Chapter XVII: Types of Animal Sacrament (6)

429 P. E. Müller on Saxo Grammaticus, _Historia Danica_ (Copenhagen,
1839-1858), vol. ii. p. 60.

_ 430 Die Edda_, übersetzt von K. Simrock8 (Stuttgart, 1882), pp. 180,
309.

431 Pliny, _Hist. Natur._ x. 137, xxix. 72.

432 Philostratus, _Vita Apollonii_, i. 20, iii. 9.

433 Saxo Grammaticus, _Historia Danica_, ed. P. E. Müller (Copenhagen,
1839-1858), i. 193 _sq._

434 P. E. Müller, note in his edition of Saxo Grammaticus, vol. ii. p.
146.

435 A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube_2 (Berlin, 1869), p. 110, §
153; J. V. Grohmann, _Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen und
Mähren_ (Prague and Leipsic, 1864), p. 230, § 1658.

436 Grimm, _Kinder- und Hausmärchen_, No. 17; _id._, _Deutsche Sagen_2
(Berlin, 1865-1866), No. 132 (vol. i. pp. 174-176); A. Kuhn und W.
Schwartz, _Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche_ (Leipsic,
1848), p. 154; A. Waldau, _Böhmisches Märchenbuch_ (Prague, 1860),
pp. 13 _sqq._; Von Alpenburg, _Mythen und Sagen Tirols_ (Zurich,
1857), pp. 302 _sqq._; W. von Schulenburg, _Wendische Volkssagen und
Gebräuche aus dem Spreewald_ (Leipsic, 1880), p. 96; P. Sébillot,
_Traditions et Superstitions de la Haute-Bretagne_ (Paris, 1882),
ii. 224; W. Grant Stewart, _The Popular Superstitions and Festive
Amusements of the Highlanders of Scotland_, New Edition (London,
1851), pp. 53, 56; J. F. Campbell, _Popular Tales of the West
Highlands_, New Edition (Paisley and London, 1890), No. 47, vol. ii.
pp. 377 _sqq._; E. Prym und A. Socin, _Syrische Sagen und Maerchen_
(Göttingen, 1881), pp. 150 _sq._ On the serpent in relation to the
acquisition by men of the language of animals, see further my
article, “The Language of Animals,” _The Archaeological Review_, i.
(1888) pp. 166 _sqq._ Sometimes serpents have been thought to impart
a knowledge of the language of animals voluntarily by licking the
ears of the seer. See Apollodorus, _Bibliotheca_, i. 9. 11 _sq._;
Porphyry, _De abstinentia_, iii. 4.

M117 Various beliefs as to the homoeopathic magic of the flesh of
animals.

437 A. Leared, _Morocco and the Moors_ (London, 1876), p. 281.

438 M. Quedenfelt, “Aberglaube und halb-religiöse Bruderschaft bei den
Marokkanarn,” _Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für
Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte_, 1886, p. 682 (bound up
with the _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, xviii. 1886).

439 H. Vambery, _Das Türkenvolk_ (Leipsic, 1885), p. 218.

440 Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_ (Paris, 1744), vi. 8.

441 P. J. Veth, “De leer der Signatuur,” _Internationales Archiv für
Ethnographie_, vii. (1894) pp. 140 _sq._

442 R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the For Tribe of Central Africa,”
_Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh_, xiii. (1884-1886)
p. 218.

M118 The flesh and blood, but especially the hearts, of dead men eaten or
drunk for the sake of acquiring the good qualities of the dead.

443 Rev. J. Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, etc., of the South African
Tribes,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) p.
116; _id._, _Light in Africa_ (London, 1890), p. 212. Compare Rev.
E. Casalis, _The Basutos_ (London, 1861), pp. 257 _sq._; Dudley
Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_ (London, 1904), p. 309.

444 Rev. J. Macdonald, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
xx. (1891) p. 138; _id._, _Light in Africa_, p. 220.

445 H. Schinz, _Deutsch Südwest-Afrika_ (Oldenburg and Leipsic, preface
dated 1891), p. 320.

446 J. Macdonald, “East Central African Customs,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxii. (1893) p. 111. Compare J.
Buchanan, _The Shire Highlands_, p. 138; Sir H. H. Johnston,
_British Central Africa_ (London, 1897), p. 438.

447 A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_ (Oxford, 1909), p. 27.

448 Rev. H. Cole, “Notes on the Wagogo of German East Africa,” _Journal
of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902) p. 318.

449 Rev. J. L. Wilson, _Western Africa_ (London, 1856), pp. 167 _sq._

450 A. B. Ellis, _The Ewe-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_ (London,
1890), pp. 99 _sq._

451 A. B. Ellis, _The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast_
(London, 1894), p. 69.

452 A. Caulin, _Historia Coro-graphica natural y evangelica dela Nueva
Andalucia_ (1779), p. 98.

453 A. de Herrera, _General History of the vast Continent and Islands of
America_, translated by Capt. J. Stevens (London, 1725-1726), vi.
187.

454 F. de Castelnau, _Expédition dans les parties centrales de
l’Amérique du Sud_ (Paris, 1850-1851), iv. 382.

455 James Adair, _History of the American Indians_ (London, 1775), p.
135.

456 Rev. J. Roscoe, “Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,”
_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi. (1901) pp. 129
_sq._; _id._, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the
Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902)
p. 45.

457 E. W. Nelson, “The Eskimo about Bering Strait,” _Eighteenth Annual
Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington,
1899) p. 328.

458 E. Clement, “Ethnographical Notes on the Western Australian
Aborigines,” _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, xvi. (1904)
p. 8.

M119 Other parts than the heart are eaten for the purpose of acquiring
the virtues of the deceased.

459 O. Opigez, “Aperçu général sur la Nouvelle-Calédonie,” _Bulletin de
la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), vii. Série, vii. (1886) p. 433.

460 A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_ (London,
1904), p. 753.

461 A. W. Howitt, _op. cit._ p. 752.

462 S. Gason, in _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxiv.
(1895) p. 172.

463 Rev. W. Ridley, _Kamilaroi_ (Sydney, 1875), p. 160.

_ 464 Annales de la Propagation de la Foi_, xi. (Lyons, 1838-1839) p.
258.

465 J. Henderson, “The Medicine and Medical Practice of the Chinese,”
_Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society_,
New Series, i. (Shanghai, 1865) pp. 35 _sq._

466 A. C. Kruyt, “Het koppensnellen der Toradja’s van Midden-Celebes, en
zijne Beteekenis,” _Verslagen en Mededeelingen der koninklijke
Akademie van Wetenschappen_, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Vierde Reeks,
iii. (Amsterdam, 1899) p. 201.

467 N. Adriani en A. C. Kruijt, “Van Posso naar Mori,” _Mededeelingen
van wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap_, xliv. (1900) p.
162.

468 F. Blumentritt, “Der Ahnencultus und die religiösen Anschauungen der
Malaien des Philippinen-Archipels,” _Mittheilungen der Wiener
Geograph. Gesellschaft_, 1882, p. 154; _id._, _Versuch einer
Ethnographie der Philippinen_ (Gotha, 1882), p. 32 (_Petermann’s
Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft_, No. 67).

469 Ch. Keysser, “Aus dem Leben der Kaileute,” in R. Neuhauss’s _Deutsch
Neu-Guinea_, iii. (Berlin, 1911) p. 131.

470 L. Magyar, _Reisen in Süd-Afrika in den Jahren 1849-1857_
(Buda-Pesth and Leipsic, 1859), pp. 273-276.

471 Rev. J. Shooter, _The Kafirs of Natal_ (London, 1857), p. 216.

472 Rev. H. Callaway, _Nursery Tales, Traditions and Histories of the
Zulus_ (Natal and London, 1868), p. 163 note.

473 A. C. Haddon, “The Ethnography of the Western Tribe of Torres
Straits,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xix. (1890) p.
414, compare p. 312; _Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological
Expedition to Torres Straits_, v. (Cambridge, 1904) p. 301.

474 A. C. Haddon, _op. cit._ p. 420; _Reports of the Cambridge
Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, v. (Cambridge, 1904)
pp. 301 _sq._

475 S. J. Hickson, _A Naturalist in North Celebes_ (London, 1889), p.
216.

476 R. Taylor, _Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its Inhabitants_,
Second Edition (London, 1870), p. 352. Compare _ibid._ p. 173; W.
Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, Second Edition (London, 1831-1836),
i. 358; J. Dumont D’Urville, _Voyage autour du Monde et à la
recherche de la Pérouse sur la corvette Astrolabe_ (Paris,
1832-1833), ii. 547; E. Tregear, “The Maoris of New Zealand,”
_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xix. (1890) p. 108.

M120 Moral virtues of the dead acquired through simple contact with their
bones.

477 A. C. Kruyt, “Het koppensnellen der Toradja’s van Midden-Celebes, en
zijne Beteekenis,” _Verslagen en Mededeelingen der koninklijke
Akademie van Wetenschappen_, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Vierde Reeks,
iii. (Amsterdam, 1899) p. 166.

_ 478 The Spectator_, No. 316, March 3, 1712; Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_,
ch. lxvii.

479 Ph. Paulitschke, _Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas: die geistige Cultur
der Danâkil, Galla und Somâl_ (Berlin, 1896), p. 56.

M121 Savages sometimes seek to form a covenant of friendship with their
dead foes by drinking their blood.

480 For examples of the blood-covenant see H. C. Trumbull, _The Blood
Covenant_ (London, 1887). The custom is particularly common in
Africa.

481 Rev. J. H. Bernau, _Missionary Labours in British Guiana_ (London,
1847), pp. 57 _sq._; R Schomburgk, _Reisen in Britisch-Guiana_
(Leipsic, 1847-1848), ii. 497.

482 A. C. Hollis, _The Nandi_ (Oxford, 1909), p. 27.

483 A. G. Leonard, _The Lower Niger and its Tribes_ (London, 1906), pp.
180, 181 _sq._

484 Mrs. Leslie Milne, _Shans at Home_ (London, 1910), p. 192.

M122 Blood-covenant formed by manslayers with the ghosts of their
victims.

485 The Kukis of north-eastern India believe that the ghost of an animal
as well as of a man will haunt its slayer and drive him mad unless
he performs a ceremony called _ai_. For example, a man who has
killed a tiger must dress himself up as a woman, put flints into the
tiger’s mouth, and eat eggs himself, after which he makes a speech
to the tiger and gives it three cuts over the head with a sword.
During this performance the principal performer must keep perfectly
grave. Should he accidentally laugh, he says, “The porcupine
laughed,” referring to a real porcupine which he carries in his arms
for the purpose. See Lieut.-Colonel J. Shakespeare, “The Kuki-Lushai
Clans,” _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute_, xxxix.
(1909) pp. 380 _sq._

486 J. Dumont D’Urville, _Voyage autour du Monde et à la recherche de la
Pérouse_ (Paris, 1832-1833), iii. 305.

487 Vincenzo Dorsa, _La Tradizione greco-latina negli usi e nelle
credenze popolari della Calabria Citeriore_ (Cosenza, 1884), p. 138.

488 F. de Castelnau, _Expédition dans les parties centrales de
l’Amérique du Sud_ (Paris, 1850-1851), iv. 382.

489 Some of the evidence has already been cited by me in _Psyche’s
Task_, pp. 56-58.

M123 Communion with the dead by swallowing their ashes.

490 A. R. Wallace, _Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro_, Second Edition
(London, 1889), ch. xvii. pp. 346 _sq._

491 R. Southey, _History of Brazil_, iii. (London, 1819) p. 722.

492 R. Southey, _op. cit._ iii. 204.

493 A. de Herrera, _The General History of the Vast Continent and
Islands of America_, translated by Capt. John Stevens (London,
1725-1726), iv. 45.

494 A. Reich und F. Stegelmann, “Bei den Indianern des Urubamba und des
Envira,” _Globus_, lxxxiii. (1903) p. 137. On similar custom
practised by the American Indians see further De la Borde, _Relation
de l’Origine, Mœurs, Coustumes, Religion, Guerres et Voyages des
Caraibes Sauvages_, p. 37 (forming part of the _Recueil de divers
Voyages faits en Afrique et en l’Amerique_, Paris, 1684); J. F.
Lafitau, _Mœurs des Sauvages Ameriquains_ (Paris, 1724), ii.
444-446; A. N. Cabeça de Vaca, _Relation et Naufrages_ (Paris,
1837), p. 109 (in Ternaux Compans’ _Voyages, Relations et Mémoires
originaux pour servir à l’Histoire de la Découverte de l’Amérique_);
R. Southey, _History of Brazil_, i. (Second Edition, London, 1822),
Supplemental Notes, p. xxxvi.; F. de Castelnau, _Expédition dans les
parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud_ (Paris, 1850-1851), iv. 380;
J. G. Müller, _Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen_ (Bâle,
1867), pp. 289 _sq._; H. A. Coudreau, _La France Équinoxiale_
(Paris, 1887), ii. 173; Theodor Koch, “Die Anthropophagie der
südamerikanischen Indianer,” _Internationales Archiv für
Ethnographie_, xii. (1899) pp. 78-110; Th. Koch-Grünberg, _Zwei
Jahre unter den Indianern_ (Berlin, 1909-1910), ii. 152. Some
Indians of Guiana rubbed their limbs with water in which the ashes
of their dead were mingled. See A. Biet, _Voyage de la France
Equinoxiale en l’Isle de Cayenne_ (Paris, 1664), p. 392.

495 Aulus Gellius, _Noctes Atticae_, x. 18; Valerius Maximus, iv. 6. 5.

496 C. Gouldsbury and H. Sheane, _The Great Plateau of Northern
Rhodesia_ (London, 1911), p. 55.

497 See above, p. 154 _sqq._

M124 Savages attempt to inoculate themselves with moral and other virtues
by making cuts in their bodies and inserting in the cuts the ashes
of animals and plants which they suppose to be endowed with the
virtues in question.

498 Rev. E. Casalis, _The Basutos_, (London, 1861), pp. 256 _sq._

499 E. Holub, _Sieben Jahre in Süd Afrika_ (Vienna, 1881), ii. 361.

500 See above, p. 148.

501 J. Macdonald, “Manners, Customs, etc., of South African Tribes,”
_Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xx. (1891) p. 133. The
Barolong, a Bechuana tribe, observe a custom of this sort. See W.
Joest, “Bei den Barolong,” _Das Ausland_, 16th June 1884, p. 464.

502 Col. Maclean, _A Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs_ (Cape Town,
1866), p. 82.

503 Father Porte, “Les reminiscences d’un missionnaire du Basutoland,”
_Les Missions Catholiques_, xxviii. (1896) p. 149.

504 Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_ (London, 1906), p. 70, compare p.
43.

505 Lieut. H. Pope-Hennessy, “Notes on the Jukos and other Tribes of the
Middle Benue,” _Anthropological Reviews and Miscellanea_, p. (30);
appended to _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxx. (1900).

M125 The Zulus think they can inoculate themselves with celestial power.
Some Caffres inoculate themselves against lightning.

506 Rev. H. Callaway, _Religious System of the Amazulu_, pp. 380-382.

507 Col. Maclean, _A Compendium of Kafir Laws and Customs_ (Cape Town,
1866), pp. 83 _sq._

508 Du Tertre, _Histoire generale des Isles de S. Christophe, de la
Guadeloupe, de la Martinique et autres dans l’Amerique_ (Paris,
1654), pp. 417 _sq._; _id._, _Histoire generale des Antilles_
(Paris, 1667-1671), ii. 377; Rochefort, _Histoire Naturelle et
Morale des Iles Antilles_2 (Rotterdam, 1665), p. 556.

M126 Some savages attempt to acquire the physical and mental qualities of
the dead by anointing themselves with their remains. The juices of
animals are sometimes similarly applied for the same purpose.

509 R. Brough Smith, _Aborigines of Victoria_ (Melbourne and London,
1878), i. p. xxix., ii. 313; A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of
South-East Australia_ (London, 1904), pp. 367 _sqq._

510 Rev. W. Ridley, _Kamilaroi_ (Sydney, 1875), p. 160.

511 A. W. Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_ (London,
1904), pp. 467, 468.

512 J. Chalmers and W. W. Gill, _Work and Adventure in New Guinea_
(London, 1885), pp. 130, 265, 308; J. G. F. Riedel, _De sluik- en
kroesharige rassen tusschen Selebes en Papua_ (The Hague, 1886), p.
308; Rev. J. Sibree, _The Great African Island_ (London, 1880), p.
241. Other or the same peoples sometimes drink the juices of the
decaying bodies of their kinsfolk, doubtless for a similar reason.
See _Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres
Straits_, vi. (Cambridge, 1906) p. 159; J. Chalmers and W. Gill,
_op. cit._ pp. 27, 265; Ch. Wilkes, _Narrative of the United States
Exploring Expedition_, New Edition (New York, 1851), ii. 139; J. G.
F. Riedel, _op. cit._ p. 267; A. Bastian, _Indonesien_, ii. (Berlin,
1885) p. 95; _id._, _Die Völker des Ostlichen Asien_, v. (Jena,
1869) p. 91; P. J. Veth, _Borneo’s Westerafdeeling_ (Zaltbommel,
1854-1856), ii. 270; J. Jacobs, _Eenigen Tijd onder de Baliers_
(Batavia, 1883), p. 53.

513 Rev. J. L. Wilson, _Western Africa_ (London, 1856), p. 394.

514 Mgr. Le Roy, “Les Pygmées,” _Les Missions Catholiques_, xxix. (1897)
p. 210.

515 “Mourning for the Dead among the Digger Indians,” _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, iii. (1874) p. 530.

516 E. H. Man, _Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands_, p. 66.

517 Jerome Becker, _La Vie en Afrique_ (Paris and Brussels, 1887), ii.
366.

518 Th. Koch-Grünberg, _Zwei Jahre unter den Indianern_ (Berlin,
1909-1910), ii. 153.

519 T. Arbousset et F. Daumas, _Voyage d’Exploration au Nord-est de la
Colonie du Cap de Bonne-Espérance_ (Paris, 1842), pp. 349 _sq._

520 Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_ (London,
1899), pp. 204 _sq._ Men of other totem clans also partake of their
totems sacramentally at these _Intichiuma_ ceremonies (Spencer and
Gillen, _op. cit._ pp. 202-206). As to the _Intichiuma_ ceremonies,
see _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, i. 85 _sqq._ Another
Central Australian mode of communicating qualities by external
application is seen in the custom of beating boys on the calves of
their legs with the leg-bone of an eagle-hawk; strength is supposed
to pass thereby from the bone into the boy’s leg. See Spencer and
Gillen, _op. cit._ p. 472; _Report on the Work of the Horn
Scientific Expedition to Central Australia_, Part iv. (London and
Melbourne, 1896), p. 180.

M127 Magical ointment used by Mexican priests.

_ 521 Manuscrit Ramirez, Histoire de l’Origine des Indiens qui habitent
la Nouvelle Espagne selon leurs traditions_, publié par D. Charnay
(Paris, 1903), pp. 171-173; J. de Acosta, _Natural and Moral History
of the Indies_ (Hakluyt Society, London, 1880), ii. 364-367; E.
Seler, _Altmexikanische Studien_, ii. (Berlin, 1899), pp. 43 _sq._
(_Veröffentlichungen aus dem königlichen Museum für Völkerkunde_).

M128 Qualities of a person, animal, or thing imparted by fumigation.

522 Dudley Kidd, _Savage Childhood_ (London, 1906), pp. 12 _sq._

523 Dudley Kidd, _op. cit._ pp. 20 _sq._

M129 The savage custom of eating a god. Cicero on transubstantiation.

524 On the custom of eating a god, see also a paper by Felix Liebrecht,
“Der aufgegessene Gott,” _Zur Volkskunde_ (Heilbronn, 1879), pp.
436-439; and especially W. R. Smith, article “Sacrifice,”
_Encyclopaedia Britannica_, Ninth Edition, vol. xxi. pp. 137 _sq._
On wine as the blood of a god, see _Taboo and the Perils of the
Soul_, pp. 248 _sqq._

525 Cicero, _De natura deorum_, iii. 16. 41.

M130 Hunting and pastoral tribes, as well as agricultural peoples, have
been in the habit of killing and eating the beings whom they
worship. The Californian Indians used solemnly to kill the great
buzzard which they adored; but they believed that though they slew
it annually, it always came to life again.

526 This does not refer to the Californian peninsula, which is an arid
and treeless wilderness of rock and sand.

527 Father Geronimo Boscana, “Chinigchinich; a historical account of the
origin, customs, and traditions of the Indians at the missionary
establishment of St. Juan Capistrano, Alta California,” appended to
Alfred Robinson’s _Life in California_ (New York, 1846), pp. 291
_sq._; H. H. Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, iii.
168. The mission station of San Juan Capistrano is described by R.
H. Dana (_Two Years before the Mast_, chaps. xviii. and xxiv.). A
favourable picture of the missions is drawn by H. von Langsdorf
(_Reise um die Welt_, Frankfort, 1812, ii. pp. 134 _sqq._), by
Duflos de Mofras (“Fragment d’un Voyage en Californie,” _Bulletin de
la Société de Géographie_ (Paris), ii. Série, xix. (1843) pp. 9-13),
and by a writer (H. H.) in _The Century Magazine_, May, 1883, pp.
2-18. But the severe discipline of the Spanish monks is noticed by
other travellers. We are told that the Indians laboured during the
day in the fields to support their Spanish masters, were driven to
church twice or thrice a day to hear service in a language which
they did not understand, and at night were shut up in crowded and
comfortless barracks, without windows and without beds. When the
monks desired to make new proselytes, or rather to capture new
slaves, they called in the aid of the soldiery, who attacked the
Indian villages by night, lassoed the fugitives, and dragged them
back at their horses’ tails to slavery in the missions. See O. von
Kotzebue, _Reise um die Welt_ (Weimar, 1830), ii. 42 _sqq._; F. W.
Beechey, _Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific and Beering’s Strait_
(London, 1831), ii. chap. i.; A. Schabelski, “Voyage aux colonies
russes de l’Amérique,” _Bulletin de la Société de Géographie_
(Paris), ii. Série, iv. (1835) pp. 216-218. A poet has described
with prosaic accuracy the pastoral crook by which these good
shepherds brought back their strayed lambs to the spiritual fold:—

“_Six horses sprang across the level ground_
_ As six dragoons in open order dashed;_
_ Above their heads the lassos circled round,_
_ In every eye a pious fervour flashed;_
_ They charged the camp, and in one moment more_
_ They lassoed six and reconverted four._”

(Bret Harte, _Friar Pedro’s Ride_.)

In the verses inscribed _The Angelus, heard at the Mission Dolores_,
1868, and beginning

“_Bells of the Past, whose long-forgotten music_
_ Still fills the wide expanse_,”

the same poet shews that he is not insensible to the poetical side
of those old Spanish missions, which have long passed away.

M131 Perhaps they hoped by the sacrifice of the individual bird to
preserve the species.

528 G. Turner, _Samoa_ (London, 1884), p. 21. Compare _id._, pp. 26, 61.

M132 Ancient Egyptian sacrifice of a ram at the festival of Ammon.

529 Herodotus, ii. 42. The custom has been already referred to above, p.
41.

530 Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Alterthums_,2 i. 2 (Stuttgart and Berlin,
1909), p. 73 § 180. Compare Sir J. G. Wilkinson, _Manners and
Customs of the Ancient Egyptians_ (London, 1878), iii. 1 _sqq._

531 Above, p. 36.

M133 Use of the skin of the sacrificed animal.

532 Above, p. 170; vol. i. p. 285.

533 The Italmens of Kamtchatka, at the close of the fishing season, used
to make the figure of a wolf out of grass. This figure they
carefully kept the whole year, believing that it wedded with their
maidens and prevented them from giving birth to twins; for twins
were esteemed a great misfortune. See G. W. Steller, _Beschreibung
von dem Lande Kamtschatka_ (Frankfort and Leipsic, 1774), pp. 327
_sq._ According to Chr. Hartknoch (_Dissertat. histor. de variis
rebus Prussicis_, p. 163; _Alt- und neues Preussen_, Frankfort and
Leipsic, 1684, p. 161) the image of the old Prussian god Curcho was
annually renewed. But see W. Mannhardt, _Die Korndämonen_ (Berlin,
1868), p. 27.

534 See _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, vol. ii. pp. 70
_sq._

M134 The sacred serpent of Issapoo in Fernando Po.

535 T. J. Hutchinson, _Impressions of Western Africa_ (London, 1858),
pp. 196 _sq._ The writer does not expressly state that a serpent is
killed annually, but his statement implies it.

536 Dr. Tautain, “Notes sur les croyances et pratiques religieuses des
Banmanas,” _Revue d’Ethnographie_, iii. (1885) p. 397. Compare
_Totemism and Exogamy_, ii. 543 _sq._

537 Varro in Priscian, x. 32, vol. i. p. 524, ed. Keil; Pliny, _Nat.
Hist._ vii. 14. Pliny’s statement is to be corrected by Varro’s.

M135 The killing of sacred turtles by the Zuni Indians.

538 When I wrote _The Golden Bough_ originally I said that in these
three cases “the animal slain probably is, or once was, a totem.”
But this seems to me less probable now than it did then. In regard
to the Californian custom in particular, there appears to be no good
evidence that within the area now occupied by the United States
totemism was practised by any tribes to the west of the Rocky
Mountains. See H. Hale, _United States Exploring Expedition,
Ethnography and Philology_ (Philadelphia, 1846), p. 199; George
Gibbs, in _Contributions to North American Ethnology_ (Washington,
1877), i. 184; S. Powers, _Tribes of California_ (Washington, 1877),
p. 5; A. S. Gatschet, _The Klamath Indians of South-western Oregon_
(Washington, 1890), vol. i. p. cvi. “California and Oregon seem
never to have had any gentes or phratries” (A. S. Gatschet in a
letter to me, dated November 5th, 1888). Beyond the very doubtful
case cited in the text, I know of no evidence that totemism exists
in Fernando Po.

M136 The return of the procession with the turtles. M137 The turtle addressed as a dead relative. The turtle killed.

539 Frank H. Cushing, “My Adventures in Zuñi,” _The Century Illustrated
Monthly Magazine_, May 1883, pp. 45 _sq._

M138 In this custom is expressed a belief in the transmigration of human
souls into turtles. From a later account it appears that the custom
is a mode of interceding with the ancestral spirits for rain.

540 Mr. Cushing, indeed, while he admits that the ancestors of the Zuni
may have believed in transmigration, says, “Their belief, to-day,
however, relative to the future life is spiritualistic.” But the
expressions in the text seem to leave no room for doubting that the
transmigration into turtles is a living article of Zuni faith.

541 H. R. Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes of the United States_
(Philadelphia, 1853-1856), iv. 86. On the totem clans of the Moquis,
see J. G. Bourke, _Snake-Dance of the Moquis of Arizona_ (London,
1884), pp. 116 _sq._, 334 _sqq._

542 For this information I am indebted to the kindness of the late
Captain J. G. Bourke, 3rd Cavalry, U.S. Army, author of the work
mentioned in the preceding note. In his letter Captain Bourke gave a
list of fourteen totem clans of Zuni, which he received on the 20th
of May 1881 from Pedro Dino (?), Governor of Zuni.

543 It should be observed, however, that Mr. Cushing omits to say
whether or not the persons who performed the ceremony described by
him had the turtle for their totem. If they had not, the ceremony
need not have had anything to do with totemism.

544 See _Adonis, Attis, Osiris_, Second Edition, pp. 301-318.

545 Mrs. Matilda Coxe Stevenson, “The Zuñi Indians,” _Twenty-Third
Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_ (Washington,
1904), pp. 148-162.

M139 Ambiguous attitude of the Aino towards the bear.

546 B. Scheube, “Der Baerencultus und die Baerenfeste der Ainos,”
_Mittheilungen der deutschen Gesellschaft b. S. und S. Ostasiens_
(Yokohama), Heft xxii. p. 45.

547 We are told that the Aino have gods for almost every conceivable
object, and that the word _kamui_ “has various shades of meaning,
which vary if used before or after another word, and according to
the object to which it is applied.” “When the term _kamui_ is
applied to good objects, it expresses the quality of usefulness,
beneficence, or of being exalted or divine. When applied to supposed
evil gods, it indicates that which is most to be feared and dreaded.
When applied to devils, reptiles, and evil diseases, it signifies
what is most hateful, abominable, and repulsive. When applied as a
prefix to animals, fish or fowl, it represents the greatest or
fiercest, or the most useful for food or clothing. When applied to
persons, it is sometimes expressive of goodness, but more often is a
mere title of respect and reverence.” See the Rev. J. Batchelor,
_The Ainu of Japan_ (London, 1892), pp. 245-251; _id._, _The Ainu
and their Folk-lore_ (London, 1901), pp. 581 _sq._ Thus the Aino
_kamui_ appears to mean nearly the same as the Dacotan _wakan_, as
to which see _Taboo and the Perils of the Soul_, p. 225, note.

548 W. Martin Wood, “The Hairy Men of Yesso,” _Transactions of the
Ethnological Society of London_, N.S., iv. (1866) p. 36.

549 J. J. Rein, _Japan_ (Leipsic, 1881-1886), i. 446.

550 H. von Siebold, _Ethnologische Studien über die Aino auf der Insel
Yesso_ (Berlin, 1881), p. 26.

551 Miss Isabella L. Bird, _Unbeaten Tracks in Japan_ (new edition,
1885), p. 275.

552 W. Martin Wood, _l.c._

553 Rev. J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_, p. 471.

554 Miss I. L. Bird, _op. cit._ p. 269.

555 B. Scheube, _Die Ainos_, p. 4 (reprinted from _Mittheilungen d.
deutsch. Gesell. b. S. und S. Ostasiens_, Yokohama).

556 B. Scheube, “Baerencultus,” etc., p. 45; W. Joest, in _Verhandlungen
der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und
Urgeschichte_, 1882, p. 188.

557 W. Martin Wood, _l.c._

558 Rev. J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_ (London, 1901),
pp. 476 _sq._ As to the _inao_ see below, p. 186, note.

559 Miss I. L. Bird, _op. cit._ p. 277.

560 B. Scheube, _Die Ainos_, p. 15; H. von Siebold, _op. cit._ p. 26; W.
Martin Wood, _l.c._; J. J. Rein, _Japan_, i. 447; Von Brandt, “The
Ainos and Japanese,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
iii. (1874) p. 134; Miss Bird, _op. cit._ pp. 275, 276; Rev. J.
Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_, pp. 495 _sq._

561 B. Scheube, _Die Ainos_, pp. 15, 16; Von Brandt, _l.c._; Rev. J.
Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_, pp. 352-354, 504 _sq._

562 B. Scheube, _Die Ainos_, p. 16.

563 Rev. J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_, pp. 8-10. E.
Reclus (_Nouvelle Géographie Universelle_, vii. 755) mentions a
(Japanese?) legend which attributes the hairiness of the Ainos to
the suckling of their first ancestor by a bear. But in the absence
of other evidence this is no proof of totemism.

M140 Aino custom of catching a bear cub, rearing it for several years,
and killing it at a solemn festival.

564 B. Scheube, “Der Baerencultus und die Baerenfeste der Ainos,” p. 45;
Rev. J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_, pp. 483-485. Mr.
Batchelor formerly doubted or denied that the Aino women suckle the
bear cubs (_The Ainu of Japan_, p. 173); but since then he has
repeatedly seen them do it. Once, while he was preaching, a cub was
being passed round among all the young women present and suckled by
each in turn.

565 J. J. Rein, _Japan_ (Leipsic, 1881-1886), i. 447.

566 B. Scheube, “Der Baerencultus und die Baerenfeste der Ainos,” p. 45;
Rev. J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_, pp. 485 _sq._

567 Rev. J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_, pp. 486-496. The
killing of the bear is described somewhat differently by Miss I. L.
Bird (_Unbeaten Tracks in Japan_, New Edition, 1885, pp. 276 _sq._),
but she did not witness the ceremony. She tells us that at Usu, on
Volcano Bay, when the bear is being killed, the Aino shout, “We kill
you, O bear! Come back soon into an Aino.” According to Dr. Siebold,
a very respectable authority, the bear’s own heart is frequently
offered to the dead beast to assure him that he is still in life
(_Ethnologische Studien über die Aino auf der Insel Yesso_, p. 26).
This, however, is denied by Dr. Scheube, who says that the heart is
eaten (“Baerencultus,” p. 50 note). The custom may vary in different
places.

M141 Dr. Scheube’s description of the Aino custom of killing of a bear
ceremonially.

568 B. Scheube, “Der Baerencultus und die Baerenfeste der Ainos,”
_Mittheilungen der deutschen Gesellschaft b. S. und S. Ostasiens_
(Yokohama), Heft xxii. pp. 46 _sqq._

569 B. Scheube, “Baerencultus,” etc., p. 46; _id._, _Die Ainos_, p. 15;
Miss I. L. Bird, _op. cit._ pp. 273 _sq._ As to these whittled wands
(_inao_), which are so conspicuous about the Aino huts, see the Rev.
J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_, pp. 89-95. He remarks
(p. 92): “I have often insisted both in my lectures and also in my
writings that the Ainu do not worship their _inao_, but that they
make them as offerings to the deities, and set them up as signs
showing reverence towards them. This, I must now remark, is true but
in part, for while some of the ordinary or less important kinds are
not worshipped, there are several others which are. Those _not_
worshipped may almost always be regarded as offerings and charms
pure and simple, while those which _are_ worshipped must generally
be regarded as messengers sent to the higher deities.” On the whole
Mr. Batchelor would describe the _inao_ as fetishes of various
degrees of power. See further P. Labbé, _Un bagne Russe, l’Isle de
Sakhaline_ (Paris, 1903), pp. 194 _sq._, who compares the use of
these whittled sticks to the use of holy candles among Roman
Catholics. In Borneo the search for camphor is attended by many
superstitions; among other things, when the searchers have found a
tree which promises to yield much camphor “they plant near their hut
a stake, whereof the outer surface has been cut into curled shavings
and tufts down the sides and at the top” (W. H. Furness, _Home-life
of Borneo Head-hunters_, Philadelphia, 1902, p. 168). According to
some ancient authorities, the old Italians worshipped peeled sticks
as gods or as the images of gods; however, the statement seems no
better than an etymological guess to explain the word _delubrum_.
See Festus, _s.v._ “Delubrum,” p. 73, ed. C. O. Müller; Servius on
Virgil, _Aen._ ii. 225.

M142 Early Japanese account of the Aino festival of the bear.

570 “Ieso-Ki, ou description de l’île d’Iesso, avec une notice sur la
révolte de Samsay-in, composée par l’interprète Kannemon,” printed
in Malte-Brun’s _Annales des Voyages_, xxiv. (Paris, 1814) p. 154.

M143 The custom of rearing and killing bears among the Aino of Saghalien.

571 P. Labbé, _Un Bagne Russe, l’Isle de Sakhaline_ (Paris, 1903), pp.
227, 232-258. The Gilyaks of Saghalien similarly keep and sacrifice
bears; but the ceremonies are simpler, and they treat the animals
with less respect than the Aino. See P. Labbé, _op. cit._ pp.
261-267.

M144 Bear-festivals of the Gilyaks.

572 They inhabit the banks of the lower Amoor and the north of
Saghalien. See E. G. Ravenstein, _The Russians on the Amur_ (London,
1861), p. 389.

573 “Notes on the River Amur and the Adjacent Districts,” translated
from the Russian, _Journal of the Royal Geographical Society_,
xxviii. (1858) p. 396.

574 Compare the custom of pinching a frog before cutting off his head;
see _The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, ii. 86. In Japan
sorceresses bury a dog in the earth, tease him, then cut off his
head and put it in a box to be used in magic. See A. Bastian, _Die
Culturländer des alten Amerika_ (Berlin, 1878), i. 475 note, who
adds “_wie im ostindischen Archipelago die Schutzseele gereizt
wird_.” He probably refers to the Batta _Pang-hulu-balang_. See H.
von Rosenberg, _Der Malayische Archipel_ (Leipsic, 1878), pp. 59
_sq._; W. Ködding, “Die Batakschen Götter,” _Allgemeine
Missions-Zeitschrift_, xii. (1885) pp. 478 sq.; J. B. Neumann, “Het
Pane-en Bila-stroomgebied op het eiland Sumatra,” in _Tijdschrift
van het Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_, Tweede Serie, dl.
iii. (1886) Afdeeling, meer uitgebreide artikelen, No. 2, p. 306;
Van Dijk, in _Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde_,
xxxviii. (1895) pp. 307 _sq._

575 W. Joest, in B. Scheube, _Die Ainos_, p. 17; J. Deniker, “Les
Ghiliaks d’après les derniers renseignements,” _Revue
d’Ethnographie_, ii. (1883) pp. 307 _sq._ (on the authority of Mr.
Seeland); _Internationales Archiv für Ethnologie_, i. (1888) p. 102
(on the authority of Captain Jacobsen); _Archiv für Anthropologie_,
xxvi. (1900) p. 796 (abstract of a Russian work on the Gilyaks by
Dr. Seland or Seeland). What exactly is meant by “dancing as bears”
(“_tanzen beide Geschlechter Reigentänze, wie Bären_,” Joest,
_l.c._) does not appear.

M145 L. von Schrenck’s description of a bear-festival among the Gilyaks of the Amoor. Bears led in procession about the village. Slaughter of the bears. M146 Treatment of the bears’ skins. M147 Treatment of the bears’ flesh. M148 Banquet on the bears’ flesh. Dance of the women. Disposal of the skull and bones of the bear.

576 L. von Schrenck, _Reisen und Forschungen im Amur-lande_ (St.
Petersburg, 1891), iii. 696-731.

M149 Mr. L. Sternberg’s description of the bear-festivals of the Gilyaks.

577 L. Sternberg, “Die Religion der Giljaken,” _Archiv für
Religionswissenschaft_, viii. (1905) pp. 260-274.

M150 Bear-festivals of the Goldi.

578 E. G. Ravenstein, _The Russians on the Amur_ (London, 1861), pp. 379
_sq._; T. W. Atkinson, _Travels in the Regions of the Upper and
Lower Amoor_ (London, 1860), pp. 482 _sq._

M151 Bear-festivals of the Orotchis.

579 E. H. Fraser, “The Fish-skin Tartars,” _Journal of the China Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year 1891-1892_, New Series,
xxvi. 36-39. L. von Schrenck describes a bear-feast which he
witnessed in 1855 among the Oltscha (_Reisen und Forschungen im
Amur-lande_, iii. 723-728). The Oltscha are probably the same as the
Orotchis.

M152 Respect shewn by all these tribes for the bears which they kill and
eat.

_ 580 The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings_, ii. 59 _sqq._

581 Rev. J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_, pp. 492, 493,
495, 496.

_ 582 Op. cit._ p. 482. Mr. Batchelor says “totem gods.”

_ 583 Op. cit._ pp. 580 _sqq._

584 See above, pp. 188 _sq._

585 This account of the attitude of the Gilyaks to the bear, and of
their reasons for holding the festival, is the one given by Mr. Leo
Sternberg. See his articles, “Die Religion der Giljaken,” _Archiv
für Religionswissenschaft_, viii. (1905) pp. 273 _sq._, 456-458. He
speaks of the bear as a minor deity (“_Er selbst ist ja eine
Gottheit, wenn auch eine kleine_”). Mr. Sternberg and Mr. Batchelor,
two of the best-informed writers on the subject, agree in denying
that the slaughter of the bear at the festival is a sacrifice to the
gods. See L. Sternberg, _op. cit._ p. 457; Rev. J. Batchelor, _The
Ainu and their Folk-lore_, p. 482. As to the belief of the Gilyaks
in evil spirits, which menace and destroy the life of man, see L.
Sternberg, _op. cit._ pp. 460 _sqq._

M153 Similar respect shewn by the Aino for the eagle-owls which they keep
in cages and kill.

586 Rev. J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_, pp. 410-415.

M154 Similar respect shewn by the Aino for the eagles and hawks which
they keep in cages and kill.

587 Rev. J. Batchelor, _op. cit._ pp. 432 _sq._

588 Rev. J. Batchelor, _op. cit._ p. 438.

M155 Advantages which the Aino hopes to reap from slaughtering the
worshipful animals.

589 See above, pp. 183, 184, 196.

590 Rev. J. Batchelor, _The Ainu and their Folk-lore_, p. 479.

591 Rev. J. Batchelor, _op. cit._ pp. 481, 482.

M156 The bear-festivals of these tribes are probably nothing but an
extension of the similar rites which the hunter performs over any
wild bear which he kills in the forest.

592 L. Sternberg, “Die Religion der Giljaken,” _Archiv für
Religionswissenschaft_, viii. (1905) p. 272.

M157 The apparent contradiction in the behaviour of these tribes to bears
is not so great as it seems to us at first sight. Savage logic.
M158 The savage believes that animals, like men, are endowed with souls
which survive the death of their bodies. The American Indians draw
no sharp distinction between animals and men.

593 E. F. im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_ (London, 1883), p.
350.

594 J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” _Nineteenth Annual Report of the
Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington, 1900) p. 261.

595 Rev. John Heckewelder, “An Account of the History, Manners, and
Customs of the Indian Nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania and
the neighbouring States,” _Transactions of the Historical and
Literary Committee of the American Philosophical Society_, vol. i.
(Philadelphia, 1819) pp. 247 _sq._

596 J. J. M. de Groot, _The Religious System of China_, iv. (Leyden,
1901) pp. 157 _sq._

M159 Some savages apparently fail to distinguish clearly even the bodies
of animals from the bodies of men.

597 John Campbell, _Travels in South Africa, being a Narrative of a
Second Journey in the Interior of that Country_ (London, 1822), ii.
34.

598 L. Sternberg, “Die Religion der Giljaken,” _Archiv für
Religionswissenschaft_, viii. (1905) p. 248.

599 I. Petroff, _Report on the Population, Industries, and Resources of
Alaska_, p. 145.

600 Above, p. 141.

601 A. C. Haddon, “The Ethnography of the Western Tribe of Torres
Straits,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xix. (1890) p.
393; _id._, _Head-hunters_ (London, 1901), p. 133; _Reports of the
Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, v.
(Cambridge, 1904) p. 166.

602 Miss Alice C. Fletcher, _The Import of the Totem, a Study from the
Omaha Tribe_, p. 6 (paper read before the American Association for
the Advancement of Science, August 1897).

603 James Teit, “The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,” p. 356 (_The
Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Memoir of the American Museum of
Natural History_, April 1900).

604 K. von den Steinen, _Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens_
(Berlin, 1894), pp. 352 _sq._, 512. The Chambioa Indians of Central
Brazil kept birds of the same species in captivity and used their
brilliant feathers to cover enormous head-dresses or masks, some six
feet high, which were worn by dancers in certain mystic dances. The
masks were guarded in a special hut of each village, and no woman
might see them under pain of death. See F. de Castelnau, _Expédition
dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud_ (Paris, 1850-1851),
i. 436 _sq._, 440, 449-451.

M160 Hence the savage attempts to propitiate the animals which he kills
and the other members of the species. Scruples entertained by the
Dyaks as to the killing of crocodiles.

605 However, many savages hunt the crocodile for the sake of its flesh,
which some of them even regard as a delicacy. See H. von Wissmann,
_My Second Journey through Equatorial Africa, from the Congo to the
Zambesi_ (London, 1891), p. 298; Ch. Partridge, _Cross River
Natives_ (London, 1905), p. 149; A. F. Mocler-Ferryman, _Up the
Niger_ (London, 1892), p. 222; Captain G. Burrows, _The Land of the
Pigmies_ (London, 1898), p. 247; R. E. Dennett, "Bavili Notes,"
_Folk-lore_, xvi. (1905) p. 399; J. Halkin, _Quelques Peuplades du
district de l’Uelé_, I. _Les Ababua_ (Liége, 1907), p. 33; H.
Reynolds, “Notes on the Azandé Tribe of the Congo,” _Journal of the
African Society_, No. xi. (April, 1904) p. 242; Brard, “Der
Victoria-Nyansa,” _Petermann’s Mittheilungen_, xliii. (1897) p. 78;
A. van Gennep, _Tabou et Totémisme à Madagascar_ (Paris, 1904), p.
209; G. Kurze, “Sitten und Gebräuche der Lengua-Indianer,”
_Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, xxiii.
(1905) p. 30; W. Barbrooke Grubb, _An unknown People in an unknown
Land_ (London, 1911), pp. 82 _sq._; _Census of India, 1901_, vol.
xxvi., _Travancore_ (Trivandrum, 1903), p. 353; Max Krieger,
_Neu-Guinea_ (Berlin, N.D.), p. 163; Spencer and Gillen, _Northern
Tribes of Central Australia_ (London, 1904), p. 770; W. E. Roth,
_Ethnological Studies among the North-West-Central Queensland
Aborigines_ (Brisbane and London, 1897), p. 94; N. W. Thomas,
_Natives of Australia_ (London, 1906), p. 106. In antiquity some of
the Egyptians worshipped crocodiles, but others killed and ate them.
See Herodotus, ii. 69; Plutarch, _Isis et Osiris_, 50; Aelian, _De
natura animalium_, x. 21.

606 Rev. J. Perham, “Sea Dyak Religion,” _Journal of the Straits Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society_, No. 10 (Singapore, 1883), p. 221.
Compare C. Hupe, “Korte verhandeling over de godsdienst zeden, enz.
der Dajakkers,” _Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands Indië_, 1846, dl. iii.
160; S. Müller, _Reizen en onderzoekingen in den Indischen Archipel_
(Amsterdam, 1857), i. 238; M. T. H. Perelaer, _Ethnographische
Beschrijving der Dajaks_ (Zalt-Bommel, 1870), p. 7.

M161 Ceremonies observed by the Dyaks at killing a crocodile.

607 F. Grabowsky, “Die Theogonie der Dajaken auf Borneo,”
_Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, ii. (1892) pp. 119 _sq._

608 H. Ling Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_
(London, 1896), i. 447 _sq._ Compare E. H. Gomes, _Seventeen years
among the Sea Dyaks of Borneo_ (London, 1911), pp. 56-60. Similarly
the Kenyahs, Kayans, and Ibans, three tribes of Sarawak, will not
kill crocodiles except in revenge for the death of one of their
people. See C. Hose and W. MacDougall, “The Relations between Men
and Animals in Sarawak,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_,
xxxi. (1901) pp. 186, 190, 199, compare _ib._ pp. 193 _sq._

M162 Ceremonies observed by the Minangkabauers of Sumatra at killing a
crocodile.

609 J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der
Padangsche Bovenlanden,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en
Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië_, xxxix. (1890) pp. 75 _sq._

M163 Belief in the kinship of men with crocodiles among the Malays.

610 Nelson Annandale, “Primitive Beliefs and Customs of the Patani
Fishermen,” _Fasciculi Malayenses, Anthropology_, i. (April, 1903)
pp. 76-78.

_ 611 Voyages of Captain James Cook round the World_ (London, 1809), ii.
316-319.

M164 Crocodiles respected in Africa.

612 Rev. J. Roscoe, _The Baganda_ (London, 1911), p. 336.

613 Rev. J. Roscoe, _op. cit._ pp. 318, 322, 335.

614 Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_ (Berlin, 1894),
pp. 510 _sq._

615 A. Raffenel, _Voyage dans l’Afrique occidentale_ (Paris, 1846), pp.
84 _sq._

M165 Crocodiles respected in Madagascar.

616 J. Sibree, _The Great African Island_ (London, 1880), p. 269.

617 Father Abinal, “Croyances fabuleuses des Malgaches,” _Les Missions
Catholiques_, xii. (1880) p. 527; A. van Gennep, _Tabou et Totémisme
à Madagascar_ (Paris, 1904), pp. 283 _sq._

618 W. Ellis, _History of Madagascar_ (London, N.D.), i. 57 _sq._

M166 Tigers respected in Sumatra. Ceremonies at killing tigers in Sumatra
and Bengal.

619 W. Marsden, _History of Sumatra_ (London, 1811), p. 292.

620 J. L. van der Toorn, “Het animisme bij den Minangkabauer der
Padangsche Bovenlanden,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en
Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië_, xxxix. (1890) pp. 74, 75 _sq._

621 H. Ris, “De onderafdeeling Mandailing Oeloe en Pahantan en hare
Bevolking,” _Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van
Nederlandsch Indië_, xlvi. (1896) pp. 472 _sq._

622 G. G. Batten, _Glimpses of the Eastern Archipelago_ (Singapore,
1894), p. 86.

623 Th. Shaw, “On the Inhabitants of the Hills near Rajamahall,”
_Asiatic Researches_, Fourth Edition, iv. (London, 1807) p. 37.

_ 624 Annales de l’Association de la Propagation de la Foi_, v. (1831)
pp. 363 _sq._

M167 Snakes, especially rattlesnakes, respected by the North American
Indians.

625 J. Bricknell, _The Natural History of North Carolina_ (Dublin,
1737), p. 368.

626 W. Bartram, _Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East
and West Florida_, etc. (London, 1792) pp. 258-261.

627 H. R. Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes of the United States_
(Philadelphia, 1853-1856), iii. 273.

628 Rev. John Heckewelder, “An Account of the History, Manners, and
Customs of the Indian Nations who once inhabited Pennsylvania and
the neighbouring States,” _Transactions of the Historical and
Literary Committee of the American Philosophical Society_, i.
(Philadelphia, 1819) p. 245.

629 W. Keating, _Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter’s
River_ (London, 1825), i. 127.

630 J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” _Nineteenth Annual Report of the
Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington, 1900) pp.
294-296. Compare _id._, pp. 456-458; J. Adair, _History of the
American Indians_ (London, 1775), pp. 237 _sq._

631 Henry, _Travels_, pp. 176-179, quoted by J. Mooney, _op. cit._ pp.
457 _sq._

632 C. Sapper, “Die Gebräuche und religiösen Anschauungen der
Kekchí-Indianer,” _Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie_, viii.
(1895) p. 204.

M168 Ceremonies observed in Kiziba at the killing of a snake.

633 H. Rehse, _Kiziba, Land und Leute_ (Stuttgart, 1910), pp. 130 _sq._

M169 Ceremonies observed by the North American Indians and others at the
killing of a wolf.

634 Fr. Boas, in _Eleventh Report on the North-Western Tribes of
Canada_, pp. 9 _sq._ (separate reprint from the _Report of the
British Association for 1896_).

635 Rev. J. Jetté, “On the Medicine-men of the Ten’a,” _Journal of the
Royal Anthropological Institute_, xxxvii. (1907) p. 158.

636 J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” _Nineteenth Annual Report of the
Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington, 1900) p. 265.

637 T. de Pauly, _Description Ethnographique des Peuples de la Russie_
(St. Petersburg, 1862), _Peuples de la Sibérie Orientale_, p. 7.

638 Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius, _Argonaut._ ii. 124.

M170 Certain birds respected.

639 “Coutumes étranges des indigènes du Djebel-Nouba,” _Les Missions
Catholiques_, xiv. (1882) p. 458.

640 C. B. Klunzinger, _Upper Egypt_ (London, 1878), pp. 402 _sq._

641 Caulin, _Historia Coro-graphica natural y evangelica dela Nueva
Andalucia_, p. 96: “_Reusan mucho matar qualquier animal no
comestibile que no sea nocibo_,” etc. Here _reusan_ appears to be a
misprint for _recusan_.

M171 Apologies offered by savages to the animals which they are obliged
to kill. Propitiation of slain bears by Kamtchatkans, Ostiaks,
Koryak, Finns, and Lapps.

642 G. W. Steller, _Beschreibung von dem Lande Kamtschatka_ (Frankfort
and Leipsic, 1774), pp. 85, 280, 331.

_ 643 Voyages au Nord_ (Amsterdam, 1727), viii. 41, 416; P. S. Pallas,
_Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs_ (St.
Petersburg, 1771-1776), iii. 64; J. G. Georgi, _Beschreibung aller
Nationen des russischen Reichs_ (St. Petersburg, 1776), p. 83.

644 A. Erman, _Travels in Siberia_ (London, 1848), ii. 43. For the
veneration of the polar bear by the Samoyedes, who nevertheless kill
and eat it, see ib_id._ pp. 54 _sq._

645 A. Bastian, _Der Mensch in der Geschichte_ (Leipsic, 1860), iii. 26.

646 W. Jochelson, _The Koryak_ (Leyden and New York, 1908), pp. 88 _sq._
(_The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. vi., _Memoir of the
American Museum of Natural History_).

647 Max Buch, _Die Wotjäken_ (Stuttgart, 1882), p. 139.

648 A. Featherman, _Social History of the Races of Mankind, Fourth
Division, Dravido-Turanians_, etc. (London, 1891) p. 422.

649 J. Scheffer, _Lapponia_ (Frankfort, 1673), pp. 233 _sq._ The Lapps
“have still an elaborate ceremony in hunting the bear. They pray and
chant to his carcase, and for several days worship before eating it”
(E. Rae, _The White Sea Peninsula_ (London, 1881), p. 276).

M172 Propitiation of slain bears by the North American Indians.

650 Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_ (Paris, 1744), v. 173
_sq._; Chateaubriand, _Voyage en Amérique_, pp. 172-181 (Paris,
Michel Lévy, 1870).

_ 651 Lettres édifiantes et curieuses_, Nouvelle Édition, vi. (Paris,
1781) p. 171. L. H. Morgan states that the names of the Otawa totem
clans had not been obtained (_Ancient Society_, London, 1877, p.
167). From the _Lettres édifiantes_, vi. 168-171, he might have
learned the names of the Hare, Carp, and Bear clans, to which may be
added the Gull clan, as I learn from an extract from _The Canadian
Journal_ (Toronto) for March 1858, quoted in _The Academy_, 27th
September 1884, p. 203.

_ 652 A Narrative of the Adventures and Sufferings of John R. Jewitt_, p.
117 (Middletown, 1820), p. 133 (Edinburgh, 1824).

653 De Smet, _Western Missions and Missionaries_ (New York, 1863), p.
139.

654 A. P. Reid, “Religious Belief of the Ojibois Indians,” _Journal of
the Anthropological Institute_, iii. (1874) p. 111.

655 Henry’s _Travels_, pp. 143-145, quoted by J. Mooney, “Myths of the
Cherokee,” _Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American
Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington, 1900), pp. 446 _sq._

656 A. Mackenzie, “Descriptive notes on certain implements, weapons,
etc., from Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C.,”
_Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada_, ix. (1891) section
ii. p. 58.

657 James Teit, _The Thompson Indians of British Columbia_, p. 347 (_The
Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of
Natural History_, April 1900). The Thompson Indians used to be known
as the Couteau or Knife Indians.

658 J. Teit, _The Lillooet Indians_ (Leyden and New York, 1906), p. 279
(_The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum
of Natural History_); _id._, _The Shuswap_ (Leyden and New York,
1909), pp. 602 _sq._ (_The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_).

M173 Propitiation of slain elephants in Africa.

659 Stephen Kay, _Travels and Researches in Caffraria_ (London, 1833),
p. 138.

660 L. Alberti, _De Kaffers aan de Zuidkust van Afrika_ (Amsterdam,
1810), p. 95. Alberti’s information is repeated by H. Lichtenstein
(_Reisen im südlichen Afrika_, Berlin, 1811-1812, i. 412) and by
Cowper Rose (_Four Years in Southern Africa_, London, 1829, p. 155).
The burial of the trunk is also mentioned by Kay, _l.c._

661 J. Shooter, _The Kafirs of Natal_ (London, 1857), p. 215.

662 Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_ (Berlin, 1894),
p. 87.

663 Rev. J. Roscoe, _The Baganda_ (London, 1911), p. 447.

M174 Propitiation of lions in Africa.

664 Fr. Stuhlmann, _Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika_ (Berlin, 1894),
p. 785.

665 J. Becker, _La Vie en Afrique_ (Paris and Brussels, 1887), ii. 298
_sq._, 305.

M175 Propitiation of slain leopards in Africa.

666 A. Bastian, _Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste_ (Jena,
1874-1875), ii. 243.

667 A. F. Mockler-Ferryman, _Up the Niger_ (London, 1892), p. 309.

668 Lieut. Herold, “Bericht betreffend religiöse Anschauungen und
Gebräuche der deutschen Ewe-Neger,” _Mittheilungen von
Forschungsreisenden und Gelehrten aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten_,
v. Heft 4 (Berlin, 1892), p. 156.

669 H. Spieth, “Jagdgebräuche in Avatime,” _Mitteilungen der
geographischen Gesellschaft zu Jena_, ix. (1890) pp. 18-20. Compare
H. Klose, _Togo unter deutscher Flagge_ (Berlin, 1899), pp. 145-147.
The ceremonies observed after the slaughter of a wild buffalo are of
the same general character with variations in detail.

M176 Propitiation of slain buffaloes and sheep in Uganda.

670 Rev. J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the
Baganda,” _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxii. (1902)
p. 54; _id._, _The Baganda_ (London, 1911), pp. 289, 448.

671 Rev. J. Roscoe, _The Baganda_ (London, 1911), pp. 288 _sq._ Another
curious notion which the Baganda have about sheep is that they give
health to cattle and prevent them from being struck by lightning.
Hence a sheep is often herded with cows to serve as a sort of
lightning-conductor. See J. Roscoe, _op. cit._ p. 421.

672 Rev. J. Roscoe, _op. cit._ pp. 423 _sq._ Further, “if a man’s dog
died in the house, his wife dared not touch it, because she feared
its ghost; she would call her husband to take it away” (op. cit. p.
425).

M177 Propitiation of dead whales among the Koryak.

673 W. Jochelson, _The Koryak_ (Leyden and New York, 1908), p. 66 (_The
Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. vi., _Memoir of the American
Museum of Natural History_).

674 W. Jochelson, _The Koryak_ (Leyden and New York, 1908), pp. 66-76
(_The Jesup North Pacific Expedition_, vol. vi., _Memoir of the
American Museum of Natural History_).

M178 Propitiation of whales, hippopotamuses, ounces, and apes.

675 Captain W. F. W. Owen, _Narrative of Voyages to explore the Shores
of Africa, Arabia, and Madagascar_ (London, 1833), i. 170.

676 Rev. R. H. Nassau, _Fetichism in West Africa_ (London, 1904), p.
204.

677 A. Thevet, _La Cosmographie Universelle_ (Paris, 1575), ii. 936
[970] _sq._

678 A. d’Orbigny, _Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale_, iii. (Paris and
Strasburg, 1844) p. 202.

679 E. F. im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_ (London, 1883), p.
352.

M179 Propitiation of dead eagles. Deceiving the ghosts of spiders.

680 G. B. Grinnell, _Blackfoot Lodge Tales_ (London, 1893), p. 240.

681 A. Caulin, _Historia Coro-graphica natural y evangelica dela Nueva
Andalucia Guayana y Vertientes del Rio Orinoco_ (1779), p. 97.

682 J. Mooney, “Myths of the Cherokee,” _Nineteenth Annual Report of the
Bureau of American Ethnology_, Part i. (Washington, 1900) p. 282.

683 J. Owen Dorsey, “Teton Folklore Notes,” _Journal of American
Folklore_, ii. (1889) p. 134; _id._, “A Study of Siouan Cults,”
_Eleventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology_ (Washington,
1894), p. 479.

M180 The ceremonies of propitiation offered to slain animals vary with
the more or less dangerous character of the creature. Animals which,
without being feared, are valued for their flesh or their skin, are
also treated with respect.