Chapter XVII: Types of Animal Sacrament (2)

(M251) “When the rice harvest has been fully gathered in, the great sacrifice and festival of the year, the _Wangala_ or _Guréwata_, takes place. This is the most festive observance of the year, and combines religious sacrifice with much conviviality. It is celebrated by all sections of the tribe except the Duals and some Plains Garos. The cost of the entertainment falls principally on the _nokma_ [headman] of the village, who provides a pig to be eaten by his guests, and plenty of liquor. Among the Akawés and Chisaks of the north and north-eastern hills a curious feature of the ceremony is the manufacture of _guré_ or ‘horses’ out of pieces of plantain-stem for the body, and of bamboo for the head and legs. The image of the ‘horse’ is laid on the floor of the _nokma’s_ house, and the assembled guests dance and sing around it the whole night long, with the usual intervals for refreshments. Early the next morning, the ‘horse’ is taken to the nearest river and launched on the water to find its way down stream on the current. For those who possess the necessary paraphernalia, the _guré_ takes the shape of a horse’s head of large size, made of straw, and covered with cloth. I once saw one in the village of Rongrong, which, when in use, was ornamented with discs of brass on both sides of the face. Its eyes and ears were made of the same metal, and between the ears were fixed a pair of wild goat’s horns. To the head were attached a number of bronze bells similar to those hawked about by Bhutia pedlars. The owner, a _laskar_, was unable to tell me whence they came, but said that they were inherited from his wife’s mother, and were many generations old.

(M252) “The manner in which this form of _guré_ is used is the following. The head is mounted on a stick, which a man holds before him in such a way that the head comes up to the level of his chest. Two straps pass over his shoulders to relieve his hands of the weight. The body of the ‘horse’ is then built round his own body with cane and cloth. For a tail, yak’s tails are fastened in with his own hair, which, for the occasion, is allowed to hang down instead of being tied up. The performer thus apparelled, commences to dance a shuffling step to the usual music. In front of him dances the priest, who goes through the pantomime of beckoning the animal to come to him. The remaining guests of the _nokma_ [headman] form a _queue_ behind the ’horse,’ and dance after it. When the first man gets tired, another takes his place, and the dancing goes on right through the night. A pleasant part of the performance is the pelting of the _guré_ with eggs. A piece of egg-shell was still sticking to the horn of the _guré_ which was shown to me.

“Strictly speaking, this festival should last for three days and two nights. When it is over, the _guré_ is taken to a stream and the body thrown into the water, the head being preserved for another year. The people who come to see it off, bring rice with them, and a meal by the water’s edge closes the proceedings.

“At the _Wangala_, it is the custom to mix flour with water, and for the assembled people to dip their hands into the mixture and make white hand-marks on the posts and walls of the house and on the backs of the guests.”

(M253) Can it be that the horse whose effigy is thus made at rice-harvest and thrown into the water, while the head is kept for another year, represents the spirit of the rice? If that were so, the pelting of the head with eggs would be a charm to ensure fertility and the throwing of it into water would be a rain-charm. And on the same theory the horse’s head would be comparable to the horse-headed Demeter of Phigalia(977) as well as to the head of the October horse at Rome, which was nailed to a wall, probably to be kept there till next October. If we knew more about the rites of the horse-headed Demeter at Phigalia, we might find that amongst them was a dance of a man or woman who wore the mask of a horse’s head and personated the goddess herself, just as, if I am right, the man who dances disguised as a horse at the harvest festival of the Garos, represents the spirit of the rice dancing among the garnered sheaves. The conjecture is to some extent supported by the remains of the magnificent marble drapery, which once adorned the colossal statue of Demeter or Persephone in the sanctuary of the two goddesses at Lycosura, in Arcadia; for on that drapery are carved rows of semi-human, semi-bestial figures dancing and playing musical instruments; the bodies of the figures are those of women, but their heads, paws, and feet are those of animals. Among the heads set on the figures are those of a horse, a pig, a cat or a hare, and apparently an ass.(978) It is reasonable to suppose that these dancing figures represent a ritual dance which was actually performed in the rites of Demeter and Persephone by masked men or women, who personated the goddesses in their character of beasts.

INDEX.

Ab, a Jewish month, i. 259 _n._ 1

Ababu, a tribe of the Congo, ii. 288

Abchases of the Caucasus, ii. 105, 313

Abdication, temporary, of chief, ii. 66, 68

Aberdeenshire, harvest customs in, i. 158 _sqq._

Abipones, the, of Paraguay, i. 308, ii. 140

Acagchemem tribe of California, ii. 170

Achinese, the, i. 315

Acosta, J. de, quoted, i. 171 _sq._, ii. 86 _sqq._

Acropolis of Athens, ii. 40 _sq._

Actium, games celebrated at, i. 80, 85

Adair, James, ii. 264

Adeli, the, of the Slave Coast, ii. 116

Adonis, i. 214, 216, 258, 263;
and the boar, ii. 22 _sq._

_Aegis_, ii. 40

Aesculapius at Pergamus, ii. 85

Aeson and Medea, ii. 143

Agbasia, a Ewe god, ii. 59, 60

Agni, Indian god, ii. 120

_Agnus castus_, i. 116 _n._ 2

Agricultural year determined by observation of the Pleiades, i. 313 _sqq._

Agriculture, magical significance of games in primitive, i. 92 _sqq._;
origin of, 128 _sq._;
woman’s part in primitive, 113 _sqq._

Aino, the, ii. 144, 251, their ceremony at eating new millet, 52;
their worship of eagle-owls, eagles, and hawks, 199 _sq._;
their propitiation of mice, 278;
their ambiguous attitude towards the bear, 310 _sq._;
type of animal sacrament, 312 _sq._

—— of Japan, their custom of killing bears ceremonially, ii. 180 _sqq._

—— of Saghalien, their bear-festivals, ii. 188 _sqq._

Aïsawa or Isowa, order of saints in Morocco, i. 21

Ajumba hunter, ii. 235

A-Kamba, the, ii. 113

Alaskan hunters, ii. 238

Albania, custom as to locusts and beetles in, ii. 279

Alcyonian Lake, the, i. 15

Alder branches, sacrificial, ii. 232

Alectrona, daughter of the Sun, ii. 45

Alfoors of Minahassa, ii. 100

Alligators, souls of dead in, ii. 297

All Souls, Feast of, i. 30

Alur tribe, ii. 214

Alus, custom at, i. 25

Amambwe, the, ii. 287

Amaxosa Caffres, ii. 227

Amazons of Dahomey, ii. 149

Amazulu, the, i. 316

Amboyna, ii. 123

Amedzowe, the spirit land, ii. 105

Amei Awi, i. 93

American Indians, women’s agricultural work among the, i. 120 _sqq._;
their ceremonies at hunting bears, ii. 224 _sqq._;
personification of maize, i. 171 _sqq._

Ammon, ram sacrificed to, ii. 41;
the Theban, 172 _sq._

Ancestors, prayers to, i. 105;
images of, ii. 53;
offerings to spirits of, 111, 117, 119, 121, 123, 124, 125

Ancestral Contest at the _Haloa_, i. 61;
at the Eleusinian Games, 71, 74, 77;
at the Festival of the Threshing-floor, 75

Ancient deities of vegetation as animals, ii. 1 _sqq._

Andaman Islanders, ii. 164

Andree, Dr. Richard, i. 307

Angamis (Angami), a Naga tribe of Assam, i. 244, ii. 291

Angel dance, the, ii. 328

Angoni, the, ii. 149;
burial custom among the, 99

Anhalt, harvest customs in, i. 226, 233, 279

Animal, corn-spirit as an, i. 270 _sqq._;
killing the divine, ii. 169 _sqq._;
worshipful, killed once a year and promenaded from door to door, 322

Animal embodiments of the corn-spirit, on the, i. 303 _sqq._

—— form, god killed in, i. 22 _sq._

—— god, two types of the custom of killing the, ii. 312 _sq._

—— masks worn by Egyptian kings, i. 260 _sq._

—— sacrament, types of, ii. 310 _sqq._

Animals torn to pieces and devoured raw in religious rites, i. 20 _sqq._;
language of, acquired by eating serpent’s flesh, ii. 146;
resurrection of, 200 _sq._, 256 _sqq._;
and men, savages fail to distinguish accurately between, 204 _sqq._;
wild, propitiation of, by hunters, 204 _sqq._;
bones of, not to be broken, 258 _sq._;
bones of, not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, 259;
savage faith in the immortality of, 260 _sqq._;
transmigration of human souls into, 285 _sqq._;
two forms of the worship of, 311;
processions with sacred, 316 _sqq._

_Anitos_, souls of ancestors, ii. 124

Anna Kuari, i. 244

Anointing the body as a means of acquiring certain qualities, ii. 162
_sqq._

Antankarana tribe of Madagascar, ii. 290

Anthesteria, the, i. 30 _sqq._

Anthropomorphism, i. 212

Antinous, games in honour of, i. 80, 85

Antiquity of the cultivation of the cereals in Europe, i. 79

Antrim, harvest customs in, i. 144, 154 _sq._

Ants, superstitious precaution against the ravages of, ii. 276

Apaches, the, ii. 242

Apes, ceremony after killing, ii. 235 _sq._

Apis, sacred bull, ii. 34 _sqq._

Apollo surnamed Locust and Mildew, ii. 282;
the Mouse, 282 _sq._;
Wolfish, 283 _sq._

Apollonius of Tyana, ii. 280

Apologies offered by savages to the animals they kill, ii. 215, 217, 218,
221, 222 _sqq._, 235 _sqq._, 243

Apple-tree, straw-man placed on oldest, ii. 6

Arabs, ii. 146, 164;
of Moab, harvest custom of the, i. 138

Arawak Indians, ii. 154

Arcturus, i. 47 _n._ 2, 51, 52

Ardennes, precautions against rats in the, ii. 277

Argyleshire, harvest customs in, i. 155 _sq._

Ariadne, Cyprian worship of, i. 209 _n._ 2

Aricia, many Manii at, ii. 94 _sqq._;
sacred grove at, 95

Arician grove, horses excluded from, ii. 40 _sqq._

Aristides, the rhetorician, on first-fruit offerings, i. 56;
on Eleusinian Games, 71

Aristotle, _Constitution of Athens_, i. 79;
on men of genius, ii. 302 _n._ 5

Arkansas Indians, ii. 134

Arriaga, J. de, i. 173 _n._

Art, Demeter and Persephone in, i. 43 _sq._

Artemis, Brauronian, ii. 41 _n._ 3

Artemisia and Mausolus, ii. 158

Artemision, a Greek month, ii. 8

Artificers, worship of the, ii. 60 _sq._

Aru Islands, ii. 145

Aryans of Europe, agriculture among the early, i. 129 _sq._;
totemism not proved for the, ii. 4

Ash Wednesday, i. 300

Ashantees, the, ii. 149;
their festivals of new yams, 62 _sq._

Ashes as manure, i. 117

—— of dead swallowed, ii. 156 _sqq._;
smeared on mourner, 164;
of human victim scattered on earth to fertilise it, i. 240;
scattered on fields, 249, 250, 251;
scattered with winnowing-fans, 260, 262

Assam, ii. 116;
agriculture in, i. 123;
_genna_ in, 109 _n._ 2;
head-hunting in, 256

Asses, transmigration of sinners into, ii. 299, 308

Assimilation of victims to gods, i. 261 _sq._;
of men to their totems or guardian animals, ii. 207 _sq._

Assiniboins, the, ii. 225

Assinie, W. African kingdom, ii. 63

Astronomy, origin of, i. 307

Asuras, the, ii. 120

Athamanes, the, of Epirus, i. 129

Athamas, King, i. 24, 25

Athena, sacrifices to, i. 56;
and the goat, ii. 40 _sq._

Athens, Queen of, married to Dionysus, i. 30 _sq._;
called “the Metropolis of the Corn,” 58;
ceremony at killing a wolf at, ii. 221;
the Lyceum at, 283, 284

Athletic competitions among harvesters, i. 76 _sq._

Atonement to animals for wrong done to them, ii. 310 _sq._

Attic months lunar, i. 52

Attica, vintage custom in, ii. 133

Attis, i. 2, 14, 214;
his relation to Lityerses, 255 _sq._;
and the pig, ii. 22

Attraction and repulsion, forces of, ii. 303 _sqq._

Augustine, i. 88

Augustus celebrates games at Actium, i. 80

Australia, totemism in, ii. 311

—— Northern, ii. 145

Australian aborigines, i. 126, 307 _sq._;
their mutilations of the dead, ii. 272

Australians, the Central, ii. 165

Austria, harvest customs in, i. 276, 292

Awe, Loch, i. 142

Awemba, the, i. 115;
of Northern Rhodesia, ii. 272 _sq._

Ayrshire, harvest customs in, i. 279

Aztecs, their festival at end of fifty-two years, i. 310 _sq._;
eating the god among the, ii. 86 _sqq._

Baba or Boba, name given to last sheaf, i. 144 _sq._;
“the Old Woman,” at the Carnival, ii. 332, 333

Bacchanals of Thrace, i. 17

Badagas, the, ii. 55

Baden, harvest customs in, i. 283, 286, 292, 298

Baganda, the, i. 118, ii. 64, 70 _n._ 1, 227, 253, 271 _sq._;
their offerings of first-fruits, 113;
their fear of the ghosts of animals, 231 _sq._

Bagobos, the, ii. 124;
of Mindanao, i. 240

Bahaus or Kayans of central Borneo, i. 92 _sqq._
_See_ Kayans

Bahima, their belief in transmigration, ii. 288

Bakongs, a tribe of Borneo, ii. 294

Bakundu of the Cameroons, burial custom of the, ii. 99

Bali, i. 314, ii. 278;
rice spirit in, i. 201 _sqq._

Ball, game of, played as a rite, ii. 76, 79

Balquhidder, cutting the Maiden at, i. 157

_Balum_, spirits of the dead, i. 104

Ba-Mbala, the, i. 119

Bananas, cultivated by women, i. 115, 118;
cultivated in South America, 120, 121;
cultivated in New Britain, 123;
cultivated in New Guinea, 123;
soul of dead man in, ii. 298

Banars, the, of Cambodia, ii. 33

Bangala, the, i. 119

Banks’ islanders, i. 313

—— Islands, burial custom in the, ii. 97

Barley awarded as a prize in the Eleusinian games, i. 73, 74, 75;
oldest cereal cultivated by the Aryans, 132

—— Bride among the Berbers, i. 178 _sq._

—— -cow, i. 289, 290

—— -mother, the, i. 131, 135

—— -sow, i. 298

—— -wolf, i. 271, 273

Baronga, the, ii. 280;
women’s part in agriculture among the, i. 114 _sq._

Barotsé, the, i. 115, ii. 159

Bassari, the, ii. 116

_Bassia latifolia_, ii. 119

Bastian, Adolph, quoted, ii. 313

Basutoland, i. 116;
inoculation in, ii. 158, 160

Basutos, the, ii. 148;
their customs as to the new corn, 110

Batari Sri, a goddess, i. 202

Batchelor, Rev. J., ii. 180 _n._ 2, 182 _n._ 2, 183, 184, 186 _n._, 198,
201

Bathing forbidden, i. 94

Bats, souls of dead in, ii. 287

Battas or Bataks of Sumatra, i. 196, 315, ii. 293;
their ceremonies at catching tigers, 216 _sq._

Battle, mock, ii. 75

Bavaria, harvest customs in, i. 147, 221 _sq._, 232, 282, 286, 287, 289,
296, 298, 299

Bean-cock, i. 276

—— -goat, i. 282

Beans, Spirit of, i. 177;
cultivated in Burma, 242;
forbidden as food by Empedocles, ii. 301

Bear, importance of the, for people of Siberia, ii. 191;
ambiguous attitude of the Aino towards the, 310 _sq._;
the corn-spirit as a, 325 _sqq._

—— -cats, souls of dead in, ii. 294

—— -dances, ii. 191, 195

—— -festivals of the Aino, ii. 182 _sqq._;
of the Gilyaks, 190 _sqq._;
of the Goldi, 197;
of the Orotchis, 197

—— -skin worn by woman dancer, ii. 223

—— the Great, constellation, i. 315

Bear’s liver, i. 187 _sq._;
heart eaten, ii. 146

“Beard of Volos,” i. 233

Bears killed ceremonially by the Aino, ii. 180 _sqq._;
souls of dead in, 286 _sq._;
processions with, in Europe, 326 _n._ 3

—— slain, propitiated by Kamtchatkans, Ostiaks, Koryak, Finns, and Lapps,
ii. 222 _sqq._;
by American Indians, 224 _sqq._

Beating a man clad in a cow’s hide, ii. 322 _sqq._

—— boys with leg-bone of eagle-hawk, ii. 165 _n._ 2

—— effigy of ox with rods in China, ii. 11 _sq._

—— people for good luck, i. 309

Beavers, their bones not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, ii. 238 _sqq._

Bechuanas, the, i. 316, ii. 28, 164;
their ceremonies before eating the new fruits, 69 _sq._;
ceremony observed after a battle by the, 271

Beer in relation to Dionysus, i. 2 _n._ 1

Bees, transmigration of quiet people into, ii. 308

Beetles, superstitious precautions against, ii. 279, 280

Beggar, name given to last sheaf, i. 231 _sq._

Beku, the, of West Africa, ii. 163

Bells worn by mummers, i. 26, 28, ii. 332, 333;
attached to hobby-horse, 337 _sq._

Benin, ii. 64;
human sacrifice at, i. 240

Bera Pennu, the Earth Goddess, i. 245

Berbers, the Barley Bride among the, i. 178 _sq._

Berosus, Babylonian historian, i. 258 _sq._

Berry, harvest customs in, i. 292, 294

Berwickshire, harvest customs in, i. 153 _sq._

Bessy, one of the mummers on Plough Monday, ii. 329, 331

Betsileo, the, of Madagascar, ii. 116;
their belief in the transmigration of souls, 289 _sq._

Bhils, the, of Central India, ii. 29

Bhímsen, an Indian deity, ii. 118

Bhumiya, a Himalayan deity, ii. 117

Bhutan, ii. 103

Biennial cycle, i. 87

—— festivals, i. 14, i. 86

Binder of last sheaf represents the Corn-mother, i. 150, 253

Binders of corn, contests between, i. 136, 137, 138, 218 _sq._, 220, 221,
222, 253

Binding the corn, contests in, i. 218 _sq._

_Binsenschneider_, i. 230 _n._ 5

Bird, soul as a, i. 181, 182 _n._ 1;
corn-spirit as a, 295 _sq._

—— of prey, inoculation with a, ii. 162

Birds, migratory, as representatives of a divinity, i. 204 _sq._;
language of, ii. 146;
tongues of, eaten, 147

Birth of child on harvest-field, pretended, i. 150 _sq._

Bisaltae, a Thracian tribe, i. 5

Bizya in Thrace, i. 26, 30

Black Drink, an emetic, ii. 76

—— Goat-skin, in relation to Dionysus, i. 17

Blackened faces, i. 291, 299;
of actors, 27

Blackfeet Indians, i. 311, ii. 236

Bladders of sea-beasts returned by the Esquimaux to the sea, ii. 247
_sqq._

Blindfolded, reapers, i. 144, 153 _sq._

Blood drawn from men as a religious rite, ii. 75, 91 _sq._;
as a means of communion with a deity, 316

—— of bear drunk, ii. 146

—— of beavers not allowed to fall on ground, ii. 240 _n._ 2

—— of dragon, ii. 146

—— of human victim sprinkled on seed, i. 239, 251;
scattered on field, 244, 251

—— of lamb sprinkled on people, ii. 315

—— of slain men tasted by their slayers, ii. 154 _sqq._

Blood-covenant, ii. 154 _sqq._

Boa-constrictor, soul of a, ii. 296

Boa-constrictors, souls of dead in, ii. 289 _sq._

Boar, corn-spirit as, i. 298 _sqq._;
the Yule, 300 _sqq._, 302 _sq._;
and Adonis, ii. 22 _sq._

Boars, wild, their ravages in the corn, ii. 31 _sqq._

Boba or Baba, name given to the last sheaf, i. 144 _sq._

Bock, C., quoted, i. 8

Boedromion, an Attic month, i. 52, 77

Bogadjim in German New Guinea, ii. 251

Bohemia, harvest customs in, i. 138, 145, 149, 150, 225 _sq._, 232, 286,
289;
Carnival custom in, ii. 325;
custom as to mice in, 279, 283

Böhmer Wald Mountains, i. 284

Bolivia, ii. 235, 286

Bombay, burial custom in, ii. 100

Bone of old animal eaten to make the eater old, ii. 143

Bones and skulls of enemies destroyed, ii. 260

—— of animals preserved in order that the animals may come to life again,
ii. 256 _sqq._;
burned or thrown into water, 257;
not to be broken, 258 _sq._;
not allowed to be gnawed by dogs, 225, 238 _sqq._, 243, 259

—— of the dead, virtues acquired by contact with the, ii. 153 _sq._;
preserved for the resurrection, 259

—— of deer not given to the dogs, ii. 241, 242, 243

—— of fish not burned, ii. 250, 251;
thrown into the sea or a river, 250, 254;
not to be broken, 255

Bontoc, province of Luzon, i. 240

Bordeaux, harvest custom at, i. 291

Bormus or Borimus, i. 216, 257, 264

Borneo, ii. 122;
agricultural communities of central, i. 92

Bororos, the, of Brazil, ii. 71 _sq._, 208

Boscana, Father G., ii. 169;
quoted, i. 125

Botocudos, the, of Brazil, ii. 156

Bougainville Straits, i. 313

_Bouphonia_, ii. 4 _sqq._

_Bouphonion_, a Greek month, ii. 6 _n._

Bourbourg, Brasseur de, i. 237

Bourke, Captain J. G., ii. 178 _n._ 4

Bouzygai, the, at Eleusis, i. 108

Boxing, i. 71 _n._ 5, ii. 131

Brahman boys sacrificed, i. 244

Brahmans, the, on transubstantiation, ii. 89

Brain, drippings of, used to acquire wisdom of dead, ii. 163 _sq._

Brains of enemies eaten, ii. 152

Brand, John, quoted, i. 146

Brazen serpent, the, ii. 281

Brazil, Indians of, i. 111, ii. 235;
their flesh diet, ii. 139

Bridal pair at rice-harvest in Java, i. 200 _sq._

Bride, name given to last sheaf, i. 162, 163

British Columbia, Indians of, ii. 253

Brittany, harvest customs in, i. 135

_Bromios_, epithet of Dionysus, i. 2 _n._ 1

Brooke, Rajah, ii. 211

Brown, Dr. Burton, ii. 100 _n._ 2

Bubui river, in New Guinea, ii. 295

Buckwheat cultivated in Burma, i. 242

Bucolium at Athens, i. 30

Buddha, transmigrations of, ii. 299, 301

Budge, Dr. E. A. Wallis, i. 259 _n._ 3, 260 _n._ 2

Buffalo sacrificed for human victim, i. 249

Buffaloes, propitiation of dead, ii. 229, 231;
their death bewailed, 242;
revered by the Todas, 314

Bukaua, the, of German New Guinea, i. 103, 105, 313, ii. 124

Bulawayo, ii. 70

Bulgarians, the Carnival among the, ii. 331 _sqq._

Bull, corn-spirit as, i. 288 _sqq._, ii. 8;
in relation to Dionysus, i. 16 _sq._, 31

——, live, torn to pieces in rites of Dionysus, i. 15, 17, ii. 16

——, sacrifice of, ii. 68 _n._ 3;
at Magnesia, 7 _sq._;
in Mithraic religion, 10;
at tomb of dead chief, 113

—— -fights, ii. 66

—— -roarers, i. 19 _n._ 1, ii. 295;
as magical instruments, i. 104, 106 _sq._, 110

—— -shaped deities, i. 3 _sqq._

Bulls, sacred, of ancient Egypt, ii. 34 _sqq._

Burghers or Badagas, the, ii. 55

Burial rites intended to deceive ghosts or demons, ii. 97 _sqq._

Burials, fictitious, to divert the attention of demons from the real
burials, ii. 98 _sqq._

Buring Une, a goddess, i. 93

Burma, ii. 116;
securing the rice-soul in, i. 190 _sq._;
custom at threshing rice in, 203 _sq._;
head-hunting in, i. 256

Burmese cure, ii. 103

Burne, Miss C. S., i. 266

Burning last sheaf of corn, i. 146

—— the Old Witch, i. 224

Buru, island, ii. 54, 145

Bush negroes of Surinam, ii. 26

Bushmen, ii. 29, 206, 266 _n._ 1;
their customs as to diet, 140 _sq._

Busiris, i. 259 _sq._

_Busk_, festival of first-fruits, ii. 72

_Butea frondosa_, ii. 119

Butterflies, souls of dead in, ii. 290, 291, 296 _sq._

Butterfly of the rice, i. 190

Button snake root, emetic made from, ii. 73, 75

Buzzard, killing the sacred, ii. 169 _sqq._

Caffre elephant-hunters, ii. 227

Caffres, their festival of new fruits, ii. 64 _sqq._;
their custom of fumigating infants, 166 _sq._;
of South Africa, their observation of the Pleiades, i. 315;
of the Zambesi region, ii. 289

_Cailleach_ (Old Wife), name given to last corn cut, i. 140 _sqq._, 164
_sqq._

Caingua Indians of Paraguay, ii. 285

Cakes in obscene shapes, i. 62

Calabash, ceremony of breaking the, ii. 68 _n._ 3

Calabria, custom observed by murderers in, ii. 156

Calendar, regulation of, an affair of religion, i. 83;
the Roman, 83 _sq._;
primitive, 125 _sq._

Calendars, the Pleiades in primitive, i. 307 _sqq._

Calf sacrificed to Dionysus, i. 33;
killed at harvest, 290;
sacrifice of buffalo, ii. 314

California, Indians of, i. 125, ii. 169, 286

Californian missions, the Spanish, ii. 171 _n._ 1

Callaway, Rev. H., i. 316

Callias, the Eleusinian Torch-bearer, i. 54, 73 _n._ 3

Cambodia, ii. 103

Cameron, Hugh E., i. 162 _n._ 3

Campbell, Major J., i. 248, 250

Campbell, Rev. J. G., i. 140

Cancer, Tropic of, i. 125

Candlemas, i. 300

Canelos Indians of Ecuador, ii. 285

Cannibal orgies, i. 18 _sqq._

—— Spirit, i. 21

Cannibals, a secret society of the Kwakiutl Indians, i. 20

Canopus, i. 308

Capricorn, Tropic of, i. 125

Carcassone, hunting the wren at, ii. 320 _sq._

Carian Chersonese, ii. 85

Carib warriors, ii. 162

Caribs, the, i. 120, ii. 139

Carinthia, harvest custom in, i. 224 _sq._

Carley, the, i. 144

Carlin or Carline, the, i. 140

Carnival, modern Thracian drama at the, i. 26 _sqq._, ii. 331

—— Bear, ii. 325

—— custom in Bohemia, ii. 325

Carolina, Indians of, ii. 217

Carrier Indians, ii. 238 _sq._

Cassava (manioc) bread, i. 120 _sq._

Cassowaries, souls of dead in, ii. 295

Cassowary totem, ii. 207

Castabus, ii. 85

Cat, corn-spirit as, i. 280 _sq._;
killed at harvest, i. 281

Cat’s cradle, i. 101, 103

—— tail, name given to last standing corn, i. 268

Catalangans, the, ii. 124

Caterpillars, superstitious precautions against, ii. 275 _sq._, 279, 280

Catholic custom of eating effigies of the Madonna, ii. 94

Cattle, last sheaf given to, i. 134, 155, 158, 161, 170;
(plough oxen) Yule or Christmas Boar given to, the, 301, 302, 303;
worship of, ii. 35, 37 _sqq._;
first-fruits offered to, 118

Caul-fat, human, rubbed on body, ii. 162

Cayenne, Indians of, 285 _sqq._

Celebes, i. 313, ii. 54, 122, 123;
precautions against mice in, 277

Celeus, king of Eleusis, i. 37

Censorinus, i. 86, 87

Central Provinces of India, ii. 118 _sq._

Ceram, ii. 54, 123

Cereal deity, ii. 52, 83

Cereals in Europe, antiquity of the cultivation of, i. 79;
cultivated by the early Aryans, 132

Ceremony of the Horse at rice-harvest among the Garos, ii. 337 _sqq._

Ceres, i. 42;
festival of, 297 _n._ 5;
the, in France, 135;
Roman sacrifices to, ii. 133

Chadwars, the, ii. 28

Chaka, Zulu despot, ii. 67

Chambéry, harvest customs at, i. 275, 288, 291 _sq._

Chams, the, of Indo-China, ii. 283;
their agricultural ceremonies, 56 _sqq._;
their belief in transmigration, 291 _sq._

Changes of shape, magical, i. 305

Chasas, the, of Orissa, ii. 26

“Chasms of Demeter and Persephone,” ii. 17

Chastity required in sower of seed, i. 115 _sq._;
of hunter before hunting bears, ii. 226

Chateaubriand, his description of the Natchez festival, ii. 135 _sqq._

Cheese Monday, i. 26, ii. 333

Cheremiss, the, ii. 51

Cherokee hunters, ii. 236, 241

—— mythology, ii. 204 _sq._

Cherokees, the, ii. 72 _n._ 2, 139, 220;
their respect for rattlesnakes, 218 _sq._;
their custom of removing the hamstring of deer, 266

Chicome couatl, Mexican Maize-goddess i. 176

Chief, sacred, ii. 28;
acting as priest, 126;
sacrifices to dead, 113

Chiefs, spirits of dead, give rain, ii. 109;
deified after death, 125;
souls of dead, in lions, 287 _sq._

Child born on harvest-field, pretence of, i. 150 _sq._

Childbed, deceiving the ghosts of women who have died in, ii. 97 _sq._

Children at birth placed in winnowing-fans, i. 6 _sqq._;
guarded against evil spirits, 6 _sqq._;
employed to sow seed, 115 _sq._;
sacrificed at harvest, 236

China, ceremony at beginning of spring in, ii. 10 _sqq._

Chinese, their theory as to courage, ii. 145 _sq._

—— of Amoy, their use of effigies, ii. 104

—— ceremony of ploughing, ii. 14 _sq._

—— use of sieve or winnowing-fan, i. 6, 9 _sq._

Chinigchinich, a Californian god, ii. 170

Chinna Kimedy, i. 247, 249

Chins, the, of Upper Burma, ii. 121

Chiquites of Paraguay, ii. 241

Chiriguanos, the, Indians of Bolivia, ii. 140, 286

Chota Nagpur, i. 244

Christmas, i. 134;
boar sacrificed at, 302. _See also_ Yule

—— Day, ii. 319, 320

—— drama, ii. 327 _sq._

—— Eve, i. 302, ii. 318, 321

Chuckchees, the, ii. 221

_Churn_, last corn cut, i. 151, 153, 154 _sq._

Cicero, on the gift of the corn, i. 58;
on transubstantiation, ii. 167

Cinteotl, Mexican Maize-god, i. 176

Circumcision, i. 316, ii. 153

Clarke, E. D., at Eleusis, i. 64;
quoted, 146

Clement of Alexandria on the Eleusinian mysteries, i. 39

Cleostratus of Tenedos, i. 81

_Clyack-kebback_, i. 160

_Clyack_ sheaf, i. 158 _sqq._, ii. 43

Cnossus, i. 82, 85

Cobra-capella, guardian-deity of Issapoo, ii. 174

Cochin China, tigers respected in, ii. 217

Cock, corn-spirit as, i. 276 _sqq._;
killed on harvest field, 277 _sq._;
white, sacrificed, ii. 117, 118

—— -sheaf, i. 276

_Cogiour_, a sacred pontiff, ii. 114

Cohabitation of husband and wife enjoined as a matter of ritual, ii. 69,
70 _n._ 1

_Colluinn_, custom of beating a cow’s hide, ii. 323, 324

Colombian Indians, ii. 286

Communal taboos, i. 109 _n._ 2

Communion with deity, ii. 83, 325

Compitalia, a Roman festival, ii. 94, 96, 107

Complexity of religious phenomena, ii. 36

Confession of sin, ii. 69

Congo, the Lower, i. 115;
the Upper, 119

Conjunction of sun and moon, ii. 15 _n._ 1

Conservation of energy, ii. 262

Constantinople protected against flies and gnats, ii. 281

Contact with sacred things is deemed dangerous, ii. 27 _sqq._

—— between certain foods in stomach of eater forbidden, ii. 83 _sqq._, 90

Contest, Ancestral, at the Eleusinian Games, i. 71, 74, 77

Contests for possession of the corn-spirit, i. 74 _sq._, 180;
between binders of corn, 136, 137, 138, 218 _sq._, 220, 221, 222, 253;
between reapers, 74 _sq._, 136, 140, 141, 142, 144, 152, 153 _sq._, 164
_sq._, 219, 253;
between threshers, 147 _sqq._, 218, 219 _sq._, 221 _sq._, 223 _sq._, 253

Continence, ceremonial, ii. 75, 81, 93;
prescribed at festival, 248

—— and fasting, ii. 14

Coomassie, ii. 62, 63

Coorgs, the, ii. 55

Corea, ii. 122;
use of effigies in, 105

Corn, ear of, revealed to initiates at the rites of Eleusis, i. 38;
personified as Demeter, 42;
first-fruits of, offered to Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis, 53
_sqq._;
first bestowed on the Athenians by Demeter, 54;
personified as female, 130;
wreath of, 134;
double personification of, as mother and daughter, 207 _sqq._;
the first corn cut, customs connected with, 214 _sq._;
the new, eaten sacramentally, ii. 48 _sqq._;
sanctity of the, 110

—— and poppies as symbols of Demeter, i. 43 _sq._

—— Baby, i. 152, 292

—— -bull, i. 291

—— -cow, i. 289

—— -ears, Queen of the, i. 146;
crown of, 163, 221, 283

—— -fool, i. 148

—— -goat, i. 282, 283, 286, 287

—— -maiden, i. 150;
in Northern Europe, 129 _sqq._

—— -mallet at threshing, i. 148

—— -man, i. 223;
the goal of a women’s race at harvest, 76 _sq._

Corn-mother, i. 150;
in Northern Europe, 131 _sqq._;
in last sheaf, 133 _sqq._;
in America, 171 _sqq._;
in many lands, 171 _sqq._

—— -pug, i. 273

—— -reapers, songs of the, i. 214 _sqq._

—— -sow, i. 298

Corn-spirit, contests for possession of the, i. 74 _sq._, 180;
conceived as old, 136 _sqq._;
in last sheaf threshed, i. 139, 147, 168, ii. 48;
represented in duplicate, i. 139;
conceived as young, 150 _sqq._;
as Bride and Bridegroom, 162 _sqq._;
as male and female, 164, ii. 9;
as female, both old and young, i. 164 _sqq._;
represented by person who cuts, binds, or threshes the last corn, 167
_sq._, 220 _sqq._, 236, 253 _sq._;
fertilising influence of, 168;
its influence on women, 168;
represented by human beings, 168, 204 _sqq._, ii. 333;
in form of an old man, i. 206 _sq._;
in first corn cut, 215;
personal representative of, killed in mimicry, 216;
killing the, 216 _sqq._, 223 _sqq._;
represented by a puppet, 224;
represented by a stranger, 225 _sqq._;
conceived as poor and robbed by the reapers, 231 _sqq._;
slain in his human representatives, 251 _sqq._;
the neck of the, 268;
as animal, 270 _sqq._;
on the animal embodiments of the, 303 _sqq._;
as wolf or dog, 271, _sqq._, ii. 327;
the tail of the, i. 268, 272, 300, ii. 10, 43;
as cock, i. 276 _sqq._, 277 _sq._;
as hare, 279 _sq._;
as cat, 280 _sq._;
as goat, 281 _sqq._, ii. 327;
lame, i. 284;
slain in the form of a goat, 284 _sq._, 287;
as bull, cow, or ox, 288 _sqq._, ii. 8;
killed in form of bull, i. 290, 291 _sq._;
killed at threshing, 291 _sq._;
as horse or mare, 292 _sqq._;
in form of calf, 292;
as a bird, 295;
as fox, 296 _sq._;
as pig (boar, sow), 298 _sqq._;
represented by an ox, ii. 9 _sqq._;
killed in animal form and eaten sacramentally, 20;
as a bear, 325 _sqq._;
represented dramatically, 325;
as a boar, 328;
represented by a man called the Straw-bear, 329

—— -stalks, harvesters wrapt up in, i. 220 _sqq._

—— -wolf, i. 272, 273, 275

—— -woman, i. 230, 233;
at threshing, 149

Corners of fields not to be reaped, i. 234 _sq._

Corpus Christi Day, i. 310

Cos, harvest-home in, i. 47

Cotton, treatment of first cotton picked, ii. 119

Courage seated in gall-bladder, ii. 145 _sq._

Cow, corn-spirit as, i. 288 _sqq._

Cow’s hide, thresher of last corn wrapt in, i. 291;
custom of beating the, ii. 322 _sqq._

Cows milked by women, i. 118;
and their milk, superstitions as to, ii. 84 _n._ 1 and 2

Cranes, trumpeting of the, signal for ploughing, i. 45

Creek Indians, ii. 72, 139

Cretan festival of Dionysus, i. 14 _sq._

—— myth of Dionysus, i. 13

Crete, ancient seat of worship of Demeter, i. 131;
pig not eaten in, ii. 21 _n._ 1

Cries of reapers, i. 263 _sqq._

Cripple Goat, the, i. 284

Crocodile, clay image of, ii. 279

—— -catchers, rules observed by, ii. 209 _sq._

Crocodiles hunted by savages for their flesh, ii. 208 _n._ 2;
often spared by savages out of respect, 208 _sqq._;
ceremonies observed at catching, 209 _sqq._;
kinship of men with, 212 _sq._, 214 _sq._;
respected in Africa and Madagascar, 213 _sqq._;
sacred at Dix Cove, 287;
souls of dead in, 289, 290, 291, 295

Cronion, a Greek month, ii. 7, 8 _n._ 1

Crooke, W., i. 118 _n._, 234 _n._ 2, ii. 56 _n._ 3

Crops, charms and spells for growth of, i. 100;
rotation of, 117;
human sacrifices for the, 236 _sqq._

Cross River natives, ii. 115

Crow, head of, eaten to prolong life, ii. 143;
transmigration of sinner into, 299

—— Song, the Greek, ii. 322 _n._

Crown of corn-ears, i. 163, 221, 283;
worn by Demeter and Persephone, 43

“Crying the Mare” in Hertfordshire, i. 292 _sq._;
in Shropshire, 293

“Crying the neck,” i. 264 _sqq._

Cultivation, shifting, i. 99;
_see_ Agriculture

“Cup of offering,” ii. 184

Curcho, old Prussian god, ii. 133

Curetes, their war-dance, i. 13

Curses uttered by Bouzygai, i. 108

Cuscuses, souls of dead in, ii. 296, 298

Cushing, Frank H., quoted, ii. 175 _sqq._

Cuzco, i. 310

Cycle, the octennial in Greece, i. 80 _sqq._

Cynaetha, i. 16

Cyzicus, i. 16

Dacotas, the, ii. 256

Dama, island of, ii. 101

Damatrius, a Boeotian month, i. 46

Dance at harvest supper, i. 134, 135, 145;
of harvesters with or round the last sheaf, 135, 141, 145, 160, 219, 220
_sq._;
of masked men before sowing, 186;
of Dyaks to secure soul of rice, 188 _sq._;
of old women as representatives of the corn-goddess, 205;
Pawnee, before human sacrifice, 238;
before the king at ceremony of first-fruits, ii. 70 _sq._;
of Zulu king, 66, 68 _n._ 3;
of medicine-man, 72;
the Green Corn Dance, 76;
war, 79;
by torchlight, 79;
of Kansas Indians, 145
“the angel dance,” 328;
of mummers at Carnival, 333, 334;
of mummer wearing a horse-headed mask, 338

Dances, i. 246, 247;
at sowing festival, 95;
masked, 95 _sq._, 111, 186, ii. 208 _n._ 1;
at the reappearance of the Pleiades, i. 307, 309, 311, 312, 317;
in imitation of totemic animals, ii. 76;
Mexican, 88;
in connexion with offerings of first-fruits, 113, 116, 126, 131, 134;
of men personifying deities, 179;
of women at bear-festival, 185, 186 _sq._, 191, 195;
of women at catching a crocodile, 211;
round dead tigers, 216;
of the Koryak at the slaughter of bears or wolves, 223;
in honour of slain leopards, 228;
of Koryak women at slaughter of whales, 232 _sq._;
to amuse the souls of dead sea-beasts, 248;
of Shrovetide Bear, 325 _sq._;
to make the crops thrive, 326, 328, 330 _sq._;
of masked men and women in ritual, 339

Dancing for salmon, ii. 255

Danger Island, i. 312

Danzig, harvest customs at, i. 133, 218 _sq._

Darfur, ii. 147

Darwin and Empedocles, ii. 306

Daughter-in-law in ritual, ii. 121 _sq._

Dawkins, R. M., i. 25 _n._ 4, 29 _n._ 2

Dead, rebirth of the, i. 84;
fear of the, ii. 36 _sq._;
souls of the, 64;
festival in honour of, at end of harvest, 110;
buried in the houses, 115;
bones of the, 153 _sq._;
mourners rub themselves with the fat or putrefying juices of the, 162
_sq._;
souls of the human, supposed to be in caterpillars, 275 _sq._; and in
other animals, 285 _sqq._

—— men mutilated in order to disable their ghosts, ii. 271 _sqq._

—— spirits of the, supposed to influence the crops, i. 104;
give rain, ii. 109 _sq._;
first-fruits offered to, 109 _sq._, 111 _sqq._, 115, 116, 119, 121, 123,
124 _sqq._;
prayers to, 112, 113, 124 _sq._;
in trees, 113

Deane, Mrs. J. H., ii. 319 _n._ 2

Death and resurrection of the gods, i. 1, 12 _sqq._, 15

—— pollution of, ii. 85 _n._ 3

Deer, flesh of, eaten to prolong life or to avoid fever, ii. 143;
not eaten by warriors, 144;
treated with respect by American Indians, 240 _sqq._;
their bones not given to dogs, 241, 242, 243;
Indian custom of cutting out the sinew of the thighs of, 264 _sqq._;
souls of dead in, 286, 293 _sq._

_Deiseil_ or _deiseal_, according to the course of the sun, ii. 323, 324

Deities of vegetation as animals, ii. 1 _sqq._

Deity, communion with, ii. 325

Delagoa Bay, i. 114, ii. 280

Delaware Indians, ii. 218

Delphi, grave of Dionysus at, i. 14

Delphic oracle, i. 55, 58

Demeter, mother of Dionysus by Zeus, i. 14, 66;
Homeric Hymn to, 35 _sqq._, 70;
a personification of the corn, 39, 40 _sq._;
distinguished from the Earth-goddess, 41, 43;
at the threshing-floor, 41 _sq._, 47;
in art, 43 _sq._, 88 _sq._;
offering of first-fruits to, 46 _sqq._;
surnamed Proerosia, 51;
bestows corn on the Athenians, 54;
worshipped in Sicily, 56 _sqq._;
bestows corn on the Sicilians, 56 _sq._;
sacrifices to her at sowing, 57;
associated with seed-corn, 58;
her epithets, 63 _sq._;
her image at Eleusis, 64;
her intrigue with Zeus, 66;
etymology of name, 131;
in relation to the pig, ii. 16 _sqq._;
horse-headed, of Phigalia, 21, 338;
rustic prototype of, 334

—— and Iasion, i. 208

—— and Pelops, ii. 263

—— and Persephone, i. 35 _sqq._;
resemblance of their artistic types, 67 _sq._;
their essential identity, 90;
associated with death and immortality, 90 _sq._;
double personification of the corn as, 208 _sqq._

—— and Zeus, ii. 9;
marriage of, i. 65 _sqq._

—— Black, i. 263;
of Phigalia, ii. 21

—— Green, i. 42, 263

—— Yellow, i. 41 _sq._

Demeter’s corn, i. 42

Democritus, ii. 146

Demons or ghosts deceived by dummies, ii. 96 _sqq._;
repelled by gun-shots, 99

Dendereh, sculptures at, i. 260

Dengdit, high god of the Dinka, ii. 40 _n._, 114 _n._ 2

Denmark, harvest customs in, i. 139 _sq._, 231;
the Yule Boar in, i. 300 _sq._

De Smet, J., i. 239 _n._ 1

Descent of Persephone, i. 46, ii. 17

Devonshire reapers, cries of, i. 264 _sqq._

Diasia, an Athenian sacrifice, ii. 95 _n._ 2

Dieri, the, of Central Australia, i. 106, ii. 151

Digger Indians, the, ii. 164

Digging-sticks used by women, i. 118, 120, 122, 124, 126, 128

Dijon, harvest custom near, i. 290

Dinka, the, ii. 37 _sqq._, 114

Diocles, i. 37

Diodorus Siculus, on worship of Demeter and Persephone, i. 56 _sqq._

Dionysus, i. 1 _sqq._;
god of the vine, 2 _sq._;
god of trees, 3 _sq._;
a god of agriculture and corn, 5;
and the winnowing-fan, 5 _sqq._;
as Zagreus, 12;
horned, 12;
son of Zeus by Persephone, Demeter, or Semele, 12, 14;
death and resurrection of, 12 _sqq._, 32;
ritual of, 14 _sq._;
grave of, 14;
as a bull, 16 _sq._, 31;
as a goat, 17 _sq._;
torn to pieces at Thebes, 25;
his marriage to the Queen of Athens, 30 _sq._;
son of Zeus and Demeter, 66;
and the bull-roarer, 110 _n._ 4;
his relation to Pan, Satyrs, and Silenuses, ii. 1 _sqq._;
as a bull, 3 _sq._;
live animals rent in rites of, 16;
the Foxy, 282

Dittenberger, W., i. 77 _n._ 4

Dius, a Macedonian month, i. 46 _n._ 2

Divination, ii. 210;
magic dwindles into, i. 110 _n._;
by shoulder-blade, ii. 234

Diviners, ancient, their rules of diet, ii. 143

Dodwell, E., at Eleusis, i. 64

Dog, corn-spirit as, i. 271 _sqq._;
of the harvest, 273;
feast on flesh of, ii. 256;
sacrifice of the White, 258 _n._ 2;
transmigration of sinner into, 299

—— -eating Spirit, i. 21

—— -star, i. 261

Dog’s flesh or liver eaten to acquire bravery, ii. 145

Dogs devoured in religious rites, i. 20, 21, 22;
sacrificed, ii. 196, 202;
not allowed to gnaw bones of slain animals, 225, 238 _sqq._, 243, 259;
bones of deer not given to, 241, 242, 243

Doll made of last corn at harvest, i. 140, 151, 153, 155, 157, 162

D’Orbigny, A., quoted, i. 120

Dormice, charm against, ii. 281

Door of house protected against fiends, ii. 96

Dough image of god eaten sacramentally, ii. 86 _sqq._, 90 _sq._

—— images of animals sacrificed instead of the animals, ii. 95 _n._ 2

—— puppets as substitutes for live human beings, ii. 101 _sq._

Dragon’s blood, ii. 146

Drama, modern Thracian, at the Carnival, i. 25 _sqq._;
magical, 187 _sq._

Dramatic representations of the corn-spirit, ii. 325

—— rites practised with magical intention, i. 1

Dreams as a source of belief in immortality, ii. 260 _sq._

Drinking juices of dead kinsfolk, ii. 163 _n._ 3

Dryas, son of Lycurgus, i. 24, 25

Du Pratz, Le Page, ii. 77 _sqq._

Duke of York Islands, ii. 252

Dumbartonshire, harvest customs in, i. 157 _sq._

Dummies to avert attention of ghosts or demons, ii. 96 _sqq._

“Dumping” people on harvest field, i. 226 _sq._

Dumplings in human form at threshing, i. 148;
in form of pigs, 299

Duplication of deities, i. 212 _sq._

Durham, harvest customs in, i. 151

Dyaks, the, i. 313, 314, ii. 100, 101, 102, 152;
their ceremonies to secure the rice-soul, i. 188 _sq._;
of Borneo, ii. 122, 144, 209, 211;
of Sarawak, 279

Dying and Reviving God, i. 1, 33

Eagle-owl worshipped by the Aino, ii. 199

Eagles worshipped by the Aino, ii. 200;
propitiation of dead, 236

Ears regarded as the seat of intelligence, ii. 148;
of dead enemies cut out, 271 _sq._

Earth, Mother, ii. 105

—— the spirit of the, ii. 120

—— -God, i. 69

—— -goddess, ii. 115;
distinguished from Demeter, i. 41, 43, 89;
in Greek art, 89;
human sacrifices offered to, 245, 246, 249, 250

—— -gods, slaves of the, ii. 61, 62 _n._ 1

—— -mothers, i. 173 _n._

Easing nature, a charm used by robbers, i. 235

East Indies, the Rice-mother in the, i. 180 _sqq._

Easter, i. 300

—— Eve, i. 134

—— Islanders, ii. 133

—— Sunday, i. 33

Eater of animals, as epithet of a god, i. 23

Eating the god, ii. 48 _sqq._, 167;
among the Aztecs, 86 _sqq._

—— the soul of the rice, ii. 54

Eckstein, Miss L., ii. 317 _n._ 2

Ecstasy induced by smoking, ii. 72

Edonians, the, i. 24

Eels, souls of dead in, ii. 289, 290, 292

Effigies of men and women hung at doors of houses, ii. 94;
buried with the dead to deceive their ghosts, 97 _sq._;
used to cure or prevent sickness, 100 _sqq._
_See also_ Doll, Images, Puppet

Effigy of an ox broken as a spring ceremony in China, ii. 10 _sqq._

Eggs not eaten, ii. 140;
charm to make hens lay, 326

Egypt, ancient, stratification of religion in, ii. 35

Egyptian kings, their animal masks, i. 260

—— reapers, their cries, i. 263

—— type of animal sacrament, ii. 312 _sq._, 314

Egyptians, human sacrifices offered by the ancient, i. 259 _sq._;
the ancient, their religious attitude to pigs, ii. 24 _sqq._

El Kiboron clan of the Masai, ii. 288

Elans treated with respect by American Indians, ii. 240

Elephant’s flesh thought to make eater strong, ii. 143

Elephants, ceremonies observed at the slaughter of, ii. 227 _sq._, 237;
souls of dead in, 289

Eleusine grain, i. 117

Eleusinian Games, i. 70 _sqq._, 110, 180;
less ancient than the Eleusinian mysteries, 87 _sq._

—— inscription dealing with first-fruits, i. 55 _sq._

—— mysteries, i. 35, 37 _sqq._, 65 _sqq._ 69 _sq._, 78 _sq._, 161 _sq._,
188;
instituted by Demeter, 70

Eleusis, Demeter at, i. 36 _sq._;
offerings of first-fruits at, 53 _sqq._;
image of Demeter at, 64;
prayer for rain at, 69;
the Rarian plain at, 36, 70, 74, 234, ii. 15

Eleutherian games at Plataea, i. 80

Elijah, the prophet, i. 233

Elis, Dionysus at, i. 17

Elk treated with respect, ii. 240;
embryos of, not eaten, 243

Ellis, William, quoted, i. 312

Elopango, i. 237

Embodiment, human, of the corn-spirit, ii. 333

Emboq Sri, rice-bride, i. 200 _sq._

Embryos of elk not eaten, ii. 243

Emetics used before eating new corn, ii. 73, 75 _sq._, 76;
sacred, 74

Empedocles, his doctrine of transmigration, ii. 300 _sqq._;
his resemblance to Buddha, 302;
his theory of the material universe like that of Herbert Spencer, 303
_sqq._;
as a forerunner of Darwin, 306;
his posing as a god, 307

Enchanters of crops, foods forbidden to, i. 100

Encounter Bay tribe, i. 126

Enemies, mutilation of dead, ii. 271 _sq._

Energy, the conservation of, ii. 226

En-jemusi, the, of East Africa, i. 118

Epiphany, i. 302

Epithets applied to Demeter, i. 63 _sq._

Equinox, human sacrifice offered soon after the spring equinox, i. 239

Erigone and Icarius, ii. 133

Esquimaux, the Central, ii. 246;
dietary rules of, 84

—— of Baffin Land, ii. 257

—— of Bering Strait, i. 150, ii. 247, 272

—— of Hudson Bay, ii. 245 _sq._

Essex, hunting the wren in, ii. 320

Esthonia, i. 302

Esthonian reapers, i. 285;
peasants, their treatment of weevils, ii. 274

Esthonians, the, i. 298, 300, ii. 51

Etna, Mount, i. 57

Etymology, its uncertainty as a base for mythological theories, i. 41 _n._

Eubuleus, ii. 19

Eubulus, i. 56

Eudoxus of Cnidus, i. 81, ii. 30

Eumolpids, i. 56

Eumolpus, i. 37, 70, 73

Euphorbus the Trojan, ii. 300

Europe, Corn-mother and Corn-maiden in Northern, i. 131 _sqq._

Evolution and dissolution, ii. 305 _sq._

Ewe hunters, ii. 244

—— negroes, ii. 45, 115, 143, 149;
their festival of new yams, 58 _sqq._;
their belief as to the spirit-land, 105 _sq._;
their ceremonies after killing leopards, 228 _sqq._

Exclusion of strangers, i. 94, 111

Eyes shut at prayer, ii. 81;
of men eaten, 153;
of slaughtered animals cut out, 267 _sqq._, 271;
of dead enemies gouged out, 271 _sq._

Faces of bear-hunters painted red and black, ii. 226;
blackened, i. 291, 299

_Fady_, taboo, ii. 46

Fafnir, the dragon, ii. 146

Falcon’s eye used as charm, ii. 164

Faleshas, a Jewish sect, ii. 266 _n._ 1

Fallow, thrice-ploughed, i. 66, 69;
lands allowed to lie, 117, 123

Fanning away ill luck, i. 10

Fans, the, of West Africa, ii. 140

Farmer’s wife, pretence of threshing, i. 149 _sq._

Farmers, propitiation of vermin by, ii. 274 _sqq._

Farnell, Dr. L. R., i. 3 _n._ 1, 15 _n._, 68 _n._ 1, ii. 2 _n._ 9

Fast before eating new fruits, ii. 73 _sq._, 76 _sq._

Fasting and continence, ii. 14

_Fastnachtsbär_, ii. 325

Fat, anointing the body with, from superstitious motives, ii. 162 _sq._,
164, 165

Fatigue of the Horse, i. 294

Fauns, ii. 1 _sqq._

Feathers of cock mixed with seed-corn, i. 278;
of wren, virtue attributed to, ii. 319

Feet of enemies eaten, ii. 151

Felkin, Dr. R. W., ii. 314 _sq._

Fernando Po, ii. 174

Fertilising influence of the corn-spirit, i. 168

Festival before Ploughing (_Proerosia_), i. 51 _sqq._, 60;
of the Cornstalks at Eleusis, 63;
of the Threshing-floor (_Haloa_) at Eleusis, 60 _sqq._, 75;
of winter solstice, ii. 90;
of New Fire, 135;
of bladders among the Esquimaux, 247 _sqq._

Festivals of new yams, ii. 58 _sqq._

Fewkes, J. Walter, quoted, i. 312

Fez, orgiastic rites at, i. 21

Fictitious burials to divert the attention of demons from the real
burials, ii. 98 _sqq._

“Field of God,” ii. 14, 15

“Field of secret tillage,” ii. 57

Fields, miniature, dedicated to spirits, i. 233 _sq._

Fife, harvest custom in, i. 227

Fifty-two years, Aztec cycle of, i. 310 _sq._

Fig Dionysus, i. 4

—— trees, sacred wild, ii. 113

Fiji, sacrifice of first-fruits in, ii. 125

Finns, their propitiation of slain bears, ii. 223 _sq._

Fire not given out, i. 249;
god of, ii. 93;
made by friction of wood, 127, 136, 314;
purification by, 249;
not to be blown upon, 254;
new, ii. 65, 74, 75, 78;
sacred, i. 311, ii. 255, 314;
festival of, ii. 135

“Fireless and Homeless,” a mythical giant, ii. 265, 266

Fire-sticks called “husband and wife,” ii. 65

Fires extinguished, ii. 73

Firing guns to repel demons, ii. 99

Firmicus Maternus, i. 13

First-fruits offered to Demeter, i. 46 _sqq._;
offered to Demeter and Persephone at Eleusis, 53 _sqq._;
offered to the sun, 237;
primitive reluctance to taste, ii. 6;
sacrament of, 48 _sqq._;
offered to goddess of agriculture, 56;
why savages scruple to eat the, 82 _sq._;
sacrifice of, 109 _sqq._;
presented to the king, 109, 116, 122;
offered to the spirits of the dead, 109 _sq._, 111 _sqq._, 115, 116,
119, 121, 123, 124 _sqq._

Fish, sacred, ii. 26;
the first caught, sacrificed, 132;
not eaten, 140;
treated with respect by fishing tribes, 249 _sqq._;
compensated by fishermen, 252;
first of the season, treated ceremoniously, 253 _sqq._;
souls of dead in, 285, 291, 295

—— bones of, not burned, ii. 250, 251;
not to be broken, 255

Fison, Rev. Lorimer, quoted, ii. 125

Flail, pretence of throttling persons with flail at threshing, i. 149, 150

Flamen Dialis, inaugurates the vintage, ii. 133

Flax-mother, i. 133

Flesh of human victim eaten, i. 240, 244, 251;
buried in field, 248, 250

—— diet, homoeopathic magic of a, ii. 138 _sqq._

Flies, charms against, ii. 281;
souls of dead in, 290 _sq._

Florida, one of the Solomon Islands, ii. 85, 126

Flowery Dionysus, i. 4

Fly-catcher Zeus, ii. 282

Flying-fish, the first of the season, ii. 127

—— fox, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299

Folk-tales, tongues of wild beasts cut out in, ii. 269

Foods forbidden to enchanters of crops, i. 100;
certain, forbidden to meet in stomach of eater, ii. 83 _sqq._

Fool, one of the mummers on Plough Monday, ii. 330

—— -hen, heart of, not eaten, ii. 140

Foot, limping on one, i. 232, 284

Foucart, P., i. 32 _n._ 6

Foulahs of Senegambia, ii. 214

Fox, stuffed, i. 287, 297;
corn-spirit as, 296 _sq._;
carried from house to house in spring, 297;
Koryak ceremony at killing a, ii. 223;
Esquimau and Aino treatment of dead, 244, 267;
soul of dead in a, 286

Fox’s tail, name given to last standing corn, i. 268

—— tongue as amulet, ii. 270

Foxy Dionysus, ii. 282

France, harvest customs in, i. 135, 271, 275, 280, 295, 296;
hunting the wren in, ii. 320 _sq._

Franche-Comté, harvest customs in, i. 281, 286 _sq._

Franken (Franconia), harvest customs in, i. 148

Friction of wood, fire made by, ii. 127, 136;
new fire made by, i. 311, ii. 74, 78;
sacred fire made by, 314

Frog, transmigration of sinner into, ii. 299

Fruit-trees bound with Yule straw, i. 301;
Dionysus a god of, i. 3 _sq._;
presided over by dead chiefs, ii. 125

Fruits and roots, wild, ceremonies at gathering the first of the season,
ii. 80 _sqq._

Fumigation as mode of cultivating moral virtues, ii. 166 _sq._

Funeral of caterpillars, ii. 279;
of dead snake, 317

Furnivall, J. S., i. 190 _sq._

Gadbas, the, ii. 118

Galelareese, their burial custom, ii. 97

Galicia, harvest customs in, i. 135, 277

Gall-bladders, the seat of courage, ii. 145 _sq._

Gallas, the, ii. 154, 266 _n._ 2, 270

Galloway, harvest customs in, i. 279

Game of ball played as a rite, ii. 76, 79

Games held by harvesters, i. 75 _sqq._;
quadriennial period of Greek, 77 _sqq._;
octennial period of Greek, 80;
in primitive agriculture, magical significance of, 92 _sqq._;
played at the sowing festival among the Kayans, 94 _sqq._, 97 _sq._;
played for the good of the crops, 101;
magical, 102;
athletic, ii. 66

—— the Eleusinian, i. 70 _sqq._, 110, 180

Gander’s neck, name given to last standing corn, i. 268

Gaṇeṣa, ii. 56

Gaolis, the, i. 7

Gardner, Percy, quoted, i. 44

Gareloch, harvest customs on the, i. 157 _sq._, 218 _n._ 2, 268

Garos, the, of Assam, ii. 43 _n._ 1, 116;
ceremony of the Horse at rice-harvest among the, 337 _sqq._

Gayo-land, ii. 33

Gazelle Peninsula, i. 123

Gazelles, souls of dead in, ii. 289

Geminus, on the supposed influence of the stars, i. 318 _sq._

Generalisations of science inadequate to cover all particular facts, ii.
37

Generation, male organ of, as emblem of Dionysus, i. 12;
effigy of male organ of, in Thracian ceremony, 26, 29

Genius, Aristotle on men of, ii. 302 _n._ 5

—— or patron of animals, ii. 243

_Genna_, taboo, in Assam, i. 109 _n._ 2

Germans, the ancient, i. 129

Germany, the Corn-mother in, i. 132 _sqq._;
cries of reapers in, 269;
the corn-spirit as an animal in, 271, 277, 279, 296, 300