Chapter XXXV: Conclusion (4)

_Thaumatias_, ii. 109

_Thecla_, ii. 477

_Theloderma_, ii. 419

_Theope_, ii. 476

_Theorema_, ii. 477

_Theraps_, ii. 438

_Therates_, ii. 486

_Theridomys_, European Miocene, i. 126
European Eocene, i. 126
S. American Eocene, i. 148
ii. 239

_Theropithecus_, ii. 173

_Thestias_, ii. 478

_Thestor_, ii. 477

_Thetia_, ii. 391

THINOCORIDÆ, ii. 354

_Thinocorus_, ii. 354

_Thinohyus_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
ii. 215

_Thinolestes_, N. American Tertiary, i. 133

_Thinornis_, ii. 356

_Thomomys_, ii. 233

_Thous_, ii. 197

_Thrasaëtus_, ii. 348

_Threnetes_, ii. 107

_Thripadectes_, ii. 103

_Thripophaga_, ii. 103

_Thryophilus_, ii. 263

_Thryothorus_, ii. 263

Thrushes, ii. 255

_Thyca_, ii. 471

_Thylacinus_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 249

_Thylacoleo_, Australian Post-Tertiary, i. 157
ii. 252

_Thymallus_, ii. 447

_Thynnichthys_, ii. 452

_Thynnus_, ii. 429

_Thyreopterus_, ii. 491

_Thyrus_, ii. 398

_Tiaris_, ii. 284
ii. 402

_Tichodroma_, ii. 264

_Tiga_, ii. 303

Tiger-beetles, ii. 486

_Tigrisoma_, ii. 359

_Tijuca_, ii. 102

_Tillodontia_, N. American Eocene, i. 139

_Tillotheridæ_, N. American Eocene, i. 139

_Tillotherium_, N. American Eocene, i. 139

_Tilmatura_, ii. 108

_Timalia_, ii. 261

TIMALIIDÆ, ii. 260

_Timetes_, ii. 474

Timor, physical features of, i. 389
group, mammalia of, i. 422
birds of, i. 422
origin of fauna of, i. 424
insects of, i. 426

TINAMIDÆ, ii. 343

TINAMINÆ, ii. 344

Tinamous, ii. 343

TINAMOTINÆ, ii. 344

_Tinamotis_, ii. 344

_Tinamus_, ii. 344

_Tinca_, ii. 452

_Tinoceras_, N. American Eocene, i. 139

_Titanomys_, European Miocene, i. 121
ii. 242

_Titanotherium_, N. American Tertiary, i. 137

Tits, ii. 265

_Tityra_, ii. 102

TITYRINÆ, ii. 293

_Tmesisternus_, ii. 501

Toads, ii. 415

_Tockus_, ii. 317

TODIDÆ, ii. 313

Todies, ii. 313

_Todirhamphus_, ii. 316

_Todirostrum_, ii. 101

_Todopsis_, ii. 271

_Todus_, ii. 313

_Tolypeutes_, ii. 246

_Tomarctos_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135

_Tomistoma_, ii. 405

_Tomodon_, ii. 175

Tonga Islands, birds of, i. 443

_Topaza_, ii. 107

TORNATELLIDÆ, ii. 530

TORPEDINIDÆ, ii. 462

Tortoises, classification of, i. 100
of Mascarene Islands and Galapagos, i. 289
ii. 407

TORTRICIDÆ, ii. 373

_Tortrix_, ii. 373

_Totanus_, ii. 353

Toucans, ii. 306

Touraco of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264

_Toxodon_, S. American Pliocene, i. 137

_Toxodontidæ_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147

_Toxotus_, ii. 502

_Trachelyopterus_, ii. 443

TRACHINIDÆ, ii. 428

_Trachinus_, ii. 428

_Trachurus_, ii. 429

_Trachycephalus_, ii. 401
ii. 418

_Trachydosaurus_, ii. 397

_Trachyphonus_, ii. 306

TRACHYPTERIDÆ, ii. 432

_Trachytherium_, European Miocene, i. 119

TRAGELAPHINÆ, ii. 223

_Tragelaphus_, ii. 223

_Tragocerus_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120

Tragopan, Himalayan, figure of, i. 331

_Tragops_, ii. 379

TRAGULIDÆ, ii. 218

_Tragulus_, ii. 218

_Trapelus_, ii. 402

_Trechus_, ii. 489

Tree-crows, ii. 273

Tree-kangaroo, figure of, i. 415

Tree-shrew of Borneo, figure of, i. 337

Tree-snakes, ii. 378

_Tremarctos_, ii. 202

_Treron_, ii. 332

Tres Marias, zoology of, ii. 59

_Tribolonotus_, ii. 397

_Triboniophorus_, ii. 517

_Tribonyx_, ii. 352

_Trichastoma_, ii. 261

TRICHECHIDÆ, ii. 203

_Trichechus_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii. 203

TRICHIURIDÆ, ii. 429

_Trichixos_, ii. 262

TRICHOGLOSSIDÆ, ii. 327

Trichoglossidæ, birds specially adapted to Australia, i. 393

_Trichoglossus_, ii. 327

_Tricholæma_, ii. 306

_Trichomycterus_, ii. 444

_Trycondyla_, ii. 486

_Trichonis_, ii. 477

TRICHONOTIDÆ, ii. 435

_Trichothraupis_, ii. 99

_Trichotropis_, ii. 507

_Triclaria_, ii. 328

TRIDACNIDÆ, ii. 535

_Trigla_, ii. 428

TRIGLIDÆ, ii. 427

_Trigona_, ii. 536

TRIGONIADÆ, ii. 534

_Trigonoptera_, ii. 501

_Trimeresurus_, ii. 385

_Tringa_, ii. 353

_Tringoides_, ii. 353

TRIONYCHIDÆ, ii. 409

_Trionyx_, Indian Miocene, i. 123
Miocene and Eocene, i. 165
ii. 409

_Triprion_, ii. 418

_Triptorhinus_, ii. 297

Tristan d'Acunha, zoology of, i. 271

Tristram, Canon, summary of the birds of Palestine, i. 203
on the arrangement of the Sylviidæ, ii. 257

_Triton_, ii. 413

TRITONIADÆ, ii. 530

_Trochalopteron_, ii. 261

_Trochatella_, ii. 522

TROCHILIDÆ, ii. 321

_Trochilus_, ii. 108

_Trochus_, ii. 510

_Troglodytes_, ii. 170
ii. 263

TROGLODYTIDÆ, ii. 263

Trogon, European Miocene, i. 161
ii. 314

_Trogon_, ii. 314

TROGONIDÆ, ii. 314

TROGONOPHIDÆ, ii. 388

Trogonophis, ii. 388

_Trogontherium_, Post-Pliocene of Europe, i. 111
ii. 234

_Tropidechis_, ii. 383

_Tropidococcyx_, ii. 379

_Tropidodipsas_, ii. 379

_Tropidolepis_, ii. 401

_Tropidolepisma_, ii. 397

_Tropidonotus_, ii. 375

_Tropidophorus_, ii. 397

_Tropidopterus_, ii. 490

_Tropidorhynchus_, ii. 276

_Trucifelis_, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 129

_Trugon_, ii. 333

Trumpeters, ii. 358

_Truncatella_, ii. 519

_Trgyon_, ii. 463

TRYGONIDÆ, ii. 463

Tuatara, ii. 405

_Tudora_, ii. 521

Tundras of Siberia, greatest extent of, i. 216

_Tupaia_, ii. 186

TUPAIIDÆ, ii. 186

_Tupaiidæ_, European Miocene, i. 118

_Turacoena_, ii. 333

Turacos, ii. 307

_Turacus_, ii. 307

TURBINIDÆ, ii. 510

TURDIDÆ, ii. 255

_Turdinus_, ii. 262

_Turdus_, ii. 256

_Turnagra_, ii. 262

Turner, Mr., on classification of Edentata, i. 90

TURNICIDÆ, ii. 341

_Turnix_, ii. 341

TURRITELLIDÆ, ii. 509

_Tursio_, ii. 209

Turtles, ii. 409

_Turtur_, ii. 333

_Tylas_, ii. 267

_Tylodon_, European Eocene, i. 125
ii. 196

_Tylognathus_, ii. 451

_Tylotriton_, ii. 413

_Typhlina_, ii. 372

_Typhline_, ii. 372

_Typhlocalamus_, ii. 374

TYPHLOPIDÆ, ii. 372

_Typhlops_, ii. 372

_Typhloscincus_, ii. 399

_Typotherium_, S. American Pliocene, i. 147

TYRANNIDÆ, ii. 290

TYRANNINÆ, ii. 291

_Tyranniscus_, ii. 101

_Tyrannulus_, ii. 101

_Tyrannus_, ii. 102, 291

Tyrant-Shrikes, ii. 290

U.

_Uaru_, ii. 439

_Uintacyon_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

_Uintatherium_, N. American Eocene, i. 139

_Uintornis_, N. American Eocene, i. 163

_Uma_, ii. 401

UMBRIDÆ, ii. 449

_Umbrina_, ii. 428

_Ungalia_, ii. 381

Ungulata, classification of, i. 89
antiquity of, i. 154
of the Palæarctic region, i. 182
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 241
range of Ethiopian genera of, i. 303
range of Oriental genera of, i. 374
range of Australian genera of, i. 476

_Ungulata_, European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 119
Indian Miocene, i. 121
European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 135
of Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146

UNGULATA, ii. 211
general remarks on the distribution of, ii. 226
summary and conclusion, ii. 542

_Unio_, European Secondary, i. 169
ii. 534

UNIONIDÆ, ii. 534

_Upucerthia_, ii. 103

UPUPIDÆ, ii. 317

_Uragus_, ii. 285

Urania of Madagascar, i. 282

_Urania_, ii. 482

URANIIDÆ, ii. 482

_Uria_, ii. 367

_Uroaëtus_, ii. 348

_Urocissa_, ii. 273

_Urochroa_, ii. 107

_Urochroma_, ii. 328

_Urocyon_, ii. 197

URODELA, ii. 411

_Urogalba_, ii. 311

_Urolestes_, ii. 272

_Uromastix_, ii. 402

UROPELTIDÆ, ii. 373

_Uuropeltis_, ii. 374

_Uropsila_, ii. 264

_Uropsilus_, ii. 190

_Uropsophorus_, ii. 385

_Urospatha_, ii. 313

_Urospizias_, ii. 348

_Urosticte_, ii. 108

_Urotrichus_, ii. 190

_Urotriorchis_, ii. 347

_Ursidæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
in Brazilian caves, i. 144

URSIDÆ, ii. 201

_Ursitaxus_, Indian Miocene, i. 121
ii. 200

_Ursus_, Post-Pliocene, i. 112
Indian Miocene, i. 121
ii. 201

_Urubutinga_, ii. 348

_Urva_, ii. 195

_Uta_, ii. 401

_Utica_, ii. 477

V.

_Vaginulus_, ii. 518

_Valgus_, ii. 495

_Valvata_, ii. 510

Vanga of Madagascar, figure of, i. 278

_Vanga_, ii. 272

_Vandellia_, ii. 444

_Vanellus_, ii. 356

_Vanessa_, ii. 474

VARANIDÆ, ii. 389

_Varanus_, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
Indian Miocene, i. 123

VENERIDÆ, ii. 536

_Venilia_, ii. 303

_Vermicella_, ii. 383

_Verreauxia_, ii. 303

Vertebrata, summary of Palæarctic, i. 186
summary of Ethiopian, i. 255
summary of Oriental, i. 318
summary of Australian, i. 397
summary of Neotropical, ii. 13
summary of Nearctic, ii. 120

_Vespertilio_, European Eocene, i. 125
ii. 183

VESPERTILIONIDÆ, ii. 183

_Vidua_, ii. 286

_Vipera_, ii. 385

VIPERIDÆ, ii. 385

_Viperus_, European Miocene, i. 165

Vipers, ii. 385

_Vireo_, ii. 280

VIREONIDÆ, ii. 279

_Vireolanius_, ii. 280

_Vireosylvia_, ii. 280

Viscacha, ii. 237

_Vitrina_, ii. 516

_Viverra_, European Pliocene, i. 112
European Miocene, i. 118
ii. 195

_Viverricula_, ii. 195

_Viverridæ_, European Miocene, i. 118
European Eocene, i. 125

VIVERRIDÆ, ii. 194

_Vivia_, ii. 303

_Volatinia_, ii. 284

_Voluta_, ii. 508

Volutes, ii. 508

VOLUTIDÆ, ii. 508

_Volvocivora_, ii. 269

_Vulpes_, ii. 197

_Vultur_, ii. 346

VULTURIDÆ, ii. 345

VULTURINÆ, ii. 346

W.

Wagtails, ii. 290

Walden, Viscount, on birds of Philippine islands, i. 346
on birds of Celebes, i. 428
on arrangement of the Timaliidæ, ii. 261

_Wallago_, ii. 441

Wall-lizards, ii. 399

Walrus, ii. 203

Wart-snakes, ii. 382

_Washakius_, N. American Tertiary, i. 134

Waterhouse, Mr. G. R., on classification of rodentia, i. 90
on classification of marsupials, i. 91

Water-lizards, ii. 389

Weaver-finches, ii. 286

West African sub-region, description of, i. 262
mammalia of, i. 262
birds of, i. 262
Oriental or Malayan element in, i. 263
river scene with characteristic animals, i. 264
reptiles of, i. 264
amphibia of, i. 264
Oriental and Neotropical relations of, i. 265
insects of, i. 265
land-shells of, i. 265
islands of, i. 265

West Australia, peculiar birds of, i. 441

Whelks, ii. 507

Whip-snakes, ii. 379

Whydah finch of W. Africa, figure of, i. 264

Wing-shells, ii. 507
ii. 533

Wollaston, Mr. T. V., on the Coleoptera of the Atlantic Islands, i. 209
on the wings of the Madeiran beetles, i. 211
on the origin of the insect fauna of the Atlantic Islands, i. 214
on the Coleoptera of the Cape Verd Islands, i. 215
on the beetles of St. Helena, i. 270

Wombats, ii. 253

Woodpeckers, ii. 302

Wood-warblers, ii. 278

Woolly monkeys, ii. 174

Wrens, ii. 263

Wrynecks, ii. 304

X.

_Xanthocephalus_, ii. 282

_Xantholæma_, ii. 306

_Xanthomelus_, ii. 275

_Xanthopygia_, ii. 270

_Xanthosomus_, ii. 282

_Xanthotis_, ii. 275

_Xema_, ii. 364

_Xenelaphis_, ii. 376

_Xenica_, ii. 471

_Xenicus_, ii. 265

_Xenochrophys_, ii. 375

_Xenocypris_, ii. 452

_Xenodermus_, ii. 376

_Xenodon_, ii. 375

XENOPELTIDÆ, ii. 373

_Xenopeltis_, ii. 373

_Xenophrys_, ii. 421

_Xenopipo_, ii. 102

_Xenops_, ii. 103

_Xenorhina_, ii. 415

XENORHINIDÆ, ii. 415

_Xenospingus_, ii. 284

_Xenurelaps_, ii. 383

_Xenurus_, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii. 246

_Xiphias_, ii. 430

_Xiphidiopicus_, ii. 303

XIPHIIDÆ, ii. 430

_Xiphius_, ii. 208

_Xiphocolaptes_, ii. 103

_Xiphodontidæ_, European Miocene, i. 119

_Xipholena_, ii. 102

_Xiphorhampus_, ii. 445

_Xiphorhynchus_, ii. 103

_Xiphostoma_, ii. 445

_Xystrocera_, ii. 501

Y.

_Ypthima_, ii. 471

_Yuhina_, ii. 266

YUNGIDÆ, ii. 304

_Yungipicus_, ii. 303

_Yunx_, ii. 304

Z.

_Zabrus_, ii. 489

_Zalophus_, ii. 203

_Zamenis_, ii. 375

_Zanclostomus_, ii. 309

_Zaocys_, ii. 375

Zebras, ii. 211

_Zegris_, ii. 478

_Zemeros_, ii. 475

_Zenaida_, ii. 333

_Zenaidura_, ii. 332

_Zephyrus_, ii. 477

_Zeuglodon_, ii. 210

_Zeuglodontidæ_, N. American Tertiary, i. 140
ii. 210

_Zeus_, ii. 429

_Zeuxidia_, ii. 472

_Zoarces_, ii. 431

_Zonites_, ii. 516

_Zonites priscus_, Palæozoic, i. 169

_Zonotrichia_, ii. 284

ZONURIDÆ, ii. 391

_Zonurus_, ii. 392

Zoological characteristics of Palæarctic region, i. 181
Ethiopian region, i. 252
Oriental region, i. 315
Australian region, i. 390
of Neotropical region, ii. 5
of Nearctic region, ii. 115

Zoological regions, discussion on, i. 50
their origin and relations, ii. 155-161

_Zoothera_, ii. 256

_Zootoca_, ii. 391

_Zosterops_, ii. 277

_Zygæna_, ii. 481

ZYGÆNIDÆ, ii. 481

_Zygnopsis_, ii. 398

THE END.

LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS.

Notes

[1] Messrs. Sclater and Salvin, and Professor Newton, divide the
Neotropical Region into six sub-regions, of which our "Brazilian
sub-region" comprises three--the "Brazilian," the "Amazonian," and the
"Columbian;" but, after due consideration, it does not seem advisable
to adopt this subdivision in a general work which treats of all the
classes of terrestrial animals. (See p. 27.)

[2] Mr. Salvin, who has critically examined the ornithological fauna of
these islands, has kindly corrected my MS. List of the Birds, his
valuable paper in the _Transactions of the Zoological Society_ not
having been published in time for me to make use of it.

[3] This name will be used for the whole island of St. Domingo, as being
both shorter and more euphonious, and avoiding all confusion with
Dominica, one of the Lesser Antilles. It is also better known than
"Hispaniola," which is perhaps the most correct name.

[4] Myospalax has hitherto formed part of the next family, Spalacidæ; but a
recent examination of its anatomy by M. Milne-Edwards shows that it
belongs to the Muridæ, and comes near Arvicola.

[5] The species of the genera _Phylloscopus_ and _Hypolais_ are so mixed up
in the _Hand List_, that Mr. Tristram has furnished me with the
following enumeration of the species which in his view properly belong
to them, by the numbers in that work:--

_Phylloscopus._
3032
3033
3048 = 3038
3039
3063 = 3047 = 3054 = 3061
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3056 = 3081
3057
3059
3060

_Hypolais._
3026
3028
3029
3054 = 3031 = 3036
3042
3043
304
3062 = 3047
3046 = 2932
3035
2976

[6] The term "Malaya" is used here to include the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Borneo, and Java, a district to which many species and genera are
confined. "Malay Archipelago" will be used to include both Indo-Malaya
and Austro-Malaya.