire in the, 276;
springwort in the, ii. 69 _sqq._

Hats, special, worn by girls at puberty, i. 45, 46, 47, 92.
_See also_ Hoods

Hausa story of the external soul, ii. 148 _sq._

Hawaiians, the New Year of the, ii. 244

Hawkweed gathered at Midsummer, ii. 57

Hawthorn, mistletoe on, ii. 315, 316

Haxthausen, A. von, i. 181

Hays of Errol, their fate bound up with an oak-tree and the mistletoe
growing on it, ii. 283 _sq._

Hazebrouch, in France, wicker giants on Shrove Tuesday at, ii. 35

Hazel, the divining-rod made of, ii. 67 _sq._;
never struck by lightning, 69 _n._

—— rods to drive cattle with, i. 204

Headache, cure for, i. 17;
mugwort a protection against, ii. 59

Headdress, special, worn by girls at first menstruation, i. 92

Headless Hugh, Highland story of, ii. 130 _sq._

—— horsemen in India, ii. 131 _n._ 1

Heads or faces of menstruous women covered, i. 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 44
_sq._, 48 _sq._, 55, 90

Hearne, Samuel, quoted, i. 90 _sq._

Heart of bewitched animal burnt or boiled to compel the witch to appear,
i. 321 _sq._

Hearts of diseased cattle cut out and hung up as a remedy, i. 269 _n._ 1,
325

Heaven, the Queen of, ii. 303

—— and earth, between, i. 1 _sqq._, 98 _sq._

Hector, first chief of Lochbuy, ii. 131 _n._ 1

Heiberg, Sigurd K., i. 171 _n._ 3

Heifer sacrificed at kindling need-fire, i. 290

Helensburgh, in Dumbartonshire, Hallowe’en at, i. 237 _n._ 5

“Hell-gate of Ireland,” i. 226

Helmsdale, in Sutherland, need-fire at, i. 295

Helpful animals in fairy tales, ii. 107, 117, 120, 127 _sqq._, 130, 132,
133, 139 _n._ 2, 140 _sq._, 149

Hemlock branch, external soul of ogress in a, ii. 152

Hemlock branches, passing through a ring of, in time of sickness, ii. 186

—— stone in Nottinghamshire, i. 157

Hemorrhoids, root of orpine a cure for, ii. 62 _n._

Hemp, how to make hemp grow tall, i. 109;
leaping over the Midsummer bonfire to make the hemp grow tall, 166, 168

—— seed, divination by, i. 235, 241, 245

Hen and chickens imitated by a woman and her children at Christmas, i. 260

Henderson, William, on need-fire, i. 288 _sq._;
on a remedy for cattle-disease, 296 _n._ 1;
on burnt sacrifice of ox, 301

Hen’s egg, external soul of giant in a, ii. 140 _sq._

Henshaw, Richard, on external or bush souls in Calabar, ii. 205 _sq._

Hephaestus worshipped in Lemnos, i. 138

Herb, a magic, gathered at Hallowe’en, i. 228

—— of St. John, mugwort, ii. 58

Herbs thrown across the Midsummer fires, i. 182, 201;
wonderful, gathered on St. John’s Eve or Day, ii. 45 _sqq._;
of St. John, wonderful virtues ascribed to, 46

—— and flowers cast into the Midsummer bonfires, i. 162, 163, 172, 173

Hercules at Argyrus, temple of, i. 99 _n._ 3

Herdsmen dread witches and wolves, i. 343

Herefordshire, Midsummer fires in, i. 199;
the Yule log in, 257 _sq._

Herndon, W. L., quoted, i. 62 _n._ 3

Hernia, cure for, i. 98 _n._ 1

Herodias, cursed by Slavonian peasants, i. 345

Herrera, A. de, on _naguals_ among the Indians of Honduras, ii. 213 _sq._

Herrick, Robert, on the Yule log, i. 255

Herring, salt, divination by, i. 239

Herzegovina, the Yule log in, i. 263;
need-fire in, 288

Hesse, Lenten fire-custom in, i. 118;
Easter fires in, 140;
wells decked with flowers on Midsummer Day in, ii. 28

Hewitt, J. N. B., on need-fire of the Iroquois, i. 299 _sq._

Hiaina district of Morocco, ii. 51

Hidatsa Indians, their theory of the plurality of souls, ii. 221 _sq._

_Hieracium pilosella_, mouse-ear hawk-weed, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 57

Higgins, Rev. J. C., i. 207 _n._ 2

High Alps, department of the, Midsummer fires in the, ii. 39 _sq._

High Priest, the Fijian, ii. 245

Highland story of Headless Hugh, ii. 130 _sq._

Highlanders of Scotland, their medicinal applications of menstruous blood,
i. 98 _n._ 1;
their belief in the power of witches to destroy cattle, 343 _n._ 1;
their belief concerning snake stones, ii. 311

Highlands of Scotland, snake stones in the, i. 16;
Beltane fires in the, 146 _sqq._;
divination at Hallowe’en in the, 229, 234 _sqq._;
need-fire and Beltane fire kindled by the friction of oak in the, ii. 91

Hildesheim, Easter rites of fire and water at, i. 124;
Easter bonfires at, 141;
the need-fire at, 272 _sq._;
hawk-weed gathered on Midsummer Day at, ii. 57

Hill of the Fires in the Highlands of Scotland, i. 149

—— of Ward, in County Meath, i. 139

Himalayan districts, mistletoe in the, ii. 316

Hindoo maidens secluded at puberty, i. 68

—— marriage custom, i. 75

—— ritual, abstinence from salt in, i. 27;
as to cutting a child’s hair, 99 _n._ 2

—— stories of the external soul, ii. 97 _sqq._

—— use of menstruous fluid, i. 98 _n._ 1

—— women, their restrictions at menstruation, i. 84

Hindoos of Southern India, their Pongol festival, ii. 1;
of the Punjaub, their custom of passing unlucky children through narrow
openings, 190

Hippopotamus, external soul of chief in, ii. 200;
lives of persons bound up with those of hippopotamuses, 201, 202, 205,
209

Hirpi Sorani, their fire-walk, ii. 14 _sq._

Hlubi chief, his external soul in a pair of ox-horns, ii. 156

Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, on Hallowe’en in Wales, i. 239

Hogg, Alexander, i. 206

Hogmanay, the last day of the year, i. 224, 266

Hohenstaufen Mountains in Wurtemberg, Midsummer fires in the, i. 166

Hole in tongue of medicine-man, ii. 238, 239

Holed stones which people creep through as a cure, ii. 187 _sqq._

Holes in rocks or stones, sick people passed through, ii. 186 _sqq._

Holi, a festival of Northern India, ii. 2 _sq._

Holiness or taboo conceived as a dangerous physical substance which needs
to be insulated, i. 6 _sq._

Holland, Easter fires in, i. 145

Hollantide Eve (Hallowe’en) in the Isle of Man, i. 244

Hollertau, Bavaria, Easter fires in the, i. 122

Hollis, A. C., ii. 262 _n._ 2

Holly-tree, children passed through a cleft, ii. 169 _n._ 2

Holm-oak, the Golden Bough growing on a, ii. 285

Holy Apostles, church of the, at Florence, i. 126

—— Land, fire flints brought from the, i. 126

—— of Holies, the Fijian, ii. 244, 245

—— Sepulchre, church of the, at Jerusalem, ceremony of the new fire in
the, i. 128 _sq._

Homesteads protected by bonfires against lightning and conflagration, i.
344

Homoeopathic or imitative magic, i. 49, 133, ii. 287

Homoeopathy, magical, ii. 177

Homolje mountains in Servia, i. 282

Honduras, the _nagual_ or external soul among the Indians of, ii. 213
_sq._, 226 _n._ 1

Honorific totems of the Carrier Indians, ii. 273 _sqq._

Hoods worn by women after childbirth, i. 20;
worn by girls at puberty, 44 _sq._, 48 _sq._, 55;
worn by women at menstruation, 90.
_See also_ Hats

Hoop, crawling through a, as a cure or preventive of disease, ii. 184;
of rowan-tree, sheep forced through a, 184

Hoopoe brings the mythical springwort, ii. 70 _n._ 2

Horatius purified for the murder of his sister, ii. 194

Hornbeam, mistletoe on, ii. 315

Horse, the White, effigy carried through Midsummer fire, i. 203 _sq._;
witch in the shape of a, 319

—— sacrifice in ancient India, ii. 80 _n._ 3

Horse’s head thrown into Midsummer fire, ii. 40

Horse-chestnut, mistletoe on, ii. 315

Horses used by sacred persons, i. 4 _n._ 1;
not to be touched or ridden by menstruous women, 88 _sq._, 96;
driven through the need-fire, 276, 297

Hos, the, of Togoland (West Africa), their dread of menstruous women, i.
82

Hose, Dr. Charles, on creeping through a cleft stick after a funeral, ii.
175 _sq._

—— and W. McDougall, on the _ngarong_ or secret helper of the Ibans, ii.
224 _n._ 1

Hother, Hodr, or Hod, the blind god, and Balder, i. 101 _sqq._, ii. 279
_n._ 4

Hottentots drive their sheep through fire, ii. 11 _sqq._

House-communities of the Servians, i. 259 _n._ 1

Houses protected by bonfires against lightning and conflagration, i. 344;
made fast against witches on Midsummer Eve, ii. 73

“—— of the soul” in Isaiah, ii. 155 _n._ 3

Housman, Professor A. E., on the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, i.
220 _sq._

Houstry, in Caithness, need-fire at, i. 291 _sq._

Howitt, A. W., on seclusion of menstruous women, i. 78;
on killing a totem animal, ii. 220 _n._ 2;
on secrecy of totem names, 225 _n._;
on the drama of resurrection at initiation, 235 _sqq._

Howitt, Miss E. B., ii. 226 _n._ 1

Howth, the western promontory of, Midsummer fire on, i. 204

—— Castle, life-tree of the St. Lawrence family at, ii. 166

Huahine, one of the Tahitian islands, ii. 11 _n._ 3

Hudson Bay Territory, the Chippeways of, i. 90

Hughes, Miss E. P., on the fire-walk in Japan, ii. 10 _n._ 1

Human beings burnt in the fires, ii. 21 _sqq._

—— divinities put to death, i. 1 _sq._

—— sacrifices at fire-festivals, i. 106;
traces of, 146, 148, 150 _sqq._, 186, ii. 31;
offered by the ancient Germans, ii. 28 _n._ 1;
among the Celts of Gaul, 32 _sq._;
the victims perhaps witches and wizards, 41 _sqq._;
Mannhardt’s theory, 43

—— victims annually burnt, ii. 286 _n._ 2

Hungarian story of the external soul, ii. 140

Hungary, Midsummer fires in, i. 178 _sq._

Hunt, Holman, his picture of the new fire at Jerusalem, i. 130 _n._

Hunt, Robert, on burnt sacrifices, i. 303

Hunters avoid girls at puberty, i. 44, 46;
luck of, spoiled by menstruous women, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94

Huon Gulf in German New Guinea, ii. 239

Hupa Indians of California, seclusion of girls among the, i. 42

Hurons of Canada, custom of their women at menstruation, i. 88 _n._ 1

_Huskanaw_, initiatory ceremony of the Virginian Indians, ii. 266

Hut burnt at Midsummer, i. 215 _sq._

Hutchinson, W., quoted, i. 197 _n._ 4

Huts, special, for menstruous women, i. 79, 82, 85 _sqq._

Huzuls of the Carpathians kindle new fire at Christmas, i. 264;
gather simples on St. John’s Night, ii. 49

Hyaenas, men turned into, i. 313

_Hypericum perforatum_, St. John’s wort, gathered at Midsummer, ii. 54
_sqq._
_See also_ St. John’s Wort

_Hyphear_, a kind of mistletoe, ii. 317, 318

Hyrrockin, a giantess, i. 102

Ibans of Borneo, their _ngarong_ or secret helper, ii. 224 _n._ 1

Ibos of the Niger delta, their belief in external human souls lodged in
animals, ii. 203 _sq._

Ibrahim Pasha, i. 129

Icelandic stories of the external soul, ii. 123 _sqq._

Icolmkill, the hill of the fires in, i. 149

Ideler, L., on the Arab year before Mohammed, i. 217 _n._ 1

_Idhlozi_, ancestral spirit in serpent form, ii. 211

Iglulik, Esquimaux of, i. 134

Ilmenau, witches burnt at, i. 6

Iluvans of Malabar, marriage custom of, i. 5

Image of god carried through fire, ii. 4;
reason for carrying over a fire, 24

Images, colossal, filled with human victims and burnt, ii. 32 _sq._

Imitative magic, i. 329, ii. 231

Immortality, the burdensome gift of, i. 99 _sq._;
of the soul, experimental demonstration of the, ii. 276

Immortelles, wreaths of, on Midsummer Day, i. 177

Implements, magical, not allowed to touch the ground, i. 14 _sq._

Impregnation of women by the sun, i. 74 _sq._;
by the moon, 75 _sq._

“—— rite” at Hindoo marriages, i. 75

Inauguration of a king in Brahmanic ritual, i. 4

Inca, fast of the future, i. 19

Incas of Peru, their ceremony of the new fire, i. 132

Incantation recited at kindling need-fire, i. 290

Inconsistency and vagueness of primitive thought, ii. 301 _sq._

India, seclusion of girls at puberty in, i. 68 _sqq._;
fire-festivals in, ii. 1 _sqq._;
sixty years’ cycle in, 77 _n._ 1;
the horse-sacrifice in ancient, 80 _n._ 3;
torture of suspected witches in, 159;
ancient, traditional cure of skin disease in, 192;
_Loranthus_ in, 317

Indian Archipelago, birth-custom in the, ii. 155

—— legend parallel to Balder myth, ii. 280

Indians of Costa Rica, their customs in fasts, i. 20

—— of Granada seclude their future rulers, i. 19

Indians of North America, not allowed to sit on bare ground in war, i. 5;
seclusion of girls among the, 41 _sqq._;
imitate lightning by torches, 340 _n._ 1;
rites of initiation into religious associations among the, ii. 267
_sqq._

“Index of Superstitions,” i. 270

Indra and Apala, in the Rigveda, ii. 192

—— and the demon Namuci, Indian legend of, ii. 280

Indrapoora, story of the daughter of a merchant of, ii. 147

Infants tabooed, i. 5, 20

Ingleborough in Yorkshire, i. 288

Ingleton, in Yorkshire, need-fire at, i. 288

Ingniet or Ingiet, a secret society of New Britain, ii. 156

Initiation, rites in German New Guinea, ii. 193;
at puberty, pretence of killing the novice and bringing him to life
again during, 225 _sqq._;
in Australia, 227, 233 _sqq._;
in New Guinea, 239 _sqq._;
in Fiji, 243 _sqq._;
in Rook, 246;
in New Britain, 246 _sq._;
in Halmahera, 248;
in Fiji apparently intended to introduce the novices to the worshipful
spirits of the dead, 246;
in Ceram, 249 _sqq._;
in Africa, 251 _sqq._;
in North America, 266 _sqq._

—— of young men, bull-roarers sounded at the, ii. 227 _sqq._, 233 _sqq._;
of a medicine-man in Australia, 237 _sqq._

Inn, effigies burnt at Midsummer in the valley of the river, i. 172 _sq._

Innerste, river, i. 124

Innuits (Esquimaux), i. 14

Insanity, burying in an ant-hill as a cure for, i. 64

Inspired men walk through fire unharmed, ii. 5 _sq._

Insulation of women at menstruation, i. 97

Interpretation of the fire-festivals, i. 328 _sqq._, ii. 15 _sqq._

Inverness-shire, Beltane cakes in, i. 153

Invulnerability conferred by a species of mistletoe, ii. 79 _sq._;
conferred by decoction of a parasitic orchid, 81;
of Balder, 94;
attained through blood-brotherhood with animal, 201;
thought to be attained through initiation, 275 _sq._, 276 _n._ 1

Invulnerable warlock or giant, stories of the, ii. 97 _sqq._

Ipswich witches, i. 304 _sq._

Iran, marriage custom in, i. 75

Ireland, the Druid’s Glass in, i. 16;
new fire at Hallowe’en in, 139, 225;
Beltane fires in, 157 _sq._;
Midsummer fires in, 201 _sqq._;
fairies at Hallowe’en in, 226 _sq._;
Hallowe’en customs in, 241 _sq._;
witches as hares in, 315 _n._ 1;
bathing at Midsummer in, ii. 29;
cure for whooping-cough in, 192 _n._ 1

Irish story of the external soul, ii. 132